47:
316:(SNc) is complex. Contrary to what was initially believed, SNc neurons do not directly stimulate movement: instead, it plays an indirect role by regulating the more direct role of the striatum, contributing to fine motor control, as has been confirmed in animal models with SNc lesions. Thus, electrical stimulation of the
256:
positive. The ventral tier is considered as A9v. The dorsal tier A9d is linked to an ensemble comprising also A8 and A10, A8, A9d and A10 representing 28% of dopaminergic neurons. The neurons of the pars compacta receive inhibiting signals from the collateral axons from the neurons of the pars
251:
position. These have been given, in early works in rats (with not much respect for the anatomical subdivisions), the name of "area A8" and "A10". The pars compacta itself ("A9") is usually subdivided into a ventral and a dorsal tier, the last being
818:
Sasaki M, Shibata E, Tohyama K, Takahashi J, Otsuka K, Tsuchiya K, Takahashi S, Ehara S, Terayama Y, Sakai A (July 2006). "Neuromelanin magnetic resonance imaging of locus ceruleus and substantia nigra in
Parkinson's disease".
774:
Pioli, E.Y.; Meissner, W.; Sohr, R.; Gross, C.E.; Bezard, E.; Bioulac, B.H. (2008). "Differential behavioral effects of partial bilateral lesions of ventral tegmental area or substantia nigra pars compacta in rats".
1234:
625:
Hajos, M. & Greenfield, S.A. (1994). "Synaptic connections between pars compacta and pars reticulata neurones: electrophysiological evidence for functional modules within the substantia nigra".
527:
Balzano, Tiziano; del Rey, Natalia López-González; Esteban-García, Noelia; Reinares-Sebastián, Alejandro; Pineda-Pardo, José A.; Trigo-Damas, Inés; Obeso, José A.; Blesa, Javier (2024-06-17).
231:. The degree of pigmentation increases with age. This pigmentation is visible as a distinctive black stripe in brain sections and is the origin of the name given to this volume of the brain.
484:
Francois, C.; Yelnik, J.; Tande, D.; Agid, Y. & Hirsch, E.C. (1999). "Dopaminergic cell group A8 in the monkey: anatomical organization and projections to the striatum".
668:
Lavoie, B., Smith, Y., Parent, A. (1989). "Dopaminergic innervation of the basal ganglia in the squirrel monkey as revealed by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry".
711:
31:
584:
Feigenbaum Langer, L.; Jimenez-Castellanos, J. & Graybiel, A.M. (1991). "Chapter 5 the substantia nigra and its relations with the striatum in the monkey".
148:
1386:
320:
does not result in movement, but lack of pars compacta neurons has a large influence on movement, as evidenced by the symptoms of
Parkinson's disease.
1162:
1434:
872:
1576:
1524:
1479:
1470:
465:
124:
384:
497:
1770:
1586:
2413:
1541:
601:
1186:
1095:
155:
1169:
1157:
336:
and this depigmentation can be visualized in vivo with
Neuromelanin MRI. In a few people, the cause of Parkinson's disease is
2118:
1657:
1561:
1211:
1126:
1078:
2476:
2450:
1565:
143:
1191:
2481:
2455:
2418:
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2215:
2165:
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1381:
1254:
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1783:
1641:
1427:
1083:
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2190:
2088:
2012:
1970:
239:
The neurons have particularly long and thick dendrites. The ventral dendrites, particularly, go down deeply in the
529:"Neurovascular and immune factors of vulnerability of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in non-human primates"
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2326:
2160:
1916:
1886:
1669:
1636:
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2016:
1826:
1678:
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94:
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2004:
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1244:
976:
388:
373:
365:
285:
2515:
2227:
2194:
2185:
2064:
2060:
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1988:
1793:
1420:
1203:
858:
333:
289:
209:
131:
119:
379:
Pathological changes to the dopaminergic neurons of the pars compacta are also thought to be involved in
247:
and constitute "groups" with no well-defined borders, although continuous to the pars compacta, in a pre-
2343:
2280:
2256:
2247:
2219:
2210:
2107:
2068:
1992:
1895:
1803:
1721:
1393:
1336:
1326:
1149:
1100:
705:
270:
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1836:
1822:
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1712:
1604:
1553:
1412:
1331:
1272:
901:
415:
Kim, S. J.; Sung, JY; Um, JW; Hattori, N; Mizuno, Y; Tanaka, K; Paik, SR; Kim, J; Chung, KC (2003).
