1437:
490:
662:
51:
148:
482:
between an enzyme and its substrates (proteins) are created because the enzyme folds in such a way as to form a crevice into which the substrate fits; the crevice also contains the catalytic groups. Therefore, proteins that do not fit into the crevice will not undergo hydrolysis. This specificity preserves the integrity of other proteins such as
481:
However, proteases do not catalyze the hydrolysis of all kinds of proteins. Their action is stereo-selective: Only proteins with a certain tertiary structure are targeted as some kind of orienting force is needed to place the amide group in the proper position for catalysis. The necessary contacts
1894:
1107:
284:
Usually hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance. Sometimes this addition causes both the substance and water molecule to split into two parts. In such reactions, one fragment of the target molecule (or parent molecule) gains a
1436:
653:. The latter usually undergoes further cleavage into its two constituent phosphates. This results in biosynthesis reactions, which usually occur in chains, that can be driven in the direction of synthesis when the phosphate bonds have undergone hydrolysis.
416:. In an aqueous base, hydroxyl ions are better nucleophiles than polar molecules such as water. In acids, the carbonyl group becomes protonated, and this leads to a much easier nucleophilic attack. The products for both hydrolyses are compounds with
513:(which in the presence of acid are immediately converted to ammonium salts). One of the two oxygen groups on the carboxylic acid are derived from a water molecule and the amine (or ammonia) gains the hydrogen ion. The hydrolysis of
1935:
863:
640:
572:
linkages (bonds formed when two phosphate units are combined) that release energy when needed. ATP can undergo hydrolysis in two ways: Firstly, the removal of terminal phosphate to form
1892:, Farone, William A. & Cuzens, John E., "Method of producing sugars using strong acid hydrolysis", published 1998-03-10, assigned to Arkenol Inc.
1561:
1540:
276:
in which two molecules join into a larger one and eject a water molecule. Thus hydrolysis adds water to break down, whereas condensation builds up by removing water.
1117:
375:
1259:
and are formed by leaching from rocks of most of the ions other than aluminium and iron and subsequent hydrolysis of the remaining aluminium and iron.
564:
of nutrients is not used directly but, by means of a complex and long sequence of reactions, it is channeled into a special energy-storage molecule,
1364:
Acid hydrolysis can be utilized in the pretreatment of cellulosic material, so as to cut the interchain linkages in hemicellulose and cellulose.
536:. For this reason nylon products fail by fracturing when exposed to small amounts of acidic water. Polyesters are also susceptible to similar
1994:
1969:
1873:
1840:
1787:
1762:
1658:
Lindahl T. Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature. 1993 Apr 22;362(6422):709-15. doi: 10.1038/362709a0. PMID 8469282
1633:
1602:
1465:
1447:
1677:
1102:{\displaystyle {\ce {M(H2O)_{\mathit {n}}^{{\mathit {m}}+}{}+H2O<=>M(H2O)_{{\mathit {n}}-1}(OH)^{({\mathit {m}}-1){}+}{}+H3O+}}}
1814:
1730:
1702:
134:
1139:, for this reaction is more or less linearly related to the charge-to-size ratio of the metal ion. Ions with low charges, such as
560:
of micro and macromolecules, and the active transport of ions and molecules across cell membranes. The energy derived from the
478:(another class of enzymes, that catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal peptide bonds, liberating one free amino acid at a time).
2059:
2027:
827:
72:
333:
ions. Sodium ions react very little with the hydroxide ions whereas the acetate ions combine with hydronium ions to produce
541:
665:
Sucrose. The glycoside bond is represented by the central oxygen atom, which holds the two monosaccharide units together.
446:
In addition, in living systems, most biochemical reactions (including ATP hydrolysis) take place during the catalysis of
115:
2054:
582:
87:
2049:
68:
1206:
857:. The aqua ions undergo hydrolysis, to a greater or lesser extent. The first hydrolysis step is given generically as
1695:
The
Chemistry of Aqua Ions: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity: A Tour through the Periodic Table of the Elements
1132:
806:
bases turn over every day due to hydrolytic depurination, and that this is largely counteracted by specific rapid
94:
61:
1373:
1216:
Hydrolysis may proceed beyond the first step, often with the formation of polynuclear species via the process of
802:
occurs at a significant rate in vivo. For example, it is estimated that in each human cell 2,000 to 10,000 DNA
310:
249:
where a water molecule is consumed to effect the separation of a larger molecule into component parts. When a
646:
101:
1460:
1443:
1346:
565:
443:
react with the base, converting them to salts. These salts are called soaps, commonly used in households.
