93:
292:
440:
562:
359:
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581:), was designed to see use from members of the Wehrmacht, Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe to enhance mission performance where longevity and exhaustion become pertinent issues. While these drugs were used in their individual forms by all branches of the German military, the nature and use there of D-IX specifically (especially experimentation upon Sachsenhausen prisoners) lacks enough substantiation to be considered credible, though experiments by the Nazis upon unwilling prisoners utilizing psychoactive compounds is far from myth, and could hardly be ruled outside the realm of plausibility.
966:
718:
367:
710:
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412:
906:, were brought to trial on 23 October 1947 before a Soviet Military Tribunal in Berlin. On 1 November 1947, all sixteen of them were found guilty. Fourteen defendants were given life sentences with hard labor, including Kaindl and Baumkötter, and two others were sentenced to fifteen years in prison with hard labor. They served their time under harsh conditions in
958:
was unlikely, due to limited capacity for understanding and will. In June 2024, a German court ruled that
Formanek was unfit to stand trial, though an appeal is likely. In spite of the German case against Formanek, it has also been acknowledged that Formanek had previously served 10 years of a 25 year prison sentence in a Soviet prison after being captured by
335:
Then small scale trials of what would go on to become the large scale, death camp gas chambers were designed and carried out. These trials showed the authorities that this method facilitated the means to murder the largest number of prisoners without "excessive" initial panic. So by
September 1941, when they were conducting the first trials of this method at
541:). In cases such as attempted escape, there would be a public hanging in front of the assembled prisoners. Prisoners of war were made to run up to 40 km (25 mi) a day with heavy packs, sometimes after being given performance-boosting drugs like cocaine, to trial military boots in tests commissioned by shoe factories.
334:
through a sliding door located behind the neck. This was found to be far too time-consuming, so they then trialled a trench, killing either by shooting or by hanging. While this more easily enabled group executions, it created too much initial panic among the prisoners, making them harder to control.
1049:
The government of East
Germany emphasised the suffering of political prisoners over that of the other groups detained at Sachsenhausen. The memorial obelisk contains eighteen red triangles, the symbol the Nazis gave to political prisoners, usually communists. There is a plaque in Sachsenhausen built
753:
arrived in
Sachsenhausen. Apart from the crematorium and the extermination facility, almost all buildings from the former concentration camp were used again (especially the wooden barracks, the camp prison and the utility buildings). Towards the end of 1945, the camp was again fully occupied (12,000
1143:
attack. The perpetrators were arrested, and the barracks were reconstructed by 1997. However, it is important to note that the decision was taken that no buildings built during the Nazi regime will be rebuilt on the site. The destroyed section of the huts are now a Jewish museum with the surviving
957:
In August 2023, charges were brought against a former SS guard who served in
Sachsenhausen Guard Battalion, Gregor Formanek. Despite the possibility that Formanek may also be the potentially last former Sachenshausen Nazi officer to stand trial, it was acknowledged that his ability to stand trial
1085:
The museum features artwork created by inmates and a 30-centimetre (12 in) high pile of gold teeth (extracted by the Nazis from the prisoners), scale models of the camp, pictures, documents and other artifacts illustrating life in the camp. The administrative buildings from which the entire
536:
Camp punishments could be harsh. Some would be required to assume the "Sachsenhausen salute" where a prisoner would squat with his arms outstretched in front. There was a marching strip around the perimeter of the roll call ground, where prisoners had to march over a variety of surfaces, to test
394:
with sides 600 m (2,000 ft) long. Tower A was at its central control point, linked to the SS troop camp outside along the central axis. The entire camp could be viewed by the SS command staff from Tower A. Initially 18 hectares (44 acres) in area, the camp eventually grew to cover 400
398:
There was an infirmary inside the southern angle of the perimeter and a camp prison within the eastern angle. There was also a camp kitchen and a camp laundry. The camp's capacity became inadequate and the camp was expanded in 1938 by a new rectangular area (the "small camp") northeast of the
1089:
As of 2015, the site of the
Sachsenhausen camp, at 22, Strasse der Nationen in Oranienburg, is open to the public as a museum and a memorial. Several buildings and structures survive or have been reconstructed, including guard towers, the camp entrance, crematory ovens and the camp barracks.
757:
By 1948, Sachsenhausen, now renamed "Special Camp No. 1", was the largest of three special camps in the Soviet
Occupation Zone. The 60,000 people interned over five years included 6,000 German officers transferred from Western Allied camps. Others were Nazi functionaries, anti-Communists and
299:
The camp was established in 1936. It was located 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Berlin, which gave it a primary position among the German concentration camps: the administrative centre of all concentration camps was located in
Oranienburg, and Sachsenhausen became a training centre for
390:. That summer, those prisoners began clearing an 80 hectares (200 acres) of triangular forested area. By 1937, the prisoners had erected prisoners' barracks and SS guards' quarters, and SS officers' families housing. The "protective custody" internment camp was laid out in an
668:
At the end of 1944, Himmler ordered the execution of every prisoner. Sick inmates were executed in the industrial yard, including at least 2,000, or transferred to death camps. In
February 1945, more than 1,300 prisoners were executed during the evacuation of the
1027:, who back in the Nazi period had been an inmate at Sachsenhausen between 1938 and 1943. The plans involved the removal of most of the original buildings and the construction of an obelisk, statue and meeting area, reflecting the outlook of the government of
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military footwear; between 25 and 40 kilometres (16 and 25 mi) were covered each day. Prisoners assigned to the camp prison would be kept in isolation on poor rations and some would be suspended from posts by their wrists tied behind their backs (
1046:(GDR) were held, was located in the former concentration camp. It was controlled by the Ministry of Culture, and as the National Memorial Sites Buchenwald and Ravensbrück, Sachsenhausen served as place of identification and legitimisation of the GDR.
532:
In May 1942, "Station Z" was completed in an industrial yard outside the camp walls. It included prisoner killing rooms, four crematoria, and a gas chamber after 1943. In 1941, an adjacent sand pit was enlarged and made into an "execution trench".
501:
Overall, at least 30,000 inmates died in
Sachsenhausen from causes such as exhaustion, disease, malnutrition and pneumonia, as a result of the poor living conditions. Many were executed or died as the result of brutal medical experimentation.