2288:
2076:
2056:
2000:
1925:
1920:
1831:
1717:
1707:
1683:
1653:
1648:
1535:
1321:
1224:
1121:
1090:
926:
921:
914:
909:
392:
301:
199:
46:
2471:
2445:
2276:
1506:
1502:
1488:
1174:
1039:
1010:
800:
756:
693:
650:
509:
284:. There is an organization in which dopaminergic neurons of the fringes (the lowest) go to the
2525:
2520:
2459:
2388:
2331:
2317:
2155:
2072:
1996:
1944:
1890:
1865:
1665:
1628:
1590:
1492:
1239:
1179:
1116:
1071:
1028:
1018:
992:
971:
836:
792:
748:
685:
642:
607:
597:
566:
548:
501:
461:
438:
1779:
1755:
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1549:
1497:
1352:
1316:
1066:
828:
784:
738:
677:
634:
589:
556:
540:
493:
428:
278:
182:
62:
2243:
1939:
1687:
1514:
1510:
1365:
890:
297:
274:
240:
191:
561:
528:
206:
and portions of the cerebral cortex. It is functionally involved in fine motor control.
2400:
2366:
2352:
2180:
1840:
1455:
1451:
946:
832:
788:
593:
2509:
2223:
1960:
1632:
1308:
743:
726:
638:
380:
293:
248:
804:
760:
697:
654:
513:
340:, but in most cases, the reason for the death of these dopamine neurons is unknown (
2310:
2269:
2096:
2040:
2020:
1980:
1304:
1267:
1048:
956:
369:
349:
345:
228:
417:"Parkin Cleaves Intracellular -Synuclein Inclusions via the Activation of Calpain"
99:
2298:
1860:
1697:
1618:
1447:
1443:
1348:
1229:
1140:
938:
112:
544:
356:, an industrial toxin which can be mistakenly produced during synthesis of the
2485:
2467:
2441:
2433:
2396:
2362:
2169:
2140:
357:
552:
136:
341:
329:
253:
840:
796:
752:
570:
505:
498:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19991122)414:3<334::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-X
442:
433:
416:
850:
689:
681:
646:
611:
2302:
2261:
2122:
2084:
2044:
2008:
1984:
1725:
1661:
1557:
882:
337:
281:
244:
203:
187:
106:
161:
225:
725:
Cragg S.J.; Baufreton J.; Xue Y.; Bolam J.P. & Bevan M.D. (2004).
212:
is characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in this region.
265:
The dopaminergic neurons of the pars compacta project many of their
17:
376:
may concentrate radical-generating toxins in the substantia nigra.
328:
Degeneration of pigmented neurons in this region is the principal
74:
1609:
361:
353:
266:
1416:
854:
1235:
Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
243:. Other similar neurons are more sparsely distributed in the
588:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 87. pp. 81–99.
292:. Dopaminergic axons also project to other elements of the
727:"Synaptic release of dopamine in the subthalamic nucleus"
30:"SNpc" redirects here. For the petroleum company, see
460:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. p. 309.
