Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses

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between systems; thus, active radar in one area could target NATO aircraft for SAMs and AAA in another area with no active radar, further limiting NATO's ability to target air defences. By focusing on its operational survival, Yugoslav air defenses ceded a certain amount of air superiority to NATO forces. Yet the persistence of their credible SAM threat forced NATO to allocate greater resources to continued SEAD operations rather than conducting other missions, while Yugoslav AAA and MANPADS forced NATO aircraft to fly at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) or higher. NATO reportedly fired 743 HARMs during the course of the 78-day campaign, but could confirm the destruction of only three of the original 25 SA-6 batteries. At the same time, over 800 SAMs were fired by Yugoslav forces at NATO aircraft, including 477 SA-6s and 124 confirmed MANPADS, for the downing of only two aircraft and several more damaged. That one of the two aircraft shot down was an

40: 1279:(ARMs), which work by homing in on radio emission sources like radar antennae. These missiles are equipped with relatively small warheads, limiting collateral damage, but can easily destroy radar antennae and thus cripple an enemy's air defense system. Early examples of ARMs could be fooled by turning off the radar system, which would cease emitting radiation for the missile to track; more recent missiles are fitted with fire-control systems which "remember" where the source was and continue towards that location. Anti-radiation missiles proved particularly effective during the Vietnam War where, despite the small number carried relative to other munitions, they accounted for 46% of all SA-2 batteries destroyed. 1162: 515:, Wild Weasel missions were both more and less effective. Tactics and technology had evolved which improved the suppression of individual SAM sites, however the American military still failed to consider the integrated nature of North Vietnam's air defense network. Not only did the network possess thousands of radar- and optical-guided AAA and SAM sites, it also consisted of early-warning radars, intelligence-gathering agencies, and hundreds of ground-controlled interceptors. Thus, while fewer American aircraft were lost to SAMs during Linebacker, many more were lost in air-to-air combat. 865:. Furthermore, the IADS was centralized to a fault. Although each IOC was datalinked to their respective SOC and in turn back to the ADOC, the defense sectors couldn't share information between each other. If a SOC was knocked out of action the attached air defense weapons lost all ability to coordinate their response; its respective SAM batteries would be forced to rely on their own radar systems while most AAA guns lacked any radar guidance. Training was also poor, with Iraqi pilots overly reliant on ground-control instructions such that if the IOCs were disabled they lost 543: 702:. When the operation began, efficient coordination of jamming/deception efforts with attacks against air defense sites effectively neutralized the ground component of the Bekaa Valley IADS. In response to the attacks, the Syrians launched a large number of fighter aircraft, however without the aid of their radar and GCI facilities, these forces were "flying blind" and suffered crippling losses in the resulting air-to-air combat. So complete and disturbing was the Israeli dismantling of the Bekaa Valley IADS that the deputy commander of the 1019: 729:. Suppressing the IADS through non-lethal means would help accomplish this mission and, just as important after the Vietnam War, reduce casualties suffered by the strike group. For this reason, electronic jamming played a more prominent role in the operation than at Bekaa Valley and was carried out by both EF-111A Ravens and EA-6B Prowlers in the first ever joint US Air Force-Navy SEAD operation. For several reasons, F-4G Wild Weasels could not take part in El Dorado Canyon, requiring the use of the Navy's carrier-borne 960: 747: 427: 888:. In its initial limited form, Instant Thunder called for three dedicated SEAD squadrons which would significantly degrade the IADS enough to allow decimating strikes against Iraq's military and political leadership and other strategic targets. This role for SEAD was further expanded as the mission grew in scope, involving a larger number of aircraft to completely destroy the air defenses protecting southern Iraq and Kuwait. Planning for this mission was helped when the 893:

Weasels and other aircraft capable of carrying HARM missiles would destroy air defense sites themselves, electronic warfare aircraft would disrupt radars and other systems, and additional targets would be struck in order to support this mission, such as temporarily knocking out Iraq's electrical infrastructure. In addition to traditional SEAD systems the Persian Gulf War would also see the use of unconventional assets in knocking out Iraq's air defenses, in particular

628:, which could carry Soviet anti-radiation missiles. These aircraft would be organized into several strike groups whose mission was to lay down "chaff corridors" 40–50 kilometers across at intervals of 10 kilometers, including directly on top of suspected SAM sites. A small number of aircraft in these groups would be equipped with ARMs to physically destroy the sites. These missions were conducted against pre-planned targets which had been previously identified by 939:

Baghdad but which instead were fitted out with decoys, drones and HARMs to destroy air defenses protecting the city. With Kari degraded due to the disabling of the civilian electrical grid the Iraqi SAMs were forced to use their organic radar, producing what one pilot called "HARM Heaven". A total of 67 HARMs were fired over the course of twenty minutes, causing a significant reduction in Iraqi air defenses around the capital based on follow-up missions.

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Soviet advisers had also learned lessons from the Bekaa Valley campaign: their IADS was constructed with multiple redundancies (including overlapping radar coverage and hardened landlines between defense sites) and a wider array of both Soviet and Western radar systems able to operate on multiple frequencies to avoid jamming. In the end, US forces succeeded in suppressing the Libyan IADS and conducted their punitive strike with minimal casualties suffered.

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suppression. Near the end of the Second World War, US Navy pilots developed a doctrine that could be considered the first example of SEAD. When attacking enemy warships, US Navy fighters would attack enemy warships with machine guns and rockets to distract and or kill the enemy anti aircraft gunners While the torpedo and dive bombers could move in and more accurately target the ship. While crude, these tactics were frequently effective for their time.

1355:(UAVs) play an increasingly vital role in conducting SEAD missions. Due to the dangerous nature of attacking air defenses, the use of UAVs can provide a more cost-effective and less risky method of conducting SEAD. This is especially true since the pilot is not directly at risk and so a commander may be more willing to sacrifice UAVs to accomplish the mission. The first UAVs used in the SEAD role occurred during the Vietnam War, when versions of the 1372: 1143:. While Iraq largely failed to shoot down many Coalition aircraft, the sheer numbers of their air defenses still made them dangerous until the final stages of the invasion. This was true in particular for its large number of short-range missile and AAA weapons, which made low-altitude missions deadly and were harder to suppress. Where possible, Coalition forces conducted stand-off strikes from outside the range of these defenses. The unsuccessful 1070:

SAM and AAA sites could be placed. Furthermore, according to a post-conflict US intelligence report, Yugoslavia had a spy in NATO's headquarters in Brussels who in the early part of the conflict leaked flight plans and target details to the Yugoslav military, allowing Yugoslav military assets to be relocated to avoid detection; NATO responded by limiting the number of people with access to its plans, which appeared to be successful.

1093: 1116:, Iraq's IADS was a fraction of what it had been during the Gulf War, though it was still one of the densest defense networks in the world. Over 200 SAM systems were still operational, mainly the older SA-2s, SA-3s and SA-6s, along with over 2,000 MANPADS and large numbers of AA guns. Improvements had been made to Kari, including greater usage of fiber optic cables, and more advanced equipment such as 511:, the EF-4C Phantom Wild Weasel IV. The first thirty-six of these were delivered to Southeast Asia in 1969 and so missed taking part in Rolling Thunder. While carrying the same electronics as in the F-105G, the dense internal structure of the F-4 Phantom prevented the EF-4C from efficiently mounting this equipment, which meant it could not carry the superior AGM-78 Standard missile. By the start of 655:. The RAF Avro Vulcan B.Mk-2 was initially planned to be retired in early 1982 but the outbreak of the Falklands War, in April that year postponed it. The Falklands conflict was the only time that the Vulcan performed SEAD missions, flying very long-range missions against Port Stanley, armed with AGM-45 Shrike missiles mounted on makeshift underwing pylons and carrying a AN/ALQ-101 pod for jamming. 492:(ARMs). These fighter-bombers became very adept at tracking down and destroying ground-based air defense weapons, such that it became common for a vast majority of NVA SAM operators to turn off their radars whenever an F-105G was spotted. While this prevented the SAM from physically being destroyed, it essentially accomplished the same mission of suppressing air defenses around the target. 1265: 678:; during the first three days of the war alone, the IAF lost 50 aircraft in about 1,220 sorties, a loss rate of four percent. The IAF found it challenging to provide air support to ground forces. Shortly after the conflict's end, the service stated a multiyear project, active between 1973 and 1978, specifically to devise an effective counter to the SAM threat. By 1982, the 504:. By the end of Rolling Thunder these changes had caused a significant degradation in the effectiveness of SAMs: only one SA-2 missile out of every forty-eight fired resulted in a hit. In spite of these changes, SEAD remained a primarily tactical function throughout Rolling Thunder, with American leadership either unaware or unappreciative of North Vietnam's IADS. 393:, jets were much faster, could climb more steeply, were more resistant to damage and were quieter in operation. They were thus able to more effectively attack ground targets and escape, and while both jet- and propeller-driven aircraft participated in the Korean War the latter suffered heavier losses and were largely phased out by the end of the conflict. 1682: 202:, the Coalition's aerial attacks at the start of the conflict; Iraqi SAM operators regularly resorted to firing missiles with minimal or no guidance due to fears that radar use brought quick retaliation. All Iraqi air defenses in the south were destroyed, although the skies remained unsafe for low altitude flight. In the 1999 3093: 219:, while many Ukrainian air defence facilities were reportedly destroyed or damaged in the first days of the war by Russian air strikes, Russia may not have been able to gain aerial superiority; it has been alleged that Ukrainian mid-range SAM sites have forced planes to fly low, but this makes them vulnerable to 3801: 3168:"Moscow’s main objective — toppling the Kyiv government and replacing it with Kremlin-friendly leadership — remains elusive, and its overall offensive has been slowed by an array of failings, including a lack of coordination between air and ground forces and an inability to fully dominate Ukraine’s skies." 1229:

SAM batteries near Sevastopol in Russian-occupied Crimea. Earlier in the Summer, multiple Russian SAM batteries had been hit and the remains of AGM-88 missiles had been found on site. The U.S. government acknowledged the previously undisclosed transfer of AGM-88 missiles to Ukraine on August 8, 2022.

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Yugoslavia had a much smaller IADS than Iraq during the Gulf War, but took greater steps at preserving it from NATO's bombing campaign. The Yugoslav integrated air defence system (IADS) was extensive, including underground command sites and buried landlines, which allowed for information to be shared

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Throughout the rest of the first night additional air-defense targets were hit by Coalition aircraft with varying levels of success while strikes against other targets consisted of a high ratio of SEAD and escort to strike aircraft. This pace of attack against air-defense and other targets continued

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contacted the French engineer responsible for designing the Kari IADS and passed along information about its vulnerabilities and limitations. In its final form, Phase II of the Desert Storm air campaign sought to decimate the southern Iraqi IADS within two days of the start of hostilities. F-4G Wild

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SAM systems in their sector, which meant the SAMs did not have to turn on their own radar and reveal their position, or an IOC could direct local interceptors to engage the targets. Baghdad itself was one of the most heavily defended cities in the world – more heavily defended several times over than

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using crude homing equipment to locate and bomb radar-guided SAM and AAA sites, but these missions incurred heavy losses and the threat to American aircraft continued to grow. In 1966 a task force was put together to analyze the challenges presented by the NVA's air defense network and recommend ways

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to become part of the USAF's "triad" of electronic combat aircraft. Each aircraft performed its own role in the overall mission of SEAD: the F-4G with seeking out and destroying enemy air defenses, the EC-130 with degrading the enemy's C capabilities, and the EF-111A with jamming enemy early-warning

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operation, this was done so in an unorganized manner, with the Coalition continuing to bomb any reactivated sites. In effect, combined with the failure of Iraq's air force to defend its airspace, the Coalition had gained air supremacy in the skies over Iraq from nearly the outset of the conflict.

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resulted in the loss of a number of B-52s to SA-2 missiles, enough to force a rethink in how to counteract the enemy's air defenses. The latter part of Linebacker II finally saw a concerted effort made to suppress the entire North Vietnamese IADS and significantly reduced the losses suffered. Only

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launched in the first week of combat and continue at a reduced rate through the rest of a campaign. One quarter of American combat sorties in recent conflicts have been SEAD missions. Despite generally being associated with aircraft, SEAD missions may be performed using any means, including through

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limited where NATO aircraft could fly and what targets they could hit, leaving some air defense systems untouched. Kosovo's mountainous terrain also made it difficult for NATO to locate and target Yugoslav air defenses, while at the same time the region's poor infrastructure limited where Yugoslav

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estimated Kari was operating at 25% its original capacity, and that it would take at least ten years to rebuild the system and another five to retrain the personnel needed to operate it. In total, the SEAD campaign by the Coalition was an unequivocal success, allowing Coalition aircraft to fly at

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By the end of the first forty-eight hours of Desert Storm, the Coalition had achieved its goal of significantly degrading Kari, including the destruction of all air defenses in the south. Although the Iraqis would replace most destroyed radars and bring back many IOCs and SOCs to at least partial

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straight to Baghdad, and attacking aircraft would be able to approach their target from multiple directions. Much of the Iraqi air defense equipment was also quite outdated: Iraqi SA-2 and SA-3 systems were nearing the end of their operational lifespan and their countermeasures well known at this

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to attack Libyan SAM sites. Their lack of the Wild Weasel's specialized equipment required these fighters to fire their HARMs preemptively at Libyan SAM sites, a costly and wasteful method which nevertheless was effective due to the limited nature of the raid. For their part, the Libyans and their

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While several early air strikes on Yavoriv in Western Ukraine were performed by Russian bombers, their munitions were firing from a distance while flying within Russian air space, rather than entering Ukrainian air space; on 13 March 2022, dozens of air-launched cruise missiles were launched from

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were used to attack early-warning radars and similar sites along the border in operations known humorously as "Wart Weaseling" (a play on the Wild Weasel and the A-10 "Warthog" nicknames). Unable to use Kari and fearful of turning their own radars on, Iraqi SAM operators resorted to firing their

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decoys which would both "take the hit" for the manned airplanes and cause the Iraqis to reveal their position when they tracked or fired upon the lure. The first night's largest sortie was a joint US Air Force-Navy SEAD mission consisting of fifty aircraft designed to look like a bombing raid on

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to cover the recently conquered Kuwait. Each SOC oversaw the local airspace and commanded anywhere from two to five Intercept Operations Centers (IOCs) per sector. The IOCs were located in bunkers constructed at Iraqi Air Force bases and tied into local radar systems, whose information they could

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inside Iraq were now free to operate at medium altitudes of 10,000 ft (3,000 m) and higher with no danger of SAM activity. This also put them beyond the effective range of most of Iraq's AAA pieces, which remained a threat. Baghdad's heavy AAA defenses also continued to make it a

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Prior to the Vietnam War, SEAD was an undefined mission: although attempts to destroy enemy air defense sites were undertaken, they were done so on an individual aircraft basis and in relation to specific targets or operations rather than as part of an overall strategy or doctrine of defense

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However, a number of deficiencies in NATO's SEAD operations were revealed during the course of the bombing campaign. The US Air Force had allowed its electronic warfare branch to atrophy in the years after the Gulf War, resulting in greater response times to engaging a SAM threat. Airspace

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in order to counter its – at least on paper – formidable IADS. By 1990 Iraq was protected by approximately 3,700 SAMs, organized into 105 firing batteries, and approximately 7,000 AAA pieces, supported by hundreds of overlapping early warning, search and acquisition radars. In the air the

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to counter it. One of these was for aircraft to operate at low altitudes (below 500 meters) where the missiles were less effective. This also put the aircraft well within range of AAA, which would account for nearly 85% of all American aircraft losses during Rolling Thunder.

