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879:, Haukelid concluded after a trial run that the explosives would be most effective if placed in the bow. If holed near the bow, the ship's screws and rudder would quickly be lifted out of the water, leaving the captain and crew without control. Haukelid also determined that "he explosion had to be big enough to sink the ship, but not so severe as to cause casualties among the passengers and crew." He carried the bomb, made from eighteen pounds of
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768:. In February 1940, before the occupation, the entire Vestfjorddalen and the docks were closed to foreigners. On 4 May 1940 German troops reached Rjukan, a month after the invasion of Norway began. The ferries were camouflaged, and by January 1941 lack of coal resulted in the steamships being fired by wood.
902:
Despite the intention to minimize casualties, 18 people were killed. Twenty-nine survived. The dead comprised 14 Norwegian crew and passengers and four German soldiers. Some of the
Norwegian rescuers felt that the Germans should not be saved, but this attitude did not prevail and four German soldiers
886:
The timing was set to cause the ship to sink at the deepest part of the lake, but close enough to shore to allow any survivors a hope of rescue. The weather was calm; the temperature was −9 °C (16 °F). On 20 February 1944 just before reaching the lighthouse at
Urdalen the bomb exploded; the
857:
waited a few kilometers from Mæl and broke into the ferry quay by cutting through a fence. They entered the ship, but were discovered by one of the two guards; Lier-Hansen indicated that he was a worker and wanted to sleep on board, in the end convincing the guard. Sørlie and
Haukelid went below
817:
at Norsk Hydro delayed the tapping of the potassium hydroxide one day to allow the shipment to be carried on a Sunday. On
Saturday 19 February 1944 the plant director Bjarne Nilssen informed the railway that a wagon with potassium hydroxide would be sent with train number three the following day
783:, owning 25% of the shares in Norsk Hydro, asked for permission to import five liters of heavy water into Germany, later denied due to a lack of an export licence. In 1939–40 production at Vemork was 20 kilograms, by 1942 production had increased to five kilograms per day.
242:
669:. Like all the railway ferries it had two parallel tracks, which merged at the front to allow a single track to enter the ship; total track length was 80 metres (260 ft), allowing twelve wagons weighing 300 tonnes as well as 120 passengers. It was equipped with two
862:. They placed it in a circular formation 3.6 metres (12 ft) long. The explosion would blow out one to two square meters (ten to twenty square feet) of the hull. The saboteurs left the ship unseen. Larsen and Haukelid left for Sweden while Sørlie left for
235:
228:
786:
The first attempt to halt the production from the resistance movement was
Operation Grouse in October 1942, which failed when the Germans caught the plotters. As a consequence passenger transport after 7 April 1942 from
806:, from which the heavy water was distilled, to Germany. The resistance movement was aware of this plan, and considered blowing up the train at various places, but instead chose to target the ferry SF
791:
to Rjukan was only permitted for soldiers, police, workers at the plant and schoolchildren. All filled ammonia wagons were stored indoors in a tunnel under heavy guard. On 16 November 1943 the
834:. The wagons were set up at Rjukan on the Saturday, but failed a weight check, and part of the load was transferred to wagon L-84. The wagons were stored overnight with a single guard.
976:. Analysis of the contents of one recovered sealed barrel (No. 26) confirmed that it contained heavy water. The barrel was donated to the US National WW2 Museum in New Orleans.
636:
268,000; the final cost was NOK 334,293. It was launched on 10 December 1914, but rebuilt and relaunched on 5 June 1915 as the original configuration used excessive coal.
1260:
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sank, settling on the bottom at 430 metres (1,410 ft) depth. Farmers from across the lake were soon in their boats and came to the rescue of the crew and passengers.
779:, and necessary as a moderator in German nuclear designs. The hydrogen plant at Vemork was the first mass producer of heavy water, and in 1939 the German company
1952:
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bombed the hydrogen plant. The attack killed 21 civilians but failed to damage the heavy water plant as it was located under seven stories of
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at 11:35. NSB car Lf4 no. 32628 was loaded with 39 barrels, of which five 70-kilogram (150 lb) barrels were to be unloaded at
1932:
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was indeed carrying the heavy water the day it was sunk. Two of the barrels were recovered, and one of them can be seen at
541:, operating between 1914 and 1944. The combined track and ferry service was primarily used to transport raw materials and
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895:. By the time the crew left the bridge, the ship had listed so much that they could walk down the side. At 10:30
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on 20 February 1944, when resistance fighters sank the ferry in the deepest part of Lake Tinn to prevent
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The
Germans decided to cancel production of heavy water at Rjukan and move the remainder of the
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In 2015 the
Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation produced the acclaimed 6-episode TV miniseries
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plastic explosive and two fuses fashioned from alarm clocks, on board in an old sack.