2432:
2351:
2340:
2236:
2148:
2139:
2104:
2028:
1968:
1959:
1905:
1875:
1849:
1811:
1802:
1754:
1747:
1696:
1617:
1603:
1575:
1523:
1478:
1469:
1462:
1374:
1347:
1303:
1296:
1253:
1202:
1148:
1139:
1109:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1027:
1009:
985:
964:
955:
937:
900:
889:
142:
130:
118:
105:
93:
85:
73:
68:
58:
53:
39:
27:Dopamine-releasing portion of the substantia nigra
348:can also be produced by viral infections such as
586:Role of the Forebrain in Sensation and Behavior
364:. Many such toxins appear to work by producing
1428:
866:
8:
710:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
312:The function of the dopamine neurons in the
300:, substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the
2348:
2145:
1965:
1808:
1751:
1614:
1475:
1466:
1435:
1421:
1413:
1300:
1145:
1053:
1044:
1035:
961:
897:
873:
859:
851:
45:
742:
560:
432:
2322:Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum
220:In humans, the nerve cell bodies of the
2281:Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum
404:
32:Société Nationale des Pétroles du Congo
2451:Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract
2380:Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract
703:
159:
36:
7:
670:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
479:
477:
410:
408:
385:dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
180:) is one of two subdivisions of the
296:, including the lateral and medial
2248:Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum
1771:Posterior limb of internal capsule
1587:Posterior limb of internal capsule
833:10.1097/01.wnr.0000227984.84927.a7
789:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.084
25:
1542:Posterior external arcuate fibers
1096:Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
744:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03629.x
731:European Journal of Neuroscience
486:Journal of Comparative Neurology
194:); it is situated medial to the
156:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
80:pars compacta substantiae nigrae
421:Journal of Biological Chemistry
352:or a number of toxins, such as
1212:Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
314:substantia nigra pars compacta
1:
2477:Rostral spinocerebellar tract
594:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)63048-4
1382:Superior cerebellar peduncle
1255:Midbrain reticular formation
639:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91292-0
458:Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas
2423:Anterior lobe of cerebellum
1084:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
2542:
2375:Posterior thoracic nucleus
2089:Thalamocortical radiations
2013:Thalamocortical radiations
545:10.1038/s41531-024-00735-w
224:are coloured black by the
29:
2409:Accessory cuneate nucleus
2327:Vestibulocerebellar tract
2161:Vestibulocerebellar tract
1935:
1670:Posterior parietal cortex
1637:Anterior white commissure
1280:Reticulotegmental nucleus
1220:
374:charge transfer complexes
277:, where they release the
154:
44:
2206:Inferior olivary nucleus
2093:Supplementary motor area
2017:Supplementary motor area
1827:Genu of internal capsule
1679:Spinomesencephalic tract
1263:dorsal tegmental nucleus
1192:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
456:Martin, John D. (2020).
2294:Cerebellothalamic tract
1775:Decussation of pyramids
1546:Internal arcuate fibers
1245:Interpeduncular nucleus
977:Central tegmental tract
533:npj Parkinson's Disease
389:psychomotor retardation
366:reactive oxygen species
288:and the highest to the
2228:Deep cerebellar nuclei
2195:Deep cerebellar nuclei
2186:Pontocerebellar fibers
2061:Subthalamic fasciculus
2053:Subthalamic fasciculus
1794:Neuromuscular junction
1204:Ventral tegmental area
434:10.1074/jbc.M306017200
2414:Cuneocerebellar tract
2257:Dentatothalamic tract
2211:Olivocerebellar tract
2108:nigrostriatal pathway
2069:Lenticular fasciculus
1993:Lenticular fasciculus
1896:Vestibulospinal tract
1394:Interpeduncular fossa
1337:Temporopontine fibers
1101:Dentatothalamic tract
682:10.1002/cne.902890104
286:sensorimotor striatum
271:nigrostriatal pathway
202:. It projects to the
190:(the other being the
1926:Reticulospinal tract
1837:Facial motor nucleus
1823:Primary motor cortex
1767:Primary motor cortex
1713:Spinoreticular tract
1554:Trigeminal lemniscus
1493:Meissner's corpuscle
1332:Frontopontine fibers
1327:Corticopontine tract
902:Corpora quadrigemina
290:associative striatum
200:dopaminergic neurons
2289:Reticular formation
2077:Thalamic fasciculus
2057:Subthalamic nucleus
2001:Thalamic fasciculus
1921:Reticular formation
1917:Vestibulocerebellum
1887:Vestibulocerebellum
1832:Corticobulbar tract
1780:Corticospinal tract
1718:Reticular formation
1708:Group C nerve fiber
1684:Superior colliculus
1649:Spinothalamic tract
1536:sensory decussation
1322:Corticobulbar tract
1317:Corticospinal tract
1225:Periaqueductal gray
1122:Rubro-olivary tract
1091:Spinothalamic tract
1057:Sensory / ascending
965:Sensory / ascending
922:Superior colliculus
910:Inferior colliculus
393:clinical depression
334:Parkinson's disease
302:subthalamic nucleus
210:Parkinson's disease
2472:Golgi tendon organ
2446:Golgi tendon organ
2277:Interposed nucleus
1507:Cuneate fasciculus
1503:Gracile fasciculus
1489:Pacinian corpuscle
1175:Oculomotor nucleus
1110:Motor / descending
986:Motor / descending
391:sometimes seen in
198:. It is formed by
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2460:Cerebellar vermis
2389:Cerebellar vermis
2332:Vestibular nuclei
2318:Fastigial nucleus
2156:Vestibular nuclei
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2073:Ansa lenticularis
1997:Ansa lenticularis
1955:
1954:
1948:→ muscles of neck
1945:Tectospinal tract
1891:Vestibular nuclei
1866:Rubrospinal tract
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1666:Postcentral gyrus
1629:Free nerve ending
1599:
1598:
1591:Postcentral gyrus
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1240:Parabrachial area
1180:Trochlear nucleus
1135:
1134:
1117:Rubrospinal tract
1019:Cerebral aqueduct
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
993:Tectospinal tract
972:Spinotectal tract
927:Superior brachium
915:Inferior brachium
467:978-1-259-64248-7
170:
169:
165:
16:(Redirected from
2533:
2349:
2146:
2112:
2035:
1975:
1966:
1910:
1880:
1854:
1816:
1809:
1752:
1730:Cingulate cortex
1654:Spinal lemniscus
1615:
1550:Medial lemniscus
1498:Posterior column
1476:
1467:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1414:
1353:Substantia nigra
1301:
1146:
1054:
1045:
1036:
962:
898:
875:
868:
861:
852:
845:
844:
815:
809:
808:
771:
765:
764:
746:
737:(7): 1788–1802.