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The opening shots of Operation Desert Storm were fired on January 17 in pursuit of defense-suppression: at 2:20AM local time Task Force Normandy, a group of twelve American helicopters, infiltrated into Iraq with the goal of destroying two early-warning radar sites. Three

400:(GCI) and AAA. The potency of this network compelled UNC bombers to conduct bombing missions at altitudes beyond the reach of ground-based weapons, although this impacted the accuracy of their bombs. The UNC also possessed an effective air defense network, but the 686:

with a modern Soviet-style air defense network consisting of multiple radar installations, GCI facilities, SAM and AAA sites, and a redundant C network. Prior to the start of the operation, Israel conducted an extensive intelligence-gathering effort, consisting of

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filled with carbon fiber bundles to short-circuit the network. For the next several hours dozens of Coalition aircraft poured into Iraq. Those which weren't specifically directed to suppress air defenses had significant SEAD escort, including the use of

1045:, was an overall success for NATO forces, but the mission to suppress Yugoslav air defenses proved to be more difficult than prior operations during the Gulf War. SEAD operations for NATO were principally carried out by the US Air Force, with fifty 458:

SAM sites by the end of 1965 which, though only accomplishing one hit for every thirteen missiles fired, were responsible for shooting down nearly 15% of American aircraft lost that year. Early attempts to counter this system consisted of modified

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of the 2000s, coalition aircraft repeatedly targeted Iraqi SAMs during the opening phase of the conflict, despite this, aerial strikes were usually performed from stand-off distances to avoid these defenses, and low level flight was avoided. In the

2076:. A program for a new missile is ongoing (look at the section "Missiles" below). Some structural modifications were needed to integrate sensors and the new munition planned. Those modifications were applied to the Lots 14 in 15 of F-35 production. 1198:

within Russia to reach Western Ukraine, because it was allegedly too dangerous for the Russian Air Force to fly over Ukrainian space due to Ukrainian air defenses. Ukrainian mid-range SAM sites forced planes to fly low, making them vulnerable to

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that are in competition. During the Phase 1, the USAF is aligning the capabilities of the missile systems to the needs of the air force and to the technical requirements of the F-35. The end goal is 3,000 SiAW missiles for USD $ 8.6 billion.

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is a valuable SEAD weapon due to its fairly long standoff range which allows the launching aircraft to avoid being threatened by all but the longest-range missiles, and its relatively large area of destruction against lightly armored targets.

1132:. Starting on March 1, aggressive "enforcement" of the no-fly zones accounted for the destruction of as many as a third of Iraq's missile launchers and radars by the time the invasion commenced on March 20. Numerous aircraft, such as the 706:

was sent to investigate what had gone wrong. Part of Israel's success was due to extensive reconnaissance and preparations prior to the battle, incompetence on the part of the Syrians, and desert conditions conducive to SEAD operations.

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in particular was chosen for this task due to its ability to survive enemy fire. The effect of these missions varied, with losses suffered by fighter-bombers much higher—up to 40% in some cases—on account of their low-altitude attacks.

2208:"During Russia’s participation in the Syrian Civil War, only one of its aircraft, the Su-34 fighter-bomber, regularly used precision-guided munitions, Bronk explained, and even that aircraft often used unguided bombs and rockets." 2569: 2108:

designed for SEAD missions. It is targeting integrated ground air defence (static and mobile), as well as the radar systems of ships. It uses next-gen miniature electronic warfare payloads (jammer and decoy). It is based on the

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pass on to their SOC and thence on to Baghdad. In this way a SOC was capable of simultaneously tracking 120 aircraft and selecting for the appropriate weapon system to engage them. The SOC could automatically target for SA-2 and

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one SA-2 missile for every sixty-eight fired resulted in a hit, the lowest ratio of the entire war. The SEAD tactics displayed at the end of Linebacker II, involving the combination of traditional understanding of SEAD with

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Lockheed is starting the program from scratch with a new digital design. Lockheed leverages the advanced digital solutions developed by Skunk Works for other programs in this project. The concept is an open, agile, digital

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However, the Iraqi IADS had several fatal flaws of which Coalition air forces were able to take advantage. The system was primarily oriented towards defending against much smaller attacks from Iraq's most likely enemies –

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failure to secure air superiority has been reflected by their slow and ponderous actions on the ground. Conversely, the Ukrainian air force performing better than expected has been a big boost to the morale of the entire

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guidance jammers were acquired. In addition to the ADOC and four original SOCs, a fifth SOC was created in Baghdad and specifically assigned to defend Saddam's palaces, the Republican Guards, and key security facilities.

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medium and high altitudes over Kuwait and Iraq with impunity. The only losses Coalition aircraft suffered to Iraqi air defenses after the first two days occurred when they operated at low altitudes, primarily conducting

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the American military developed a joint definition of SEAD responsibilities, with the Army responsible for all SEAD missions within the range of observable fire and the Air Force for all missions further away. The

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were fitted with radar-homing devices to conduct "ferret" missions to locate and identify radar transmissions. The information brought back from these missions was used to outfit other B-29s with radar jammers and

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directing Britain's air defenses. After initial optimism regarding the radar sites' destruction, it was eventually decided to halt these attacks altogether except for exceptional circumstances. As the air war in

277:, the Germans relied heavily on their AAA to defend against bombing attacks. This was borne out in Allied aircraft losses between 1943 and 1944, where losses to enemy fighters were cut in half but losses to 717:, employed lessons learned from the Bekaa Valley campaign, including extensive planning and practice runs. In contrast to the Israeli mission though the goal of El Dorado Canyon was not the destruction of 292:. A change in tactics saw bomber formations flying higher and more spread out to avoid the effects of flak. Bombing missions were also carried out to accomplish the physical destruction of AAA sites, using 140:) is used to reference physical destruction of air defense targets, while SEAD applies to sorties which discourage enemy use of their air-defense radar assets out of fear of placing the assets in jeopardy. 2164:

L3 Communications, part of L3 Harris acquired a radar / sensor supplier back in 2017, Mustang Technology Group LP, and with the new consolidated competence center, it is developing its new offer for this

3473:"A valuable Russian 48Ya6-K1 Podlet-K1 low-altitude S-band surveillance radar was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket strike on Nova Kakhovka, Kherson Oblast. It appears that M31A1 guided rockets were used" 698:

Israel's attack on the SAMs was inadvertently assisted by the Syrians, who often placed their sites in sub-optimal positions and failed to relocate their equipment, use dummy radars or maintain active

120:(C) functions, while also marking other targets to be destroyed by an air strike. Suppression can be accomplished both by physically destroying the systems or by disrupting and deceiving them through 1206:, while a lack of training and flight hours for Russian pilots allegedly rendered them inexperienced for the type of close ground support missions typical of modern air forces. On 18 May 2022, near 377:, many of the tactics for dealing with enemy air defenses remained the same. For aircraft performing missions at low altitudes, AAA remained a constant danger; in fact, it was less dangerous for a 1140: 790:(Kari in turn is the French spelling of Iraq backwards). Kari tied the entire IADS to a single location, the national Air Defense Operations Center (ADOC) located in an underground bunker in 3694: 171:

intentionally incorporated SEAD actions to improve the survivability of bombers and increase overall effectiveness. Other early conflicts that saw SEAD missions conducted included the 1982

147:, during which multiple participants made attempts to degrade enemy ground radar stations. However, SEAD missions performed by dedicated aircraft first undertook combat missions during the 2113:

physical and electrical systems, but the seeker is replaced, the warhead is smaller, it embarks more fuel, and a modular EW payload with loitering capabilities. It will equip the British

2557: 4497: 4380: 1497:(two-seat variant), operational from 1965 to early 1984 It was known as the "Thud" by the crew. It was a well performing variant. It is the first SEAD dedicated platform of the USAF. 4162: 917:

IOC, further widening the gap, although their next attack against the H-3 SOC was unsuccessful. Among the first targets hit by F-117As attacking into Baghdad, bombs damaged the

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and other reconnaissance efforts, rather than having aircraft seek out targets of opportunity. The closest the Soviets came to dedicated SEAD platforms were modified stand-off

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had made only limited progress in developing radar for air defense and what systems they did have were primitive and easy to avoid. Nevertheless, as the Americans began the

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were fired over the course of twenty-two minutes at some one hundred targets, the mission was unsuccessful due to inaccurate targeting data and insufficient firepower.

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known as the EF-4C An order for the modification of 36 Phantom II in Wild Weasel IV dedicated variants was made because of the attrition of the F-105 Wild Weasel III.

695:(RPVs) and electronic surveillance aircraft, to paint an expansive picture of where Syrian air defense sites were located and which radar frequencies they were using. 3622: 3509: 365:

were also outfitted with radar-homing equipment and used to lead "hunter-killer" teams of other B-25s in locating and destroying Japanese early-warning radar sites.

2592: 580:. After a series of tests, the new F-4G 'Wild Weasel V' first took flight in 1975 and became operational in 1978. Built on the F-4E airframe, the F-4G removed the 1523: 1046: 616:

did not treat SEAD as an independent air operation but as a tactical role to be performed as part of a larger mission, namely an overwhelming air assault against

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that the Russian Air Force had not achieved air superiority, noting that supposedly vulnerable Ukrainian drones had continued to operate against Russian forces.