211:
1754:
1475:
573:
273:
227:
156:
83:
1889:
1908:
Vaughn, H. L.; Robbins, M. D. (April 1975). "Rapid procedure for the hydrolysis of amides to acids".
1480:
1358:
338:
231:
152:
1510:
1495:
1485:
1397:
1345:
usually refer to the acid catalyzed addition of the elements of water to double or triple bonds by
732:
693:
676:, which can be cleaved by hydrolysis. Two, three, several or many monosaccharides thus linked form
537:
1625:
1520:
1350:
841:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1990:
1965:
1869:
1836:
1810:
1804:
1783:
1758:
1726:
1698:
1673:
1594:
1490:
1446:
take advantage of this method to dissolve hair and fat in pipes. The reaction is also used to
1425:
556:
and storage. All living cells require a continual supply of energy for two main purposes: the
553:
1917:
1861:
1828:
1746:
1575:
1554:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1121:
837:
779:
739:
533:
432:
387:
298:
266:
169:
474:). They catalyze the hydrolysis of interior peptide bonds in peptide chains, as opposed to
685:
673:
502:
489:
417:
39:
1163:
of 6 or more and would not normally be classed as acids, but small divalent ions such as
786:
such as cows are able to hydrolyze cellulose into cellobiose and then glucose because of
810:
processes. Hydrolytic DNA damages that fail to be accurately repaired may contribute to
108:
1832:
1505:
1385:
1319:
1128:
bond of an attached water molecule, making the liberation of a proton relatively easy.
811:
689:
669:
424:
371:
337:. In this case the net result is a relative excess of hydroxide ions, yielding a basic
322:
31:
1143:
are very weak acids with almost imperceptible hydrolysis. Large divalent ions such as
2043:
1381:
681:
650:
569:
348:
35:
1571:
1550:
1354:
720:
677:
557:
514:
475:
467:
455:
428:
344:
286:
250:
321:. The salt also dissociates into its constituent anions and cations. For example,
1865:
404:(a nucleus-seeking agent, e.g., water or hydroxyl ion) attacks the carbon of the
392:
Acid–base-catalysed hydrolyses are very common; one example is the hydrolysis of
1566:
1545:
1500:
1393:
1377:
1210:
1180:
401:
334:
246:
239:
50:
661:
374:. For a more technical discussion of what occurs during such a hydrolysis, see
1515:
1470:
833:
807:
767:
518:
440:
1570:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1549:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
2018:(4th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. pp.
1579:
1558:
1417:
1323:
787:
783:
771:
763:
712:
561:
529:
525:
463:
367:
363:
318:
314:
306:
302:
235:
17:
1240:
rises leading, in many cases, to the precipitation of a hydroxide such as
1405:
1338:
1256:
738:
The hydrolysis of polysaccharides to soluble sugars can be recognized as
708:
459:
436:
423:
Perhaps the oldest commercially practiced example of ester hydrolysis is
405:
262:
1921:
1429:
1331:
1275:
1252:
1217:
775:
759:
755:
751:
728:
724:
716:
704:
700:
510:
483:
471:
451:
330:
258:
254:
147:
486:, and therefore the biological system continues to function normally.
1353:. Acid hydrolysis is used to prepare monosaccharide with the help of
1327:
1279:
1267:
1202:
1113:
815:
803:
747:
743:
447:
326:
692:, respectively. Enzymes that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds are called "
1334:. Carboxylic acids can be produced from acid hydrolysis of esters.
222: 'to unbind') is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of
1389:
1271:
660:
506:
498:
488:
413:
409:
397:
393:
253:
is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis (e.g.,
223:
146:
1856:
Goldstein, Irving S. (1983). "Hydrolysis of
Cellulose by Acids".
151:
Generic hydrolysis reaction. (The 2-way yield symbol indicates a
1322:
can be applied to hydrolyses. For example, in the conversion of
1282:
by treatment with excess water under acid-catalyzed conditions:
532:
hydrolyze in the presence of strong acids. The process leads to
226:
breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for
1442:
The reaction is often used to solubilize solid organic matter.
1045:
1008:
906:
898:
799:
762:
enzymes may convert starch to glucose or to oligosaccharides.
44:
719:
used industrially for the hydrolysis of sucrose to so-called
1237:
450:. The catalytic action of enzymes allows the hydrolysis of
175:
1987:
Biofuels: Alternaative
Feedstocks and Conversion Processes
1823:
Speight, James G. (2017). "Industrial
Organic Chemistry".
