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474:. It is attributed an antiquity of 5,000 years and it is considered the oldest city in the Americas and one of the oldest in the world. No other site has been found with such a diversity of monumental buildings or different ceremonial and administrative functions in the Americas as early as Caral. It has been declared a
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evidence of elite living, including food remnants that would have been exclusive to elite lifestyles, such as sea lion bones. In the Upper Half of Caral, many of the residents were wealthy elites, whose lives likely were associated with religious and social activities that would have taken place in the temples.
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circles. Shady believes that Caral was the focus of this civilization. It is believed to be part of an even more vast cultural complex, trading with the coastal communities and the regions farther inland. She suggests that a depiction of monkeys may be evidence of trade with communities along the Amazon.
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of reed and woven carrying bags that were found on site. These bags were used to carry the stones for the construction of the temples. The material is an excellent candidate for high precision dating. The site may date even earlier, however, as samples from the oldest parts of the excavation have yet
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Caral is the largest recorded site in the Andean region, with dates older than 2000 BC. It appears to be the model for the urban design adopted by Andean civilizations that rose and fell over the span of four millennia. Scholars believe that research conducted in Caral may answer questions about the
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The city of Caral was split into two sections, an "Upper Half" and a "Lower Half". These halves were divided naturally by the Supe River Valley. In the Upper Half there are six monumental complexes, each of which includes a pyramid, open plaza, and assemblage of residential buildings. In the Lower
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By comparison, the residential buildings in the Lower Half have less evidence of elite populations. Instead of the large structures, exclusively elite residential complexes of the Upper Half, these residences are smaller and single rooms are used for more than one purpose. The diets of the people
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further explored this 4,000- to 4,600-year-old city in the
Peruvian desert, with its elaborate complex of temples, an amphitheater, and ordinary houses. The urban complex is spread out over 150 hectares (370 acres) and contains plazas and residential buildings. Caral was a thriving metropolis at
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The current explanation for the divided city is that the city was intentionally planned in this way, with the monumental architecture and complexes of the Upper Half designed both to house elites and to physically indicate their political power. Conversely, the Lower Half was designed to house
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The Upper Half complexes were all constructed around a pyramid. These are the "Great Temple/Great
Pyramid", "Central Pyramid", "Quarry Pyramid", "Lesser Pyramid", "Pyramid of the Gallery", and "Pyramid of the Huanca". The associated residential structures around each of these pyramids contain
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Caral had a population of approximately 3,000 people. However, 19 other sites in the area (posted at Caral), allow for a possible total population of 20,000 people sharing the same culture in the Supe Valley. All of these sites share similarities with Caral, including small platforms or stone
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In 1975, the
Peruvian architect Carlos Williams made a detailed record of most of the archaeological sites of the valley of Supe, among which he recorded Caral. Based on what he observed in the region, he made some observations about the development of architecture in the Andes.
501:, located on the coast near the mouth of the Supe River. There, remains of human sacrifices (two children and a newborn) have been found. In 2016, the remains were found of a woman, who presumably belonged to the local elite of 4,500 years ago.
517:, and the site includes an area of more than 60 hectares (150 acres). Caral has been described by its excavators as the oldest urban center in the Americas. This claim has been challenged by the discovery of other ancient sites nearby, such as
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Shady's findings suggest it was a society built on commerce and pleasure. No indications of warfare, such as battlements, weapons, or mutilated bodies, have been found at Caral. This contrasts with the older site of
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laborers, with the river serving as the division between these groups. This sort of intentional city planning is evidence of structuralized inequality at Caral, which perpetuated existing social stratification.
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In 2000, Marco
Machacuay (the chief of excavations at the time) and his colleague, Rocío Aramburú, discovered a large shape etched on the ground among circular stone lines near Caral. This image, known as a
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The Caral culture developed between 3000 and 1800 B.C (Late
Archaic and Lower Formative periods). In America, it is the oldest of the pre-Hispanic civilizations, developing 1,500 years earlier than the
1371:
Shady, R., (2003). Los Orígenes de la
Civilización y la Formación del Estado en el Perú: Las Evidencias Arqueológicas de Caral-Supe. In: Shady, R., Leyva, C. (Eds.), 'La Ciudad Sagrada de Caral-Supe.
