82:
1378:
for a timeline). Reissue CDs often only have the original LP's copyright dates on them, so it's not obvious when the CDs were actually made. If they bear a SPARS code, though, the manufacture date was no earlier than 1984. Most of these older recordings were analog, so it's not unusual to see AAD and
230:
The main limitation of the code is that it only covers the type of recorder used, not taking into account other equipment used in the production of the recording. For example, during the mixing stage (the middle letter in the code) many DDD recordings may have actually been converted from digital to
172:
As digital tape recorders only became widely available in the late 1970s, almost all recordings prior to this date that appear on CD will be AAD or ADD, having been digitally remastered. This means that the original analog master tape has been converted (transcribed) to digital. It does not always
68:
respectively. The first two positions may be coded either "A" for analog or "D" for digital; the third position (mastering) is always "D" on digital CDs. The scheme was not originally intended to be limited to use on digital packaged media: it was also available for use in conjunction with analog
72:
The system was first implemented in 1984. Due to increasing complexity of recording and mixing processes developed over the code's first decade of use, SPARS decided to withdraw endorsement of the code in 1991 because they felt the code was overly simplistic and did not accurately reflect the
1349:
231:
analog, mixed on an analog mixing console, but converted back to digital and digitally recorded, thus earning it a D in the relevant part of the code. In addition to this, many recordings have effects or parts of different recordings added on to them, creating more confusion for the code.
216:
SPARS withdrew endorsement of the code in 1991 due to confusion over analog and digital conversions and interfaces; many felt the SPARS code oversimplified and meaningless. However, many labels continued to use it, and in 1995, the organization re-endorsed the code.
176:
In practice DAD was very rare, as many companies (especially the well-known classical music labels) used digital tape recorders (which were not prohibitively more expensive than analog tape recorders) during the editing or mixing stage.
1795:(both 1993) – DDAD (The additional "D" was added to indicate the instruments the music was made on were digital. Ie, the music on the records were made on digital instruments and recorded digitally, but mixed using analog equipment)
206:(SPARS) proposed the code with a set of guidelines for CD manufacturers to mark their product with an indication of exactly which parts of the recording process were analog and which were digital.
243:
compact discs typically sold for considerably more than their ADD counterparts of the same work, due to the so-called premium attached to the fledgling digital recording technology. For instance,
126:– A fully analogue recording, from the original session to mastering. Since at least the mastering recorder must be digital to make a compact disc, this code is not applicable to CDs.
73:
complexity of typical recording and mixing processes in use at the time. However, many record labels continued to use the code and SPARS decided to re-endorse the SPARS code in 1995.
1508:(1991) – The A/D for the first letter was probably written to reflect that the compilation had both songs that were recorded with analog tape and songs that were recorded digitally.
1671:
972:
1404:(1981; first CD Release Feb. 1983; date of CD release with SPARS code 1983) – DDD; first album which was digitally recorded and mixed at Monarch Sound In Atlanta Georgia.
203:
41:
1929:
1021:
818:
1826:
259:, sold for considerably less than their 1984 digital recording of the same piece, though the newer recording was not particularly critically acclaimed.
1758:(1992) – DDDD (The additional "D" was added to indicate the instruments the music was made on were digital; this may not be a SPARS-endorsed code.)
1432:(1982; first CD release 1983; date of first CD release with SPARS code 1988) – DDD (incorrectly printed as "AAD" on first release with SPARS code)
517:
1374:
Many older recordings previously issued on vinyl were reissued on CD, beginning with the format's commercial introduction in late 1982 (see
1087:
950:
1941:
1841:
1659:
632:
20:
1872:
1485:
340:
296:
1836:
1197:
998:
98:
49:
1392:(1979; first CD release 1983; date of CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD; first digitally-recorded album in the world.
1131:
1635:
495:
105:
69:
releases such as vinyl or cassette (where the final character would always be "A"), but this was seldom done in practice.
61:
1816:(1988; early 2000s CD releases) – DDA/DDD (Digital Recording And Mixing, but initially released only on analog formats.)
