Animal worship - Knowledge (XXG)

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Inner Eurasia were not capable of reaching the sky, traveling rapidly throughout the earth, or going beneath the earth's outer crust, all of which were important activities to the culture. Heaven was not attainable for a person without the assistance of an eagle. Because of the eagle, an animal, the Inner Eurasians believed that they were capable of achieving their after-life and living in the home of their ancestors and Supreme God after their departure from the earth. Heaven was represented by the people in assemblies of animals, usually grouped in sevens or nines. When participating in hunting or warfare, Inner Eurasians also took on animal qualities because they believed it would increase their success. Animals were a central part of this religion.

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begins to leap all over the place, symbolizing that his soul is rising, leaving the earth and going up to the sky. It is a bird spirit that is lifting him through the atmosphere and he cries for it to take him higher so he can see further. According to Adolf Friedrich, at this point the shaman's essence has, in fact, transformed into the bird spirit that crossed the threshold into his body. He finally spots what he is looking for, the soul of his ill patient. Still assisting him, the animal spirits carry the shaman to the patient's soul. The shaman retrieves it and returns the soul to its rightful place, healing the patient. Without the presence of animal spirits, the shaman could not have accomplished such a feat.

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animal worship resulted from humans' fascination with the natural world. Primitive man would observe an animal that had a unique trait and the inexplicability would engender curiosity. Wonder resulted from primitive man's observations of this distinctive trait. As such, primitive man worshipped animals that had inimitable traits. Lubbock proposed that animal worship originated from family names. In societies, families would name themselves and their children after certain animals and eventually came to hold that animal above other animals. Eventually, these opinions turned into deep respect and evolved into fully developed worship of the family animal. The belief that an animal is sacred frequently results in

1838:) depicts the guardian spirit of a mountain leaning against a tiger or riding on the back of the animal. The animal is also known to do errands for the mountain's guardian spirit which is known to wish for peace and the well-being of the village. So, the tiger was ordered by the spiritual guardian of the mountain to give protection and wish for peace in the village. People drew such paintings and hung them in the shrine built on the mountain of the village where memorial rituals were performed regularly. In Buddhism, there is also a shrine that keeps the painting of the guardian spirit of the mountain. Called "Sansintaenghwa" (산신탱화, 山神幀畵), it is a depiction of the guardian spirit of the mountain and a tiger. 3177:, believed that the only way to be released from the cycle of life (birth, death, and then rebirth), one must follow ahimsa and not harm any living creature. Some Jains will carry a broom with them and sweep their path as they walk to avoid stepping on any living creature. Jains will also wear masks over their mouths to prevent swallowing insects and inspect their fruit for worms. The fruit inspection is not, however, because of their aversion to worms, but for the protection of the worms themselves. Jains are also only allowed to eat during daylight hours when their vision is not restricted so that they avoid eating insects or other small creatures that could possibly be in their food. 135: 2350:. Egyptologists have theorised that the association of Nekhbet with the vulture may have originated from observations of a mother vulture's behaviour as it protects its chicks by "mantling" them with its wings, leading to its association with a protective and maternal goddess. In fact, the Egyptian word "mut" ("mother") is spelt in hieroglyphs with a picture of a vulture. Due to the vulture's maternal connotations and its early use in the iconography of Nekhbet, in later periods a vulture headdress came to be worn by a large number of Egyptian goddesses, as well as by human queens. The goddess 1290:. It is possible that the Egyptians originally conceived of Anubis as a wild dog because of the animal's location on the outskirts of towns, near the tombs of the dead, or possibly because of their scavenging of corpses, which led them to congregate near tombs. Wepwawet was a deity more focussed on the world of the living, whose chief role was to 'open the way', whether this is opening the way of the pharaoh to victory in battle, opening the way for the priests in a ritual procession, or any other application. The great antiquity of Wepwawet's worship in Egypt is evidenced by the 2784:. Though less famous than the other three canopic goddesses, Serqet's worship is clearly very ancient, with images of scorpions appearing very early in Egyptian art, and even appearing in the names of several early kings. Though the association of Serqet with the scorpion has long been assumed her original function, recent scholarship has questioned whether the original animal in her headdress may have actually been a water scorpion and whether the association with the land scorpion came later. As well as Serqet, there were several more minor scorpion goddesses, including 2063:. Though normally depicted as a man with the head of the mysterious "sha" animal, in scenes of the battles between Seth and Horus, Seth can sometimes be shown in hippopotamus form, with Horus standing on a papyrus raft and spearing him with a harpoon. This victory of Horus over Seth was symbolically re-enacted during royal hunting expeditions, with the king taking the role of Horus, and a wild hippopotamus embodying Seth. The king's successful slaughter of the hippopotamus thus connected his martial prowess to that of Horus himself, demonstrating his right to be king. 2247:

worshipped a hawk god. Furthermore, although animal worshipping is not a part of Sikh culture, a white falcon bird is primarily regarded in Sikhism as it was associated with the sixth guru and especially the tenth guru. The tenth guru would always carry a white falcon perched on his hand when going out to hunt. The tenth guru was known as the Master of White Hawk. Many people believe that the bird carried by Guru Gobind Singh was a hawk, however, historians believe that the bird was a gyrfalcon or a saker falcon.

363:, which translates to mean god. While many other animals are considered to be gods in the Ainu culture, the bear is the head of the gods. For the Ainu, when the gods visit the world of man, they don fur and claws and take on the physical appearance of an animal. Usually, however, when the term "kamui" is used, it essentially means a bear. The Ainu people willingly and thankfully ate the bear as they believed that the disguise (the flesh and fur) of any god was a gift to the home that the god chose to visit. 728: 378: 1896: 778: 1067: 2616:. Sobek was a powerful and fearsome god, associated with violence and strength, and acted as a fierce protector against evil, and a punisher of wrongdoers. It is easy to see why he was associated with the crocodile, which similarly is a very fearsome creature. Sobek also had a role relating to fertility, particularly the fertility brought to the land by the Nile flood, in whose waters crocodiles live. Sobek's main temple was located in the city of 2910:

shaman set out to journey spiritually to the outer world, animals were a key component, assisting him in his work. There were three primary reasons for a shaman to take such a journey: to find a lost soul, to bring an animal spirit to the high gods, or to lead a soul to its new resting place in the underworld. All of these were extremely important to followers of shamanism and animals were extremely important in facilitating the shaman's efforts.

335: 2059:, a very common household deity among the common people of Egypt, and many amulets were made in her form. Others included Opet or Ipet, who was similar to Taweret but a little more stately, as well as Reret, who personified the constellation of Draco. On the other hand, the destructive capabilities of the hippopotamus towards useful boats led to it also being seen as a force of chaos, and so it also became associated with the god of disorder, 3200: 1303: 930: 2227:, divine authority, war, victory, and civilisation, Horus became the patron deity of the pharaohs. The souls of former pharaohs were said to be the followers of Horus and therefore, the hawk. Horus was originally depicted by the Egyptians as a full hawk, but after the Fourth and Fifth Dynasty depictions with a human body and a hawk head became more common. Other Egyptian deities shown in the form of a hawk or hawk-headed man include 2491: 1562: 2382: 1531: 1204: 2544:. But the cult of the python seems to have been of exotic origin, dating back to the first quarter of the 17th century. By the conquest of Whydah, the Dahomeyans were brought in contact with a people of serpent worshippers and ended by adopting from them the beliefs which they at first despised. At Whydah, the chief centre, there is a serpent temple, tenanted by some fifty snakes. Every python of the 2302:, a god of the moon and wisdom. In art, Thoth was usually depicted as a man with the head of an ibis, or more rarely as a baboon. Sacred ibises were kept and fed in temples in his honour, and mummified ibises were given to him as votive offerings. It is thought that the association of the ibis with Thoth may have originated from the curved shape of the bird's beak, which resembles a crescent moon. 5404: 38: 830: 2955:, or refraining from the destruction of life. According to Buddhist belief, humans do not deserve preferential treatment over other living beings. Thus, the world is not specifically meant for human use and should be shared equally amongst all creatures. Buddhists recognize that all animals are sentient and are capable of feeling pain, grief, fear, happiness, and hunger. The 2042:, although the latter is more often shown with the head of an ibis. A group of 6 or 8 baboons was also a common feature in scenes depicting the sun god at dawn as he rose over the horizon, with the baboons raising their hands to him in praise. This is probably inspired by the observed behaviour of baboons, as they are known to 'chatter' at sunrise as if greeting the sun. 2338:. Nekhbet and Wadjet thus often featured together on temple reliefs and stelae, representing in heraldic format the union between Upper and Lower Egypt. These two goddesses were considered so important that they could be referred to by the simple title "nebty" ("the two ladies") without any confusion as to their identity. Out of the five names that made up the 2647: 2525:) or stones as substitutes. To these people, food and flowers are offered and lights are burned before the shrines. Among the Dravidians a cobra that is accidentally killed is burned like a human being; no one would kill one intentionally. The serpent god's image is carried in an annual procession by a celibate priestess. 952:, has always been associated with the sun, with daytime clarity, with fire, air, sky, water, and solar heroes, as an expression of good human aspirations in daily work and struggle against difficulties. The white sun horse is an attribute of divine forces that are constantly fighting against evil — an opposition to death. 2475: 639:. Its birthday was celebrated once a year when oxen, which had to be pure white, were sacrificed to it. Women were forbidden to approach it once its education was finished. Oracles were obtained from it in various ways. After its death, it was mummified and buried in a rock tomb. A similar practice was in place at 2728:. She was a goddess of fertility, both the fertility of the land and the fertility of human reproduction. She was particularly associated with the final stages of the Nile flood, as well as the final stages of human birth. She was portrayed as a divine midwife and was considered the consort of the god 3180:

Jainism includes a lay form that is somewhat less restrictive. Basically lay Jains must distinguish between what forms of violence are necessary and unnecessary, but do not have to abstain entirely. This results in avoiding all forms of hunting, tilling the soil (tilling involved disturbing creatures

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do not travel during rainy seasons. Originally, shortly after Buddhism was first founded, monks traveled during all seasons, but public opinion changed this. The people protested that so much life was crushed and destroyed when monks traveled during the wet season. As a result, monks were required to

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At one time there were many prevalent different renditions of the serpent cult located in India. In Northern India, a masculine version of the serpent named Nagaraja, known as the "king of the serpents" was worshipped. Instead of the "king of the serpents," actual live snakes were worshipped in South

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In the beliefs and rites of the nomads, first, the horse itself, second, its separate parts — the skull, cervical vertebrae, skin, hair, and third, objects associated with it — bridle, clamp, sweat, reins, whip, fallen horseshoe, image, etc., act as the patroness and protector of people. The horse is

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cult in Japan occurs around the coastal area. There are cemeteries with memorial stones dedicated to the whales which were hunted and killed to feed the people. Buddhist epitaphs mark these stones which implore that Buddha is reborn as a whale. Along with these memorials, there is evidence that whale

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In Japan, there was a deity called Ebisu-gami who, according to Sakurada Katsunori, was widely revered by fishing communities and industries. Ebisu, in later traditions, normally appeared in the form of a fisherman holding a fishing pole and carrying a red tai (a perch), but would sometimes take the

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had both positive and negative associations. On the one hand, the strong maternal instinct of female hippos led to the worship of several female hippo goddesses, usually as goddesses of pregnancy and motherhood, and protectors of women and children. The most famous of these hippopotamus goddesses is

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a man who kills one is liable to be put to death; no leopard skin may be exposed to view, but a stuffed leopard is worshipped. On the Gold Coast, a leopard hunter who has killed his victim is carried around the town behind the body of the leopard; he may not speak, must besmear himself so as to look

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both took the form of a wolf, jackal or wild dog, or a man with the head of such a creature. Anubis was a funerary deity, considered the patron of the mummification process and a protector of tombs. In the afterlife, it was he who performed the crucial role in the Weighing of the Heart ceremony that

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According to Tadeusz Margul, observations of the Hindu religion and the cow have led to a misunderstanding that Hindi has a servile relationship with the zebu, giving prayers and offerings to it daily. Typically, however, only during the Cow Holiday, an annual event, is the cow the recipient of such

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The classical author Diodorus situated the origin of animal worship in a myth in which the gods, threatened by giants, disguised themselves as animals. The people then began to worship these animals and continued even after the gods returned to their normal state. In 1906, Weissenborn suggested that

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parts of India. An example of such lavishness would be hunting for pleasure, a fur coat made from animal skin, etc. An explanation for this supposed paradox is that a sacrificial animal is not really considered to be an animal, but a symbol. Thus, when the animal is sacrificed, they are sacrificing

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Living creatures, including humans, culminate to form one large, united life force in the Buddhist religion. Buddhists, therefore, believe that to harm another living creature is to, in fact, harm yourself as all life forms are interrelated. There are many tales that depict humans sacrificing their

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Animals were an important aspect of the Shaman religion in Central Asia. Also known as "assistant spirits," "guardian spirits," and "helping spirits," animal spirits are an integral part of a shaman's work. The more animal spirits a shaman had under his control, the more powerful the shaman. When a

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Among the Balkan culture, swaddling an unmarried person in a horse girth is a typical ritual. It is thought that the sexual potency of the horse is passed to the individual wrapped in its girth. Along with the Balkan swaddling, Virgil's Aeneid bases the founding of the great city of Carthage upon a

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In Alaska, there are cultures that have ceremonial tributes to whales after they are captured in a hunt. Some tribes bring the hump, the fins, or the nose of the whale into their camps or the whaler's house. These parts are meant to represent the entirety of the whale and are honored as such during

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In the Inner Eurasian religion, the transformation of a shaman's essence into an animal spirit is referred to as "becoming an animal". The importance of animals in this shamanic religion is shown by the capabilities that animals grant to human beings. Without the assistance of animals, humans from

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An example of animal spirits in Shamanism comes from the Yenisei Ostiaks culture. During a healing procedure, a shaman invokes a number of animal spirits to help him. The spirits arrive and enter his body. The shaman is not possessed by these spirits; he is free to expel them at any time. His body

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During Ebisu-gami festivals, there have been legends told of strange fish creatures which have arrived and been considered sacred. Examples of such fish creatures include familiar species of fish with multiple tails. Sometimes these fish were considered to be simply an offering to the deity. Other

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In East African legend, King Sulemani asked God that he might permit him to feed all the beings on earth. A whale came and ate until there was no corn left and then told Sulemani that he was still hungry and that there were 70,000 more in his tribe. Sulemani then prayed to God for forgiveness and

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Egypt was not the only location of hawk worshippers. There were several other cultures that held the hawk in high regard. The hawk was a deity on the island of Hawaii and symbolized swift justice. Along with the lone island from the Hawaiian archipelago, the Fiji islands also had some tribes who

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might have stem from the fear of tigers used to raid human settlements in ancient times. Tigers are admired for their great strength, ferocity, and grace. The tiger is also considered a guardian deity. Tiger statutes are also seen at the entrance of temples and palaces, keeping evil spirits from

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was depicted as having goat characteristics, such as hooves, horns, and a beard. Along with Pan, the goat was closely related to Dionysus during the Roman era. To honor Dionysus, Romans would tear apart a goat and eat it alive. The goat was commonly associated with dark arts and the devil. This

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The existence of an ancient bear cult among Neanderthals in the Middle Paleolithic period has been a topic of discussion spurred by archaeological findings. Ancient bear bones have been discovered in several different caves and their peculiar arrangement is believed by some archaeologists to be

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has numerous wives, who until 1857 took part in a public procession from which the profane crowd was excluded; a python was carried around the town in a hammock, perhaps as a ceremony for the expulsion of evils. The rainbow god of the Ashanti was also conceived to have the form of a snake. His

2213:, the hawk-god of the Dyaks, is completely anthropomorphized. He is the god of omens and ruler of the omen birds, but the hawk is not his messenger for he never leaves his house. Stories are, however, told of his attending feasts in human form and flying away in hawk form when all was over. 3130:, (Cochamama) or the Mother of the Ocean, is the Incan goddess of the sea and sea animals. She was heavily worshipped by sailors and fishermen who wanted to ensure a great supply of fish and sought her help in navigating the storms and calming the seas. She was believed to be the mother of 1294:, made by the very first of the dynastic pharaohs, including the image of a wolf on a standard as a part of a ritual procession. It has been suggested that Wepwawet's depiction as a wolf stems from the animal's keen sense of smell, allowing it to 'open the way' to find something important. 1086:

may contain the soul of a dead person, perhaps a Buddha. When one is taken the capturer is rewarded and the animal is brought to the king to be kept ever afterward. It cannot be bought or sold. It is baptized and fêted and mourned for like a human being at its death. In some parts of

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practices. Margul suggests that the sanctity of the cow is based on four foundations: abstaining from cow slaughter, abstaining from beef consumption, control of breeding and ownership, and belief in the purification qualities of cow products (milk, curd, ghee, dung, and urine).

2366:, was written in hieroglyphs with a picture of a vulture, and would be indistinguishable from the common noun "mother" except for the fact that in the goddess's name the vulture bears a royal flail. Goddesses who wore the vulture headdress in later periods included Mut, 2326:, who was depicted in art as a vulture, sometimes wearing a royal crown. Nekhbet was closely associated with the Egyptian royal family and was considered a personal protector of the Egyptian king. She was often portrayed or invoked alongside a similar goddess named 820:

Excavations in Central Asia have revealed ancient ritual goat-burial that show the religious significance of the goat predominantly in the area. These findings have been used as evidence for a goat cult in Asia originating either in the Neolithic or Bronze Ages.

2428:, while searching for Sita, chanced upon the stricken and dying Jatayu, who informed them of the battle with Ravana, and told them that Ravana had headed south. Jatayu then died of his wounds and Rama performed his final funeral rites. Jatayu's elder brother 811:

In Greece, Italy, and Egypt, the goat was worshipped in both goat form and phallic form. This type of worship has sometimes been said to have originated from the goat's increased sex drive. One male goat was capable of fertilizing 150 females. The Greek god

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abstain from the flesh of their domestic animal, the buffalo. However, once a year they sacrifice a bull calf, which is eaten in the forest by the adult males. The buffalo plays an important part in many Toda rituals. These buffalo are currently endangered.

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as a god, but it was technically the messenger of the people's Supreme God. There were rituals that involved the hawk when the natives wished to make decisions about certain events, such as journeys from home, major agricultural work, and war. In North

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Whales were little understood for most of human history as they spend up to 90% of their lives underwater, only surfacing briefly to breathe. Many cultures, even those that have hunted them, hold whales in awe and feature them in their mythologies.

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Lubbock, John (2005). "The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man", Kessinger Publishing Company. (originally published as "The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Conditions of Savages"

2980:, or previous incarnation story, tells how the Buddha, (upon hearing the distraught cries of a lioness struggling to feed her hungry cubs), leapt from a cliff and smashed his body to death as an offering so that she could feed his flesh to them. 2201:. The Kenyahs will not kill it, address to it thanks for assistance, and formally consult it before leaving home on an expedition. It seems, however, to be regarded as the messenger of the supreme god Balli Penyalong. The Kayans have a hawk god, 2075:. Whilst widely regarded as a creature to be avoided, for pestilential reasons in such temples the animals are actively encouraged. It is frequently associated with Ganesh. As a creature capable of survival, it is to be revered and respected. 2553:

messenger was said to be a small variety of boa. But only specific individuals, not the whole species, were sacred. In many parts of Africa, the serpent is looked upon as the incarnation of deceased relatives. Among the Amazulu, as among the

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was depicted wearing a scorpion on her headdress, and was prayed to in order to heal venomous stings and bites. She was one of a group of four goddesses frequently invoked together to protect the body in funerary customs, the others being

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the festival. The bones of a whale are also given ritual treatment. The Alaskan tribes that participate in such acts believe that their ceremonies protect the whale's soul from injury and the soul can then be free to return to the sea.