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discovered Caral in 1948. The site received little attention at the time because it appeared to lack many of the typical artifacts that were sought at archaeological sites throughout the Andes.
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Sandweiss, D. H., Solís, R. S., Moseley, M. E., Keefer, D. K., & Ortloff, C. R. (2009). Environmental change and economic development in coastal Peru between 5,800 and 3,600 years ago.
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living in the Lower Half of Caral consisted mostly of agricultural plants and some fish. These diets were less rich than those of the elites living in the Upper Half.
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in 2009. In early 2021, tensions arose between squatters claiming land rights and archaeologists researching the site, as housing construction encroached on the site.
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Ortloff, C. R., and
Moseley, M. E. (2012). 2600–1800 BCE Caral: Environmental change at a Late Archaic period site in north central coast Perú. Ñawpa Pacha:
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The Social and
Cultural Values of Caral-Supe, the Oldest Civilization in Peru and America and its Role in Integral and Sustainable Development
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The
History of the Quipu: South America's Writing Technology : Quipu Knotted String Technology Record Keeping at Least 1,200 Years Old
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roughly the same time as the great pyramids were being built in Egypt, which is considered one of the earliest civilizations in the world.
1039:, "Dating Caral, a Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru" SCIENCE, 27 Apr 2001, Vol 292, Issue 5517 pp. 723-726
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Pezo‐Lanfranco, Luis; Machacuay, Marco; Novoa, Pedro; Peralta, Rodolfo; Mayer, Elver; Eggers, Sabine; Shady, Ruth (2021-11-25).
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1298:"The diet at the onset of the Andean Civilization: New stable isotope data from Caral and Áspero, North‐Central Coast of Peru"
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This geoglyph is similar to bleeding figures with a similar gaping mouths found etched onto the stone walls at a site called
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Half there are residential buildings, small pyramids, and one monumental complex called the "Temple of the
Amphitheater".
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Shady, R. Haas, J. Creamer, W. (2001). Dating Caral, a Pre-ceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru.
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Shady, R., and Lopez, S. (2000 ). "Ritual de enterramiento de un recinto en el sector residencial A en Caral Supe." In
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1051:, "Archaeological Site in Peru Is Called Oldest City in Americas" Public release date: 27-Apr-2001 The New York Times
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made of deer and llama bones and 33 flutes of unusual construction. The flutes were radiocarbon dated to 2170±90 BC.
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record keeping system, a method involving knots tied in textiles that was brought to its highest development by the
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521:. Accommodating more than 3,000 inhabitants, Caral is the best studied and one of the largest sites known of the
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Haas, J., and Creamer, W. (2006). "Crucible of Andean Civilization: The Peruvian Coast from 3000 to 1800 BC".
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are found. It is located in the Supe valley of Peru, near the current town of Caral, 182 kilometers north of
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bones. One find revealed the remains of a baby, wrapped and buried with a necklace made of stone beads.
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989:"Caral es declarada Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad | Noticias del Perú | LaRepublica.pe"
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complexes scattered across the 90 square kilometres (35 sq mi) area of the Supe Valley.
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Among the artifacts found at Caral is a knotted textile piece that the excavators have labelled a
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1384:(original in Spanish) (Proyecto Especial Arqueológico Caral-Supe/INC, Lima, Peru), No. 4, 1–69.
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Los Orígenes de la Civilización Andina y la Formación del Estado Prístino en el Antiguo Perú.
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715:, was older than any archaeologist previously had determined. Evidence has emerged that the
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Another significant find at the site was a collection of musical instruments, including 37
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This article is about the archaeological site. For the civilization it belonged to, see
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The Caral temples in the arid Supe Valley, some 20 km from the Pacific coast.