1416:(1981; first CD release Oct. 1982; date of CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD; first commercial album pressed on
796:
188:
1862:
162:– Digital recorder used during initial recording, analog tape recorder used during mixing/editing, digital mastering.
156:– Analog tape recorder used during initial recording, digital recorder used during mixing/editing and for mastering.
1701:
1605:
1518:
1464:
1428:
1094:
539:
252:
199:
1504:
1412:
561:
132:– Analog tape recorder used during initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, analog mastering.
29:
1805:
1713:
1647:
1522:
1065:
863:
429:
138:– Digital recorder used during initial recording, analog tape recorder used for mixing/editing and mastering.
1930:"Chapter 7: The Story of the Band That Clipped Itself to Death (and Other Dispatches from the Loudness War)"
1220:
825:
781:
753:
248:
1761:
1379:
ADD codes, but occasional examples of digital-recording codes appear on later CD editions, such as these:
385:
302:
181:
1766:
267:
These albums with common SPARS codes (AAD, ADD, DDD) are arranged by year of release on CD, where known:
1963:
1623:
1597:
1569:
1027:
24:
1526:
81:
1654:
726:
256:
184:
booklet and/or inlay of early compact discs included the SPARS code, typically DDD, ADD, or AAD. The
1785:
1473:
1395:
1356:
1328:
1283:
1109:
885:
363:
244:
1686:
1682:
840:
681:
407:
173:
imply that there has been any additional editing or mixing, although this may have taken place.
1937:
1868:
1831:
1725:
1499:
1388:
1375:
1306:
907:
659:
324:
65:
57:
1444:(1982; date of first CD release 1983; date of first CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD
1754:
1678:
1593:
1239:
1226:
1050:
759:
452:
369:
53:
1791:
1666:
1480:
1182:
1154:
913:
710:
599:
583:
474:
240:
112:
40:
is a three-position alphabetic classification system developed in the early 1980s by the
150:– Analog tape recorder used during initial recording, mixing/editing, digital mastering.
1601:
1525:) with no mixing step. Notable among them are the albums of digital recording pioneers
1246:
1176:
1044:
617:
610:
480:
1957:
1720:
1708:
1630:
1423:
1204:
957:
869:
775:
639:
458:
86:
144:– Digital recording used during initial recording, mixing/editing, analog mastering.
1749:
1642:
1618:
1564:
1440:
1435:
1417:
1262:
1160:
1138:
891:
741:
732:
648:
590:
546:
436:
413:
168:– Digital recorder used during initial recording, mixing/editing and for mastering.
45:
19:
1551:
1459:
1334:
1312:
1268:
1072:
935:
703:
568:
524:
502:
347:
1732:
1696:
1544:
1400:
1005:
979:
688:
1780:
1548:(1993) – AAA (printed on CD releases despite CDs requiring a digital master)
1539:
1383:
803:
666:
1583:
HB – The End of New
Beginnings (Music Cassette) – Hell Breaks (2013) – ADA
1556:
929:
210:
185:
85:
AAD, ADD and DDD codes seen on various CDs of archive material issued by
1893:
1596:' Atlantic 75 Audiophile Series (2023-2024) features this code for the
983:
318:
191:
includes the two common ways that the code was written on recordings.
1290:
1116:
1561:
s vinyl and cassette editions of his back catalogue – AAA and/or ADA
1521:
albums were recorded "Direct to
Digital" (a digital equivalent of
847:
80:
18:
209:
The SPARS code was first introduced on commercial CD releases by
1407:
1420:, itself the first publicly available format for digital audio.
115:
used (digital for CD releases, analog for cassette and vinyl)
1934:
Perfecting Sound
Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music
332:
Mislabeled as an analog recording on 21st-century remasters
391:
93:
The three letters of the code have the following meanings:
421:
Marked ADD on the back cover and AAD on the rear booklet.