145:
Initially German Jews and varied German citizens (divided between racial, political, "career criminal" and "antisocial" inmates), later overwhelmingly (90% by 1944) foreign forced laborers and political prisoners (mostly Polish and Soviet
270:
Sachsenhausen was a labour camp, outfitted with several subcamps, a gas chamber, and a medical experimentation area. Prisoners were treated inhumanely, fed inadequately, and killed openly. After World War II, when Oranienburg was in the
395:
hectares (990 acres). Designed by Bernhard Kuiper, Himmler called Sachsenhausen a "completely new concentration camp for the modern age, which can be extended at any time." In practice, however, extending the design proved impractical.
777:. The injustice of the continued use of the National Socialist concentration camps by the Soviet occupying power and the renewed agonising deaths of thousands of people associated with it were concealed or played down by the
937:
In the Federal Republic of Germany, there were also various follow-up trials against guards members, such as the Sachsenhausen trials in Cologne in the 1960s. In 1960, a trial against SS-Hauptscharführer and Blockführer
706:: "In the early years of the war the SS practiced methods of mass killing there that were later used in the Nazi death camps. Of the roughly 30,000 wartime victims at Sachsenhausen, most were Soviet prisoners of war".
2716:
1057:, historian Anne-Kathleen Tillack-Graf shows how the Sachsenhausen National Memorial Site was politically instrumentalised in the GDR, especially during the celebrations for the liberation of the concentration camp.
1098:
With the fall of communist East Germany, it was possible to conduct excavations in the former camps. At Sachsenhausen, the bodies of 12,500 victims were found; most were children, adolescents and elderly people.
3984:
1078:) has been responsible for exhibitions and research on the camp's history on the grounds of the former Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp. The educational work of the institution focuses on the history of the
623:, RN, were held at Sachsenhausen until February 1945, when they were executed. Godwin managed to wrestle the pistol of the firing party commander from his belt and shot him dead before being himself shot.
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472:
An industrial area, outside the western camp perimeter, contained SS workshops in which prisoners were forced to work; those unable to work had to stand at attention for the duration of the working day.
612:
in Greece intended to blow up the Corinth Canal and were captured in May 1943, were held in Sachsenhausen's Zellenbau isolation cells for more than a year before being executed in February/March 1945.
626:
The Zellenbau of about 80 cells held some of World War II's most persistent Allied escapees as well as German dissidents, Nazi deserters and nationalists from East Europe such as the Ukrainian leader
1664:, acknowledged 42,000 deaths during his time in charge 1942–45. The exact figure will never be known as all camp records were destroyed before Soviet forces liberated Sachsenhausen in April 1945.
1897:
867:). Camp records show that there was one male SS soldier for every ten inmates and for every ten male SS there was a woman SS. Several subcamps for women were established in Berlin, including in
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transferred 5,500 prisoners to the GDR authorities. Among them were 1,119 women and about 30 children born in the camp (so-called "Landeskinder") were transferred to the GDR women's prison at
92:
455:
operations ever recorded. The Germans forced inmate artisans to produce forged American and British currency, as part of a plan to undermine the British and American economies, courtesy of
2372:
Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung „Neues Deutschland“ über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen.
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Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung „Neues Deutschland“ über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen.
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Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung „Neues Deutschland“ über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen
2012:
Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung „Neues Deutschland“ über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen
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306:(SS) officers (who would often be sent to oversee other camps afterwards). Initially, the camp was used to perfect the most efficient and effective execution method for use in the
2101:
1922:
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2223:
In: Morsch, Günther (ed.), Von der Erinnerung zum Monument. Die Entstehungsgeschichte der Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen. Metropol Verlag: Berlin. pp. 289–314.
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In: Morsch, Günther (ed.), Von der Erinnerung zum Monument. Die Entstehungsgeschichte der Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen. Metropol Verlag: Berlin. pp. 289–314.
2323:
Grant W. Grams: "The Story of Josef Lainck: From German Emigrant to Alien Convict and Deported Criminal to Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp Inmate", in Ibrahim Sirkeci (ed.),
1880:
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that Google's actions were a humiliation for victims and relatives of the Nazi camps, and Niantic Labs' founder John Hanke stated that "we apologize that this has happened."
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403:) outside the main camp perimeter to the north; this consisted of two huts Sonderlager 'A' and 'B' built in 1941 for special prisoners that the regime wished to isolate.
3812:
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2794:
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Many women were among the inmates of Sachsenhausen and its subcamps. According to SS files, more than 2,000 women lived in Sachsenhausen, guarded by female SS staff (
3397:
1050:
in memory of the Death March. This plaque has a picture of malnourished male prisoners marching, all of whom are wearing the red triangle of a political prisoner.
46:
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2086:
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period, a separate museum was opened documenting the camp's Soviet-era history. Between 1945 and 1950, 12,000 people died of hunger and disease in the so-called
4016:
317:
During the earlier stages of the camp's existence, the executions were done by placing the prisoners in a small room, often even with music playing, called the
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2799:
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labor camps. Six of them, including Kaindl, died in custody within a few months. In 1956, those who were still alive were released and sent back to Germany.
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people). In the following year, up to 16,000 people were imprisoned in the camp at times. About 2,000 female prisoners lived in a separate area of the camp.
2221:
Die Einweihung der Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen im April 1961. „Das Hochlassen der Tauben ist zu streichen.“ – Die Vorbereitung von oben.
1998:
Die Einweihung der Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen im April 1961. „Das Hochlassen der Tauben ist zu streichen.“ – Die Vorbereitung von oben.
1007:
In 1956, planning began for the adaptation of the concentration camp site as a national memorial. This was inaugurated four years later on 23 April 1961 by
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4169:
3715:
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1948:
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573:" at the Sachsenhausen facility. Designed to increase stamina and endurance, this drug, supposedly consisting of a cocktail of cocaine, methamphetamine (
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age 101. The next month, Schütz would be convicted and sentenced to five years in prison, becoming the oldest surviving Nazi fugitive to be convicted.
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875:
735:
1975:
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Russians, including Nazi collaborators. By the time the camp was closed in the spring of 1950, at least 12,000 had died of malnutrition and disease.
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never found them. Plans had been made to drop British pounds over London by plane. Today, these notes are considered very valuable by collectors.
1131:
Arson damage caused to this barrack building has been covered in glass to protect it, whilst still showing the damage to those visiting the camp.