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ed. P. Kaulicke, 187–212. Lima: Pontifıcia Universidad Catolica del Peru.
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Crucible of Andean Civilization: The Peruvian Coast from 3000 to 1800 BC
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El perıodo arcaico en el Perú: Hacia una definición de los orígenes,
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features 3-D renderings of major monument; accessed 24 January 2017
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Closely related to the city of Caral was an early fishing city,
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América precolombina. Cuna de grandes civilizaciones
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UNESCO – Sacred City of Caral-Supe (World Heritage)
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1366:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
803:The date of 2627 BC for Caral is based on the
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1429:Transcript of BBC Horizon program about Caral
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1376:Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Lima, Peru.
1302:American Journal of Biological Anthropology
1251:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 28–66,
1193:. Jul/Aug 2005, Vol. 58 Issue 4, pp. 18-25.
414:14,620.31 ha (56.4493 sq mi)
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509:Caral was inhabited between approximately
462:where the remains of the main city of the
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1532:Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa
588:and the development of its first cities.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
905:List of oldest buildings in the Americas
967:. Barcelona: Bonalletra Alcompas, S.L.
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406:626.36 ha (2.4184 sq mi)
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1490:List of World Heritage Sites in Peru
1207:. Smithsonian Museum. Archived from
1189:Atwood, Roger. "A Monumental Feud."
470:, 23 km from the coast and 350
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3371:Archaeological sites in Lima Region
1082:from the original on 3 January 2021
910:Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru
3376:Tourist attractions in Lima Region
1171:Belsie, Laurent (3 January 2002).
25:
1437:high resolution panorama of Caral
930:Montegrande (archaeological site)
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1101:Mandujano, Carlos (2021-01-20).
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376:Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv)
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3361:Former populated places in Peru
45:needs additional citations for
3391:27th-century BC establishments
1543:Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System
1359:Journal of Andean Archaeology,
1205:"First City in the New World?"
796:Caral was flanked by 19 other
1:
2880:Quriwayrachina, La Convención
1060:UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
198:
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3366:World Heritage Sites in Peru
3351:Archaeological sites in Peru
1669:Archaeological sites in Peru
1526:Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca
2985:Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
1070:Collyns, Dan (2021-01-03).
27:Archaeological site in Peru
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2580:Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
2070:Huamanmarca, La Convención
1441:La Zona Arqueológica Caral
1431:; accessed 24 January 2017
1243:Solis, Ruth Shady (2006),
1203:Ross, John (August 2002).
895:Batán Grande Reserved Zone
476:Humanity Cultural Heritage
336:UNESCO World Heritage Site
131:
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1177:Christian Science Monitor
963:EMSE EDAPP, S.L. (2017).
747:The main temple complex (
448:Sacred City of Caral-Supe
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346:Sacred City of Caral-Supe
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209:Show map of South America
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3386:Norte Chico civilization
3180:Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
2875:Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
2735:Pumamarka, San Sebastián
2665:Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
1597:Rio Abiseo National Park
528:The city was declared a
523:Norte Chico civilization
134:Norte Chico civilization
2380:Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
2170:Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
1570:Huascarán National Park
1521:Historic Centre of Lima
1257:10.1007/0-387-28940-2_3
1150:10.1126/science.1059519
727:has suggested that the
719:also may have recorded
562:Archaeological findings
3025:The Toads of Wiraqucha
2475:Mawk'allaqta, La Unión
2465:Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
2375:Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
2155:Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
1590:Historic Sanctuary of
1249:Andean Archaeology III
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827:360° Panorama of Caral
820:
819:Panorama of Caral site
752:
472:metres above sea level
3140:Ventanillas de Otuzco
2725:Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
2470:Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
2370:Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
2290:Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
2200:Inti Watana, Urubamba
2190:Inti Watana, Ayacucho
2150:Inka Tampu, Huayopata
1348:Current Anthropology,
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818:
739:or logographic data.