1241: 1128:'s dominance of Iraqi airspace, which had not only succeeded in suppressing Iraqi defenses during the Gulf War but continued to do so during the enforcement of 956:– possessed inadequate SAM defenses by NATO or Soviet standards. This allowed Coalition aircraft to attack them from the relative safety of higher altitudes. 3057: 995:

By January 27, no C activity was detected at the SOC level by Coalition forces, and only limited activity at the IOC level. At the end of the conflict, the

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With the phase-out of the F-105G, the US Air Force was in need of a new SEAD-dedicated aircraft This effort was given more urgency in 1973 when, during the

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bombers in the defense-suppression role. During the early part of the operation, a combination of poor tactical employment and overconfidence on the part of

3347:"The Ukrainian Air Force has released video showing for the first time ever US-supplied AGM-88 HARM anti-radar missiles being fired from their MiG-29 jets" 1176:

Many Ukrainian air defence facilities were reportedly destroyed or damaged in the first days of the invasion by Russian air strikes. On 5 March 2022, the

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to the targets, which the gunships destroyed, opening a hole in the Iraqi IADS for the initial wave of aircraft to exploit. Two F-117As knocked out the

3937: 1298:. This is due to the fact many SAM sites are dispersed over a fairly wide area (in order to increase the difficulty of inflicting serious damage on the 206:, the defender's air defences proved to be less vulnerable and more effective; although only two aircraft were reportedly lost to Yugoslavian SAMs, the 3075: 187:. The tactical awareness, or lack thereof, of air defense operators proved to be a decisive factor in the success rate of these missions. During the 1203: 314: 220: 288:, the Allies directed attacks against these installations and introduced new technology to counteract the effects of radar-directed AAA, including 3870: 3717: 3690: 2680: 4303: 2153:

that is being developed for the US Navy after having been selected. Its low rate initial production started, and it is being integrated to the

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the first to develop what became known as counterflak or "Apple Pie" missions. These missions were first employed to limited effect during the

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However, a weapon need not be designed specifically for SEAD missions to be used to damage or destroy a component of an air defense system. A

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fighter-bomber, penetrated Iraqi airspace to conduct bombing raids during the opening phase of the conflict, striking at Iraqi installations.

3397:"Apparently, the Ukrainian army may have received American AGM-88 anti-radar missiles – fragments were reportedly found at Russian positions" 3165: 1903: 1412: 1396: 1363:

which loiters over areas with potential SAM activity, searches for SAM activity, and then crashes (with in-built warhead) into the target.

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for example is not a SEAD-specific munition, but when used to destroy a radar antenna it still achieves the desired effect. The American

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As the war progressed, the Communists developed a highly centralized integrated air defense network, incorporating early-warning radars,

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placed less emphasis on using artillery to conduct SEAD missions, although where possible artillery would be used to clear a path for

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were adapted to carry chaff and other electronic countermeasures. Modern examples of SEAD-specific loitering munitions include the

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No aircraft in the French military is currently equipped with an anti-radiation missile, there is no proper SEAD capable aircraft.

1184:. However, that same day, Russia lost at least ten aircraft. On 11 March 2022, retired United States Air Force Lieutenant General 321:

but matured as the war progressed. The largest SEAD mission in history took place on March 24, 1945, when artillery forces of the

4502: 4482: 4137: 4029: 3846: 3447: 1487: 1476: 1156: 992:. A variety factors, including the threat of AAA and ballistic SAMs, resulted in the strike's failure and loss of two aircraft. 989: 270: 216: 2129:

A new program of the US Air Force for a new SEAD / DEAD weapon. Contracts have been issued to fund the initial development with

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During the course of the invasion, there were 1,660 reports of SAM launches and similar numbers of AAA firings, for the loss of

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is the leading company for the development of the aircraft. In the SEAD/DEAD configuration it is planned to be equipped with:

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nature of warfare meant an increased role in ground forces performing SEAD missions in support of air operations. During the

4430: 4251: 3563: 1038: 397: 191:, while Libya's integrated air defense network was not destroyed, it was damaged without major losses incurred by US forces. 3308: 4194: 3619: 3279: 2720: 2176: 2073: 1982: 1287: 794:, and in turn divided the country into four defense sectors each overseen by a Sector Operations Center (SOC) located at 1303: 1078:

marked the first combat loss ever of a stealth aircraft and typified some of the issues NATO faced during the campaign.

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rather than area defense. This meant there were significant gaps in its coverage, particularly on the orientation from

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pod to make room for specialized detection and jamming equipment and could carry the latest anti-radiation missile, the

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systems they possessed weren't much younger either. Likewise a majority of Iraq's interceptor force were less-capable

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The Vietnam War saw the evolution of what would become known as SEAD over the course of the conflict. At the start of

4492: 4460: 2883: 2184: 996: 493: 471: 156: 3231: 1013: 710: 542: 261: 203: 4381:"USAF Awards Contracts for Next Phase of Stand-in Attack Weapon to Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman and L3Harris" 1889:

and electronic warfare capabilities, operational since 1990. Germany manufactured 35 new Tornado for this mission

922: 881: 703: 659: 439: 199: 4455: 2247: 1018: 3871:

https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2023-08-21/australia-invests-powerful-new-high-tech-missiles

2029: 692: 620:. This role was not carried out by SEAD-specific aircraft but normal bombers and fighter aircraft, such as the 3826: 3510:(7 Mar 2023) In Ukraine fight, integrated air defense has made many aircraft 'worthless': US Air Force general 521:

started off similarly to Linebacker I with regards to SEAD tactics but was remarkable for the introduction of

4163:"HAF acquires advanced AGM-88E AARGM anti-radar missiles and AGM-84L Harpoon II anti-ship missiles for F-16V" 1049:, and the US Navy and Marines, with 30 EA-6B Prowlers; additional support was provided by Italian and German 3309:(19 May 2022) Video shows Ukraine blowing up a sophisticated radar-jamming machine that Russia tried to hide 3043: 2232:

The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts

2065: 1456: 1352: 953: 688: 637: 518: 468: 152: 109: 54: 1180:(VVS) declared that it had achieved air superiority, 11 days after the beginning of the invasion, but not 3181:"It is clear to us that Russia is losing aircraft and helicopters at a damaging rate." —Justin Bronk, RUSI 1763: 1745: 1732: 1714: 1550: 1468: 1276: 1144: 1042: 1023: 959: 489: 446:'s air defenses were only dealt with in a piecemeal fashion, in spite of intelligence indicating that the 381:

pilot to engage in air-to-air combat than it was to attack ground targets. The terrain and weather of the

378: 358: 289: 274: 105: 3991: 2616: 2180: 1657: 1589: 1555: 1434: 1087: 1075: 1054: 885: 884:, the preliminary air campaign plan against Iraq which served as the basis for Operation Desert Storm's 811: 746: 602: 526: 207: 101: 47: 31: 3724: 3072: 2183:. The Australian government approved the purchase of 60 missiles for $ 431 million in August 2023. The 4112: 3004:

Cordesman, Anthony H. "The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons" CSIS, 2003. pp. 32–36.

2079: 1738: 1666: 1519: 1214:

electronic warfare apparatus was detected, located, and disabled by Ukraine's ground and air forces.

775: 633: 629: 593: 512: 478: 385:

also contributed to the dangers associated with ground-attack missions. Nevertheless, the advent of

348:

there was concern over the large number of radar sites located on the home islands. For this purpose

293: 168: 164: 3178: 2970: 2265:

Setting the Context – Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses and Joint War Fighting in an Uncertain World

426: 3908: 2017: 2008: 1971: 1919: 1882: 1858: 1790: 1249: 1218: 1101: 1066: 944: 866: 783: 722: 683: 551: 522: 486: 198:

of the early 1990s. Intense aerial attacks of Iraq's integrated air defenses were conducted during

113: 2527:

Burden, Rodney A.; Draper, Michael A.; Rough, Douglas A.; Smith, Colin A.; Wilton, David (1986).

1926:

and electronic warfare capabilities, operational since 1990. taly modified 16 of its Tornado IDS.

1348: 1225:

missiles against Russian air defenses, one day after an alleged attack on Russian radar site for

1190: 1129: 943:

into the first day, involving a variety of different aircraft, and spread to targets in Kuwait.