16:
Classification system for commercial compact disc releases
104:
Second letter – the type of audio recorder used during
239:
Regardless of the quality of the recording, many DDD
1035:20th anniversary digital remix. (Previously AAD)
744:CD release despite retaining the DDD SPARS code.
740:Misidentified as an analog recording on the 1987
647:Misidentified as an analog recording on the 1986
101:used during initial recording (analog or digital)
60:. The code's three positions refer to recording,
204:Society of Professional Audio Recording Services
42:Society of Professional Audio Recording Services
1770:(Electroacoustic UPIC Recordings) (2007) – DDDD
255:, an analogue recording from 1977 that won the
1887:
1885:
1883:
23:AAD is the SPARS code (highlighted in red) on
1608:layer, meanwhile, uses the standard AAD code)
8:
119:Eight possible variants of the code exist:
52:process, distinguishing between the use of
1864:Compact Disc Player Maintenance and Repair
1827:Comparison of analog and digital recording
269:
1693:(Released together on one CD, 1994) – DAD
1853:
1814:It Only Makes Me Cry (Forgetting You)
1573:(2010) – AAA (printed on vinyl issue)
651:CD release, which has no SPARS code.
7:
1454:Different codes for different tracks
1861:McComb, Gordon; Cook, John (1987),
1691:Original Motion Picture Soundtracks
1842:High Definition Compatible Digital
48:releases to denote aspects of the
14:
1837:Sound recording and reproduction
50:sound recording and reproduction
1477:(1992) – DAD, AAD (four tracks)
1468:(1990) – AAD, DDD (four tracks)
1:
1936:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1651:(1992, original issue) – DAD
251:'s rendition of Beethoven's
89:during the mid-to-late 1980s
1867:, McGraw-Hill, p. 55,
1370:Pre-1984 digital recordings
598:Mislabeled ADD on the 1986
111:Third letter – the type of
97:First letter – the type of
1980:
1702:How to Be a...Zillionaire!
1606:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1505:Decade of Decadence 81-91
235:Representation of quality
202:and other members of the
30:The Immaculate Collection
1913:"Audio/Video Currents".
1810:You're My Kind of People
1648:New Miserable Experience
1523:Direct-to-disc recording
1067:Waking Up The Neighbours
864:When Dream and Day Unite
1892:Caldwell, Pete (1999).
826:Huey Lewis And The News
754:...Nothing Like the Sun
249:Berliner Philharmoniker
44:(SPARS) for commercial
1894:"SPARS History: 1979–"
386:The Unforgettable Fire
90:
33:
1928:Milner, Greg (2009).
1755:Switched-On Bach 2000
1624:Street Fighting Years
1598:Direct Stream Digital
1028:Derek and the Dominos
974:Wanted: Dead Or Alive
84:
22:
1762:Haswell & Hecker
1655:They Might Be Giants
1221:Ten Summoner's Tales
727:Music for the Masses
342:Grace Under Pressure
257:Grand Prix du Disque
1786:06:21:03:11 Up Evil
1767:Blackest Ever Black
1527:Flim & the BB's
1329:A Thousand Memories
1095:My Bloody Valentine
364:Love at First Sting
271:
245:Herbert von Karajan
108:(analog or digital)
1687:The Dream Is Alive
1022:The Layla Sessions
408:No Jacket Required
270:
91:
34:
1832:Digital recording
1389:Bop till You Drop
1376:Digital recording
1367:
1366:
1351:Astro-Creep: 2000
1307:Live Through This
908:The Seeds of Love
661:Master Of Puppets
563:The Thin Red Line
519:Somewhere In Time
325:Jean-Michel Jarre
58:digital equipment
1971:
1948:
1947:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1878:
1877:
1858:
1679:Destiny in Space
1594:Atlantic Records
1489:(1991) – DAD/AAD
453:Little Creatures
431:Brothers In Arms
272:
189:Combi Symbols CD
54:analog equipment
1979:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1917:. October 1984.