262:10.89361°S 77.52028°W
219:Alternative name
206:Caral (South America)
3346:Andean civilizations
3315:Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
2870:Quriwayrachina, Anta
2590:Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas
2585:Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo
2490:Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
2485:Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
2480:Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
2385:Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
2330:Laguna de las Momias
2145:Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
2140:Inka Raqay, Apurímac
1730:Awkimarka (Apurímac)
1685:Ahuila Gencha Machay
1528:and Pampas de Jumana
1477:World Heritage Sites
1173:"Civilization lost?"
586:Andean civilizations
267:-10.89361; -77.52028
54:improve this article
18:Sacred City of Caral
2965:Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
2860:Qurimarka, Apurímac
2775:Purunllacta, Soloco
2740:Pumamarka, Urubamba
2165:Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
2085:Huaycán de Pariachi
1880:Choquequirao Puquio
1840:Chauchilla Cemetery
1735:Awkimarka (Huánuco)
1512:Archaeological Site
1506:Archaeological Zone
856:Musical instruments
600:First constructions
533:World Heritage Site
499:Áspero or El Áspero
456:archaeological site
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3195:Wanakawri, Huánuco
2770:Purunllacta, Cheto
2630:Paracas Candelabra
2295:Kunturmarka, Pasco
2195:Inti Watana, Calca
1575:Manu National Park
1422:2011-08-10 at the
1380:Shady, R. (2007).
1368:106(5), 1359-1363.
1314:10.1002/ajpa.24445
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735:that could record
488:Olmec civilization
464:Caral civilization
343:Official name
3381:Andean preceramic
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2710:Pukara, Coporaque
2670:Pirca Pirca, Lima
2035:Huaca Huallamarca
1845:Chavín de Huantar
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1266:978-0-387-28939-7
974:978-84-16330-40-9
494:complex society.
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361:Barranca Province
178:Shown within Peru
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16:(Redirected from
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3356:Pyramids in Peru
3190:Wanakawri, Cusco
3185:Wamanmarka, Lima
3020:Templo del Zorro
2865:Qurimarka, Cusco
2355:Llamachayuq Qaqa
2335:Lauricocha Caves
2320:K'allapayuq Urqu
2305:Kusichaka valley
2050:Huaca San Marcos
2025:Huaca del Dragón
2020:Huaca de la Luna
1690:Amaru Marka Wasi
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1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
991:. Archived from
985:
979:
978:
960:
954:
953:
946:
759:Peaceful society
650:
645:
638:
633:
626:
621:
614:
609:
602:
597:
556:
544:
436:
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
411:Buffer zone
273:
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270:
269:
268:
263:
259:
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251:
210:
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200:
194:
182:
181:Show map of Peru
173:
172:
166:
151:Remains of Caral
149:
142:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3305:Wiraqucha Pirqa
3050:Toquepala Caves
2815:Qillqay Mach'ay
2715:Pukara, Fajardo
2440:Marcahuamachuco
2410:Machu Pitumarka
2240:Jisk'a Iru Muqu
2210:Intini Uyu Pata
2125:Incahuasi, Lima
2055:Huaca Santa Ana
1980:Guitarrero Cave
1805:Caves of Sumbay
1705:Asiru Phat'jata
1671:
1666:
1636:
1631:
1601:
1579:
1558:
1551:
1547:
1536:Sacred City of
1492:
1483:
1474:
1424:Wayback Machine
1402:
1401:
1398:
1361:32(2), 189–206.
1343:
1341:Further reading
1338:
1337:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1242:
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1224:
1214:
1212:
1211:on 2 March 2013
1202:
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1169:
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1144:. 292:723-726.