722:
716:
715:
709:
701:
665:
659:
658:
622:
616:
615:
581:
575:
574:
564:
524:
518:
517:
481:
472:
471:
453:
447:
446:
436:
412:
318:substantia nigra
279:neurotransmitter
183:substantia nigra
162:edit on Wikidata
63:substantia nigra
49:
37:
21:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2491:
2428:
2401:muscle spindles
2367:muscle spindles
2354:
2344:Spinocerebellar
2342:
2336:
2244:Dentate nucleus
2232:
2127:
2105:
2100:
2029:
2024:
1969:
1951:
1940:Midbrain tectum
1931:
1906:
1901:
1876:
1871:
1850:
1845:
1812:
1798:
1735:
1692:
1688:Midbrain tectum
1608:
1595:
1571:
1538:/arcuate fibers
1519:
1515:Cuneate nucleus
1511:Gracile nucleus
1458:
1441:
1411:
1398:
1370:
1366:Pars reticulata
1343:
1284:
1249:
1216:
1198:
1131:
1105:
1031:
1023:
997:
981:
951:
933:
893:
885:
881:Anatomy of the
879:
849:
848:
817:
816:
812:
773:
772:
768:
724:
723:
719:
702:
667:
666:
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624:
623:
619:
604:
583:
582:
578:
526:
525:
521:
483:
482:
475:
468:
455:
454:
450:
427:(43): 41890–9.
414:
413:
406:
401:
332:that underlies
326:
310:
275:dorsal striatum
263:
241:pars reticulata
237:
218:
196:pars reticulata
192:pars reticulata
166:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2537:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2508:
2507:
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2500:
2497:
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2463:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2393:
2392:
2359:
2357:
2355:proprioception
2346:
2341:Bidirectional:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2314:
2313:
2273:
2272:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2202:
2201:
2181:Pontine nuclei
2177:
2176:
2152:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2113:
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2038:
2036:
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1978:
1976:
1963:
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1952:
1950:
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1933:
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1911:
1903:
1902:
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1899:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1841:Facial muscles
1819:
1817:
1806:
1804:Extrapyramidal
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1745:
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1741:
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1473:
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1417:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
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1399:
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1389:
1378:
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1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1257:
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1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1154:
1152:
1150:cranial nuclei
1143:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1127:Descending MLF
1124:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
995:
989:
987:
983:
982:
980:
979:
974:
968:
966:
959:
953:
952:
950:
949:
947:Pretectal area
943:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
930:
929:
919:
918:
917:
906:
904:
895:
887:
886:
880:
878:
877:
870:
863:
855:
847:
846:
827:(11): 1215–8.
810:
783:(4): 1213–24.
766:
717:
660:
633:(2): 216–224.
627:Brain Research
617:
602:
576:
519:
492:(3): 334–347.