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horse. When the Phoenicians dug up a horse head from the ground they decided to build their city (Carthage) upon that spot because the horse was a sign of success. Thus, Brown argued that the horse was sacred to the Phoenician people.

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once said "Even ants and other insects will run away from danger... They have intelligence and want to live too. Why should we harm them?". Not believing in inflicting harm on any living, sentient being, some Buddhists also follow a

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of Java had a cult of the red dog, with each family keeping one in the house. According to one authority, the dogs are images of wood that are worshipped after the death of a member of the family and burnt after a thousand days. In

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churches, animals have very little religious significance. Animals have become less and less important and symbolic in cult rituals and religion, especially among African cultures, as Christianity and Islamic religions have spread.

877:. Socially, they are believed to be the protectors of our homes and lives. So, in order to please the dogs they are going to meet at Heaven's doors after death, so they would be allowed in Heaven, people mark the 14th day of the 763:, was also associated with the ram, and in later periods was sometimes represented as ram-headed. His worshippers held the ram to be sacred, however, it was sacrificed once a year. Its fleece formed the clothing of the idol. 701:, a breed of cow, is central to the religion of Hinduism. Mythological legends have supported the sanctity of the zebu throughout India. Such myths have included the creation of a divine cow mother and cow heaven by the God, 2611:

As well as the serpent, the Nile crocodile was another important reptile in Ancient Egyptian religion. Several deities were depicted in crocodilian form, but the most famous and important of these was undoubtedly the god

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was depicted as a fish, fish-woman hybrid, or a woman with a fish emblem or crown on her head. She was a goddess of life and protection. Fish, specifically Nile perch, were also held sacred to the Egyptian goddess

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that he flew away, carrying a stone in his beak. When the Raven became tired of carrying the stone and dropped it, the stone fell into the ocean and expanded until it formed the firmament on which humans now live.

2748:, was an important symbol in Ancient Egyptian religion. The behaviour of the beetle rolling its ball of dung along the ground was likened to the sun god rolling the sun across the sky. As a result, the beetle god 5240:

Regenstein, Lewis G. (1991). "Replenish the Earth: a History of Organized Religions' Treatment of Animals and Nature – Including the Bible's Message of Conservation and Kindness Toward Animals" Crossroad, New

1887:. The Warli believe that shrines and sacrifices to the deity will lead to better coexistence with the local big cats, both tigers and leopards, and that Waghoba will protect them when they enter the forests. 474:

people of northern Canada say that the orcas were created when the hunter Natsihlane carved eight fish from yellow cedar, sang his most powerful spirit song and commanded the fish to leap into the water.

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Food will never be prepared especially for them. They beg for food from others believing that because the food was prepared for someone else, they are not the cause of violence towards living creatures.

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Ottalagano, Flavia V. (2022). "Naturalistic Parrots, Stylized Birds of Prey: Visual Symbolism of the Human–Animal Relationship in Pre-Hispanic Ceramic Art of the Paraná River Lowlands, South America".

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and was worshipped as a beneficent goddess who protected Egypt from pestilence and misfortune, though at the same time was greatly feared due to her destructive capabilities, as demonstrated in the

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belief systems. Humans and animals are believed to be one family and therefore, humans should treat all living creatures with respect and kindness. It is also believed that human beings themselves

3103:, had a strong religious relationship with animals in their environment, believing that they were the gods presenting themselves to the Incas. This was reflected in the form of ceramics such as 405:

embryos, found in a deceased mother's womb, were extracted and buried with the same respect as a human being. For certain shrines, the bones of a perished whale were also deposited in the area.

1405:. All of these were fierce deities, dedicated to destroying the enemies of the gods and the pharaoh. Sekhmet, the most famous Egyptian lion-goddess, was considered a daughter of the chief god 1134:. Every day, unmarried women worship this elephant by dancing, singing songs, and abstaining from eating salt. On the final day of Alunām, the clay elephant is immersed in some body of water. 2967:

Avoiding the destruction of life can affect aspects beyond a Buddhist's diet, such as travel plans. In order to avoid crushing any living thing, be it plant, insect, or animal, some Buddhist

2106:. All over that region it is the chief figure in a group of myths, fulfilling the office of a cultural hero who brings the light, gives fire to mankind, and so on. A raven story from the 2286:

The Frigate Bird Cult is thought to have originated in the Solomon Islands before immigrating to Easter Island where it became obsolete. The Frigate-Bird was a representation of the god

635:'s herald, the Apis bull was distinguished by certain marks, and when the old bull died a new one was sought. The finder was rewarded, and the bull underwent four months' education at 3786: 165:. An animal 'cult' is formed when a species is taken to represent a religious figure. Animal cults can be classified according to their formal features or by their symbolic content. 3118:

who watched over the livestock. Urcuchillay was believed to be essential for the health of the herd, the resources from the herd, and the health of the next generation of the herd.

1820:, a tiger is regarded as a guardian that drives away evil spirits and a sacred creature that brings good luck – the symbol of courage and absolute power. It appears not only in the 1145:, however, wooden elephant figurines were placed on the top of a bamboo pole. This bamboo pole was only erected after the tribe chief had collected a certain number of human heads. 4904: 482:

and hit the blowhole, causing the whale to burst. The man was told not to go to sea for twenty years, but in the nineteenth year he went fishing and a whale came and killed him.

1614:. In modern China, it is thought to represent nobility, fearlessness, and wrath and to be the king of the animals, with stripes over its forehead frequently redrawn to form the 2564:

In Ancient Egyptian religion, serpents had both positive and negative representations. On the one hand, the Egyptians worshipped several beneficent snake deities, including

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with a cult of the bear. Girls danced as "bears" in her honour, and might not marry before undergoing this ceremony. According to mythology, the goddess once transformed

2760:. In addition, the birth of young beetles from eggs laid in dung was an important symbol of rebirth, so amulets in the shape of scarabs were often included in tombs. 2810:

are especially common in this role, as by their faculty of flight they offer themselves to the interpretation as messengers between the celestial and human spheres.

2342:, one of them, the "nebty name" was dedicated to the Two Ladies. This great honour of patronage over one of the king's names was shared only with such major gods as 1286:

decided the individual's post-mortem fate. In earlier times Anubis was the supreme god of the underworld, but he was later replaced in that role by the human-formed

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KADGAONKAR, SHIVENDRA B. "THE ROLE OF ANIMALS AND BIRDS IN ANCIENT INDIAN ART AND CULTURE." Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 68/69 (2008): 163–65.

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Sheshadri, K. G. "SHEEP IN ANCIENT INDIAN LITERATURE AND CULTURE." Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 95 (2014): 24–49. Accessed June 23, 2020.

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According to Florance Waterbury, hawk worship was universal. This particular bird was "a heavenly deity; its wings were the sky, the sun and moon were its eyes".

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and other evil. She was often depicted with the head of a cheetah, leopard or lynx. In later periods, other feline deities were more dominant. There were several

2628:, which he shared with the god Horus. Sobek was also worshipped as a secondary deity in the temples of other gods, particularly those of his mother, the goddess 569:

religion. Cattle and buffalo are respected by many pastoral peoples that rely on the animals for sustenance and the killing of an ox is a sacrificial function.

1166:" to whom they went to death. According to one account, he lived in the east, according to another in the north. In his anthropomorphized form he was known as 1041:, in the form of a shapeless stone, but it is not clear that the horse is regarded as divine. The horse or mare is a common form of the corn spirit in Europe. 1417:, formerly called Bast, was originally worshipped as a fierce lioness, though in later times was 'tamed' and worshipped as a gentler domestic cat. During the 731:

A Sumerian group of two separate shell inlay fragments forming the body and head of a sheep. Circa 27th - 24th Century BC. From a Mayfair gallery, London, UK.

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The Ancient Egyptians worshipped a great number of deities who were either depicted entirely as cattle, or incorporated cattle features in their appearance.

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prohibiting their consumption. As well as holding certain animals to be sacred, religions have also adopted the opposite attitude, that certain animals are

5425: 948:. In the nomadic tradition, the horse is one of the mythological animals, embodying the connection with the other world, with the supernatural. The horse, 3808: 3656: 5199: 3070:

and for daily sustenance. While Hindu belief proscribes the slaughter for human pleasure or lavishness , animal sacrifice has been an accepted ritual in

1257: 2632:. Other Egyptian crocodile gods include Shemanefer, the lesser-known brother of Sobek, as well as Khenty-Khety and Wenty, about whom little is known. 600:, a very major goddess who borrowed a lot of her attributes from Bat. The great antiquity of the worship of Bat is evidenced by her appearance on the 5416: 694:

respect for the cow is widespread, but is of post-Vedic origin; there is little actual worship, but the products of the cow are important in magic.

963:. It was dated to the period between 4th and 1st century BC and was claimed to have been used in rituals dedicated to the cult of Heavenly Horses. 501:), occasionally hold funerals for beached whales; a throwback to Vietnam's ancient sea-based Austro-Asiatic culture. See also the below-mentioned 2678:

form of a whale, shark, human corpse, or rock. The general image of Ebisu, however, appears to be the whale or the shark, according to Sakurada.