1137:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1095:
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1083:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1059:
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1018:
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987:
986:
982:
975:
962:
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957:
948:
947:
943:
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920:Tourism in Peru
891:
870:
858:
834:
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761:
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634:
631:
628:
627:
622:
619:
616:
615:
610:
607:
604:
603:
598:
595:
584:origins of the
564:
557:
548:
545:
519:Bandurria, Peru
515:20th century BC
511:26th century BC
507:
422:
338:
266:
264:
260:
257:
252:
249:
247:
245:
244:
214:
213:
212:
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202:
185:
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183:
180:
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176:
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152:
137:
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115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3404:
3402:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3260:Wayna Tawqaray
3257:
3252:
3250:Wat'a, Huánuco
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:Viracochapampa
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Venado cautivo
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3110:Usnu, Ayacucho
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:Uchkus Inkañan
3092:
3090:T'uqu T'uquyuq
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
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3007:
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2972:
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2962:
2957:
2952:
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2937:
2932:
2927:
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2897:
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2837:
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2817:
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2807:
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2797:
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2762:
2757:
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2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
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2527:
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2507:
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2472:
2467:
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2447:
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2427:
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2417:
2412:
2407:
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2397:
2392:
2387:
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2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Khuchi Mach'ay
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:Intiyuq K'uchu
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2045:Huaca Pucllana
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1990:Hatun Misapata
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
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1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:Cerro Trinidad
1817:
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1396:External links
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1336:
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1308:(3): 402–424.
1285:
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1093:
1062:
1053:
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1016:
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3403:
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3359:
3357:
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3326:
3325:Yuraq Mach'ay
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
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3153:
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3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Usnu, Huánuco
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
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3066:
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3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
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2981:
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2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