765:, the last Soviet camps were dissolved. About 8,000 prisoners were released from Special Camp No. 1, and a smaller group was transported to the
481:
bomber. Although official German reports claimed the prisoners were "working without fault", some of these aircraft crashed unexpectedly around
358:
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4693:
4162:
2923:
505:
In 1937, the SS constructed a Cell Block for the punishment, interrogation, and torture of prisoners. Important people confined there included
1666:
1074:, the former camp was entrusted to a foundation that opened a museum on the site. So since 1993, the "Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen" (
942:
for the murder of concentration camp inmates took place before the Munich II Regional Court. In March 2009 Josias Kumpf, 83 was deported from
346:
The prisoners were also used as a workforce, with a large task force of prisoners from the camp sent to work in the nearby brickworks to meet
2445:
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3303:
2721:
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1542:
Florian Schmalz: Weapon research in Nazi Germany. The cooperation of the Kaiser Wilhelm companies, military and industry. Göttingen 2005,
1082:, various aspects of the history of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, the Soviet special camp and the history of the memorial itself.
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4108:
3941:
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Ernst Klee: the person lexicon to the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945 S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2003, p. 681.
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and Arnold Zöllner. Puhr was executed in 1964, while Zöllner was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Rostock District Court in 1966.
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in early May, after liberation by the Red Army and US Army. On 22 April 1945, the camp's remaining 3,400 inmates were liberated by the
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2019:
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In the GDR, various subsequent trials took place against members of the SS guards of Sachsenhausen concentration camp, such as
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northwest. Most of the prisoners were physically exhausted and thousands did not survive this death march; those who collapsed
677:
in the spring of 1945, Sachsenhausen was prepared for evacuation. On 21 April, the camp's SS staff ordered 33,000 inmates on a
642:
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After the last of the liberated concentration camp prisoners had left the site in the summer of 1945, the camp was used as a
387:
31:
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from August 1945 until 1950. Nazi functionaries were held in the camp, as were political prisoners and inmates sentenced by
519:
In November 1940, the SS executed 33 Polish prisoners by firing squad. In April 1941, over 550 prisoners were killed under
4797:
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4342:
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477:, the aircraft manufacturer, was a major user of Sachsenhausen labour, using between 6,000 and 8,000 prisoners on their
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383:
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921:, who became President of Czechoslovakia, for his alleged role in the murder of Dutch prisoners during his time as a
1881:
Prosecutors-seeking-five-years-jail-for-101-year-old-nazi-guard The Yeshiva World 18 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022
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in May later that year. It mainly held political prisoners throughout World War II. Prominent prisoners included
646:
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The neutral zone was located between the camp wall and the prisoners' camp. Between the zone and the wall was a
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Die Angehörigen des Kommandanturstabs im KZ Sachsenhausen. Sozialstruktur, Dienstwege und biografische Studien
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Over the course of its operation, over 100 Dutch resistance fighters were executed at Sachsenhausen. Dutch
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There have also been allegations of an experimental drug tested upon unwilling inmates in 1944 designated "
526:
In May 1942, the first hangings commenced from gallows in the roll-call area. These continued until 1945.
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1923:"The last member of the Sachsenhausen SS has been traced: he is 99 years old and accused of 3.300 murders"
1716:
1517:
Philip Ball. Naming the victims of Nazi medicine, NEJM Volume 389, No. 10085, pp. 2182–2183, 3 June 2017
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at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York. Contains lists of prisoners and correspondence from Sachsenhausen.
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1748:"Mahler, Christian … [1905–1966] … Direktor der Nationalen Mahn – u. Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen"
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several times. In September 1992, barracks 38 and 39 of the Jewish Museum were severely damaged in an
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1949:"Nazi Camp Guard Aged 99 Charged With Being Accessory To Murder Of More Than 3,300 Holocaust Victims"
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486:
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339:, Sachsenhausen had already been the scene of "some gassings in conjunction with the development of
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section left as it was immediately after the fire with the paint still blistered from the flames.
950:. In May 2022, a trial began in Germany against a SS guard at KZ Sachsenhausen of SS-Rottenführer
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were removed in July 2015; Gabriele Hammerman, director of the memorial site at Dachau, told the
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331:
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465:. The Germans introduced fake British £5, £10, £20 and £50 notes into circulation in 1943: the
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entrance gate and the perimeter wall was altered to enclose it. There was an additional area (
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Tens of thousands, including at least 10,000 Soviet prisoners of war executed in late 1941
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back to Austria after having been found to have been a SS Guard at KZ Sachsenhausen and
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https://www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de/en/history/1936-1945-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp/
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785:, some survivors of the Soviet camp in Sachsenhausen were sentenced to imprisonment in
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If a prisoner stepped inside or beyond the neutral zone they were immediately executed.
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2410:
Gli italiani a Sachsenhausen. La deportazione nel lager della capitale del Terzo Reich
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41:, which was administered by the Soviets and began operations in 1945 on the same site.
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593:, were executed at Sachsenhausen. They were shot on 23 October 1942, five days after
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Seven men of the British Army's No. 2 Commando, captured after the highly successful
310:. Given that, executions obviously took place at Sachsenhausen, especially of Soviet
302:
224:
117:
1273:"1936–1945 Sachsenhausen concentration camp | Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen"
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German concentration camp network was run have been preserved and can also be seen.
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After the Soviets vacated the site, it was used for some years by East Germany's "
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1015:(SED). The first director of the renamed "Sachsenhausen National Memorial Site" (
529:
In May 1942, 71 Dutch resistance fighters and 250 Jewish hostages were executed.
4754:
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2129:"1945: Soviet Special Camp Sachsenhausen. Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen"
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991:", notionally a police division and in reality a precursor of the country's own
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510:
212:
106:
97:
Prisoners in the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen, Germany, 19 December 1938.
2228:
Kindheit hinter Stacheldraht, Mütter mit Kindern in sowjetischen Speziallagern.
1798:
Kindheit hinter Stacheldraht, Mütter mit Kindern in sowjetischen Speziallagern.
4644:
4332:
4268:
4123:
3958:
3731:
3509:
1178:
1160:
1108:
863:
786:
750:
721:
Sachsenhausen gate with the message "Arbeit macht frei"/ "Work makes you free"
634:
482:
431:, barbed-wire obstacles, an electrified barbed-wire fence, and a sentry path.
411:
307:
2485:
Catalog of Pins and Medals Commemorating the Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp
1750:. Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken
619:, a 1942 commando anti-shipping operation in Norway, including their leader,
330:
and told they were to have their height and weight measured but were instead
61:
48:
17:
4726:
3963:
3769:
943:
894:
Fourteen of the concentration camp's officials, including former commandant
879:
538:
485:
and it is suspected that prisoners had sabotaged them. Other firms included
420:
336:
3624:
1976:"German court rules ex-concentration camp guard, 99, unfit to stand trial"
3489:
3289:
1136:
959:
947:
674:
574:
523:. In the autumn of 1941, over 10,000 Soviet prisoners of war were shot.