925:

strikes that disabled the electrical grid upon which Kari depended; reportedly some used special

862: 547: 531: 475: 447: 390: 353: 345: 160: 121: 3371: 3723:(Report) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Aeronautics and Space Institute. p. 67. Archived from 3546:, Volume 6, Autumn/Fall 2002, pp. 120–155. Norwalk, Connecticut, USA: AIRtime Publishing. 872: 507:

Losses suffered by F-105 Wild Weasels spurred on the development of a new variant based on the

100:" and (initially) "Iron Hand" operations, are military actions to suppress enemy surface-based 3547: 3498:(15 Feb 2023) Russian Air Force 'Has Lot of Capability Left' One Year On From Ukraine Invasion 2532: 1371: 1334: 1299: 1245: 1177: 1124:

Still, the defense network was relatively outdated and thus unable to seriously challenge the

1001: 976: 699: 675: 671: 613: 577: 460: 326: 322: 246: 597:

and target-acquisition radars. Additional aircraft often part of SEAD missions included the

2171: 2146: 2138: 2021: 1986: 1869: 1862: 1755: 1742: 1724: 1706: 1702: 1690: 1686: 1597: 1376: 1338: 1307: 985: 980: 898: 850: 663: 651:

The first example of a post-Vietnam SEAD campaign was by the United Kingdom during the 1982

382: 318: 305: 180: 144: 70: 3472: 3421: 3396: 3346: 4467: 3626: 3570: 3079: 2662: 2251: 2130: 1817: 1698: 1512: 1501: 1379: 1294:

Possibly the most effective type of unguided ("dumb") weapon used during SEAD strikes are

1253: 1147:

exemplifies the dangers faced by aircraft operating at low altitudes around air defenses.

1133: 1105: 906: 824:

during the Vietnam War – protected by 65% of Iraq's SAMs and over half of its AAA pieces.

799: 787: 730: 726: 641: 508: 497: 409: 349: 341: 330: 3256:

From 24 February to 14 March 2022, Russia has launched more than 900 missiles at Ukraine.

2936: 430:

An F-105G Thunderchief 'Wild Weasel' carrying AGM-45 and AGM-78 missiles taking off from

3322:"One of the 🇺🇦 pilots has made a footage of the MiG-29 fighter jets combat operations" 3321: 3179:(3 Mar 2022) Where is the Russian Air Force? Experts break down why they might be hiding 3150: 1751: 1356: 1211: 1199: 894: 807: 771: 667: 625: 569: 455: 301: 285: 265: 3838: 1237:

rocket artillery been used by Ukrainian military against Russian air defense systems.

1092: 4476: 3825:

The F-16C is the only aircraft in the Air Force current inventory to use the AGM-88.

3448:"Pentagon acknowledges sending previously undisclosed anti-radar missiles to Ukraine" 3285: 3254:(14 Mar 2022) Russians Pounding Ukraine Cities With Long-Range Fires, Says Official 2035:

2 GaN Escort Jammer Pods from Saab, based on the Arexis system, with a 360° coverage

1644: 1624: 1540: 1321: 1185: 1181: 926: 833: 734: 652: 621: 606: 589: 558: 501: 482: 443: 362: 297: 172: 4461:

A 1976 discussion of differing opinions on (then) future threats to western aircraft

3787: 1057:

designed to lure away any missiles fired at them, and reportedly for the first time

2663:"U.S. Jets Hit 'Terrorist Centers' in Libya; Reagan Warns of New Attacks If Needed" 2175:: It is the latest variant of the AGM-88, and is being integrated to the US Navy 1807: 1661: 1634: 1330: 1295: 1058: 935: 910: 837: 795: 679: 645: 386: 264:

failed to realize the efficiency of not only the radar stations themselves but the

250: 184: 176: 4355:"Air Force program for new F-35 missile will knock out at least one prime in FY24" 3967:"This May Be Our First Glimpse Of China's New Air-Launched Anti-Radiation Missile" 4328: 3124: 1526:

and operational since 1991, and it remains the dedicated SEAD variant, using the

1515:, operational from 1978 until 1996. 134 F-4E were modified for the SEAD mission. 1314:

general-purpose cluster munition are typical examples of these types of weapons.

670:

of 1973, Egyptian and Syrian SAM batteries proved to be costly to attack for the

4084: 3665: 2150: 2069: 1957: 1670: 1593: 1527: 1462: 1416: 1400: 1269: 1234: 1222: 1050: 918: 585: 421: 148: 97: 51: 4202: 3267:(14 Mar 2022) Where things stand for the Russian military in the war in Ukraine 1490:

It was a very short period as it wasn't a performant platform for this mission.

4304:"Lockheed Martin to retrofit F-35 Joint Strike Fighters for SEAD/DEAD mission" 3266: 3194:

DEAD=Destruction of enemy air defenses, SEAD=Suppression of enemy air defenses

3191: 3153: 1264: 1027: 984:

difficult target to attack, as Coalition forces found out during an attempted

949: 598: 581: 496:

were also used to suppress air defenses by jamming NVA radars, with first the

451: 374: 257: 1842:

The Turkısh 151.Tunc Fleet’s F-16 aircraft was equipped with AGM-88 missiles.

1053:, a purpose-developed SEAD model. Many NATO aircraft were furnished with new 260:

radar stations in order to degrade the British air defense network. However,

4182: 3232:"Over Ukraine, Lumbering Turkish-Made Drones Are an Ominous Sign for Russia" 2245:"Military Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD): Assessing Future Needs." 1720: 1360: 1317: 1170: 310: 253: 3827:

https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104574/agm-88-harm/

2738:

On Target: Organizing and Executing the Strategic Air Campaign Against Iraq

325:

attempted to knock out the local German air defense network in support of

194:

During the 1990s, extensive use of SEAD was made, particularly during the

3166:(9 Mar 2022) Ukraine war at 2-week mark: Russians slowed but not stopped 3129: 2134: 1940: 1325: 1113: 762: 373:

While there were some technological changes between World War II and the

361:

to confuse Japanese air defense radars as they conducted their missions.

211: 195: 3693:(Press release). US Defense Security Cooperation Agency. July 11, 2008. 2028:). It is planned to reach its IOC by 2029. It is a 2-seat Eurofighter. 786:

system developed by Iraq and built by French contractors in the wake of

124:. In modern warfare, SEAD missions can constitute as much as 30% of all 4055: 4016:

UK-Supplied Precision Weapons Prove Popular in Saudi-Led Yemen Campaign

2110: 2105: 2083: 2042: 1611: 1283: 914: 791: 481:, which mounted more sophisticated detection equipment and carried the 44: 2882:

Lambeth, Dr. Benjamin S. "Kosovo and the Continuing SEAD Challenge."

2302:, School of Advanced Airpower Studies, Air University, May 1992, p. 5. 2244: 3655:, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astornautics 2004, pp. 83–86. 2651:, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, pp. 243–250. 1494: 1311: 1031: 931: 858: 854: 779: 125: 3192:(Mar 11, 2022) Why Russia is INCAPABLE of Air Superiority in Ukraine 2754:

Cradle of Conflict: Iraq and the Birth of Modern U.S. Military Power

1681: 1233:

There are also suspicions of M31A1 GMLRS guided rockets firing from

1014:

NATO bombing of Yugoslavia § Air Defence Suppression Operations

450:

was developing an integrated air defense system (IADS) dedicated to

17: 857:, with fewer more modern variants including export versions of the 534:

and C countermeasures, laid the groundwork for future development.

3013:

Michael Smith, "RAF Bombing Raids Tried to Goad Saddam into War,"

2154: 2114: 1990: 1975: 1953: 1923: 1886: 1821: 1811: 1794: 1777: 1759: 1728: 1710: 1680: 1638: 1628: 1438: 1370: 1263: 1226: 1207: 1166: 1160: 1091: 1017: 958: 871: 821: 745: 718: 573: 541: 425: 405: 4278:"Saab's Arexis EW Suite Selected for Luftwaffe's Eurofighter EKs" 4252:"The Eurofighter ECR and the Luftwaffe Electronic Attack concept" 3422:"Another wrecks of the American AGM-88 HARM was found in Ukraine" 2431:

Striving for Air Superiority: The Tactical Air Command in Vietnam

1909:

Modernised F-16V to be equipped with AARGM that have been ordered

948:

missiles with minimal or no guidance. Furthermore, units of the

3372:"Russian coastal radar site burning south of Sevastopol, Crimea" 2082:

The F-35B will fulfil the SEAD role with the integration of the

1839:

There is one fleet that equipped with an anti radiation missile.