187:
1085:
1023:
995:
931:
886:
645:
Secondly, the removal of a terminal diphosphate to yield
628:
603:
199:
193:
1236:
are well characterized. Hydrolysis tends to proceed as
1124:
of the positively charged metal ion, which weakens the
1450:
as an alternative to traditional burial or cremation.
958:
731:
in milk; many adult humans do not produce lactase and
1120:. This effect is easily explained by considering the
866:
585:
202:
196:
1985:
Pandey; Larroche; Ricke; Dussap; Gnansounou (2011).
1424:(NaOH), the oxygen-18 is completely absent from the
493:
Mechanism for acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of an amide.
190:
184:
181:
635:{\displaystyle {\ce {ATP + H2O -> ADP + P_{i}}}}
178:
172:
75:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water
2011:
1589:
1587:
1167:undergo extensive hydrolysis. Trivalent ions like
1101:
634:
576:(ADP) and inorganic phosphate, with the reaction:
966:
965:
948:
947:
347:also undergo hydrolysis. For example, dissolving
362:) in water is accompanied by hydrolysis to give
1372:Alkaline hydrolysis usually refers to types of
746:is used as a source of β-amylase to break down
427:(formation of soap). It is the hydrolysis of a
1825:Environmental Organic Chemistry for Engineers
1654:
1652:
1650:
774:and then cellobiose is further hydrolyzed to
289:. It breaks a chemical bond in the compound.
272:Hydrolysis reactions can be the reverse of a
8:
1721:Baes, Charles F.; Mesmer, Robert E. (1976).
1404:, the hydroxide ion nucleophile attacks the
703:(table sugar). Hydrolysis of sucrose yields
1251:. These substances, major constituents of
297:A common kind of hydrolysis occurs when a
1448:dispose of human and other animal remains
1092:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1027:
1022:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1005:
994:
989:
981:
967:
960:
959:
957:
949:
942:
940:
939:
937:
930:
925:
916:
905:
904:
903:
897:
896:
885:
880:
872:
867:
865:
727:is essential for digestive hydrolysis of
627:
622:
602:
597:
586:
584:
245:Biological hydrolysis is the cleavage of
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
1428:product and is found exclusively in the
1301:
1293:
1285:
1243:
1223:
1197:
1193:
1186:
851:
847:
358:
354:
1533:
1408:carbon. This mechanism is supported by
941:
1962:Lignocellulose Biorefinery Engineering
1803:Speight, James G. (2 November 2016).
1420:labeled ethoxy group is treated with
7:
1716:
1714:
73:adding citations to reliable sources
1605:from the original on 7 January 2021
1466:Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)
1213:, making the solution more acidic.
540:reactions. The problem is known as
431:(fat) with an aqueous base such as
400:. Their hydrolysis occurs when the
1833:10.1016/B978-0-12-804492-6.00003-4
1567:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1546:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
790:bacteria that produce cellulases.
458:. As an example, one may consider
25:
1376:reactions in which the attacking
568:(ATP). The ATP molecule contains
309:(or both) is dissolved in water.
1910:The Journal of Organic Chemistry
1595:"Definition of Saccharification"
1435:
1220:. Some "exotic" species such as
754:, which can be used by yeast to
238:reactions in which water is the
168:
49:
1636:from the original on 2020-11-27
1412:experiments. For example, when
1118:Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
699:The best-known disaccharide is
376:Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
60:needs additional citations for
1059:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1001:
982:
968:
943:
892:
873:
828:Metal ions in aqueous solution
609:
1:
1672:. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
1626:"Condensation and Hydrolysis"
1337:Acids catalyze hydrolysis of
1183:. Solutions of salts such as
542:environmental stress cracking
1866:10.1007/978-1-4757-0833-2_30
1116:behave as acids in terms of
435:(NaOH). During the process,
1936:"5.4: Hydrolysis Reactions"
1341:to amides. Acid hydrolysis
1278:can be converted back into
311:Water spontaneously ionizes
2076:
1209:by adding an acid such as
825:
672:can be linked together by
385:
325:dissociates in water into
218: 'water' and
29:
1751:Chemistry of the Elements
1749:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
1723:The Hydrolysis of Cations
1384:. The best known type is
1374:nucleophilic substitution
1179:is comparable to that of
733:cannot digest the lactose
552:Hydrolysis is related to
466:by causing hydrolysis of
265:), this is recognized as
1960:Chen, Hongzheng (2015).