630:
whom the Nazis hoped to persuade to change sides and fight the Soviets.
2459:
Sachsenhausen among the Nazi camps (Germany), with list of its subcamps
2049:
Gesetzblatt der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik vom 4. September 1961
907:
578:
490:
474:
340:
216:
4186:
3999:
1112:
1042:, the Sachsenhausen memorial, where the official celebrations of the
2280:"Brandenburg Memorial Foundation: Memorial and Museum Sachsenhausen"
1322:
Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp: 1936–1945 Events and Developments
601:
calling for the killing of all captured members of commando units.
4194:
3364:
1140:
1126:
964:
716:
708:
560:
438:
410:
365:
357:
290:
2199:"Google Subsidiary Sorry For Including Death Camps in Phone Game"
516:
From 1939 until 1943, over 600 homosexual prisoners were killed.
2489:
1894:"101-year-old SS guard sentenced for war crimes in German court"
1578:
903:
770:
570:
276:
219:, used from 1936 until April 1945, shortly before the defeat of
4158:
3881:
3702:
3333:
2823:
2493:
2169:"Swastikas desecrate Sachsenhausen concentration camp memorial"
726:
NKVD special camp Nr. 7 / Soviet Special Camp Nr. 1 (1945–1950)
1324:. Berlin: Metropol Verlag. pp. 7, 18–23, 56–57, 186–187.
2273:"General information on the Sachsenhausen concentration camp"
2462:
1248:"German Surrender – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
283:. Today, Sachsenhausen is open to the public as a memorial.
2408:
Claudio Cassetti, Iacopo Buonaguidi, Francesco Bertolucci,
1660:
At his war crimes trial in 1947 the last camp commandant,
1467:"Fake British money made by Nazis sold at Ludlow auction"
700:
According to an article published on 13 December 2001 in
673:, a subsidiary of Sachsenhausen. With the advance of the
1493:"Use of Prisoners in the aircraft industry (translated)"
656:, who died there in March 1941, after being arrested by
761:
In spring 1950, a few months after the founding of the
267:; and several enemy soldiers and political dissidents.
2340:
Sachsenhausen 1936–1950 : Geschichte eines Lagers
1970:
1968:
1966:
1771:"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors"
1614:
T. Bulba-Borovets, 'Armiia bez derzhavy (Memoriial)' (
2475:
official Website of Sachsenhausen Memorial and Museum
713:
Recreation of the security perimeter at Sachsenhausen
30:"Sachsenhausen" redirects here. For other uses, see
4692:
4612:
4459:
4193:
4059:
3975:
3904:
3811:
3783:
3724:
3637:
3585:
3538:
3475:
3445:
3383:
3355:
3346:
3287:
3246:
3198:
3184:
3146:
3105:
3005:
2962:
2840:
2735:
2704:
2531:
179:
166:
158:
150:
141:
133:
123:
113:
102:
78:
4559:Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars
1499:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. 1996–2007
370:Photo of Sachsenhausen concentration camp, by the
1713:"The Soviet special camp No. 7 / No. 1 1945–1950"
1942:
1940:
154:More than 200,000, including around 20,000 women
3657:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
2102:"Germans Find Mass Graves at an Ex-Soviet Camp"
1017:"Nationale Mahn- u. Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen"
1001:"Nationale Mahn- u. Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen"
27:Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany
1843:"KL Sachsenhausen guards – Axis History Forum"
4170:
4017:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
2505:
2446:History of the Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg camp
2426:The Extraordinary Life of Mike Cumberlege SOE
1818:"Nazi War Crimes Trials: Sachsenhausen Trial"
1592:The Extraordinary Life of Mike Cumberlege SOE
1424:KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps
1347:The Extraordinary Life of Mike Cumberlege SOE
1156:which had been approved for inclusion in the
386:were closed and those prisoners moved to the
374:, dated 1943. Exact date of photo is unknown.
8:
1638:The Red Triangle – A History of Anti-Masonry
493:. Prisoners also worked in a brick factory.
424:
3716:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
2479:Guide to the Concentration Camps Collection
1917:
1915:
1870:. 19 March 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
1688:. London: Penguin Books. pp. 255–256.
1618:) (Winnipeg, 1981) (Poklyk sumlinnia, 1993
1207:International concentration camp committees
585:Prisoners held or executed at Sachsenhausen
295:Forced labor at the clay pit, February 1941
4177:
4163:
4155:
3901:
3878:
3721:
3699:
3352:
3343:
3330:
3195:
2837:
2820:
2528:
2512:
2498:
2490:
2398:by Nikolaus Wachsmann, Little Brown, 2015
2396:KL – a History of Nazi Concentration Camps
2085:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2065:. Frankfurt am Main. pp. 2–3, 88–91.
2034:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1320:Morsch, Gunter; Ley, Astrid, eds. (2011).
995:, which was formally established in 1956.
886:is also known to have worked at the camp.
685:were shot by the SS. The march ended near
75:
637:were also sent to the camp including the
1497:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV
239:, the penultimate prime minister of the
4338:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
2454:American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise
1223:
2428:by Robin Knight, FonthillMedia, 2018,
2342:. Bad Münstereifel: Westkreuz-Verlag.
2078:
2027:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1707:
1705:
1562:"Nazis tested cocaine on camp inmates"
999:Sachsenhausen National Memorial Site (
913:The Dutch sought the extradition from
4803:Buildings and structures in Oberhavel
2468:Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen
2374:Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, 2012,
2100:Kinzer, Stephen (24 September 1992).
1315:
1313:
745:In the beginning, 150 prisoners from
198:
7:
3304:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
2260:Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2012.
2256:Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012):
2230:Forum Verlag Leipzig, Leipzig 2001,
2167:Mangasarian, Leon (29 August 1993).
2061:Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012).
2010:Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012).
1769:Butler, Desmond (17 December 2001).
1560:Vasagar, Jeevan (19 November 2002).
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1135:The compound has been vandalized by
1053:Based on reporting in the newspaper
127:
4823:Nazi concentration camps in Germany
4109:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
2154:1945–1950 Sowjetisches Speziallager
2014:. Frankfurt am Main. pp. 7–8.
1868:"US deports SS 'murder pits guard'"
1550:. Available online: Weapon research
1107:Following the discovery in 1990 of
2300:MI9 – Escape and Evasion 1939–1945
1616:tr. Army Without a State: a Memoir
1447:Lebor, Adam; Boyes, Roger (2000).