1647:

BS (2-seat variant) equipped with CM-102 anti-radiation missiles

1508: 846: 842: 829: 816: 803: 766: 617: 401: 278: 210:

marked the first combat loss ever of a stealth aircraft. In the

3716:

Morais, Ana; Filho, José; Mallaco, Lais; Brito, Márcia (2011).

3542:

Davis, Larry. "Warplane Classic: Republic F-105 Thunderchief".

1320:

is also used to conduct SEAD missions. After World War II, the

313:

also played a major role in suppressing air defenses, with the

3653:

Unmanned Aviation: A Brief History of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

2287:

The Battle of Britain: The Greatest Air Battle of World War II

1117: 889: 79: 4138:"Neue Anti-Radar-Lenkflugkörper AGM-88E2 für Luftwaffe -..." 3206:"The Russian Air Force Just Had A Terrible Day Over Ukraine" 2503:

Detecting and Classifying Low Probability of Intercept Radar

467:

Eventually new SEAD-dedicated aircraft were introduced, the

4431:"Nieuwe munitie F-35's vergroot slagkracht – Nieuwsbericht" 3597:

Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning

3154:(5 March 2022) War in Ukraine: A week that shook the world 2649:

Aerospace Power in the Twenty-First Century: A Basic Primer

2289:, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1989, pp. 138–143, 220. 2187:

announced the purchase of the missile in June 2023 for its

1459:, the aircraft designed for these missions is known as the 4113:"Panavia Tornado ECR (Electronic Combat / Reconnaissance)" 2335:

World War II: the Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945

1471:. Several platforms have fulfilled this role by the past. 1061:

was used to target Yugoslav air defense computer systems.

774:

was the sixth largest in the world, including hundreds of

4226:"Air Force: Number of ECR Eurofighters to increase to 30" 3691:"Morocco – Weapons and Related Support for F-16 Aircraft" 2603:(June 2002). Archived from the original on March 14, 2012 880:

Suppression of the Iraqi IADS played a prominent role in

782:. At the center of the Iraqi IADS was Kari, an automated 85: 4085:"Martel AS-37(Armat) antiradar missile | Missilery.info" 1302:) and the relative "softness" of the targets (unarmored 1275:

The weapons most often associated with this mission are

3883:"Weapons to Support F-16 Block 70/F-16V Aircraft Fleet" 1843: 1467:. It describes aircraft tasked with SEAD missions with 2935:

Little, Alan; Norton-Taylor, Richard (March 9, 2000).

2514: 2300:

Planting the Seeds of SEAD: The Wild Weasel in Vietnam

2026:"Luftgestätze Wirkung im Elektromagnetischen Spektrum" 1669:(F-16AM/BM Block 20 and F-16V Block 70) equipped with 576:

employed a Soviet-built IADS that severely mauled the

4056:"'Sát thủ' diệt hạm và rada - tên lửa KH-31 Việt Nam" 3058:"Missile alerts at Tornado base after bombing raids." 1345:

are the ideal weapon for conducting SEAD operations.

143:

Primitive operations akin to SEAD emerged during the

76: 4030:"Kh-25 - Tên lửa đối đất chủ lực của Su-22 Việt Nam" 3938:"YJ-91 anti-radiation missile Aegis destroyer kille" 2117:, 4 missiles will be able to fit in the missile bay. 1221:(KpsZSU) released a video of its MiG-29 jets firing 404:

had been largely destroyed early in the war and the

88: 3992:"JF-17 – LD-10 Anti-Radiation Missile – UOAF Codex" 3666:"Al Quwwat al Jawwiya Ilmisriya/Egyptian Air Force" 1483:

based in Thailand, for missions over North Vietnam.