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deck to the keel where they spent two hours placing 8.4 kilograms (19 lb) of
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That same evening two civilians, Jon Berg and Oskar
Andersen, were guarding the
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premiered, depicting the various sabotage actions including the sinking of SF
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The railway ferries operated a 30-kilometre (19 mi) route connecting the
542:
1176:"Tungtvannaksjonen: Tungtvannsferja ble senket i 1944. Slik ser den ut i dag"
948:. 600 kg of heavy water were also found on board, leaving no doubt that
665:
was larger than its predecessor, at 53 metres (174 ft) measuring 493.60
1471:
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518:
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ship immediately headed for land. The ship's crew failed to loosen all the
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was the second ship delivered for the service. The first ship,
224:
964:
624:, was delivered in 1909 but proved too small for the service.
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went out to the place of the sinking for a memorial service.
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made
Rjukanbanen the area for a crucial struggle between the
988:
In 2017, a new investigation of the ferry was featured in
891:, and there were no instructions available for using the
1115:"Sinking of DF Hydro 70th anniversary events in Norway"
517:
that operated in the first half of the 20th century on
771:
One of the byproducts at Rjukan was the production of
650:. All three operated the route until the sinking of
1799:
1274:
726:Soldiers in uniform, from the left: Knut Haukelid,
1269:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in February 1944
1149:"Artifact Spotlight – German Heavy Water Barrel"
252:Allied raids and occupations, Norway 1940–1945
1254:
236:
8:
1113:British Embassy in Oslo (25 February 2014).
928:, featuring some of the original saboteurs.
1206:Rjukanbanen på sporet av et industrieventyr
1204:Payton, Gary & Lepperød, Trond (1995).
822:at 8:55 and connecting with the ferry from
1261:
1247:
1239:
903:were saved. Eight days after the incident
243:
229:
221:
997:, "Nazi Secrets" (Season 1, Episode 1).
944:was located by Thor Olav Sperre using a
721:
1006:
1217:. Guildford, Connecticut: Lyons Press.
826:at 9:45; the shipment would arrive at
20:
16:Norwegian steam powered railway ferry
7:
643:was supplemented with a third ship,
1953:Maritime incidents in February 1944
14:
1174:Røssland, Marie (5 August 2018).
1138:Payton and Lepperød, 1995: 115–16
1103:Payton and Lepperød, 1995: 109–15
1076:Payton and Lepperød, 1995: 108–09
1067:Payton and Lepperød, 1995: 106–08
1058:Payton and Lepperød, 1995: 105–06
1040:Payton and Lepperød, 1995: 102–04
931:In 1965 a British-American film,
813:To minimize the civilian losses,
1893:
1888:
1876:
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1013:Payton and Lepperød, 1995: 50–56
940:In the early 1990s the wreck of
24:
1085:Payton and Lepperød, 1995: 109
1049:Payton and Lepperød, 1995: 104
1031:Payton and Lepperød, 1995: 196
972:produced a documentary called
921:The Fight Over the Heavy Water
748:Norwegian heavy water sabotage
1:
1022:Payton and Lepperød, 1995: 84
990:National Geographic Channel's
793:United States Army Air Forces
762:Norwegian resistance movement
1958:Maritime incidents in Norway
1213:Brown, Anthony Cave (1975).
954:Norsk Industriarbeidermuseum
632:on 19 July 1913 on a bid of
134:Special Operations Executive
1234:NOVA episode on the sinking
754:German occupation of Norway
1979:
1918:Ferries of Norsk Transport
937:depicted the same events.
745:
718:, Mæl, Norway, Rjukan Line
591:. Transport included both
576:
557:. It was the target of a
1863:
1229:Norwegian Home Fleet WWII
611:, as well as passengers.
258:
143:
38:
23:
734:shaking hands with King
525:. It connected with the
1933:World War II shipwrecks
1208:. Rjukan: Maana Forlag.