1371:"The gas Chamber at Sachsenhausen"
973:fighters executed at Sachsenhausen
184:List of prisoners of Sachsenhausen
25:
4818:World War II memorials in Germany
2412:. Rimini, Panozzo Editore, 2022,
2360:, Metropol Verlag, Berlin, 2011,
1900:from the original on 28 June 2022
1197:List of subcamps of Sachsenhausen
1076:Sachsenhausen Memorial and Museum
1034:Other than the memorial sites in
554:did experiments using the lethal
4793:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
4722:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
4620:Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial
4450:
3672:Polish leaders and intellectuals
3162:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
2384:
1568:– via www.theguardian.com.
1202:List of Nazi concentration camps
1181:
828:, February 1938 – September 1939
350:'s vision of rebuilding Berlin.
287:Sachsenhausen under Nazi Germany
275:, the structure was used by the
91:
4813:World War II museums in Germany
1152:Sites within Sachsenhausen and
643:Grand Orient of the Netherlands
608:RNR, who took part in the 1943
255:; the wife and children of the
4529:Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church
3600:Attack on the twentieth convoy
3413:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
2244:Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust
1925:. Nova News. 26 September 2023
1080:Oranienburg concentration camp
736:Soviet military administration
604:Four SOE agents led by Lt Cdr
447:Sachsenhausen was the site of
388:Oranienburg concentration camp
32:Sachsenhausen (disambiguation)
1:
4828:Death marches in World War II
4343:Monument to Freedom and Unity
4274:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1523:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31492-7
882:, and later Hilde Schlusser.
565:Clothing taken from prisoners
380:Esterwegen concentration camp
4544:Museum Europäischer Kulturen
3937:Jewish war conspiracy theory
3128:Extermination through labour
2392:travel guide from Wikivoyage
2370:Anne-Kathleen Tillack-Graf:
2226:Alexander Latotzky (Hrsg.):
1800:Forum Verlag Leipzig, 2001,
1796:Alexander Latotzky (Hrsg.):
1422:Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2016).
695:Polish 2nd Infantry Division
332:shot in the back of the neck
4119:Righteous Among the Nations
2805:Righteous Among the Nations
671:Lieberose forced labor camp
384:Columbia concentration camp
4844:
4519:Haus der Kulturen der Welt
3856:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
3826:Lithuanian Security Police
3745:Reich Security Main Office
2712:Evidence and documentation
2241:Pingel, Falk, ed. (1990).
2173:United Press International
1892:Hyde, Bob (28 June 2022).
1044:German Democratic Republic
822:, July 1937 – January 1938
816:, October 1936 – July 1937
810:, July 1936 – October 1936
647:Hermannus van Tongeren sr.
443:Brickworks prisoners, 1940
36:
29:
4735:
4448:
4072:Books and other resources
3900:
3877:
3711:
3698:
3342:
3329:
2836:
2819:
2604:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
2527:
2247:. Vol. 4. New York:
1684:Evans, Richard J (2006).
1401:. Routledge. p. 10.
1011:, First Secretary of the
740:Soviet Military Tribunals
325:
245:Francisco Largo Caballero
205:Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg
137:July 1936 – 22 April 1945
90:
83:
4504:Freie Universität Berlin
4489:Berlin Zoological Garden
4393:Vorderasiatisches Museum
3662:People with disabilities
3595:Aid and Rescue Committee
2302:. Book Club Associates.
2133:www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de
1896:. The Jewish Chronicle.
1686:The Third Reich in Power
1277:www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de
989:Kasernierte Volkspolizei
326:Shot in the neck barrack
247:, prime minister of the
37:Not to be confused with
4185:Visitor attractions in
3803:Order Police battalions
2421:SBN IT\ICCU\UBO\4616316
1636:Cooper, Robert (2011).
1169:Deutsche Presse-Agentur
747:NKVD special camp Nr. 7
453:currency counterfeiting
281:NKVD special camp Nr. 7
257:crown prince of Bavaria
249:Second Spanish Republic
209:Nazi concentration camp
200:[zaksn̩ˈhaʊzn̩]
85:Nazi concentration camp
39:NKVD special camp Nr. 7
4808:Museums in Brandenburg
4564:Schloss Charlottenburg
4549:Natural History Museum
4427:St. Hedwig's Cathedral
3652:Soviet urban residents
2743:International response
2717:Contemporary knowledge
2450:Jewish Virtual Library
2338:Finn, Gerhard (1988).
1947:Jedikovska, Georgina.
1822:Jewish Virtual Library
1590:Knight, Robin (2018).
1212:Franciszek Gajowniczek
1132:
993:National People's Army
974:
722:
714:
566:
444:
425:
416:
375:
363:
296:
273:Soviet Occupation Zone
4630:German-Russian Museum
4388:Museum of Islamic Art
4099:Memorials and museums
4037:Reparations Agreement
4032:Holocaust restitution
3610:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
3133:Human experimentation
2972:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2251:. pp. 1321–1322.
2219:Köpp, Ulrike (1996).
1996:Köpp, Ulrike (1996).
1978:. Times. 30 June 2024
1847:forum.axishistory.com
1130:
1025:senior police officer
1013:Socialist Unity Party
968:
720:
712:
691:1st Belorussian Front
564:
451:, one of the largest
442:
414:
369:
361:
294:
261:Ukrainian nationalist
241:French Third Republic
196:German pronunciation:
174:2nd Infantry Division
62:52.76583°N 13.26417°E
4798:Soviet special camps
4702:Charlottenhof Palace
4534:Kaufhaus des Westens
4437:Topography of Terror
4373:Oranienburger Straße
4225:Berlin Wall Memorial
4215:Alte Nationalgalerie
3299:Jewish Ghetto Police
3168:Politische Abteilung
3063:Risiera di San Sabba
2924:Natzweiler-Struthof
2461:on a site hosted by
1719:on 24 September 2015
1453:Simon & Schuster
1398:Facing the Nazi Past
1395:Niven, Bill (2002).
1072:German reunification
983:East German barracks
898:and the camp doctor
628:Taras Bulba-Borovets
4760:Transport in Berlin
4717:Potsdam Roman Baths
4694:Metropolitan region
4682:Soviet War Memorial
4569:Soviet War Memorial
4318:Humboldt University
4077:Days of remembrance
3990:Holocaust survivors
3985:Depopulated shtetls
3836:Rollkommando Hamann
3682:Jehovah's Witnesses
3500:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2562:Bohemia and Moravia
2473:Soviet Special Camp
1951:. 29 September 2023
1673:on 22 January 2015.