901:, which would be used to attack sensitive targets. 73: 3278: 3073:Deadly Scourge of the US Helicopter Pilots in Iraq 2433:, Texas A&M University Press, 2002, pp. 85–86. 2072:" of the Air Force, it will therefore replace the 3531:Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile 2937:"Nato spy leaked bombing raid plans to the Serbs" 876:An F-117A Nighthawk flying over the Persian Gulf. 408:was almost exclusively focused on the mission of 3280:"The curious case of Russia's missing air force" 2621:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1892:Eurofighter T2, T3 and T4 equipped with AGM-88E 778:which were housed and protected within hardened 4498:Military operations involving the United States 3806:National Museum of the United States Air Force™ 3230:Dave Phillipps; Eric Schmitt (March 11, 2022). 2466: 2464: 2337:, Courier Dover Publications, 2012, pp. 274–275 2400: 2398: 2396: 2634: 2632: 2285:Hough, Richard Alexander and Denis Richards, 1872:missile, but the missile was retired in 1997. 1242:International Institute for Strategic Studies 761:forces made extensive use of SEAD during the 8: 2782: 2780: 2748: 2746: 2711:Parks, W. Hays (1986). "Crossing the Line". 2531:. Twickenham, UK: British Air Review Group. 2412: 2410: 2024:. The program is known in Germany as LUWES ( 1906:equipped with AGM-88B Block IIIA and ADM-88E 1479:The first Wild Weasel squadron ever was the 963:An Iraqi radar site destroyed by the French 112:(AAA) but also interrelated systems such as 4456:Description of SEAD environment over Kosovo 4406:"Starting a Program from (Digital) Scratch" 4329:"SPEAR-EW | Air Dominance, TACTICAL STRIKE" 4224:ES&T editorial team (January 4, 2023). 3960: 3958: 3125:"Ukraine's battle for control of its skies" 2894: 2892: 2878: 2876: 2839: 2837: 2732: 2730: 1004:or other missions to assist ground forces. 454:. This included the construction of sixty 30:"SEAD" redirects here. For other uses, see 2551: 2549: 2441: 2439: 588:. The F-4G Wild Weasel was then joined by 4183:https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/AARGM 2418:F-105 Wild Weasel vs SA-2 'Guideline' SAM 1204:shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles 412:rather than attacking UNC ground forces. 296:to locate the weapons and employing both 221:shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles 2971:"Serb discusses 1999 downing of stealth" 2756:, Naval Institute Press, 2005, pp. 25–27 2681:"1986 Year in Review: Strike on Qaddafi" 2267:, Air University Press, June 1994, p. 7. 2226: 2224: 2050:2 short range air-to-air missiles IRIS-T 389:brought about many changes. Compared to 38: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2220: 2201: 2104:It is a new missile being developed by 2047:4 long-range air-to-air missiles Meteor 921:IOC and Talil SOC, shortly followed by 96:), also known in the United States as " 4250:Valpolini, Paolo (November 16, 2019). 4178: 4176: 4107: 4105: 4079: 4077: 3931: 3929: 3866: 3864: 3697:from the original on February 20, 2018 2614: 4451:U.S. Department of Defense definition 4195:"Spain buying HARMs for use on EF-18" 3849:from the original on January 20, 2024 3599:, Air University Press, 2000, p. 265. 3028:"Iraq fires missiles at RAF Tornado." 2740:, DIANE Publishing, 2002, pp. 172–179 2447:USAF McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II 2324:, Naval Institute Press, 2004, p. 76. 1306:, exposed radar antennas, etc.). The 713:, the United States' response to the 256:attempted to destroy Great Britain's 7: 3965:Newdick, Thomas (November 9, 2020). 3802:"McDonnell Douglas F-4G Wild Weasel" 3767:LeMieux, Lawrence. "SoWW Historian". 2661:Weinraub, Bernard (April 15, 1986). 2254:CRS Report for Congress, 2005, p. 5. 1868:The Mirage F1 was equipped with the 1337:. Because of their superior range, 1310:anti-armor cluster munition and the 832:, Syria and Israel – and focused on 3887:Defense Security Cooperation Agency 2363:, Potomac Books, Inc., 2010, p. 89. 754:played a major role during the war. 682:had been heavily reinforced by the 189:1986 United States bombing of Libya 4353:Marrow, Michael (March 17, 2023). 4018:– Defensenews.com, 17 October 2016 3705:– via Defense-Aerospace.com. 3446:Oren Liebermann (August 9, 2022). 3164:ROBERT BURNS and LOLITA C. BALDOR 3123:Beale, Jonathan (April 14, 2022). 2572:from the original on July 12, 2009 2505:, Artech House, 2009, pp. 578–584. 2350:, Pacifica Military History, 2011. 1573:McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II 118:command, control and communication 25: 3620:The Multiple Launch Rocket System 3533:, Osprey Publishing, 2011, p. 19. 3094:"Choppers on the Chopping Block?" 3092:Schechter, Erik (June 13, 2003). 2981:from the original on May 18, 2007 2449:, Osprey Publishing, 2013, p. 17. 2420:, Osprey Publishing, 2011, p. 71. 2145:Northrop Grumman is offering the 134:Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses 61:Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses 4379:Wolfe, Frank (August 26, 2022). 3777:Dorr and Bishop 1996, pp. 60–61. 3520:Tucker, Spencer C., pp. 115–116. 2333:Norman Polmar, Thomas B. Allen, 1157:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1151:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1047:F-16CJ Block 50 Fighting Falcons 990:Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center 721:'s IADS itself but to conduct a 658:Shortly afterwards was Israel's 329:. Although twenty-four thousand 284:Understanding the importance of 217:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 69: 3046:. News Statesman. May 30, 2005. 1814:MP/MPU anti-radiation missiles. 1481:354th Tactical Fighter Squadron 715:1986 Berlin discotheque bombing 662:, launched at the start of the 432:Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base 4201:. May 25, 1990. Archived from 4062:(in Vietnamese). April 2, 2013 3942:Thai Military and Asian Region 3936:nonothai (November 20, 2016). 3544:International Air Power Review 2068:The F-35A will be the future " 1978:missile for its SEAD missions. 1493:Wild Weasel III, based on the 1244:(IISS) wrote that neither the 1217:On 30 August 2022, Command of 1039:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 975:Coalition aircraft conducting 967:during Operation Desert Storm. 398:ground-controlled interception 346:bombing campaign against Japan 208:downing of an F-117A Nighthawk 167:being amongst these pioneers; 1: 4302:Leone, Dario (June 3, 2020). 3718:Relatório de Atividades: 2010 2721:United States Naval Institute 2322:Field Artillery and Firepower 2230:Tucker, Spencer C. (Editor), 2121:Stand-in Attack Weapon (SiAW) 1983:British Aerospace Sea Harrier 1614:, refurbished from 50 AGM-88B 1518:Wild Weasel VI, based on the 1500:Wild Weasel IV, based on the 1486:Wild Weasel II, based on the 1288:AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon 4028:Quang Minh (June 10, 2014). 3909:"Contracts for May 23, 2019" 3839:"EA-18G Growler | Air Force" 3788:"McDonnell EF-4C Phantom II" 2234:, ABC-CLIO, 2010, pp. 61–62. 2149:, the latest variant of the 2086:missiles as describes below. 1610:F-16 Block 70 equipped with 1507:Wild Weasel V, based on the 1475:Wild Weasel I, based on the 1437:equipped with the Brazilian 1037:The bombing campaign of the 3564:Raytheon JSOW Product Sheet 2884:Air and Space Power Journal 2556:Schlein, Lior; Noam Ophir. 2016:It is the successor of the 1104:in flight over Iraq during 965:6th Light Armoured Division 810:; a fifth SOC was added at 494:Electronic warfare aircraft 472:EF-105F/F-105G Thunderchief 290:CARPET (US) and WINDOW (UK) 157:EF-105F/F-105G Thunderchief 4519: 3913:U.S. Department of Defense 2346:Cleaver, Thomas McKelvey, 2018:Panavia Tornado ECR / SEAD 1824:P anti-radiation missiles. 1652:Republic of China (Taiwan) 1154: 1085: 1011: 988:on January 19 against the 711:Operation El Dorado Canyon 563:Operation El Dorado Canyon 419: 266:command and control system 204:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia 129:actions by ground forces. 29: 3554:. ISSN 1473-9917. p. 135. 2886:. Summer 2002. pp. 10–11. 2597:Air Force Magazine Online 2320:Bailey, Johnathan B. A., 1102:No. XV (Reserve) Squadron 882:Operation Instant Thunder 869:and became easy targets. 704:Soviet Air Defense Forces 693:remotely piloted vehicles 660:Operation Mole Cricket 19 440:Operation Rolling Thunder 200:Operation Instant Thunder 3044:"The war before the war" 2361:A History of Air Warfare 1989:missile, later with the 1353:Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 1240:On 15 February 2023 the 1082:2003 US invasion of Iraq 1041:during mid-1999, dubbed 273:shifted in favor of the 4503:United States Air Force 4483:Aerial warfare strategy 4466:March 15, 2014, at the 4117:www.militaryfactory.com 3631:Warfare History Network 3569:20 October 2006 at the 3265:David Martin, CBS news 2038:Emitter Location System 2010:Eurofighter Typhoon ECR 1780:missiles, and the LD-10 1764:anti-radiation missiles 1746:anti-radiation missiles 1733:anti-radiation missiles 1715:anti-radiation missiles 1641:anti-radiation missiles 1631:anti-radiation missiles 1469:anti-radiation missiles 1277:anti-radiation missiles 689:reconnaissance aircraft 612:On the other hand, the 519:Operation Linebacker II 490:anti-radiation missiles 153:United States Air Force 110:anti-aircraft artillery 106:surface-to-air missiles 55:anti-radiation missiles 4488:Aerial warfare tactics 4308:The Aviation Geek Club 4060:Báo điện tử Tiền Phong 3651:Newcome, Laurence R., 3082:by Colonel David Eshel 2593:"The Bekaa Valley War" 2529:Falklands: The Air War 2250:March 3, 2016, at the 2243:Bolkcom, Christopher. 2177:F/A-18E/F Super Hornet 2135:L3 Harris Technologies 2074:F-16CJ Fighting Falcon 1998:Systems in development 1985:was equipped with the 1974:was equipped with the 1861:was equipped with the 1694: 1551:F/A-18E/F Super Hornet 1520:F-16 C/D – Block 50/52 1382: 1272: 1173: 1145:2003 attack on Karbala 1109: 1043:Operation Allied Force 1034: 1024:bomb damage assessment 1008:Operation Allied Force 968: 877: 755: 674:(IAF), such as during 565: 435: 402:North Korean Air Force 57: 4276:ESD (June 16, 2023). 4205:on September 24, 2015 2647:Chun, Clayton K. S., 2359:Olsen, John Andreas, 2185:Netherlands Air force 1684: 1658:AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo 1590:Boeing EA-18G Growler 1556:Boeing EA-18G Growler 1374: 1267: 1252:(KpsZSU) have gained 1164: 1095: 1088:2003 invasion of Iraq 1021: 962: 875: 749: 603:EC-130E Commando Solo 545: 527:Strategic Air Command 429: 304:to destroy them. The 286:Germany's radar sites 104:, including not only 42: 32:Sead (disambiguation) 3204:Trevithick, Joseph. 2977:. October 26, 2005. 2701:Brungess, pp. 25–34. 2638:Brungess, pp. 16–25. 2298:Hewitt, William A., 2080:British Armed Forces 1960:and currently in use 1776:JF-17 equipped with 1739:Dassault Mirage 2000 1667:F-16 Fighting Falcon 1546:F/A-18A/B/C/D Hornet 1112:At the onset of the 945:A-10 Thunderbolt IIs 630:signals intelligence 594:EC-130H Compass Call 561:, in preparation of 513:Operation Linebacker 500:joined later by the 354:B-29 Superfortresses 294:imagery intelligence 169:Operation Linebacker 4143:. November 28, 2021 3529:Zaloga, Steven J., 3190:Not What You Think 3104:on October 25, 2012 3033:, 31 December 1998. 