160:53 m (174 ft)
144:General characteristics
974:Hitler's Sunken Secret
934:The Heroes of Telemark
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595:, carrying primarily
579:Tinnsjø railway ferry
80:Tinnsjø railway ferry
1943:Steamships of Norway
775:—a key component in
1928:Shipwrecks in lakes
1923:Ships built in Oslo
982:The Heavy Water War
804:potassium hydroxide
797:reinforced concrete
789:Ingolfsland Station
756:(1940–1945) during
732:Jens Anton Poulsson
630:Akers Mek. Verksted
559:Norwegian operation
90:Akers mek. Verksted
871:Anthony Cave Brown
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667:gross register ton
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1215:Bodyguard of Lies
918:In 1948 the film
914:Post war interest
876:Bodyguard of Lies
860:plastic explosive
841:. The saboteurs
728:Joachim Rønneberg
628:was ordered from
601:potassium nitrate
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1155:. 13 August 2012
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457:
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453:
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448:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
433:
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430:
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410:
409:
405:
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402:
398:
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389:
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384:
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377:
376:
371:
370:
366:
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359:
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349:
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343:
341:
340:
336:
334:
333:
329:
328:
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322:
321:
318:
317:
313:
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310:
306:
304:
303:
299:
297:
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292:
291:
288:
284:
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280:
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272:
271:
268:
264:
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257:
246:
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227:
226:
223:
215:
212:
211:
207:
204:
203:
199:
196:
195:
187:
184:
183:
175:
172:
171:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
155:
152:493.60 tonnes
151:
148:
147:
142:
139:
135:
131:
128:
127:
123:
120:
119:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
99:
96:
95:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
46:
43:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1886:January 1944
1852:
1841:
1830:
1819:
1808:
1788:
1780:
1771:
1760:
1753:
1741:
1736:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1688:
1682:
1673:
1663:
1653:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1499:
1489:
1482:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1377:
1371:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1339:
1329:
1323:
1315:Nichiai Maru
1314:
1308:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1214:
1205:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1152:
1143:
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
992:
987:
980:
978:
973:
967:
962:
949:
941:
939:
932:
930:
925:
919:
917:
906:
901:
896:
885:
874:
868:
838:
836:
812:
807:
801:
785:
770:
758:World War II
751:
715:
699:
689:
662:
661:
651:
646:
640:
638:
625:
620:
614:
613:
593:railway cars
582:
563:Nazi Germany
506:
504:
503:
490:
483:
476:
469:
459:
451:
443:
435:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
393:
386:
378:
368:
367:
361:
353:
345:
338:
331:
323:
315:
308:
301:
294:
286:
282:
274:
266:
262:
138:World War II
48:
30:
18:
1714:Ryūsei Maru
1526:Aikoku Maru
851:Rolf Sørlie
773:heavy water
766:Third Reich
686:Mæl Station
609:Norsk Hydro
589:Rjukan Line
567:heavy water
547:Norsk Hydro
527:Rjukan Line
356:, 1942–1944
348:, 1942–1944
105:Yard number
100:NOK 334,293
1938:1914 ships
1912:Categories
1899:March 1944
1831:Woodpecker
1761:Woodpecker
1720:Tango Maru
1701:Inglefield
1664:Kokai Maru
1590:Heian Maru
1276:Shipwrecks
1198:References
1185:31 October
1159:31 October
1124:13 January
1119:www.gov.uk
960:, Rjukan.