781:regime. During the
617:Operation Checkmate
610:Operation Locksmith
591:Operation Musketoon
320:Genickschussbaracke
58: /
4509:Gas Lantern Museum
4482:Bundespräsidialamt
4400:Platz der Republik
4257:Checkpoint Charlie
4060:History and memory
3964:Forced euthanasia
3912:Nazi racial policy
3615:Danish underground
3462:Operation Reinhard
3457:Wannsee Conference
2107:The New York Times
2051:, Teil II, Nr. 61.
1776:The New York Times
1744:Bernd-Rainer Barth
1594:. Fonthill Media.
1148:Video game scandal
1133:
1123:Neo-Nazi vandalism
975:
826:Hermann Baranowski
775:Hoheneck/Stollberg
723:
715:
703:The New York Times
577:), and oxycodone (
567:
449:Operation Bernhard
445:
417:
392:isosceles triangle
378:In July 1936, the
376:
364:
297:
233:Herschel Grynszpan
229:Yakov Dzhugashvili
67:52.76583; 13.26417
4780:
4779:
4625:East Side Gallery
4584:Tempelhof Airport
4494:Botanical Gardens
4432:Staatsoper Berlin
4323:Kronprinzenpalais
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
3995:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
3942:Jewish emigration
3932:Hitler's prophecy
3927:Haavara Agreement
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3861:Ypatingasis būrys
3758:Sicherheitsdienst
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3633:
3632:
3553:Bielski partisans
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3156:Totenkopfverbände
2815:
2814:
1158:augmented reality
1103:Soviet-era crimes
1055:Neues Deutschland
969:Plaque to honour
919:Antonín Zápotocký
902:, as well as two
890:War crimes trials
463:Reinhard Heydrich
458:Sicherheitsdienst
253:Spanish Civil War
189:
188:
151:Number of inmates
16:(Redirected from
4835:
4579:Tauentzienstraße
4454:
4442:Unter den Linden
4301:Hackescher Markt
4252:Brandenburg Gate
4179:
4172:
4165:
4156:
4044:Holocaust denial
4022:Nuremberg trials
4012:Postwar violence
3967:
3902:
3879:
3841:Special Brigades
3831:Nederlandsche SS
3798:Police Regiments
3722:
3700:
3560:Ghetto uprisings
3548:Jewish partisans
3495:Harvest Festival
3467:Holocaust trains
3353:
3344:
3331:
3196:
3092:
3070:
3052:
3033:
3015:
2838:
2821:
2529:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2491:
2388:
2353:
2313:
2287:
2286:on 9 March 2005.
2282:. Archived from
2277:web site of the
2276:
2252:
2207:
2206:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2175:. Archived from
2164:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2025:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1972:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1889:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1814:
1808:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1740:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1715:. Archived from
1709:
1700:
1699:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1669:. Archived from
1658:
1652:
1651:
1633:
1627:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1587:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1473:. 19 August 2011
1463:
1457:
1456:
1451:(1st ed.).
1449:Surviving Hitler
1444:
1438:
1437:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1317:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1023:, at one time a
1021:Christian Mahler
971:Dutch resistance
962:forces in 1945.
940:Richard Bugdalle
900:Heinz Baumkötter
655:
553:
507:Martin Niemöller
430:
327:
312:prisoners of war
202:
197:
95:
76:
73:
72:
70:
69:
68:
63:
59:
56:
55:
54:
51:
21:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4731:
4712:Orangery Palace
4688:
4672:Tierpark Berlin
4662:Oberbaum Bridge
4640:Köpenick Palace
4635:Karl-Marx-Allee
4608:
4574:Spandau Citadel
4477:Bellevue Palace
4472:Aquarium Berlin
4455:
4446:
4405:Potsdamer Platz
4383:Pergamon Museum
4284:Friedrichstraße
4189:
4183:
4153:
4140:
4055:
3971:
3965:
3954:Madagascar Plan
3947:Kindertransport
3896:
3895:
3865:
3807:
3779:
3764:Ordnungspolizei
3720:
3707:
3686:
3629:
3581:
3534:
3505:Maly Trostenets
3476:Mass executions
3471:
3441:
3379:
3338:
3313:
3283:
3242:
3180:
3142:
3101:
3090:
3068:
3050:
3031:
3013:
3001:
2958:
2832:
2811:
2731:
2722:Hidden children
2700:
2558:Czechoslovakia
2523:
2518:
2442:
2356:Andrea Riedle:
2350:
2337:
2325:Border Crossing
2320:
2318:Further reading
2310:
2290:
2278:
2271:
2240:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2179:on 4 March 2016
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2077:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2026:
2022:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1667:"Title unknown"
1665:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1635:
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1613:
1609:
1602:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1573:
1559:
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1554:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1486:
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1474:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1345:Knight, Robin.
1344:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1319:
1318:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1220:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1150:
1125:
1105:
1096:
1068:
1063:
1061:Unified Germany
1009:Walter Ulbricht
1005:
985:
980:
892:
859:
808:Michael Lippert
804:
799:
783:Waldheim trials
728:
687:Raben Steinfeld
666:
649:
606:Mike Cumberlege
587:
547:
499:
497:Prisoner abuses
467:Bank of England
437:
427:cheval de frise
409:
372:Royal Air Force
356:
289:
227:'s oldest son,
195:
180:Notable inmates
98:
66:
64:
60:
57:
52:
49:
47:
45:
44:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4841:
4839:
4831:
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4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
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4784:
4778:
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4772:
4767:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
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4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4677:Treptower Park
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4613:Eastern Berlin
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4594:Victory Column
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4554:Olympiastadion
4551:
4546:
4541:
4539:Kurfürstendamm
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4460:Western Berlin
4457:
4456:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4368:Nikolaiviertel
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4306:Hackesche Höfe
4298:
4296:Gendarmenmarkt
4293:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4240:Humboldt Forum
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4203:Alexanderplatz
4199:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4146:
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4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
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4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4049:trivialization
4041:
4040:
4039:
4029:
4027:Eichmann trial
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3922:Nuremberg Laws
3919:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3905:Early elements
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3886:Early elements
3883:
3882:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3821:Arajs Kommando
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3792:Einsatzgruppen
3787:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3742:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3705:Responsibility
3703:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
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3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3484:Einsatzgruppen
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3448:Final Solution
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3387:
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3367:
3361:
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3334:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3309:Ústredňa Židov
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3274:Theresienstadt
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
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3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3193:
3182:
3181:
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3171:
3164:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3113:Einsatzgruppen
3109:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2919:Mittelbau-Dora
2916:
2907:
2902:
2900:Kraków-Płaszów
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2824:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2790:Rescue of Jews
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2739:
2737:
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2524:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2463:JewishGen, Inc
2456:
2441:
2440:External links
2438:
2437:
2436:
2434:978-1781557327
2423:
2418:978-8874724406
2406:
2404:978-1408707746
2393:
2382:
2380:978-3631636787
2368:
2366:978-3863310073
2354:
2349:978-3922131601
2348:
2335:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:978-0316288408
2308:
2296:Langley, J. M.