473:
466:
448:
403:
402:
400:
397:
325:
322:
309:
306:
262:
259:
236:
233:
217:
214:
168:
167:
158:
152:
151:
146:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2538:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Basal ganglia
2514:
2513:
2511:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2224:Purkinje cell
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2124:
2120:
2119:Pars compacta
2117:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Basal ganglia
1958:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1633:A delta fiber
1630:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1605:Anterolateral
1602:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:neural tracts
1449:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:Pars compacta
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1309:Cerebral crus
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:Mesencephalic
1161:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:Ascending MLF
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
994:
991:
990:
988:
984:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
967:
963:
960:
958:
954:
948:
945:
944:
942:
940:
936:
928:
925:
924:
923:
920:
916:
913:
912:
911:
908:
907:
905:
903:
899:
896:
892:
888:
884:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
857:
856:
853:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
770:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
718:
713:
707:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
618:
613:
609:
605:
603:9780444811813
599:
595:
591:
587:
580:
577:
572:
568:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
478:
474:
469:
463:
459:
452:
449:
444:
440:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
411:
409:
405:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:schizophrenia
377:
375:
371:
368:. Binding to
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
321:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:basal ganglia
291:
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
260:
258:
255:
250:
246:
242:
234:
232:
230:
227:
223:
222:pars compacta
215:
213:
211:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:pars compacta
163:
157:
153:
150:
147:
145:
141:
138:
135:
133:
129:
126:
123:
121:
117:
114:
111:
108:
104:
101:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
67:
64:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
40:Pars compacta
38:
33:
19:
2475:
2449:
2412:
2378:
2325:
2311:Motor cortex
2292:
2270:Motor cortex
2255:
2209:
2199:Granule cell
2184:
2174:Granule cell
2159:
2106:
2097:Motor cortex
2041:Motor cortex
2031:
2021:Motor cortex
1981:Motor cortex
1971:
1943:
1924:
1907:
1894:
1877:
1864:
1851:
1830:
1813:
1778:
1763:
1711:
1677:
1675:
1640:
1534:
1496:
1360:
1268:Raphe nuclei
1049:White matter
957:White matter
824:
820:
813:
780:
777:Neuroscience
776:
769:
734:
730:
720:
706:cite journal
676:(1): 36–52.
673:
669:
663:
630:
626:
620:
585:
579:
536:
532:
522:
489:
485:
457:
451:
424:
420:
378:
372:by means of
370:neuromelanin
350:encephalitis
346:Parkinsonism
327:
317:
313:
311:
264:
257:reticulata.
238:
235:Microanatomy
229:neuromelanin
221:
219:
208:
195:
181:
177:
173:
171:
125:A14.1.06.112
79:
2353:Unconscious
2299:Red nucleus
1861:Red nucleus
1448:spinal cord
1387:Decussation
1230:Red nucleus
1141:Grey matter
939:Grey matter
821:NeuroReport
113:birnlex_990
69:Identifiers
2510:Categories
2486:Cerebellum
2468:upper limb
2442:lower limb
2434:Reflex arc
2397:upper limb
2363:lower limb
2220:Hemisphere
2170:Cerebellum
2141:Cerebellar
2019:) → 5° (
1908:extension:
1878:extension:
539:(1): 118.
399:References