1349:as may originate from a
1205:; the hydrolysis can be
1201:in water are noticeably
155:in which hydrolysis and
30:Not to be confused with
1964:. Woodhead Publishing.
1693:Richens, D. T. (1997).
1580:10.1351/goldbook.S05762
1559:10.1351/goldbook.H02902
1444:Chemical drain cleaners
1175:are weak acids whose pK
844:of the general formula
766:is first hydrolyzed to
647:adenosine monophosphate
257:being broken down into
2010:McMurry, John (1996).
1670:Metal Ions in Solution
1668:Burgess, John (1978).
1511:Sol–gel polymerisation
1461:Adenosine triphosphate
1347:electrophilic addition
1103:
750:into the disaccharide
666:
636:
566:adenosine triphosphate
494:
370:, the sulfuric acid's
160:
2060:Equilibrium chemistry
1778:Klein, David (2012).
1755:Butterworth-Heinemann
1747:Greenwood, Norman N.
1476:Condensation reaction
1133:dissociation constant
1104:
696:" or "glycosidases".
664:
637:
574:adenosine diphosphate
492:
274:condensation reaction
150:
1940:Chemistry LibreTexts
1860:. pp. 559–566.
1809:. pp. 143–144.
1481:Dehydration reaction
1359:trifluoroacetic acid
1357:but formic acid and
1263:Mechanism strategies
864:
842:metal aquo complexes
694:glycoside hydrolases
583:
497:Upon hydrolysis, an
153:chemical equilibrium
69:improve this article
2055:Reactions of esters
1922:10.1021/jo00896a050
1858:Biomass Utilization
1827:. pp. 87–151.
1725:. New York: Wiley.
1630:www.biotopics.co.uk
1496:Polymer degradation
1486:Hydrolysis constant
1368:Alkaline hydrolysis
1087:
1025:
997:
954:
933:
915:
888:
630:
605:
538:polymer degradation
439:is formed, and the
2050:Chemical reactions
1989:. Academic press.
1521:Thermal hydrolysis
1351:hydration reaction
1099:
1075:
985:
980:
973:
921:
876:
871:
667:
632:
618:
593:
495:
462:(enzymes that aid
454:, fats, oils, and
161:
2014:Organic Chemistry
1996:978-0-12-385099-7
1971:978-0-08-100135-6
1875:978-1-4757-0835-6
1842:978-0-12-804492-6
1789:978-0-471-75614-9
1780:Organic Chemistry
1764:978-0-08-037941-8
1624:Steane, Richard.
1491:Inhibitor protein
1426:sodium propionate
1315:Acidic hydrolysis
1091:
1078:
1047:
1033:
1010:
1000:
988:
979:
975:
936:
924:
908:
900:
891:
879:
870:
742:. Malt made from
625:
621:
614:
608:
596:
589:
554:energy metabolism
528:polymers such as
382:Esters and amides
319:hydronium cations
145:
144:
137:
119:
16:(Redirected from
2067:
2034:
2033:
2017:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1916:(8): 1187–1189.
1905:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1820:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1753:(2nd ed.).
1743:
1737:
1736:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1591:
1582:
1538:
1439:
1422:sodium hydroxide
1414:ethyl propionate
1410:isotope labeling
1402:ester hydrolysis
1361:have been used.
1305:
1297:
1289:
1250:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1200:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1127:
1122:inductive effect
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1037:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1004:
998:
996:
993:
986:
977:
976:
974:
972:
971:
964:
956:
955:
953:
946:
938:
934:
932:
929:
922:
917:
914:
910:
909:
902:
901:
895:
889:
887:
884:
877:
868:
856:
838:aqueous solution
780:beta-glucosidase
740:saccharification
686:oligosaccharides
674:glycosidic bonds
641:
639:
638:
633:
631:
629:
626:
623:
619:
612:
606:
604:
601:
594:
587:
534:depolymerization
501:converts into a
433:sodium hydroxide
388:Ester hydrolysis
361:
315:hydroxide anions
267:saccharification
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
159:are reversible.)
140:
133:
129:
126:
120:
118:
77:
53:
45:
21:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1822:
1817:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1757:. p. 384.