2292:Foot, M. R. D.
2288:
2269:
2266:978-3631636787
2254:
2238:
2224:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2190:
2159:
2145:
2120:
2092:
2072:978-3631636787
2071:
2053:
2041:
2021:978-3631636787
2020:
2002:
1989:
1962:
1936:
1911:
1884:
1873:
1859:
1834:
1809:
1789:
1761:
1730:
1701:
1695:978-0141009766
1694:
1676:
1653:
1647:978-0853183327
1646:
1640:. p. 97.
1628:
1624:978-5869000231
1607:
1601:978-1781557327
1600:
1582:
1571:
1552:
1535:
1526:
1510:
1484:
1458:
1455:. p. 230.
1439:
1433:978-1408707746
1432:
1414:
1408:978-1134575510
1407:
1387:
1375:deathcamps.org
1362:
1356:978-1781557327
1355:
1337:
1331:978-3938690994
1330:
1289:
1264:
1239:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:Germany portal
1176:
1173:
1149:
1146:
1124:
1121:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1031:of that time.
1004:
997:
984:
981:
979:
976:
915:Czechoslovakia
891:
888:
874:Sachsenhausen
858:
855:
854:
853:
847:
841:
835:
832:Walter Eisfeld
829:
823:
817:
814:Karl-Otto Koch
811:
803:
800:
798:
795:
727:
724:
665:
662:
599:Commando Order
586:
583:
556:sulfur mustard
545:Wolfgang Wirth
498:
495:
436:
433:
408:
405:
355:
352:
288:
285:
265:Stepan Bandera
187:
186:
181:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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4771:
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4550:
4547:
4545:
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4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Jewish Museum
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:Europa-Center
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Allied Museum
4465:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Rotes Rathaus
4420:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:Pariser Platz
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Neue Synagoge
4356:
4354:
4353:Neptunbrunnen
4351:
4349:
4348:Museum Island
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4235:Berlin Palace
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
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4117:
4115:
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4107:
4105:
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4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
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4068:
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4064:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4042:
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4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3960:
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3955:
3952:
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3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Nazi eugenics
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Topf and Sons
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3813:Collaborators
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3751:Referat IV B4
3749:
3748:
3747: (RSHA)
3746:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3738:Schutzstaffel
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:Organizations
3723:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Romani people
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Working Group
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Kastner train
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
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3474:
3468:
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3463:
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3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
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3393:
3392:Kristallnacht
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3175:Sanitätswesen
3172:
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3138:Death marches
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2521:The Holocaust
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926:
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876:female guards
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615:Survivors of
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362:Main entrance
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303:Schutzstaffel
293:
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238:
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225:Joseph Stalin
222:
218:
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210:
207:was a German
206:
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193:
192:Sachsenhausen
185:
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172:
171:Polish Army's
169:
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118:Schutzstaffel
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86:
82:
79:Sachsenhausen
77:
74:
71:
40:
33:
19:
18:Sachsenhausen
4721:
4667:Stasi Museum
4651:Molecule Man
4649:
4599:Viktoriapark
4514:Hauptbahnhof
4363:Neues Museum
4289:Tränenpalast
4230:Berliner Dom
4220:Altes Museum
4129:Yizkor books
3790:
3737:
3482:
3430:in Lithuania
3390:
3288:
3173:
3166:
3155:
3089:
3067:
3048:
3029:
3012:
2938:
2795:by Catholics
2664:Soviet Union
2532:By territory
2452:part of the
2425:
2409:
2395:
2371:
2357:
2339:
2324:
2299:
2284:the original
2257:
2243:
2227:
2220:
2202:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:the original
2162:
2153:
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2132:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2105:
2095:
2062:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1953:. Retrieved
1927:. Retrieved
1902:. Retrieved
1887:
1876:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:
1812:
1797:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1774:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1721:. Retrieved
1717:the original
1685:
1679:
1671:the original
1662:Anton Kaindl
1656:
1637:
1631:
1615:
1610:
1591:
1585:
1574:
1566:The Guardian
1565:
1555:
1538:
1529:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1496:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1448:
1442:
1423:
1417:
1397:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:
1365:
1346:
1340:
1321:
1282:23 September
1280:. Retrieved
1276:
1267:
1257:23 September
1255:. Retrieved
1251:
1242:
1151:
1134:
1117:Speziallager