423:

region of Austria, it was said that if a sunbeam were to fall on a maiden entering womanhood, she would be carried away in the belly of a whale.

3188:

Lay Jains, who have the financial capacity, will visit animal markets and buy/rescue animals destined for slaughter for the good that it does.

2030:

The hamadryas baboon was sacred to the Ancient Egyptians and often appeared as a form of a deity. Egyptian deities depicted as baboons include

5372: 5280: 5047: 4975: 4945: 4832: 3713: 2004:

was a benevolent monkey king in an earlier incarnation; and on the other hand, monkeys symbolized trickery and ignorance, represented by the

1487:

the patriarch Jacob refers to his son Judah as a Gur Aryeh גּוּר אַרְיֵה יְהוּדָה, a "Young Lion" (Genesis 49:9) when blessing him. Thus the

3777: 1671: 467:

where to find special mushrooms that would give him the strength to drag the whale back to the sea and thus return the order to the world.

180:

The idea that divinity embodies itself in animals, such as a deity incarnate, and then lives on earth among human beings is disregarded by

134: 3976: 959:

A bronze top with the image of a horse was found in the Ferghana Valley in the early twentieth century, the only one found so far in the

5288:

Teeter, Emily et al. (2000). "A History of the Animal World in the Ancient Near East", ed. Collins, Billie Jean, Vol. 64, Brill, Boston.

4225: 1667: 989:

was, according to popular tradition, represented with the head and mane of a horse, possibly a relic of the time when a non-specialized

5451:

Ratcliffe, Brett C. "Scarab Beetles in Human Culture." Coleopterists Society Monographs. Patricia Vaurie Series, no. 5 (2006): 85–101.

4910: 5293:

Vallely, Anne (2002). "Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnography of a Jain Ascetic Community" University of Toronto Press, Toronto

5260:

Sidky, M. H. (1990). ""Malang", Sufis, and Mystics: An Ethnographic and Historical Study of Shamanism in Afghanistan" Asian Folklore,

5207: 2690:(also called "Ebisu-shark") were often referred to as Ebisu himself to bring a mass of fish among them and as guardians of fishermen. 592:, a sky goddess, identified as the Celestial Cow whose body made up the sky, and whose four legs marked the four cardinal directions. 4851:

Chapple, Christopher (1993). "Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions" State University of New York Press, Albany

5511: 5230: 4895: 4878: 1137:

Certain cultures also used elephant figurines to display the animal's importance. There was evidence of an ancient elephant cult in

121: 619:

As well as these female cow goddesses, the Egyptians also had a number of male bull gods. Conspicuous among these was the bull god

1928:, is a prominent figure. He is a reincarnation of Shiva, the god of destruction. In orthodox villages monkeys are safe from harm. 1061: 4313: 2339: 1507: 55: 5022:

Kindaichi, Kyōsuke (1949). "The Concepts behind the Ainu Bear Festival (Kumamatsuri)", Southwestern Journal of Anthropology,

1805:

preserve a traditional dance that originated in rituals related to tiger worship. Continued worship of tigers also occurs in

102: 59: 3126:

but later became human. The Incas believed if they upset this god, he would bring floods. Little is known about Pariacaca.

74: 4446: 4140: 1091:, the belief is that the soul of the elephant may injure people after death; it is therefore fêted by a whole village. In 5343:

Weissenborn, Johannes (1906b). "Animal-Worship in Africa (Concluded from p. 181)", Journal of the Royal African Society,

3067: 3007: 2854: 2444: 1418: 1324: 709:, the sovereign of the universe, who created the earth's vegetation, edible fruits, and vegetables, disguised as a cow. 796:

were either capriform or had some part of their bodies shaped like that of a goat. In northern Europe the wood spirit,

604:, made by the very first of the dynastic pharaohs. When identified with the Celestial Cow Mehet-weret, the sky goddess 3595: 2997: 2420:. However, as Jatayu was very old, Ravana soon defeated him, clipping his wings, and Jatayu descended upon the earth. 1821: 1651: 1600: 81: 526:, "God of Sea/Offshore" in their folklore and myths that the deities will bring fortunes (whales) to coastal people. 2753: 1939: 1767: 1315: 640: 189: 4798:

Baldick, Julian (2000). "Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia" New York University Press, New York

1904: 48: 2993: 2495: 949: 566: 285: 157:) is an umbrella term designating religious or ritual practices involving animals. This includes the worship of 88: 5031:

Lantis, Margaret (1938). "The Alaska Whale Cult and Its Affinities" American Anthropologist, New Series, 40(3).

3816: 3673: 3669: 1846: 1734: 1588: 1535: 1410: 609: 390: 1114:, unmarried Anāvil girls participate in a holiday referred to as Alunām. This holiday is to honor the goddess 5506: 3218: 2989: 1088: 4909:. Animal Rights and Our Human Relationship to the Biosphere. San Francisco State University. Archived from 3705: 697:

While there are several animals that are worshipped in India, the supreme position is held by the cow. The

70: 5488: 4927:

The Golden Bough: Balder the beautiful. The fire-festivals of Europe and the doctrine of the external soul

3066:

There are some exceptions to ahimsa in Hinduism - mainly dealing with religious rituals to please gods on

3001: 2942: 2670:

was a fish god. This tradition may have originated here, with a misinterpretation, but recently uncovered

2588:

was a fierce divine cobra that protected Egyptian kings and major deities. On the other hand, the serpent

1358: 885:, as known in the Nepali language for the dog's day. This is a day when the dog is worshipped by applying 562: 3830: 2868:, in which on February 2 each year a groundhog is used to predict whether there will be an early spring. 2792:. A group of seven scorpions also appear as protectors of Isis in the myth of her raising her son Horus. 4803:

Balfour, Henry (1917). "Some Ethnological Suggestions in Regard to Easter Island, or Rapanui" Folklore,

2529:

India. The Manasa cult in Bengal, India, however, was dedicated to the anthropomorphic serpent goddess,

1961: 1806: 1789:. It includes a growling tiger statue 5 meters (16 ft) high. A similar attraction with an Yi tiger 1722: 1718: 1691: 1328: 727: 1968:

into either monkey-demons or were-monkeys, and legends about monkey-human interbreeding are common. In

377: 2210: 4955:

Harrell, Stevan; Yongxiang, Li (2003). "The History of the History of the Yi, Part II" Modern China,

3031:

times when there was no restriction on animal worship and also animal consumption for food, to later

2682:

times, however, they were considered to be Ebisu himself, visiting on the festival day. Large marine

2287: 1742: 1643: 1465: 941: 450: 320: 170: 5222:

Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact: Proceedings of the 8th International Rāmāyaạ Conference

382: 5104:"Sharing spaces and entanglements with big cats: the Warli and their Waghoba in Maharashtra, India" 4918: 3466: 3143: 2932: 2815: 2763:

Another insect (technically, an arachnid) venerated by the Egyptians was the scorpion. The goddess

2537: 2276: 2206: 2031: 1956: 1802: 1212: 5255:

Shaffer, Aaron (1974). "Enlilbaniand the 'DogHouse' in Isin", Journal of Cuneifrom Studies, 26(4).

5142:(1974). "Whale and Fish Cult in Japan: A Basic Feature of Ebisu Worship", Asian Folklore Studies, 4966: 4857: 1895: 5463: 5452: 5441: 5334:

Weissenborn, Johannes (1906a). "Animal-Worship in Africa", Journal of the Royal African Society,

5186: 5161: 4984: 3161: 3020: 2781: 2625: 2386: 2089: 1900: 1647: 1635: 1159: 698: 550: 544: 213: 5102:

Nair, R.; Dhee; Patli, O.; Surve, N.; Andheria, A.; Linnell, J. D. C. & Athreya, V. (2021).

4922: 1942:

as metaphors for people. Chinese deities sometimes appear in the guise of monkeys, for example,

1876: 4812:

Bhattacharyya, Asutosh (1965). "The Serpent as a Folk-Deity in Bengal" Asian Folklore Studies,

3751: 2548:

kind must be treated with respect, and death is the penalty for killing one, even by accident.

2202: 777: 5383: 5368: 5367:. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Rowman & Littlefield. 5362: 5276: 5226: 5043: 5038: 4971: 4941: 4935: 4891: 4874: 4828: 4822: 3737: 3709: 3181:

embedded in the earth), and brewing (brewing involved using living organisms such as yeasts).

3155: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2071:

In some countries, e.g. India, a small number of temples are dedicated to the worship of wild

1935: 1931: 1738: 1679: 1675: 1615: 1515: 1343: 1225: 1198: 1066: 1038: 498: 201: 139: 5271: 5220: 2561:, on the other hand, regard each species as the habitat of a particular family of the tribe. 2190: 2142:

Raven, or if it is just a vain attempt to encourage the trickster spirit to act respectably.

899: 506: 5178: 5125: 5115: 2888: 2843: 2745: 2719: 2522: 2479: 2311: 2194: 2189:

we seem to see the evolution of a god in the three stages of the cult of the hawk among the

2161: 2154: 2150: 2035: 1991: 1951: 1798: 1770: 1726: 1683: 1496: 1491:

started to be reverenced in some other Abrahamic cults, symbolising their prophets, such as

1457: 1263: 990: 860: 842: 683: 494: 334: 162: 95: 2674:

suggest a fish-god with human head and hands was worshipped by people who wore fish-skins.

1353:, there were several feline-shaped deities. The earliest attested of these was the goddess 1302: 994: 929: 596:, a goddess of music and dance, was depicted as a woman with bovine ears and horns, as was 5307:

Vukanović, T. P. (1980). "Swaddling Clothes for the Unmarried and for Herdsmen" Folklore,

5093:

Naik, T. B. (1958). "Religion of the Anāvils of Surat", The Journal of American Folklore,

3697: 3199: 3104: 2641: 2518: 2145:

Together with the eagle hawk the crow plays a great part in the mythology of southeastern

2127: 2110:

region describes the "Raven" as having originally lived in the land of spirits (literally

1825: 1687: 1659: 1611: 1596: 1442: 1426: 1346:

a prince's cap is put upon the head of a dead leopard, and dances are held in its honour.