1745:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1599:Merriam-Webster
1593:
1592:
1585:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1456:
1370:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1265:
1255:, are known as
1248:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1125:
1088:
1026:
862:
861:
855:
849:
845:
832:Metal ions are
830:
824:
822:Metal aqua ions
796:
690:polysaccharides
670:Monosaccharides
659:
657:Polysaccharides
581:
580:
550:
503:carboxylic acid
418:carboxylic acid
390:
384:
360:
356:
352:
295:
282:
171:
167:
141:
130:
124:
121:
78:
76:
66:
54:
43:
40:Water splitting
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2073:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2002:
1995:
1977:
1970:
1952:
1927:
1900:
1881:
1874:
1848:
1841:
1815:
1795:
1788:
1770:
1763:
1738:
1731:
1710:
1703:
1685:
1679:978-0853120278
1678:
1660:
1646:
1616:
1583:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1506:Saponification
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1386:saponification
1369:
1366:
1320:Acid catalysis
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1264:
1261:
1176:
1160:
1136:
1112:Thus the aqua
1110:
1109:
1095:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1042:
1036:
1030:
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1016:
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425:saponification
406:carbonyl group
386:Main article:
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372:conjugate base
323:sodium acetate
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32:Hydrogenolysis
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85:
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80:Find sources:
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64:
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58:This article
56:
52:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:Hydroxylation
33:
19:
2013:
2005:
1986:
1980:
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1944:. Retrieved
1942:. 2021-08-04
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1284:RO·OR−H
1266:
1215:
1130:
1111:
852:
831:
797:
756:produce beer
737:
721:invert sugar
698:
668:
644:
558:biosynthesis
551:
523:
496:
480:
445:
429:triglyceride
422:
391:
345:Strong acids
343:
296:
287:hydrogen ion
283:
271:
251:carbohydrate
247:biomolecules
244:
228:substitution
219:
215:
163:
162:
157:condensation
131:
125:January 2021
122:
112:
105:
98:
91:
84:"Hydrolysis"
79:
67:Please help
62:verification
59:
18:Saccharified
1609:8 September
1501:Proteolysis
1394:carboxylate
1388:: cleaving
1378:nucleophile
1211:nitric acid
1181:acetic acid
834:Lewis acids
519:amino acids
441:fatty acids
402:nucleophile
335:acetic acid
240:nucleophile
232:elimination
210:; from
2044:Categories
2029:0534238327
1946:2023-10-07
1890:US 5726046
1806:Hydrolysis
1640:2020-11-13
1572:Solvolysis
1551:Hydrolysis
1528:References
1516:Solvolysis
1471:Catabolism
1396:salts and
1207:suppressed
840:they form
808:DNA repair
768:cellobiose
649:(AMP) and
164:Hydrolysis
95:newspapers
1782:. Wiley.
1697:. Wiley.
1418:oxygen-18
1324:cellulose
1310:Catalysis
1292:NR·H
1257:laterites
1159:have a pK
1052:−
1015:−
969:⇀
962:−
951:−
944:↽
836:, and in
788:symbiotic
784:Ruminants
772:cellulase
764:Cellulose
735:in milk.
713:Invertase
610:⟶
562:oxidation
530:nylon 6,6
526:polyamide
464:digestion
460:proteases
368:bisulfate
364:hydronium
307:weak base
303:weak acid
236:solvation
1634:Archived
1603:Archived
1454:See also
1432:formed.
1416:with an
1406:carbonyl
1398:alcohols
1343:does not
1339:nitriles
1276:enamines
758:. Other
709:fructose
515:peptides
484:hormones
472:proteins
452:proteins
437:glycerol
420:groups.
339:solution
263:fructose
2020:820–821
1430:ethanol
1332:glucose
1280:ketones
1268:Acetals
1253:bauxite
1249:AlO(OH)
1218:olation
1114:cations
776:glucose
760:amylase
752:maltose
729:lactose
725:Lactase
717:sucrase
705:glucose
701:sucrose
511:ammonia
505:and an
448:enzymes
408:of the
331:acetate
259:glucose
255:sucrose
109:scholar
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1390:esters
1328:starch
1274:, and
1272:imines
1242:Al(OH)
1203:acidic
816:ageing
804:purine
748:starch
744:barley
517:gives
398:esters
394:amides
327:sodium
234:, and
216:hydro-
111:
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1562:IUPAC
1541:IUPAC
1400:. In
1392:into
1380:is a
1300:RNR−H
1192:Al(NO
715:is a
688:, or
524:Many
507:amine
499:amide
414:amide
410:ester
313:into
301:of a
293:Salts
280:Types
224:water
220:lysis
214:
116:JSTOR
102:books
38:, or
2024:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1611:2020
1226:(OH)
1185:BeCl
1171:and
1155:and
1135:, pK
1131:The
814:and
707:and
366:and
329:and
317:and
299:salt
261:and
88:news
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1821:in
1576:doi
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1330:to
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846:M(H
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