843:Alf Larsen
746:See also:
736:Haakon VII
702:docket at
597:fertilizer
543:fertilizer
415:Roundabout
1851:USS
1829:HMS
1787:USS
1770:USS
1759:HMS
1752:USS
1737:Ailanthus
1735:USS
1706:HMS
1699:HMS
1652:HMS
1601:HMS
1568:Tachikaze
1472:USS
1389:El Grillo
1363:Lima Maru
1180:Dagbladet
907:Rjukanfos
893:lifebelts
889:lifeboats
881:Nobel 808
781:IG Farben
700:Rjukanfos
621:Rjukanfos
519:Lake Tinn
429:Checkmate
422:Mardonius
394:Chaffinch
346:Thamshavn
332:Musketoon
275:Valentine
136:(SOE) in
1842:Columbia
1838:25 Feb:
1827:20 Feb:
1817:16 Feb:
1807:15 Feb:
1789:Thompson
1768:29 Feb:
1754:Grayback
1750:27 Feb:
1733:26 Feb:
1708:Mahratta
1697:25 Feb:
1681:24 Feb:
1671:22 Feb:
1661:21 Feb:
1644:20 Feb:
1622:19 Feb:
1603:Penelope
1587:18 Feb:
1538:Fumizuki
1517:17 Feb:
1507:16 Feb:
1497:15 Feb:
1481:14 Feb:
1458:13 Feb:
1436:12 Feb:
1414:11 Feb:
1395:Minekaze
1386:10 Feb:
1351:Petrella
963:In 2005
832:Notodden
828:Tinnoset
764:and the
639:In 1929
539:Tinnoset
523:Telemark
470:Gauntlet
461:Svalbard
452:Woodlark
408:Crackers
369:SF Hydro
362:Freshman
354:Sabotage
295:Claymore
205:Capacity
132:Sunk by
113:Launched
71:, Norway
55:Operator
1820:LST-418
1654:Warwick
1556:Maikaze
1370:9 Feb:
1348:8 Feb:
1338:6 Feb:
1331:Vautour
1322:4 Feb:
1306:3 Feb:
1299:Umikaze
1284:1 Feb:
716:Ammonia
706:in 1911
688:and DF
677:Sinking
647:Ammonia
605:ammonia
491:Gearbox
484:Gearbox
477:Fritham
387:Cartoon
339:Bittern
316:Archery
200:8 knots
188:2 × 186
149:Tonnage
86:Builder
39:History
1782:Cymric
1550:Katori
1490:UIT-23
1417:Ro-110
958:Vemork
820:Rjukan
551:Rjukan
436:Source
401:Brandy
309:Kitbag
302:Anklet
283:Norway
267:Faroes
190:
178:
157:Length
92:, Oslo
1840:HMCS
1810:Agano
1772:Trout
1726:U-601
1690:U-761
1684:U-257
1647:Hydro
1637:U-386
1631:U-264
1625:CH-22
1615:U-406
1532:CH-24
1520:Agano
1510:Ro-40
1484:U-738
1474:Macaw
1461:Henry
1429:U-424
1423:U-283
1407:U-666
1401:U-545
1379:U-734
1373:U-238
1357:U-762
1341:U-177
1325:U-854
1293:Ro-39
1287:I-171
1153:nww2m
1001:Notes
950:Hydro
942:Hydro
926:Hydro
897:Hydro
839:Hydro
808:Hydro
690:Hydro
663:Hydro
652:Hydro
641:Hydro
626:Hydro
615:Hydro
607:from
573:Usage
555:Skien
545:from
533:, at
507:Hydro
213:Notes
197:Speed
173:Draft
76:Route
49:Hydro
31:Hydro
1882:1945
1874:1944
1866:1943
1853:Onyx
1743:U-91
1596:Oite
1580:W-26
1562:Naka
1544:I-11
1500:I-43
1467:Irma
1451:Oria
1439:I-27
1187:2019
1161:2019
1126:2016
969:Nova
853:and
752:The
603:and
587:and
537:and
529:and
444:1945
379:1943
324:1942
287:1941
263:1940
165:Beam
129:Fate
97:Cost
69:Oslo
44:Name
1609:U-7
965:PBS
956:at
946:ROV
905:SF
873:in
824:Mæl
714:SF
704:Mæl
645:SF
634:NOK
619:SF
535:Mæl
521:in
505:SF
176:3.2
168:9.6
108:374
47:SF
1914::
1785:,
1757:,
1740:,
1723:,
1717:,
1711:,
1704:,
1687:,
1650:,
1634:,
1628:,
1612:,
1606:,
1599:,
1593:,
1577:,
1571:,
1565:,
1559:,
1553:,
1547:,
1541:,
1535:,
1523:,
1487:,
1470:,
1464:,
1448:,
1442:,
1426:,
1420:,
1404:,
1398:,
1392:,
1376:,
1360:,
1354:,
1328:,
1312:,
1296:,
1290:,
1178:.
1151:.
1117:.
985:.
866:.
849:,
845:,
810:.
799:.
738:,
730:,
654:.
599:,
569:.
493:II
1528:,
1262:e
1255:t
1248:v
1189:.
1163:.
1128:.
742:.
244:e
237:t
230:v
180:m
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