1245: 1241: 1228:

is important in the mythology of many peoples. To the Greeks it was sacred to the goddess

1141:. Stone elephant figurines were built as "seats of the souls" in the Sumatran culture. In 960: 813: 241: 174: 5151:

Neave, Dorinda (1988). "The Witch in Early 16th-Century German Art" Woman's Art Journal,

1095:

it is held to bring luck to the kingdom. The cult of the white elephant is also found at

5482: 5055:

Livingstone, A. (1988). "The Isin "Dog House" Revisited", Journal of Cuneiform Studies,

2490: 2298:

In Ancient Egypt, the ibis was considered sacred as it was viewed as a manifestation of

1713:

Tigers were either worshipped directly or used as a symbols of aspects of the divine in

1561: 829: 4338:

daśagrīvasthito dharme purāṇe satyasaṃśrayaḥ jaṭāyur nāma nāmnāhaṃ gṛdhrarājo mahābalaḥ

3631: 3238: 3213: 3205: 3056: 2847: 2617: 2099: 2001: 1947: 1857: 1817: 1813: 1714: 1699: 1695: 1655: 1631: 1604: 1569: 1539: 1473: 1338: 1291: 998: 945: 628: 601: 558: 430: 289: 3114:, who was worshipped by herders. He was believed to take the shape of a multi-colored 463:. When 'Big Raven', a deity in human form, found a stranded whale, he was told by the 5500: 5420: 5410: 5190: 5139: 5017:. Montpellier: Cahiers de l'Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne 11. pp. 211–228. 3462: 3228: 3122:(Paryaqaqa), the Incan god of water and rainstorms, was believed to have been born a 3100: 2865: 2558: 2510: 2469: 2448: 2355: 2256: 2135: 2005: 1974: 1794: 1663: 1488: 1350: 1049: 937: 924: 760: 605: 593: 460: 420: 386: 372: 360: 1994:

paradoxically treats monkeys as both wise and foolish animals. On the one hand, the

1119: 1115: 970:

Heavenly horse. Bronze ceremonial finial produced during the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.

3044: 2938: 2381: 2260: 2051: 1996: 1766:

and other summer ailments. Some tiger worship still occurs, primarily as a form of

1759: 1707: 1619: 1592: 1530: 1311: 1203: 1142: 616:

may also be shown with bovine horns, adopting the traditional headdress of Hathor.

573: 517: 464: 438: 310: 2814:

was a highly developed practice of telling the future from the flight of birds in

2114:) that existed before the world of humans. One day the Raven became so bored with 911:

it is said that dogs are worshipped at the festival called Khicha Puja. Among the

800:, is believed to have a goat's horns, ears and legs. A deity known as the Goat of 5325:

Waterbury, Florance (1952). "Bird-Deities in China" Artibus Asiae. Supplementum,

5316:

Waida, Manabu (1983). "Problems of Central Asian and Siberian Shamanism", Numen,

3571: 2557:

of Madagascar, certain species are assigned as the abode of certain classes. The

1845:, the tiger is a revered creature with many villages having a tiger temple. This 1118:. During this celebration, a clay elephant is prepared (most likely to celebrate 781:

Pavement mosaic with the head of Pan. Roman artwork, Antonine period, 138–192 CE.

3170: 3111: 3096: 3084: 2872: 2741: 2687: 2335: 2319: 2268: 2264: 2228: 2107: 2060: 2009: 1978:"transcendent; immortal", and to be innately adept at circulating and absorbing 1965: 1639: 1542: 903: 878: 834: 744: 735:

The Ancient Egyptians worshipped several gods with the head of a ram, including

679: 589: 540: 522: 513: 442: 352: 339: 205: 193: 185: 37: 4148: 2780:. The four were often charged with protecting particular organs, assisting the 1240:. The deer also held spiritual significance to the pastoralist cultures of the 505:

in fish part for more details. In some lore, whales have been told to work for

5182: 5120: 5103: 5088:

Morris, Brian (2000). "Animals and Ancestors: An Ethnography", Berg, New York.

3195: 3139: 3127: 3011: 2961: 2956: 2892: 2801: 2600: 2573: 2452: 2272: 2020: 1943: 1829: 1790: 1730: 1607: 1182: 1131: 663:. After their death, all these sacred bulls were considered to become part of 652: 620: 324: 17: 3119: 2904: 2789: 2683: 2569: 2503: 2483: 2437: 2425: 2310:

Another species of bird that was considered sacred in Ancient Egypt was the

2157: 2146: 2139: 1786: 1782: 1763: 1737:, with the tail of a tiger and once wore stone representations of tigers as 1237: 1167: 1022: 912: 805: 636: 479: 229: 181: 1433:. Hundreds of thousands of cat mummies were excavated at cat cemeteries in 497:), coastal Chinese except for southernmost region, Japanese (also known as 5011:"Speculations on the role of animal cults in the economy of Ancient Egypt" 2521:. Over a large part of India, there are carved representations of cobras ( 2130:

of one of the four northwest clan houses, the Raven is often addressed as

1274:

are raised by a mother wolf, making the wolf the symbolic mother of Rome.

5130: 5070:

Margul, Tadeusz (1968). "Present-Day Worship of the Cow in India" Numen,

3166: 3090: 3032: 3016: 2948: 2858: 2773: 2694: 2577: 2554: 2410: 2398: 2394: 2165: 2134:. It is not clear whether this form of address is intended to refer to a 1908: 1854: 1566: 1477: 1434: 1370: 1282: 1233: 1127: 1100: 1092: 1083: 1079: 1030: 1026: 1018: 983: 975: 864: 740: 687: 554: 490: 433:), the youngest and favourite son of the chief Uenuku from the island of 355:, who live on select islands in the Japanese archipelago, call the bear " 245: 5467: 5445: 5364:

The Emerging Network: A Sociology of the New Age and Neo-pagan Movements

2850:

which originated in South India and is still practiced in modern times.

2724:

The Ancient Egyptians worshipped a goddess in the form of a frog, named

1972:, monkeys, particularly gibbons, were believed to have longevity like a 416:, a whale with the hands and feet of a man, was said to rule the ocean. 5456: 3223: 3174: 3135: 3052: 3036: 2831: 2785: 2541: 2429: 2323: 2224: 2149:. Ravens also play a part in some European mythologies, such as in the 2056: 1925: 1884: 1868: 1842: 1774: 1755: 1752: 1703: 1484: 1461: 1453: 1438: 1430: 1378: 1362: 1334: 1307: 1267: 1229: 1207: 1171: 1138: 1123: 1104: 1096: 1071: 1002: 986: 956:

seen to have the ability to drive out evil forces from the human body.

892: 891:(the holy vermilion dot), incense sticks, and garlanded generally with 785: 588:, a goddess of milk and motherhood, was depicted as a full cow, as was 471: 434: 343: 316: 281: 4842:

Brown, Theo (1950). "Tertullian and Horse-Cults in Britain" Folklore,

1625: 978:, like other water gods, was originally conceived under the form of a 5079:

Meyerowitz, Eva L. R. (1940). "Snake-Vessels of the Gold Coast" Man,

3123: 3063:. Pets are often treated as if they are truly members of the family. 3048: 2977: 2952: 2839: 2827: 2811: 2764: 2749: 2698: 2671: 2663: 2655: 2621: 2585: 2565: 2530: 2413: 2402: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2327: 2315: 2280: 2186: 2103: 1986: 1969: 1919: 1778: 1414: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1354: 1287: 1278: 1006: 887: 874: 801: 752: 706: 702: 664: 656: 644: 597: 426: 277: 265: 261: 221: 5481: 5010: 612:. When acting in her role as a heavenly goddess, the mother goddess 2592:

was a malevolent demon, who endeavoured to destroy the chief deity

1658:

the dragon was instead taken to represent yang and paired with the

5409:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

5000:

Hornblower, G.D. (1943). "The Divine Cat and the Snake in Egypt".

3243: 3115: 3060: 3028: 3024: 2777: 2729: 2725: 2703: 2667: 2659: 2646: 2645: 2629: 2613: 2581: 2514: 2489: 2473: 2380: 2347: 2299: 2240: 2232: 2220: 2198: 2169: 2123: 2095: 2039: 2024: 2012:" metaphor for the unsettled, restless nature of human mentality. 1912: 1894: 1880: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1583: 1572: 1560: 1529: 1519: 1511: 1492: 1469: 1446: 1422: 1394: 1366: 1301: 1271: 1202: 1185:, and her image appears on the standard of the Hermopolitan nome. 1178: 1111: 1065: 1034: 1014: 979: 965: 928: 908: 856: 852: 848: 828: 797: 789: 776: 736: 726: 722: 691: 660: 585: 577: 493:

with whales, such as some Ghanaians and Vietnamese (also known as

457: 401: 376: 356: 333: 293: 257: 249: 233: 225: 133: 5275:. Illustrated by Molly Baker (illustrated ed.). Chronicle Books. 5246:

Schnitger, F.M. (1938). "Prehistoric Monuments in Sumatra", Man,

4824:

The Materiality of Language: Gender, Politics, and the University

1421:

from 664 BC until the 4th century AD, the practice of mummifying

915:

dogs were sacred, but this was rather as brothers of the mystae.