1912:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1823:
1792:05:22:09:12 Off
1481:Michael Jackson
1451:
1372:
1183:Teenage Fanclub
1155:On Every Street
914:Tears for Fears
711:Michael Jackson
600:Capitol Records
585:A Kind Of Magic
475:Invisible Touch
265:
241:classical music
237:
228:
223:
197:
79:
27:'s 1990 album,
17:
12:
11:
5:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1943:978-0865479388
1942:
1920:
1905:
1879:
1873:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1759:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1726:Riskin' It All
1718:
1706:
1694:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:releases (the
1602:Super Audio CD
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1471:Celine Dion –
1469:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1405:
1393:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1296:
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1281:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1177:Bandwagonesque
1173:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1045:The Soul Cages
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1003:
996:
992:
991:
989:
986:
977:
970:
966:
965:
963:
960:
955:
952:Enjoy Yourself
948:
944:
943:
941:
938:
933:
926:
922:
921:
919:
916:
911:
904:
900:
899:
897:
894:
889:
882:
878:
877:
875:
872:
867:
860:
856:
855:
853:
850:
845:
838:
834:
833:
831:
828:
823:
816:
812:
811:
809:
806:
801:
794:
790:
789:
787:
784:
779:
772:
768:
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762:
757:
750:
746:
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738:
735:
730:
723:
719:
718:
716:
713:
708:
701:
697:
696:
694:
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686:
679:
675:
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672:
669:
664:
657:
653:
652:
645:
642:
637:
630:
626:
625:
623:
620:
615:
612:Rage For Order
608:
604:
603:
596:
593:
588:
581:
577:
576:
574:
571:
566:
559:
555:
554:
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511:
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478:
471:
467:
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427:
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389:
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367:
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315:
311:
310:
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300:
293:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
264:
261:
253:Symphony No. 3
236:
233:
227:
226:Lack of detail
224:
222:
219:
196:
193:
170:
169:
163:
157:
151:
145:
139:
133:
127:
117:
116:
109:
102:
99:audio recorder
78:
75:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1976:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1915:High Fidelity
1909:
1906:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1874:0-8306-2790-1
1870:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1854:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:Kenny Roberts
1804:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:The Innocents
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1570:Personal Life
1566:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1449:Unusual codes
1448:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:Peter Gabriel
1425:
1424:Peter Gabriel
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:Faith No More
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:
1000:Down to Earth
997:
994:
993:
990:
987:
985:
981:
978:
976:
975:
971:
968:
967:
964:
961:
959:
958:Kylie Minogue
956:
954:
953:
949:
946:
945:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
931:
927:
924:
923:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
909:
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1964:Compact disc
1933:
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1897:. Retrieved
1863:
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1813:
1809:
1790:
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1765:
1753:
1750:Wendy Carlos
1739:(1997) – DAD
1736:
1729:(1991) – DAD
1724:
1717:(1990) – DAD
1712:
1705:(1985) – DAD
1700:
1690:
1675:(1992) – DAD
1670:
1663:(1990) – DAD
1658:
1646:
1643:Gin Blossoms
1639:(1988) – DAD
1634:
1627:(1989) – DAD
1622:
1619:Simple Minds
1568:
1565:The Thermals
1555:
1543:
1503:
1484:
1472:
1463:
1441:The Nightfly
1439:
1436:Donald Fagen
1427:
1418:Compact Disc
1413:The Visitors
1411:
1399:
1387:
1373:
1357:White Zombie
1350:
1327:
1305:
1284:
1263:Superunknown
1261:
1240:
1219:
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1161:Dire Straits
1153:
1139:Simple Minds
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819:
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782:Peter Murphy
774:
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742:Sire Records
733:Depeche Mode
725:
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682:
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649:Sire Records
634:True Stories
633:
611:
602:CD release.
