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vertical resolution. However, the samples collected lack spatial and temporal resolution and are biased based on where and when the ship is able to sample. This is why Argo floats are used for the SOCCOM project because they are able to collect data in the
Southern Ocean where ships do not have access to, and they are able to be in this environment when the conditions are too harsh for ships. Argo floats are also able to collect data on large temporal and spatial scales, which is important for determining how biogeochemical processes are changing in the Southern Ocean and the mechanisms driving the changes
96:, which has an especially large impact on the Southern Ocean since this ocean basin naturally has lower calcium carbonate concentrations. The increasing acidity will decrease the calcium carbonate concentrations even more making it difficult for calcifying organisms to develop and survive. The decline of calcifying organisms will have serious repercussions for the rest of the food web in the Southern Ocean, so it is important to quantify how much this ocean is acidifying.
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determined. The pH measurements of the
Southern Ocean are of particular interest to scientists because this ocean sequesters a large amount of carbon dioxide, which results in the increasing acidification of the water as the carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. Therefore, the response of the acidity of the Southern Ocean in relation to the amount of carbon dioxide it sequesters is an objective of the SOCCOM project.
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129:. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the water represents the amount of primary productivity and respiration of the region. This link between oxygen levels and biological processes means that oxygen and carbon are related, and proportions of oxygen to carbon are determined via the Redfield Ratio. This means that with measurements of dissolved oxygen, carbon concentrations can also be determined.
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The better quantification of biogeochemical variables in the oceans has been an ongoing effort and primarily this has been done with the collection of water samples via ships that are later analyzed in a lab. The benefits of measurements obtained from ships are that they are accurate and have a high
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technology to monitor the temperature, salinity, and velocity of the ocean to a depth of 2000 meters. The SOCCOM regional ARGO array is being fitted with biogeochemical sensors to measure additional components such as oxygen, nutrients, pH, chlorophyll, and particulates. The floats are free drifting
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Chlorophyll is a proxy for phytoplankton abundance, therefore mapping of chlorophyll results in a greater understanding of how nutrients are cycling in an area. When chlorophyll is hit with a light of certain wavelength, it emits a higher wavelength back, so to measure chlorophyll, Argo floats are
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The acidity of the water is measured with ion sensitive pH sensors attached to the Argo floats. The amphoteric oxide coating of the transistor conduction channel allows for the surface charge to change depending on pH. This dependency of surface change on pH allows for the pH of the solution to be
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Besides the basic CTD (Conductivity
Temperature and Depth) Profilers that are found on most floats, SOCCOM floats are outfitted with additional biogeochemical sensors that measure oxygen, nitrate, pH, and chlorophyll. With the expansion of new biogeochemical sensors has come the need to develop
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New methods are being developed to make the oxygen sensors more accurate including the frequent calibration of the sensors when the floats are at the surface. Oxygen measurements collected by floats with this calibration process improves the measurements to within a 1% accuracy in reference to
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Nitrate is an important limiting nutrient for phytoplankton and nitrate abundance can determine limits of phytoplankton biomass in the ocean. Nitrate is measured with a UV spectrometer since nitrate is absorbed in a distinct spectrum that can be used to calculate nitrate concentrations.
92:. Along with this transport, nutrients are brought along to lower latitudes where the ecosystems depend on them. After the transport, the water subducts, where the carbon and heat mix with the deeper mixed layers. The excess carbon sequestered by the ocean results in
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pods that are deposited at specific sites where they submerge themselves and drift, all while gathering useful data. Argo floats are ideal for this project due to the often harsh conditions of the
Southern Ocean, where manned expeditions can be treacherous.
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The
Southern Ocean is under study due to the unique phenomena that occur within and around it. For example, despite only comprising about 30% of the Earth's ocean area, the Southern Ocean accounts for approximately half of the
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In total, oceanographers and climatologists from thirteen research institutions collaborate in three distinct teams, each of which with a primary focus; the teams include observations, broader impacts, and modeling.
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outfitted with sensors that emit light at the specific wavelength and then record the wavelength returned emitted wavelength. From the wavelength of emitted light, the distribution of chlorophyll can be determined.
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that started in
September 2014. The project aims to increase the understanding of the Southern Ocean and the role it plays in factors such as climate, as well as educate new scientists with oceanic observation.
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Cold water upwells from the deep, and this water is deficient in carbon. Once this water comes into contact with the warmer atmosphere, the anthropogenic carbon (CO
71:, induced by anthropogenic activities. These characteristics are believed to be the result of a unique oceanic circulation found in the South Ocean.
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311:"Estimates of Water-Column Nutrient Concentrations and Carbonate System Parameters in the Global Ocean: A Novel Approach Based on Neural Networks"
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Dufour, Carolina; Frenger, Ivy; Frolicher, Thomas; Gray, Alison; Griffes, Stephen; Morrison, Adele; Sarmiento, Jorge; Schulunegger, Sarah (2015).
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377:"Tackling Oxygen Optode Drift: Near-Surface and In-Air Oxygen Optode Measurements on a Float Provide an Accurate in Situ Reference"
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419:"On the proportions of organic derivatives in sea water and their relation to the composition of plankton"
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250:"Anthropogenic carbon and heat uptake by the ocean: Will the Southern Ocean remain a major sink?"
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Bushinsky, Seth M.; Emerson, Steven R.; Riser, Stephen C.; Swift, Dana D. (August 2016).
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344:"Accurate oxygen measurements on modified Argo floats using in situ air calibrations"
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http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/our-programs/soccom
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Sauzède, Raphaelle; Bittig, Henry; Claustre, Herve (2017).
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Mechanisms and
Importance of Southern Ocean on Global Scale
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Project to increase the understanding of the
Southern Ocean
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methods to make the sensors as accurate as possible.
375:Bittig, Henry C.; Körtzinger, Arne (August 2015).
384:Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology
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24:Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling
109:Variables Measured by Argo Floats in SOCCOM
159:cycle between the atmosphere and the ocean
501:http://biogeochemical-argo.org/index.php#
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458:"The Basics of Chlorophyll Measurement"
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282:Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition
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348:Limnology and Oceanography: Methods
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127:Winkler test for dissolved oxygen
125:measurements determined from the
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34:funded research project based at
426:James Johnstone Memorial Volume
79:Upwelling in the Southern Ocean
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496:https://soccom.princeton.edu/
100:Role of Argo Floats in SOCCOM
315:Frontiers in Marine Science
32:National Science Foundation
30:) project is a large scale
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404:10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00162.1
46:The project makes use of
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220:. Princeton University.
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278:"Ocean Acidification"
232:"Biogeochemical Argo"
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526:Princeton University
218:soccom.princeton.edu
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479:Biogeochemical Argo
444:Biogeochemical Argo
396:2015JAtOT..32.1536B
119:Oxygen measurements
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69:oceanic heat uptake
417:Redfield, Alfred.
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214:"SOCCOM overview"
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