4989:

Proceedings and transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society

3131: 2968: 2835: 2823: 2819: 2807: 2769: 2707: 2589: 2474: 2433: 2421: 2417: 2371: 2359: 2331: 2181: 2072: 2016: 1425:

in Bastet's honour grew in popularity. Cat mummies were used as

1374: 1194: 1163: 1010: 869: 793: 772: 756: 675: 671: 632: 624: 613: 273: 253: 217: 2378:, although only Nekhbet appeared as a vulture in its entirety. 2205:, but seem to regard the hawk as the servant of the chief god, 445:

to have come from the Pacific Islands on the back of the whale

4862:

The Dawn of Art in the Ancient World: An Archaeological Sketch

3040: 2478:

The altar where serpent deities are worshipped in a temple in

2351: 1074:- the elephant-headed Hindu god of wisdom and obstacle removal 347:

ceremony (bear sending). Japanese scroll painting, circa 1870.

269: 209: 31: 2027:, twins have tutelary spirits in the shape of small monkeys. 1879:. Celebrants dance disguised as tigers and are "hunted". The 1266:, wolves are used in totemic imagery. The founding brothers 1177:

The Ancient Egyptians also worshipped a hare goddess, named

486:

thanked the creature for teaching him a lesson in humility.

2972:

seek shelter during this season and abstain from journeys.

2757: 2593: 2494:

Quetzalcoatl depicted as a snake devouring a man, from the

2343: 2236: 1980: 1832:. For example, the 19th-century painting named "Sansindo" ( 1630:). The tiger was originally paired and contrasted with the 1406: 817:

association was amplified in Egypt during the Middle Ages.

748: 648: 237: 4213: 4128: 3977:"The Akhal-Teke was history's first pureblood horse breed" 1361:

2920–2770 BC, Mafdet was regarded as the protector of the

670:

Similar observances are found in our own day on the Upper

623:, who was embodied in a living bull kept at the Temple of 5390:. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 106−119. 5164:(1959). "Introducing Animism" Friendship Press, New York. 4700: 4698: 4696: 4314:"Kerala tourism to unveil world's largest bird sculpture" 2502:

The worship of the serpent is found in many parts of the

2330:, who was depicted as a cobra and had her main temple at 2271:). The cult involved an annual race to collect the first 1654:, west and east, matter and spirit, although by the late 4269: 4267: 4265: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4194: 4192: 863:

festival that falls roughly in November every year. In

4209: 4207: 2871:

Notable oracular animals of the modern period include

2219:

The hawk is commonly associated with the Egyptian god

1984:"breath; life force" through the Daoist discipline of 1005:. The mule and the horse are sacred to the Roman god 5013:. In Massiera, M.; Mathieu, B.; Rouffet, F. (eds.). 3099:, the most well-known indigenous group of people in 2122:

In the creator role, and in the Raven's role as the

1107:

has the head of an elephant and a torso of a human.

331:

evidence of a bear cult during the Paleolithic era.

4888:

Classical Cats. The Rise and Fall of the Sacred Cat

3107:and in metalwork such as the "Inca Silver Alpaca". 3051:and respect for animals, as a major constituent in 3027:. Hinduism has evolved over several centuries from 2455:), which is believed to be the site where he fell. 1510:as a symbol of fertility and warriorship among the 847:Dogs have a major religious significance among the 296:, the Horned God represents an animal-human deity. 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5352:Wunn, Ina (2000). "Beginning of Religion", Numen, 5200:Egyptian Animals Were Mummified Same Way as Humans 4388: 4376: 4237: 3776: 3618: 1464:. In modern Africa there is a lion-idol among the 1248:is one of the most famous pieces of Scythian art. 859:. The dogs are worshipped as a part of a five-day 315:There is evidence that connects the Greek goddess 5388:Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt 5202:", National Geographic News, retrieved 2010-08-06 4937:The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca 4929:(3rd ed.). Macmillan. Retrieved 21 December 2013. 4751: 4749: 3325: 3321: 3319: 2389:, credited as the world's largest bird sculpture. 2290:, the god of the seabird's egg on Easter Island. 1773:. The Solar Calendar Square is a tourist site in 1306:Granite statue of the lion-headed Egyptian deity 208:, with many animals sacred to particular deities— 3778:"Thousand gather for whale's funeral in Vietnam" 3538: 3536: 3534: 3433: 3431: 2922:Religious and Cultural Representation of Animals 2838:. Animal imagery was also often employed in the 2800:Animals are frequently used for the purposes of 2650:A modern interpretation of Dagon as a "fish-god" 2263:(Bird man) cult which has left us Paintings and 1785:which held that a tiger was responsible for the 1162:tribes had as their chief deity a "mighty great 873:, the god of death, and dogs guard the doors of 867:, it is believed that the dog is a messenger of 4782: 4755: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4687: 4675: 4663: 4651: 4639: 4615: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4555: 4531: 4354:. Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu. 4072: 4056: 4054: 4052: 2710:, though she was never depicted in their form. 1429:to the goddess, mostly during festivals and by 902:of western Asia are said to worship a dog. The 4985:Notes on some mummy cats , &c., from Egypt 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4432: 4296: 4294: 4285: 4273: 4256: 4198: 4183: 4060: 3999: 3785:. London. Associated Press. 23 February 2010. 3752:"Whale funeral draws 1000 mourners in Vietnam" 3449: 3437: 2822:appears as an oracular animal in the story of 478:In Icelandic legend, a man threw a stone at a 184:religions. Sects deemed heretical such as the 4923:Chapter II. The Seclusion of Girls at Puberty 3925: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3373:Schoffeleers (1985); Peltzer (1987); Qtd. in 1964:, monkeys are supernatural beings that could 1781:, related to the traditional religion of the 1746: 1623: 1342:like a leopard and imitate its movements. In 1025:is a horse-headed deity that appears in both 773:Goat § Religion, mythology, and folklore 8: 5429:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 4770: 4766: 4764: 4627: 4603: 4519: 4492: 4490: 4477: 4475: 4420: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4399: 4397: 4364: 4300: 4117: 3959: 3957: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3868: 3866: 3853: 3851: 3542: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3489: 3487: 3467:"Sperm Whales: The deep rivers of the ocean" 3337: 3310: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3234:Moral status of animals in the ancient world 2322:there was a temple dedicated to the goddess 1946:or "Monkey King" is the main protagonist in 1883:of western India worship the tiger-like god 1833: 1377:-headed deities, included goddesses such as 323:into a bear and then into the constellation 4903:Epstein, Ronald (29 March – 1 April 1990). 4352:Temples of Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram District 4171: 4106: 4083: 4039: 4037: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3857: 3554: 3525: 3386: 3374: 3349: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3261: 2947:One of the most important sanctions of the 1314:, dating to 1403–1365 BC, exhibited in the 608:may also take the form of a cow, as in the 5210:(1935). "The Cult of Animals ", Folklore, 4864:. New York: Macmillan and Co. pp. 172−185. 4704: 4496: 4481: 4466: 4016: 3963: 3948: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 1990:"guiding and pulling". Similar to Daoism, 1522:, and had an important role in shamanism. 1337:is widely found in West Africa. Among the 1258:Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology 5129: 5119: 4043: 3727: 3725: 3422: 3410: 1828:, as well as being a favorite subject of 381:The largest whale skeleton in Vietnam at 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 5015:Apprivoiser le sauvage / Taming the Wild 3565: 3563: 3043:that led to a wider concept adoption of 1686:and the west and an important figure in 1610:since the earliest surviving records of 1244:. The golden stag figurine found in the 1017:. There are also traces of a horse god, 993:bore this form. Her priests were called 4906:Hinduism's Perspective on Animal Rights 4543: 4167: 4165: 3809:"Thousands Mourn Dead Whale in Vietnam" 3632:"Whale Mythology from around the World" 3254: 2964:diet to avoid causing pain to animals. 5415:Thomas, Northcote Whitbridge (1911). " 4858:Chapter VII. The Cats of Ancient Egypt 4028: 3929: 3361: 3298: 2864:A popular North American tradition is 1277:Among the Ancient Egyptians, the gods 1181:. She was associated with the city of 441:, was said by the Kati Kuri people of 4964:Heimlich, Sara; Boran, James (2001). 4094: 3837:. Ghana News Agency. 30 November 2001 3807:Viegas, Jennifer (23 February 2010). 2015:Monkeys are said to be worshipped in 1741:. Even today, some celebrants of the 974:There is some reason to believe that 723:Sheep § In religion and folklore 142:at the Lord Shiva Temple in Kanipakam 7: 5382:Zivie, A.; Lichtenberg, R. (2005). " 3398: 2976:lives so that an animal may live. A 2756:, the main sanctuary of the sun god 2624:area, and he also had the important 2275:egg of the season from the islet of 1698:is the 3rd year of the duodecennial 898:Actual dog worship is uncommon. The 690:of Madagascar keep sacred bulls. In 60:adding citations to reliable sources 4226:Standard Korean Language Dictionary 3576:Te Ara: Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3059:as animals based on their deeds or 833:A dog after being decorated in the 188:were accused of animal worship. In 4449:. National Library Board Singapore 3831:"Funeral for a Whale held at Apam" 2050:In Ancient Egyptian religion, the 1599:, the tiger has been considered a 1103:. In India, the popular Hindu god 940:has been practiced by a number of 25: 5219:Raman, K.V.; Padmaja, T. (1995). 5108:Frontiers in Conservation Science 4871:Symbolic and Mythological Animals 1875:, the tiger festival is known as 1853:The tiger is associated with the 1733:sometimes depicted Xiwangmu, the 292:as a result of these beliefs. In 5402: 5171:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4435:, p. 237, fn. 105 3570:Haami, Bradford (12 June 2006). 3198: 2752:received worship in the city of 2599:The Sumerians had a serpent god 2138:Raven who is different from the 1584:Tiger § Cultural depictions 1577:(Guler School, early 18th cent.) 1062:Cultural depictions of elephants 36: 5272:NRDC The Secret World of Whales 4890:. London, New York: Routledge. 3789:from the original on 2010-02-25 3075:the symbol and not the animal. 2340:Ancient Egyptian royal titulary 2160:, where they were connected to 1924:In Hinduism, the monkey deity, 557:from India and Nepal, but also 549:Many religions have considered 47:needs additional citations for 27:Glorification of animal deities 5384:The Cats of the Goddess Bastet 4214:Harrell & Yongxiang (2003) 4129:Zivie & Lichtenberg (2005) 3732:大藤時彦他 (1955). 民俗学研究所編 (ed.). 2846:is a form of divination using 2536:In Africa the chief centre of 2416:to prevent him from abducting 1468:. The lion was also sacred to 1037:in India worship a horse god, 1: 5298:te Velde, H. (1980). "Numen" 2693:The Ancient Egyptian goddess 2513:refers to the high status of 2409:), fights valiantly with the 1751:on children's foreheads with 1195:Deer § Human interaction 1048:Horses are godlike beings to 489:Some cultures that associate 190:Independent Assemblies of God 4827:. Indiana University Press. 3110:One Incan animal god is the 3008:Animal sacrifice in Hinduism 2855:Chinese traditional religion 2732:due to their similar roles. 2445:Vijayaraghava Perumal temple 2443:Jatayu is worshipped at the 2259:until the 1860s there was a 1650:as well as the dualities of 1538:from the ritual area of the 1419:Late Period of ancient Egypt 1325:Cultural depictions of lions 1236:it is linked to the goddess 1082:it is believed that a white 553:to be sacred, most famously 5042:. Oxford University Press, 5026:(4), Trans. Minori Yoshida. 3619:Heimlich & Boran (2001) 2998:Elephants in Kerala culture 2834:there was a dove-oracle of 1822:Korean foundation mythology 516:tribes on Hokkaido revered 5528: 4873:. London: Aquarian Press. 4365:Raman & Padmaja (1995) 3600:Tinirau education resource 3159: 3153: 3088: 3082: 3019:is one of the six primary 3005: 2987: 2936: 2930: 2902: 2717: 2639: 2467: 2267:of Birdmen (half men half 2098:is the chief deity of the 2087: 1917: 1581: 1322: 1316:National Museum of Denmark 1255: 1192: 1059: 922: 840: 770: 720: 686:of Central Africa and the 538: 370: 308: 5269:Siebert, Charles (2011). 5183:10.1017/s0959774322000257 5121:10.3389/fcosc.2021.683356 5036:Lightfoot, J. L. (2008). 4934:Guiley, Rosemary (2008). 4350:Chandramouli, C. (2003). 3572:"Te whānau puha – whales" 2994:Cattle slaughter in India 2496:Codex Telleriano-Remensis 2405:, the "King of Vultures"( 2180:North Borneo treated the 1834: 1747: 1624: 1013:we find a horse-goddess, 933:The Uffington White Horse 453:) many centuries before. 391:Vietnamese folk religions 5512:Anthropology of religion 4983:Herdman, W. A. (1890). " 4919:Frazer, Sir James George 3733: 3701: 3670:Seinan Gakuin University 3665: 3657: 2951:faith is the concept of 1847:Vietnamese folk religion 1807:Manchurian folk religion 1735:Queen Mother of the West 1460:worshipped the lion god 1452:There was a lion god at 1411:Book of the Heavenly Cow 1220:that was designed for it 610:Book of the Heavenly Cow 387:Vietnamese Whale worship 5426:Encyclopædia Britannica 4445:Naidu Ratnala Thulaja. 3655:謝婧; 下園知弥; 宮崎克則 (2015). 3471:The Wonders of the Seas 3219:Animal-assisted therapy 2990:Cow protection movement 2861:is an oracular animal. 2506:, and in the Americas. 1850:entering those places. 1797:, Yunnan. The towns of 1126:from a paste of either 804:is associated with the 204:was especially fond of 5489:Encyclopedia Americana 5225:. Peeters Publishers. 3672:: 9–14. Archived from 3473:. Ocean Research Group 3002:Lion Capital of Ashoka 2943:Buddhist vegetarianism 2651: 2499: 2487: 2390: 1938:give monkeys and apes 1915: 1719:ancient Chinese states 1579: 1558: 1508:the jaguar was revered 1318: 1312:temple of Mut at Luxor 1221: 1218:Galerie des Caryatides 1158:In North America, the 1075: 971: 934: 838: 782: 732: 456:The whale features in 393: 348: 143: 5198:Owen, James (2004), " 5039:The Sibylline oracles 4886:Engels, D.W. (2001). 3756:Sydney Morning Herald 2899:Shamanism and animals 2649: 2493: 2477: 2384: 1962:Chinese folk religion 1940:cultural significance 1898: 1787:creation of the world 1723:Black Pottery culture 1692:Chinese folk religion 1680:traditional astronomy 1672:four cardinal symbols 1564: 1533: 1329:Cats in ancient Egypt 1305: 1206: 1069: 969: 932: 832: 780: 730: 451:southern right whales 437:, in the present day 429:(also Maori name for 380: 337: 288:. Animals were often 137: 4856:Conway, M. (1891). " 4447:"Parrot astrologers" 4389:Bhattacharyya (1965) 4377:Bhattacharyya (1965) 4340:— Ramayana 3.048.003 3758:. AFP. 14 April 2003 3262:Teeter et al. (2002) 2385:Jaṭayu sculpture at 1745:paint the character 1743:Dragon Boat Festival 1365:'s chambers against 659:bull, the herald of 647:bull, the herald of 530:Domesticated mammals 56:improve this article 5162:Smalley, William A. 4869:Cooper, JC (1992). 4821:Bleich, D. (2013). 4174:, pp. 226–227. 4145:Save China's Tigers 3326:Weissenborn (1906b) 3144:Goddess of the Moon 2933:Animals in Buddhism 2842:in Ancient Greece. 2840:oracular utterances 2816:Classical Antiquity 2686:such as whales and 2032:Hapi (Son of Horus) 1957:Journey to the West 1803:Chuxiong Prefecture 1704:stars in opposition 1589:Of great importance 1401:, and gods such as 1213:Diana of Versailles 950:exceptionally white 682:revere cattle. The 5009:Ikram, S. (2015). 4970:. Voyageur Press. 4558:, pp. 234–235 4469:, pp. 228-229 4238:Nair et al. (2021) 3413:, pp. 434-435 3162:Jain vegetarianism 2782:Four Sons of Horus 2652: 2626:Temple of Kom Ombo 2500: 2488: 2391: 2387:Jaṭāyū Nature Park 2239:(not always), and 2168:in the former and 2090:Raven in mythology 1916: 1901:three wise monkeys 1739:protective amulets 1694:. Separately, the 1580: 1559: 1319: 1222: 1076: 972: 935: 855:and some parts of 839: 837:festival in Nepal. 783: 733: 545:Cattle in religion 535:Cattle and buffalo 394: 383:Vạn Thủy Tú temple 349: 144: 5374:978-0-8476-8001-6 5361:York, M. (1995). 