584:
562:
547:Judas Priest
540:
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437:Dire Straits
430:
414:Phil Collins
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46:compact disc
37:
35:
28:
1737:Sample This
1683:Blue Planet
1552:David Bowie
1500:Mötley Crüe
1474:Celine Dion
1460:Celine Dion
1335:Rhett Akins
1269:Soundgarden
1111:Out Of Time
1073:Bryan Adams
936:David Byrne
886:The Miracle
820:Small World
618:Queensrÿche
569:Glass Tiger
525:Iron Maiden
503:Duran Duran
303:Joe Jackson
284:SPARS Code
221:Limitations
200:Chris Stone
1899:2012-09-24
1848:References
1733:Joe Sample
1545:Get a Grip
1401:Cool Night
1396:Paul Davis
1199:Angel Dust
1006:Monie Love
980:Kool G Rap
798:Lead Me On
689:Whitesnake
683:Whitesnake
38:SPARS code
1781:Front 242
1714:Bossanova
1600:layer on
1540:Aerosmith
1486:Dangerous
1384:Ry Cooder
1133:Real Life
804:Amy Grant
667:Metallica
497:Notorious
370:Scorpions
213:in 1984.
182:jewel box
113:mastering
66:mastering
1958:Category
1821:See also
1672:Psalm 69
1667:Ministry
1557:Rykodisc
1241:In Utero
1089:Loveless
930:Rei Momo
418:AAD/ADD
263:Examples
211:PolyGram
186:typeface
1800:DDA/DDD
1631:Erasure
1247:Nirvana
984:DJ Polo
481:Genesis
319:Zoolook
281:Artist
247:'s and
195:History
25:Madonna
1940:
1871:
1709:Pixies
1465:Unison
1291:Weezer
1285:Weezer
1117:R.E.M.
982:&
287:Notes
278:Album
106:mixing
64:, and
62:mixing
1721:D-A-D
1660:Flood
1588:AADSD
1494:A/DDD
1346:1995
1324:1995
1302:1994
1280:1994
1258:1994
1236:1993
1227:Sting
1216:1993
1194:1992
1172:1991
1150:1991
1128:1991
1106:1991
1084:1991
1062:1991
1051:Sting
1040:1991
1017:1990
995:1990
969:1990
947:1989
925:1989
903:1989
892:Queen
881:1989
859:1989
848:Yello
837:1988
815:1988
793:1988
771:1988
760:Sting
749:1987
722:1987
700:1987
678:1987
656:1986
629:1986
607:1986
591:Queen
580:1986
558:1986
541:Turbo
536:1986
514:1986
492:1986
470:1986
448:1985
426:1985
403:1985
381:1984
359:1984
337:1984
314:1984
292:1984
275:Year
87:Decca
77:Codes
1938:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1812:and
1789:and
1775:DDAD
1744:DDDD
1408:ABBA
1361:AAD
1339:DDD
1317:AAD
1313:Hole
1295:AAD
1273:AAD
1251:AAD
1231:DDD
1209:AAD
1187:AAD
1165:DDD
1143:DDD
1121:AAD
1099:AAD
1077:DDD
1055:DDD
1032:ADD
1010:DDD
988:DDD
962:AAD
940:ADD
918:DDD
896:DDD
874:ADD
852:ADD
842:Flag
830:AAD
808:DDD
786:DDD
764:DDD
737:DDD
715:DDD
693:DDD
671:AAD
644:DDD
622:AAD
595:DDD
573:ADD
551:DDD
529:ADD
507:DDD
485:ADD
463:AAD
441:DDD
396:ADD
374:DDD
352:AAD
348:Rush
329:DDD
307:DDD
180:The
56:and
36:The
1697:ABC
1613:DAD
1578:ADA
1534:AAA
1519:DMP
705:Bad
166:DDD
160:DAD
154:ADD
148:AAD
142:DDA
136:DAA
130:ADA
124:AAA
1960::
1932:.
1882:^
1808:–
1783:–
1764:–
1752:–
1735:–
1723:–
1711:–
1699:–
1689:–
1669:–
1657:–
1645:–
1633:–
1621:–
1567:–
1554:–
1542:–
1513:DD
1502:–
1483:–
1462:–
1438:–
1426:–
1410:–
1398:–
1386:–
392:U2
1946:.
1902:.
1685:/
1681:/
1559:'
1529:.
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