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2890:Qhapaq Kancha
2888:
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2790:Puyupatamarca
2788:
2786:
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2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
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2766:
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2618:
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2613:
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2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Ollantaytambo
2598:
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2595:Ñusta Hispana
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2263:
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2260:Killa Mach'ay
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
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2223:
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2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
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2203:
2201:
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2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
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2161:
2160:Inka Tunuwiri
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:Huayna Picchu
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:Huánuco Pampa
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
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2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Huaca del Sol
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Hatun Rumiyoc
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:Guellayhuasin
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:El Cañoncillo
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
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1918:
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1911:
1908:
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1780:Cajamarquilla
1778:
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1760:Baths of Boza
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1720:Auquilohuagra
1718:
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1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:City of Cuzco
1514:
1511:
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808:to be dated.
806:
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801:
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792:Scope of site
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776:bones and 37
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3255:Wayna Q'inti
3245:Wat'a, Cusco
3205:Waqra Pukara
3155:Vilcashuamán
2925:Sacsayhuamán
2855:Quri Winchus
2785:Pusuquy Pata
2760:Puqin Kancha
2720:Pukara, Puno
2415:Machu Q'inti
2400:Machu Picchu
2265:Killarumiyuq
2215:Intipa Ñawin
2135:Inka Mach'ay
2110:Huchuy Qosqo
2040:Huaca Prieta
1985:Hatun Machay
1965:Gran Pajatén
1875:Choquequirao
1870:Choquepuquio
1865:Chipaw Marka
1815:Cerro Pátapo
1799:
1592:Machu Picchu
1537:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1347:
1305:
1301:
1278:, retrieved
1248:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:the original
1198:
1190:
1185:
1176:
1166:
1139:
1110:. Retrieved
1107:ScienceAlert
1106:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1076:The Guardian
1075:
1065:
1056:
1044:
1033:
1019:
1008:
997:. Retrieved
993:the original
983:
964:
958:
944:
883:
879:
875:
871:
859:
850:Chupacigarro
849:
846:Cerro Sechín
843:
835:
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802:
795:
762:
753:Templo Mayor
746:
737:phonological
728:
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575:
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492:Mesoamerican
490:, the first
484:
451:
450:, or simply
447:
445:
116:
110:January 2024
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3300:Wiñay Wayna
3295:Willkaraqay
3280:Wila Wilani
3235:Wari Willka
3225:Waraqu Urqu
3170:Waman Pirqa
3075:Tunay Q'asa
3055:Toro Muerto
3005:Taqrachullu
2995:Tanqa Tanqa
2990:Tampukancha
2980:Tambomachay
2975:Tambo Totem
2845:Qunchamarka
2835:Qullqapampa
2745:Pumaq Hirka
2695:Puka Pukara
2660:Pinkuylluna
2650:Pikimach'ay
2565:Nazca Lines
2560:Muyuq Marka
2545:Mullu Q'awa
2520:Mirq'imarka
2495:Mawk'ataray
2430:Maray Qalla
2420:Mallkuamaya
2405:Machu Pirqa
2395:Machu Colca
2350:Llamachayuq
2285:Kuntur Wasi
2180:Inkilltambo
2105:Huayrapongo
2065:Hualpayunca
2060:Huacramarca
2000:Hatun Uchku
1970:Gran Vilaya
1770:Buena Vista
1725:Awkin Punta
1215:30 November