2736:Davis, Richard G., 2470:Brungess, pp. 9–11. 1972:Panavia Tornado GR4 1920:Panavia Tornado ECR 1883:Panavia Tornado ECR 1349:Loitering Munitions 1250:Ukrainian Air Force 1219:Ukrainian Air Force 1067:rules of engagement 867:situation awareness 784:command and control 684:Syrian Armed Forces 666:. During the prior 523:B-52 Stratofortress 281:increased tenfold. 262:German High Command 114:early-warning radar 4493:Military doctrines 4141:bundeswehr-journal 3642:Chun, pp. 295–296. 3633:. 30 October 2018. 3625:2018-10-31 at the 3610:Bailey, pp. 77–78. 3236:The New York Times 3078:2013-05-12 at the 3026:Marshall, Andrew. 2870:Davis, pp. 299–300 2795:Davis, pp. 157–158 2786:Knights, pp. 48–49 2752:Knights, Michael, 2667:The New York Times 2558:"Six Days in June" 2543:pp. 363, 365, 367. 2515:Burden et al. 1986 2501:Pace, Phillip E., 2458:Brungess, pp. 8–9. 2429:Hannah, Craig C., 2404:Brungess, pp. 6–8. 2381:Olsen, pp. 98–100. 1793:equipped with the 1695: 1383: 1335:attack helicopters 1273: 1191:The New York Times 1174: 1130:Iraqi no-fly zones 1110: 1035: 969: 878: 841:point, while what 756: 566: 559:AGM-45 Shrike ARMs 532:electronic warfare 461:F-100 Super Sabres 448:North Vietnam Army 436: 391:propeller aircraft 161:United States Navy 132:In some contexts, 122:electronic warfare 58: 4089:en.missilery.info 3595:Owen, Robert C., 2852:Davis, p. 221–222 2843:Davis, p. 217–218 2813:Davis, p. 182–190 2492:Brungess, p. 104. 2390:Brungess, pp. 4–5 2348:Air Combat Annals 2263:Brungess, James, 1810:M4 equipped with 1477:F-100 Super Sabre 1435:AMX International 1304:missile launchers 1268:A mock-up of the 1246:Russian Air Force 1178:Russian Air Force 1141:very few aircraft 1065:restrictions and 1026:of a SAM site in 1002:close air support 977:strategic bombing 952:– even the elite 899:F-117A Nighthawks 700:combat air patrol 676:Operation Model 5 672:Israeli Air Force 578:Israeli Air Force 538:Post-Vietnam Wars 406:Chinese Air Force 327:Operation Varsity 323:British XII Corps 247:Battle of Britain 16:(Redirected from 4510: 4439: 4438: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4359:Breaking Defense 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4191: 4185: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4169:. 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Archived from 3089: 3083: 3070: 3064: 3063:, 21 March 2003. 3056:Payne, Stewart. 3054: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3034: 3024: 3018: 3015:The Sunday Times 3011: 3005: 3002: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2887: 2880: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2765:Davis, pp. 77–79 2763: 2757: 2750: 2741: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2658: 2652: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2627: 2626: 2620: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2591:Grant, Rebecca. 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2553: 2544: 2542: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2443: 2434: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2405: 2402: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2357: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2325: 2318: 2312: 2311:Hewitt, pp. 6–9. 2309: 2303: 2296: 2290: 2283: 2277: 2276:Brungess, p. 55. 2274: 2268: 2261: 2255: 2241: 2235: 2228: 2209: 2206: 2172:AGM-88G AARGM-ER 2139:Northrop Grumman 2022:German Air Force 1691:Indian Air Force 1598:AGM-88G AARGM-ER 1568:F/A-18A/B Hornet 1419:(B/C/E variants) 1339:rocket artillery 1308:Mk-20 Rockeye II 1076:F-117A Nighthawk 954:Republican Guard 907:MH-53J Pave Lows 752:F-4G Wild Weasel 731:A-7E Corsair IIs 664:1982 Lebanon War 638:Mikoyan MiG-25BM 383:Korean Peninsula 331:artillery shells 319:Battle of France 306:P-47 Thunderbolt 181:1982 Lebanon War 145:Second World War 95: 94: 91: 90: 87: 82: 81: 78: 75: 21: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4473: 4472: 4468:Wayback Machine 4447: 4442: 4437:. June 5, 2023. 4429: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4410:Lockheed Martin 4404: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4146: 4144: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4083: 4082: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4036:(in Vietnamese) 4027: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3843:airforce.gov.au 3837: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3730:on 16 July 2012 3727: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3627:Wayback Machine 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3594: 3590: 3582:Davies, Peter, 3581: 3577: 3571:Wayback Machine 3562: 3558: 3541: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3508:Michael Marrow 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3307:Mia Jankowicz 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3289:. March 3, 2022 3277: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3251: 3247: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3189: 3185: 3176: 3172: 3163: 3159: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3080:Wayback Machine 3071: 3067: 3055: 3051: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3031:The Independent 3025: 3021: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2960:Lambeth, p. 15. 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2925:Lambeth, p. 14. 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907:Lambeth, p. 17. 2906: 2902: 2898:Lambeth, p. 16. 2897: 2890: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2751: 2744: 2735: 2728: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2613: 2606: 2604: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2539: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2445:Davies, Peter, 2444: 2437: 2428: 2424: 2416:Davies, Peter, 2415: 2408: 2403: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2341: 2332: 2328: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2297: 2293: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2258: 2252:Wayback Machine 2242: 2238: 2229: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2131:Lockheed Martin 2095: 2005: 2000: 1967: 1950: 1933: 1916: 1899: 1879: 1851: 1836: 1831: 1804: 1791:Panavia Tornado 1787: 1773: 1679: 1654: 1621: 1607: 1586: 1581: 1564: 1562:US Marine Corps 1537: 1522:, known as the 1511:, known as the 1509:F-4E Phantom II 1502:F-4C Phantom II 1453: 1448: 1431: 1426: 1409: 1393: 1388: 1369: 1262: 1254:air superiority 1169:shot down over 1159: 1153: 1134:Panavia Tornado 1106:Operation Telic 1090: 1084: 1016: 1010: 895:cruise missiles 788:Operation Opera 744: 727:Muammar Gaddafi 723:punitive strike 642:attack aircraft 540: 509:F-4C Phantom II 498:EB-66 Destroyer 487:AGM-78 Standard 452:air deniability 424: 418: 410:air superiority 371: 350:B-24 Liberators 338:Pacific Theater 302:fighter-bombers 243: 234: 232:Pre-Vietnam War 229: 84: 72: 68: 35: 28: 27:Military tactic 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4516: 4514: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4445:External links 4443: 4441: 4440: 4422: 4397: 4371: 4345: 4320: 4294: 4268: 4242: 4216: 4186: 4172: 4154: 4129: 4101: 4073: 4047: 4020: 4008: 3996:codex.uoaf.net 3983: 3954: 3925: 3900: 3874: 3860: 3830: 3818: 3793: 3779: 3770: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3708: 3682: 3657: 3644: 3635: 3612: 3603: 3588: 3575: 3556: 3535: 3522: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3464: 3438: 3413: 3388: 3363: 3338: 3313: 3311:R-330Zh Zhitel 3300: 3270: 3258: 3245: 3222: 3196: 3183: 3170: 3157: 3151:Deutsche Welle 3143: 3115: 3098:Jerusalem Post 3084: 3065: 3049: 3035: 3019: 3017:, 29 May 2005. 3006: 2992: 2962: 2953: 2927: 2918: 2916:Lambeth, p. 9. 2909: 2900: 2888: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2742: 2726: 2703: 2694: 2672: 2653: 2640: 2628: 2583: 2545: 2537: 2519: 2517:, p. 363. 2507: 2494: 2485: 2481:F-4 Phantom II 2472: 2460: 2451: 2435: 2422: 2406: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2352: 2339: 2326: 2313: 2304: 2291: 2278: 2269: 2256: 2236: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2181:EA-18G Growler 2168: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2118: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2077: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2030:Airbus Defence 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1979: 1966: 1965:United Kingdom 1963: 1962: 1961: 1956:equipped with 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1924:AARGM missiles 1922:equipped with 1915: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1887:AARGM missiles 1885:equipped with 1878: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1855: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1820:equipped with 1815: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1754:equipped with 1749: 1741:equipped with 1736: 1723:equipped with 1718: 1701:equipped with 1687:Rudram missile 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1664: 1660:equipped with 1653: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1637:equipped with 1632: 1627:equipped with 1620: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1592:equipped with 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1516: 1505: 1498: 1491: 1484: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1415:equipped with 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1399:equipped with 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1368: 1365: 1261: 1258: 1248:(VVS) nor the 1155:Main article: 1152: 1149: 1086:Main article: 1083: 1080: 1012:Main article: 1009: 1006: 772:Iraq Air Force 743: 740: 735:F/A-18 Hornets 668:Yom Kippur War 626:Tupolev Tu-22M 570:Yom Kippur War 557:is armed with 539: 536: 456:SA-2 Guideline 417: 414: 370: 367: 363:B-25 Mitchells 242: 239: 233: 230: 228: 225: 50:, loaded with 48:EA-18G Growler 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4515: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 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May 3, 2019 3888: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3811:September 16, 3807: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3709: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3584:F-105 vs SA-2 3579: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3552:1-880588-46-3 3549: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496:Chris Gordon 3493: 3490: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3439: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3288: 3287: 3286:The Economist 3281: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3252:David Vergun 3249: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3223: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 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Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses

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