42:
286:
24:
346:- which had been built at the same time with similar mill runs of steel plate - disappeared on northern Lake Michigan. The disasters, loss of life of seamen and a well-known shipowner, and ensuing scandal led to permanent changes in the types of steel approved for use in U.S. and Canadian shipbuilding. Despite several searches, the wreck of the
403:
hit the iceberg. Meanwhile, in the United States and Canada in the first half of the twentieth century, lake freighters built with the improved standards for steel were bumping through Great Lakes
320:
on the Upper
Peninsula of far northern Michigan, and lived. The list of those lost included the ship's owner, Peter Minch. Upon being debriefed, Stewart's description of the metal fatigue and
312:. Of the 32 officers, men, and passengers aboard, 31 were lost and there was but one survivor, wheelsman Harry Stewart. Stewart made land on a desolate stretch of shoreline between
520:
399:, forensic engineers reported that the non-ductility of the iron and steel used to build her could have played a significant role in speeding up its structural failure after
361:
Similar changes were not made to
British law, which continued to allow the use of brittle steel in shipbuilding after 1892. Examples of British shipbuilding art included the
611:
490:
272:. She had a length of 301 feet, a beam of 41 feet and drew 21 feet of water. She and a ship of similar dimensions and building history, the
324:
of the 1.5-year-old lake vessel created almost conclusive evidence that the shipbuilders had improperly used brittle steel contaminated with
904:
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282:. Her steel construction made it possible for the vessel to carry heavier loads of freight than her wooden rival steamships.
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for Peter G. Minch, a ship's captain and operator who was pioneering the industrialization of
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entered service in April 1912 and sank that month on her maiden voyage after striking an
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of the disaster was headlined: "The
Steamer Broke in Two." Eight weeks after the
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521:"Lake Superior, MI Steam Barge 'Western Reserve' Disaster, Sept 1892"
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278:, were two of the first lake freighters to be constructed out of
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308:, a port serving the Minnesota iron ranges, for a load of
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629:
289:A commemorative plaque of the Western Reserve in
397:samples were taken of her rivets and hull plates
304:. She had been traveling upbound in ballast to
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8:
395:. After the sunken liner was discovered and
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598:
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622:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1892
568:"The Tragic Loss of the Western Resereve"
16:Lake freighter that sank in Lake Superior
28:The Western Reserve prior to her sinking
428:
407:and suffering damage, but not sinking.
18:
485:
483:
38:
7:
260:that was constructed in 1890 by the
201:300 ft 7 in (91.62 m)
209:41 ft 2 in (12.55 m)
217:21 ft 0 in (6.40 m)
14:
300:foundered on August 30, 1892, in
40:
22:
550:Ghost Ships of the Great Lakes
491:"Steamboats and Sailing Ships"
442:Bowling Green State University
262:Cleveland Shipbuilding Company
1:
417:Graveyard of the Great Lakes
905:Shipwrecks of Lake Superior
291:Muskallonge Lake State Park
243:(14 mph; 22 km/h)
936:
900:Maritime incidents in 1892
467:Great Lakes Vessel History
226:Cleveland Shipbuilding Co.
85:Cleveland Shipbuilding Co.
860:
155:
33:
21:
910:Ships built in Cleveland
350:has never been located.
143:US Official Number 81294
76:Minch Transportation Co.
268:freight service on the
156:General characteristics
915:Great Lakes freighters
554:Dodd, Mead and Company
293:
288:
495:Huron Marine Society
151:Sank, 30 August 1892
556:. pp. x, xiii.
679:Charles W. Wetmore
335:The New York Times
322:structural failure
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552:. New York City:
437:"Western Reserve"
381:Harland and Wolff
365:'s transatlantic
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230:triple expansion
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799:Other incidents
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464:"Gilcher, W.H."
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379:by shipbuilder
363:White Star Line
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348:Western Reserve
340:Western Reserve
332:. Coverage by
298:Western Reserve
275:SS W.H. Gilcher
253:Western Reserve
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67:Western Reserve
57:Western Reserve
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574:. 26 June 2020
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393:Atlantic Ocean
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342:disaster, the
258:lake freighter
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140:Identification
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117:20 August 1890
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920:Missing ships
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501:on 2016-03-18
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122:Maiden voyage
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727:W.H. Gilcher
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576:. Retrieved
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528:. Retrieved
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503:. Retrieved
499:the original
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470:. Retrieved
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446:. Retrieved
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344:W.H. Gilcher
343:
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314:Grand Marais
297:
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266:bulk carrier
252:
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165:Bulk carrier
56:
375:, built in
306:Two Harbors
280:steel plate
270:Great Lakes
228:3-cylinder
188:3,000
106:Yard number
895:1890 ships
889:Categories
825:Ella Moore
630:Shipwrecks
423:References
330:phosphorus
222:Propulsion
813:Euphrates
811:HMS
530:March 16,
505:March 15,
472:March 12,
448:March 15,
405:ice floes
370:RMS
318:Deer Park
134:Cleveland
89:Cleveland
849:Snaefell
751:Chishima
643:Gallatin
578:June 28,
548:(1968).
411:See also
310:iron ore
130:Homeport
114:Launched
63:Namesake
845:c. Aug:
837:Fazilka
833:27 Jul:
771:20 Dec:
763:Bokhara
759:18 Dec:
747:30 Nov:
723:29 Oct:
699:27 Sep:
687:17 Sep:
663:30 Aug:
651:c. Jul:
401:Titanic
391:in the
389:iceberg
385:Titanic
377:Belfast
372:Titanic
356:Titanic
171:Tonnage
101:200,000
81:Builder
34:History
873:1893 →
866:← 1891
821:1 Jul:
808:6 Feb:
787:Danube
775:Nubian
735:2 Nov:
715:Sirene
711:9 Oct:
691:Vienna
675:8 Sep:
655:Beaver
639:6 Jan:
326:sulfur
198:Length
783:Unkn:
367:liner
241:knots
236:Speed
214:Depth
73:Owner
739:Howe
580:2020
532:2016
507:2016
474:2016
450:2016
354:RMS
328:and
316:and
296:The
249:The
206:Beam
161:Type
148:Fate
99:US$
95:Cost
53:Name
383:.
251:SS
239:12
190:DWT
184:NRT
178:GRT
891::
570:.
523:.
493:.
482:^
439:.
87:,
613:e
606:t
599:v
582:.
534:.
509:.
476:.
452:.
109:9
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