1191:Archaeology
1049:NYtimes.com
1013:bcrp.gob.pe
950:"Ubicación"
868:City layout
766:Sechin Bajo
743:Main temple
733:binary code
721:logographic
713:Inca Empire
394:2009 (33rd
391:Inscription
311:Norte Chico
265: /
241:Coordinates
231:Lima Region
3340:Categories
3290:Wilcahuaín
3230:Warawtampu
3200:Waqlamarka
3150:Vilcabamba
3105:Uskallaqta
3070:Tunanmarca
3015:Tarmatambo
2950:Sillustani
2935:Sayacmarca
2920:Runkuraqay
2850:Qunchupata
2825:Quillarumi
2805:Qillqatani
2700:Puka Tampu
2675:Pirhuaylla
2645:Pikillaqta
2640:Patallaqta
2615:Pachatusan
2610:Pachacamac
2525:Miyu Pampa
2515:Miraflores
2455:Markapukyu
2450:Markansaya
2445:Markahirka
2435:Marayniyoq
2390:Llaqtapata
2325:K'ipakhara
2310:Khichuqaqa
2205:Intikancha
2185:Inti Punku
2175:Inkapintay
2015:Honcopampa
2010:Hatunmarka
2005:Hatun Usnu
1955:El Paraíso
1950:El Ingenio
1925:Coricancha
1915:Condorcaga
1905:Colcampata
1895:Cochabamba
1860:Chichakuri
1850:Chawaytiri
1835:Chanquillo
1825:Chacamarca
1810:Cerro Baúl
1715:Auga Punta
1538:Caral-Supe
1280:2022-03-09
1112:2021-01-20
999:2021-08-24
936:References
725:Gary Urton
636:Remodelled
577:Ruth Shady
567:Paul Kosok
426:.zonacaral
317:Site notes
302:c. 2000 BC
294:c. 2600 BC
281:Settlement
253:77°31′13″W
250:10°53′37″S
222:Caral-Supe
80:newspapers
3220:Waraqayuq
3215:Warahirka
3175:Wamanilla
3145:Ventarron
3120:Usnu Muqu
3080:Tupu Inka
3060:Trinchera
3010:Tarahuasi
3000:Tantarica
2970:Susupillu
2930:Sara Sara
2905:Rumicolca
2885:Qasa Pata
2840:Qulu Qulu
2795:Qaqapatan
2765:Puruchuco
2705:Puka Urqu
2625:Pañamarca
2605:Pacatnamu
2575:Ninamarca
2570:Nina Kiru
2555:Muyu Urqu
2550:Muyu Muyu
2540:Mulinuyuq
2245:Kanamarka
2225:Iskuqucha
2130:Ingatambo
2080:Huankarán
1930:Cumbemayo
1920:Cota Coca
1900:Cochapata
1830:Chan Chan
1790:Carachupa
1785:Cao Viejo
1765:Bandurria
1750:Ayawayq'u
1745:Ayamachay
1695:Arhuaturo
1611:Argentina
1504:Chan Chan
1330:244692412
1322:2692-7691
1086:3 January
648:Abandoned
381:Reference
322:Condition
299:Abandoned
3270:Wichqana
3045:Titiqaqa
2940:Sayhuite
2910:Rumiwasi
2830:Quishuar
2750:Pumawasi
2730:Pukarani
2685:Pirwayuq
2655:Pilluchu
2635:Paraccra
2360:Llamayuq
2300:Kuntuyuq
2235:Jinkiori
2120:Inca Uyo
1940:El Brujo
1885:Churajón
1855:Cheqollo
1775:Cahuachi
1755:Azángaro
1740:Aya Muqu
1623:Colombia
1497:Cultural
1420:Archived
1275:51349758
1157:11326098
1080:Archived
889:See also
862:cornetts
839:geoglyph
832:Geoglyph
778:cornetts
612:Enlarged
478:site by
454:, is an
372:Criteria
352:Location
325:In ruins
307:Cultures
227:Location
3275:Wich'un
3265:Wichama
3130:Uyu Uyu
3125:Usqunta
2915:Runayoc
2895:Raqch'i
2780:Pusharo
2755:Punkuri
2530:Molloko
2505:Miculla
2425:Mameria
2365:Llamuqa
2345:Llactan
2250:Kanichi
2075:Huamboy
1960:Garagay
1935:Cutimbo
1795:Carajía
1627:Ecuador
1615:Bolivia
1563:Natural
1141:Science
774:pelican
749:Spanish
731:used a
694:1600 BC
688:1800 BC
682:2000 BC
676:2200 BC
670:2400 BC
664:2600 BC
658:2800 BC
505:History
419:Website
396:Session
291:Founded
286:History
94:scholar
69:"Caral"
3310:Yanaca
3210:Waqutu
3165:Vitcos
3100:Urpish
3085:T'akaq
3065:Túcume
3035:Tinyaq
2960:Sóndor
2945:Sechín
2900:Revash
2820:Quiaca
2810:Qillqa
2680:Piruro
2620:Paiján
2510:Millka
2340:Layzón
2280:Kukuli
2275:Kuelap
2270:Kotosh
2115:Huiñao
1910:Collor
1710:Aspero
1680:Acaray
1625:, and
1510:Chavín
1328:
1320:
1273:
1263:
1155:
971:
925:Túcume
798:temple
770:condor
729:quipus
530:UNESCO
480:UNESCO
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3320:Yaynu
3285:Wilca
3240:Waruq
3040:Tipón
3030:Tikra
2955:Sipán
2800:Qenko
2690:Písac
2535:Moray
2500:Mazur
2460:Marpa
2255:Kenko
2095:Huari
1890:Chuya
1800:Caral
1700:Asana
1619:Chile
1609:with
1584:Mixed
1326:S2CID
1271:S2CID
900:Iperú
786:llama
717:quipu
709:quipu
704:quipu
452:Caral
140:Caral
101:JSTOR
87:books
2230:Isog
1481:Peru
1318:ISSN
1261:ISBN
1217:2012
1153:PMID
1088:2021
969:ISBN
784:and
782:deer
772:and
513:and
468:Lima
460:Peru
446:The
428:.gob
403:Area
385:1269
365:Peru
278:Type
235:Peru
73:news
1479:in
1310:doi
1306:177
1253:doi
1146:doi
780:of
458:in
432:/en
430:.pe
424:www
56:by
3342::
1621:,
1617:,
1613:,
1324:.
1316:.
1304:.
1300:.
1288:^
1269:,
1259:,
1247:,
1225:^
1175:.
1121:^
1105:.
1078:.
1074:.
852:.
751::
525:.
482:.
363:,
359:,
233:,
1661:e
1654:t
1647:v
1469:e
1462:t
1455:v
1354:.
1332:.
1312::
1255::
1219:.
1179:.
1148::
1115:.
1090:.
1027:.
1002:.
977:.
692:│
686:│
680:│
674:│
668:│
662:│
656:│
644:↓
632:↓
620:↓
608:↓
596:↓
434:/
398:)
136:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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