358:meperidine
342:idiopathic
269:along the
86:Acronym(s)
2095:) → 7° (
2032:indirect:
1756:Pyramidal
1456:fasciculi
1063:Lemnisci
1040:Tegmentum
1032:(Ventral)
553:2373-8057
383:(see the
330:pathology
324:Pathology
261:Efferents
254:calbindin
2526:Dopamine
2521:Midbrain
2474:) → 2° (
2448:) → 2° (
2407:) → 2° (
2373:) → 2° (
2303:Thalamus
2262:Thalamus
2237:Efferent
2149:Afferent
2123:Striatum
2087:) → 6° (
2085:Thalamus
2067:) → 5° (
2059:) → 4° (
2051:) → 3° (
2047:) → 2° (
2045:Striatum
2011:) → 4° (
2009:Thalamus
1991:) → 3° (
1987:) → 2° (
1985:Striatum
1852:flexion:
1814:flexion:
1788:Anterior
1764:flexion:
1728:) → 3° (
1726:Thalamus
1720:) → 2° (
1668:) → 4° (
1664:) → 3° (
1662:Thalamus
1646:Anterior
1635:) → 2° (
1621:/lateral
1558:Thalamus
1029:Peduncle
894:(Dorsal)
883:midbrain
841:16837857
805:11239586
797:18455318
761:14698708
753:15380000
698:36431241
655:45314308
571:38886348
562:11183116
514:24287378
506:10516600
443:12917442
308:Function
298:pallidum
282:dopamine
245:midbrain
204:striatum
188:midbrain
107:NeuroLex
2291:, or →
1972:direct:
1784:Lateral
1700:/medial
1642:Lateral
1463:Sensory
1375:Surface
1072:Lateral
690:2572613
647:7820690
612:1678193
360:analog
338:genetic
273:to the
226:pigment
216:Anatomy
186:of the
100:D065842
59:Part of
54:Details
2470:→ 1° (
2444:→ 1° (
2399:→ 1° (
2365:→ 1° (
1273:dorsal
1067:Medial
891:Tectum
839:
803:
795:
759:
751:
696:
688:
653:
645:
610:
600:
569:
559:
551:
512:
504:
464:
441:
387:) and
249:rubral
1748:Motor
1444:Brain
1305:White
801:S2CID
757:S2CID
694:S2CID
651:S2CID
510:S2CID
267:axons
160:[
149:62907
75:Latin
2309:) →
2268:) →
2039:1° (
1979:1° (
1706:1° (
1698:Slow
1676:2° (
1644:and
1627:1° (
1619:Fast
1610:pain
1548:) →
1509:) →
1471:DCML
1454:and
1446:and
1349:Grey
1297:Base
837:PMID
793:PMID
749:PMID
712:link
686:PMID
643:PMID
608:PMID
598:ISBN
567:PMID
549:ISSN
502:PMID
462:ISBN
439:PMID
362:MPPP
354:MPTP
178:SNpc
172:The
137:5882
120:TA98
95:MeSH
89:SNpc
18:SNPC
2482:ICP
2456:SCP
2419:ICP
2405:DRG
2385:ICP
2371:DRG
2320:in
2285:SCP
2279:in
2252:SCP
2246:in
2216:ICP
2208:→
2191:MCP
2166:ICP
2083:of
2065:GPi
2049:GPe
2007:of
1989:GPi
1889:→
1724:of
1686:of
1660:of
1658:VPL
1566:VPM
1562:VPL
1187:GVE
1170:GSE
1158:GSA
1011:CSF
829:doi
785:doi
781:153
739:doi
678:doi
674:289
635:doi
631:660
590:doi
557:PMC
541:doi
494:doi
490:414
429:doi
425:278
344:).
144:FMA
132:TA2
2512::
2484:→
2480:→
2458:→
2454:→
2421:→
2417:→
2411:→
2403:→
2387:→
2383:→
2377:→
2369:→
2330:→
2324:→
2307:VL
2301:→
2297:→
2287:→
2283:→
2266:VL
2260:→
2254:→
2250:→
2226:→
2222:→
2218:→
2214:→
2197:→
2193:→
2189:→
2183:→
2172:→
2168:→
2164:→
2158:→
2121:→
2091:→
2081:VL
2079:→
2075:→
2063:→
2055:→
2043:→
2015:→
2005:VL
2003:→
1999:→
1983:→
1942:→
1923:→
1919:→
1893:→
1863:→
1839:→
1835:→
1829:→
1825:→
1792:→
1786:,
1777:→
1773:→
1769:→
1722:MD
1716:→
1710:→
1690:)
1682:→
1656:→
1652:→
1639:→
1631:→
1589:→
1585:→
1577:3°
1564:,
1556:→
1544:,
1533:→
1525:2°
1495:→
1480:1°
1450::
1351:/
1307:/
835:.
825:17
823:.
799:.
791:.
779:.
755:.
747:.
735:20
733:.
729:.
708:}}
704:{{
692:.
684:.
672:.
649:.
641:.
629:.
606:.
596:.
565:.
555:.
547:.
537:10
535:.
531:.
508:.
500:.
488:.
476:^
437:.
423:.
419:.
407:^
395:.
304:.
109:ID
2488:)
2462:)
2425:)
2391:)
2305:(
2264:(
2110::
2099:)
2071:/
2023:)
1995:/
1790:)
1782:(
1732:)
1672:)
1607:/
1579::
1568:)
1560:(
1552:/
1540:(
1527::
1513:/
1505:/
1501:(
1491:/
1482::
1436:e
1429:t
1422:v
874:e
867:t
860:v
843:.
831::
807:.
787::
763:.
741::
714:)
700:.
680::
657:.
637::
614:.
592::
573:.
543::
516:.
496::
470:.
445:.
431::
176:(
164:]
34:.
20:)
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