1116:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1069:
1052:
1048:
1033:
1029:East Germany
1016:
1006:
1000:
986:
978:East Germany
956:
952:Josef Schütz
936:
929:
923:
912:
896:Anton Kaindl
893:
873:
862:
860:
850:Anton Kaindl
844:Albert Sauer
767:Soviet Union
760:
756:
749:Weesow near
744:
732:special camp
729:
701:
699:
682:
679:forced march
667:
658:Klaus Barbie
639:Grand Master
632:
625:
614:
603:
595:Adolf Hitler
588:
568:
543:
535:
531:
528:
525:
521:Action 14f13
518:
515:
504:
500:
471:
456:
446:
435:Slave labour
418:
407:Neutral zone
400:
397:
377:
348:Albert Speer
345:
323:
318:
316:
301:
298:
269:
237:Paul Reynaud
221:Nazi Germany
204:
191:
190:
167:Liberated by
43:
4755:Spree River
4740:Berlin Wall
4657:Müggelberge
4410:Sony Center
4328:Kulturforum
4313:Hotel Adlon
4279:Fernsehturm
4247:Bode Museum
4208:Weltzeituhr
4135:Never again
3966:(Action T4)
3892:Remembrance
3677:Homosexuals
3647:Soviet POWs
3575:Częstochowa
3123:Gas chamber
2934:Ravensbrück
2875:Gross-Rosen
2870:Flossenbürg
2753:Philippines
2685:Yugoslavia
2644:Netherlands
2572:Sudetenland
2390:Oranienburg
1754:22 December
1503:25 February
1109:mass graves
1094:Excavations
1040:Ravensbrück
932:Roland Puhr
852:, 1943–1945
846:, 1942–1943
840:, 1940–1942
838:Hans Loritz
834:, 1939–1940
820:Hans Helwig
650: [
621:John Godwin
597:issued his
548: [
511:Georg Elser
461:(SD) chief
401:Sonderlager
354:Camp layout
308:death camps
251:during the
231:; assassin
213:Oranienburg
134:Operational
114:Operated by
107:Oranienburg
65: /
4787:Categories
4707:New Palace
4645:Uber Arena
4589:Tiergarten
4333:Lustgarten
4269:DDR Museum
4124:Yad Vashem
4104:Uniqueness
3959:Nisko Plan
3732:Nazi Party
3540:Resistance
3510:Ninth Fort
3375:Vel' d'Hiv
3147:Nazi units
3085:Westerbork
3075:Amersfoort
2929:Neuengamme
2910:Mauthausen
2890:Kaiserwald
2860:Buchenwald
2639:Luxembourg
2236:3931801268
2214:References
1827:21 January
1806:3931801268
1548:3892448809
1477:11 October
1380:28 January
1161:smartphone
1036:Buchenwald
884:Anna Klein
864:Aufseherin
802:Commanders
797:Camp staff
751:Werneuchen
635:Freemasons
483:Stalingrad
324:(English:
124:Commandant
53:13°15′51″E
50:52°45′57″N
4750:Landmarks
4727:Sanssouci
4417:Reichstag
4082:Education
3977:Aftermath
3889:Aftermath
3851:Trawnikis
3775:Wehrmacht
3770:Waffen-SS
3570:Białystok
3398:Bucharest
3370:Marseille
3247:Elsewhere
3208:Białystok
3020:Breendonk
2997:Treblinka
2850:Auschwitz
2634:Lithuania
2333:2046-4436
2249:Macmillan
2183:24 August
2138:26 August
2113:24 August
2081:cite book
2030:cite book
1782:24 August
1723:24 August
1218:Footnotes
1137:neo-Nazis
1111:from the
944:Wisconsin
880:Ilse Koch
878:included
664:Aftermath
539:strappado
421:trip wire
337:Auschwitz
146:citizens)
109:, Germany
4067:Academia
3520:Piaśnica
3490:Babi Yar
3418:Jedwabne
3357:Roundups
3290:Judenrat
3254:Budapest
3025:Mechelen
2987:Majdanek
2944:Stutthof
2905:Majdanek
2800:by Poles
2758:Portugal
2736:Response
2727:Timeline
2705:Overview
2567:Slovakia
2554:Bulgaria
2298:(1979).
2203:NBC News
1898:Archived
1471:BBC News
1175:See also
960:Red Army
948:Trawniki
908:Siberian
869:Neukölln
791:Waldheim
693:and the
683:en route
675:Red Army
575:Pervitin
341:gas vans
128:See list
103:Location
4745:Culture
4604:Wannsee
4094:Lessons
3530:Rumbula
3403:Dorohoi
3384:Pogroms
3336:Victims
3186:Ghettos
3118:Gas van
3106:Methods
3080:Schoorl
3058:Bolzano
3006:Transit
2992:Sobibor
2982:Chełmno
2949:Vaivara
2885:Hinzert
2830:ghettos
2783:Vatican
2689:Croatia
2679:Ukraine
2669:Belarus
2659:Romania
2611:Hungary
2594:Germany
2584:Estonia
2579:Denmark
2549:Belgium
2544:Austria
2539:Albania
2448:on the
2327:, 2020.
1982:16 July
1904:16 July
1852:21 July
1165:Ingress
787:Bautzen
734:by the
641:of the
579:Eukodal
491:Siemens
475:Heinkel
263:leader
217:Germany
142:Inmates
4770:S-Bahn
4765:U-Bahn
4262:museum
4187:Berlin
4000:Bricha
3766:(Orpo)
3639:Others
3625:Żegota
3587:Rescue
3565:Warsaw
3525:Ponary
3435:Kaunas
3238:Warsaw
3223:Lublin
3213:Kraków
3200:Poland
3044:Drancy
2977:Belzec
2954:Warsaw
2865:Dachau
2773:Turkey
2768:Sweden
2694:Serbia
2674:Russia
2654:Poland
2649:Norway
2629:Latvia
2599:Greece
2589:France
2432:
2416:
2402:
2378:
2364:
2346:
2331:
2306:
2264:
2234:
2069:
2018:
1955:3 June
1929:3 June
1804:
1692:
1644:
1622:
1598:
1546:
1430:
1405:
1353:
1328:
1154:Dachau
1113:Soviet
1070:After
1066:Museum
1019:) was
857:Guards
769:. The
479:He 177
159:Killed
4195:Mitte
4114:Humor
4087:Films
3784:Units
3515:Odesa
3365:Izieu
3279:Vilna
3264:Minsk
3259:Kovno
3233:Radom
3097:Sereď
2914:Gusen
2895:Kauen
2826:Camps
2763:Spain
2748:Japan
2622:Libya
2616:Italy
2253:Photo
1163:game
1141:arson
904:Kapos
654:]
558:gas.
552:]
203:) or
4005:List
3760:(SD)
3740:(SS)
3423:Lviv
3408:Iași
3348:Jews
3269:Riga
3228:Lwów
3218:Łódź
3190:list
3039:Gurs
2912:and
2828:and
2430:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2400:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2329:ISSN
2304:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2185:2012
2140:2023
2115:2012
2087:link
2067:ISBN
2036:link
2016:ISBN
1984:2024
1957:2024
1931:2024
1906:2024
1854:2022
1829:2019
1802:ISBN
1784:2012
1756:2014
1725:2012
1690:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1579:D-IX
1544:ISBN
1505:2008
1479:2022
1428:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1382:2022
1351:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1284:2022
1259:2022
1038:and
924:kapo
771:NKVD
571:D-IX
509:and
489:and
382:and
277:NKVD
3154:SS-
1519:doi
917:of
789:or
779:SED
763:GDR
487:AEG
343:".
279:as
211:in
4789::
3091:sk
3069:nl
3051:it
3032:fr
3014:be
2294:;
2201:.
2171:.
2157:()
2131:.
2104:.
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2079:{{
2032:}}
2028:{{
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1939:^
1914:^
1845:.
1820:.
1773:.
1746:.
1733:^
1704:^
1564:.
1495:.
1469:.
1426:.
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1349:.
1292:^
1275:.
1250:.
1226:^
1119:.
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652:nl
645:,
550:de
513:.
423:,
314:.
259:;
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235:;
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3450:"
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3188:(
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2275:.
2268:.
2205:.
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