5281:978-1-4521-0574-1 5160:Nida, Eugene A.; 5048:978-0-19-921546-1 4976:978-0-89658-545-4 4947:978-1-4381-2684-5 4834:978-0-253-00773-5 4783:Regenstein (1991) 4756:Regenstein (1991) 4741:Regenstein (1991) 4731:, p. 229-230 4729:Regenstein (1991) 4717:Regenstein (1991) 4705:Ottalagano (2022) 4688:Regenstein (1991) 4676:Regenstein (1991) 4666:, p. 223-224 4664:Regenstein (1991) 4652:Regenstein (1991) 4640:Regenstein (1991) 4616:Regenstein (1991) 4592:Regenstein (1991) 4580:Regenstein (1991) 4568:Regenstein (1991) 4556:Regenstein (1991) 4532:Regenstein (1991) 4073:Hornblower (1943) 3715:978-4-04-883926-6 3666:西南学院大学博物館研究紀要第3号 3658:明清時代の中国における鯨資源の利用 3156:Ahimsa in Jainism 3068:special occasions 2885:Lazdeika the Crab 2881:Maggie the Monkey 2877:Punxsutawney Phil 2706:at her temple at 2697:from the city of 2654:According to the 2459:Other non-mammals 2314:. At the city of 2132:Grandfather Raven 1960:. In traditional 1932:Chinese religions 1841:In many parts of 1721:, as well as the 1696:Year of the Tiger 1676:Chinese astrology 1662:as the symbol of 1646:to represent the 1634:in Chinese myth, 1578: 1557: 1458:pre-Islamic Arabs 1264:Rome's foundation 1210:with a deer, the 1199:Deer in mythology 982:. In the cave of 202:Egyptian pantheon 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 5519: 5493: 5485: 5483:"Zoolatry" 5430: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5391: 5386:". In Ikram, S. 5378: 5357: 5348: 5339: 5330: 5321: 5312: 5303: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5265: 5256: 5251: 5242: 5236: 5215: 5203: 5194: 5165: 5156: 5147: 5135: 5133: 5123: 5098: 5089: 5084: 5075: 5066: 5060: 5051: 5032: 5027: 5018: 5005: 4996: 4979: 4960: 4951: 4930: 4914: 4899: 4882: 4865: 4852: 4847: 4838: 4817: 4808: 4799: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4759: 4753: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4500: 4494: 4485: 4479: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4442: 4436: 4433:Lightfoot (2008) 4430: 4424: 4418: 4407: 4401: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4289: 4286:Waterbury (1952) 4283: 4277: 4274:Waterbury (1952) 4271: 4260: 4257:Waterbury (1952) 4254: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4202: 4199:Waterbury (1952) 4196: 4187: 4184:Waterbury (1952) 4181: 4175: 4169: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4147:. Archived from 4137: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4081: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4061:Schnitger (1938) 4058: 4047: 4041: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4003: 4000:Vukanović (1980) 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3952: 3946: 3933: 3927: 3900: 3899:, pp. 65-66 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3861: 3855: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3815:. Archived from 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3780: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3663: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3567: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3545:, pp. 15–16 3540: 3529: 3523: 3512: 3506: 3497: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3459: 3453: 3450:Kindaichi (1949) 3447: 3441: 3438:Kindaichi (1949) 3435: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3265: 3259: 3208: 3203: 3202: 2889:Paul the Octopus 2844:Parrot astrology 2796:Oracular animals 2720:Frogs in culture 2354:, worshipped at 2312:Egyptian vulture 2211:Singalang Burong 2036:Babi (mythology) 1992:Chinese Buddhism 1837: 1836: 1799:Shuangbai County 1771:cultural tourism 1750: 1749: 1629: 1628: 1576: 1575:riding a tiger. 1555: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1497:Haile Selassie I 1427:votive offerings 1333:The cult of the 1262:In the story of 1001:for "colts") in 961:Eurasian steppes 843:Dogs in religion 751:(sometimes) and 449:(Māori name for 163:animal sacrifice 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 71:"Animal worship" 64: 40: 32: 21: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5497: 5496: 5480: 5477: 5437: 5435:Further reading 5414: 5403: 5401: 5381: 5375: 5360: 5351: 5342: 5333: 5324: 5315: 5306: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5268: 5259: 5254: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5218: 5206: 5197: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5138: 5101: 5092: 5087: 5078: 5069: 5063: 5054: 5035: 5030: 5021: 5008: 4999: 4982: 4963: 4954: 4948: 4933: 4917: 4902: 4885: 4868: 4855: 4850: 4841: 4835: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4797: 4794: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4503: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4452: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4410: 4402: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4321: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4263: 4255: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4205: 4197: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4163: 4154: 4152: 4141:"Tiger Culture" 4139: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4050: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3985: 3983: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3955: 3947: 3936: 3928: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3849: 3840: 3838: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3792: 3790: 3783:The Independent 3775: 3774: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3736:. Vol. 2. 3735: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3708:. p. 182. 3703: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3638: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3604: 3602: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3532: 3524: 3515: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3485: 3476: 3474: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3204: 3197: 3194: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3014: 3004: 2988:Main articles: 2986: 2945: 2935: 2929: 2924: 2907: 2901: 2848:green parakeets 2798: 2738: 2722: 2716: 2644: 2642:Fish in culture 2638: 2609: 2519:Hindu mythology 2472: 2466: 2461: 2308: 2296: 2279:and take it to 2253: 2178: 2172:in the latter. 2092: 2086: 2081: 2069: 2048: 1922: 1893: 1760:protective ward 1702:, based on the 1682:, representing 1652:earth and water 1612:Chinese history 1586: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1528: 1506:In Mesoamerica 1443:Speos Artemidos 1331: 1300: 1260: 1254: 1246:Pazyryk burials 1242:Eurasian Steppe 1201: 1193:Main articles: 1191: 1156: 1151: 1122:'s creation of 1064: 1058: 927: 921: 881:in November as 845: 827: 775: 769: 725: 719: 547: 539:Main articles: 537: 532: 431:humpback whales 375: 369: 313: 307: 302: 268:, serpents and 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5525: 5523: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5507:Animal worship 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5476: 5475:External links 5473: 5472: 5471: 5460: 5449: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5421:Chisholm, Hugh 5417:Animal Worship 5393: 5392: 5379: 5373: 5358: 5349: 5340: 5331: 5322: 5313: 5304: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5266: 5257: 5252: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5216: 5204: 5195: 5177:(2): 193–215. 5166: 5157: 5148: 5140:Naumann, Nelly 5136: 5099: 5090: 5085: 5076: 5067: 5061: 5052: 5033: 5028: 5019: 5006: 4997: 4980: 4961: 4952: 4946: 4931: 4915: 4913:on 2012-07-01. 4900: 4883: 4866: 4853: 4848: 4839: 4833: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4775: 4771:Vallely (2002) 4760: 4745: 4733: 4721: 4709: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4632: 4628:Chapple (1993) 4620: 4608: 4604:Chapple (1993) 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4544:Epstein (1990) 4536: 4524: 4520:Baldick (2000) 4501: 4486: 4471: 4459: 4437: 4425: 4421:Naumann (1974) 4408: 4404:Naumann (1974) 4393: 4381: 4369: 4357: 4342: 4330: 4305: 4301:Balfour (1917) 4290: 4278: 4261: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4216:, p. 380. 4203: 4188: 4176: 4161: 4132: 4121: 4118:Herdman (1890) 4110: 4099: 4087: 4076: 4065: 4048: 4033: 4031:, p. 151. 4021: 4004: 3992: 3968: 3953: 3934: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3862: 3847: 3822: 3819:on 2010-02-26. 3813:Discovery News 3799: 3768: 3743: 3740:. p. 763. 3721: 3714: 3704:. Kwai books. 3689: 3647: 3636:worldtrans.org 3623: 3611: 3587: 3559: 3547: 3543:Siebert (2011) 3530: 3513: 3509:Naumann (1974) 3498: 3494:Naumann (1974) 3483: 3463:Bird, Jonathan 3454: 3442: 3427: 3415: 3403: 3401:, p. 118. 3391: 3379: 3366: 3364:, p. 357. 3354: 3342: 3338:Lubbock (2005) 3330: 3315: 3311:Lubbock (2005) 3303: 3266: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3239:Nature worship 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3214:Animal welfare 3210: 3209: 3206:Animals portal 3193: 3190: 3154:Main article: 3151: 3148: 3083:Main article: 3080: 3077: 2985: 2982: 2931:Main article: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2903:Main article: 2900: 2897: 2826:, and also in 2797: 2794: 2737: 2734: 2718:Main article: 2715: 2712: 2640:Main article: 2637: 2634: 2618:Crocodilopolis 2608: 2607:Other reptiles 2605: 2468:Main article: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2307: 2304: 2295: 2292: 2252: 2249: 2225:god of the sky 2197:, and the sea 2177: 2174: 2088:Main article: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2068: 2065: 2047: 2044: 2002:Gautama Buddha 1918:Main article: 1892: 1889: 1814:Korean history 1793:is located in 1725:and among the 1700:Chinese zodiac 1670:is one of the 1605:masculine yang 1527: 1524: 1474:mother goddess 1389:(early form), 1339:Ashanti people 1299: 1296: 1292:Narmer Palette 1256:Main article: 1253: 1250: 1216:in the Louvre 1190: 1187: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1060:Main article: 1057: 1054: 946:Turkic peoples 923:Main article: 920: 917: 841:Main article: 826: 823: 771:Main article: 768: 765: 721:Main article: 718: 715: 631:. Regarded as 602:Narmer Palette 561:, and ancient 559:Zoroastrianism 536: 533: 531: 528: 461:creation myths 371:Main article: 368: 365: 361:their language 309:Main article: 306: 303: 301: 298: 159:animal deities 147:Animal worship 130: 129: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5524: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5491: 5490: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5411:public domain 5400: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5232:9789068317015 5228: 5224: 5223: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5131:11250/2990288 5127: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4896:0-415-26162-7 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4879:1-85538-118-4 4876: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4785:, p. 232 4784: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4758:, p. 231 4757: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4743:, p. 230 4742: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4722: 4719:, p. 229 4718: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4690:, p. 226 4689: 4684: 4681: 4678:, p. 225 4677: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4657: 4654:, p. 223 4653: 4648: 4645: 4642:, p. 221 4641: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4621: 4618:, p. 237 4617: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4597: 4594:, p. 236 4593: 4588: 4585: 4582:, p. 238 4581: 4576: 4573: 4570:, p. 235 4569: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4537: 4534:, p. 234 4533: 4528: 4525: 4522:, p. 167 4521: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4499:, p. 223 4498: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4484:, p. 231 4483: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4460: 4448: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4367:, p. 86. 4366: 4361: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4331: 4320:. 23 May 2018 4319: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4303:, p. 374 4302: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4201:, p. 76. 4200: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4186:, p. 80. 4185: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4172:Cooper (1992) 4168: 4166: 4162: 4151:on 2009-02-12 4150: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4107:Conway (1891) 4103: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4084:Engels (2001) 4080: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4046:, p. 393 4045: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4029:Guiley (2008) 4025: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4002:, p. 112 4001: 3996: 3993: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3966:, p. 286 3965: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3930:Thomas (1911) 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897:Margul (1968) 3893: 3890: 3886: 3885:Margul (1968) 3881: 3878: 3874: 3873:Margul (1968) 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3858:Margul (1968) 3854: 3852: 3848: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3800: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3769: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3679:on 2015-12-25 3675: 3671: 3660: 3651: 3648: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3612: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3555:Frazer (1913) 3551: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3528:, p. 445 3527: 3526:Lantis (1938) 3522: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3452:, p. 348 3451: 3446: 3443: 3440:, p. 345 3439: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3425:, p. 435 3424: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3387:Morris (2000) 3383: 3380: 3376: 3375:Morris (2000) 3370: 3367: 3363: 3362:Bleich (2013) 3358: 3355: 3351: 3350:Morris (2000) 3346: 3343: 3340:, p. 253 3339: 3334: 3331: 3328:, p. 282 3327: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3313:, p. 252 3312: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3299:Thomas (1911) 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3264:, p. 355 3263: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3229:Anthrozoology 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3157: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3101:South America 3098: 3092: 3086: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2866:Groundhog Day 2862: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2648: 2643: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2511:snake worship 2507: 2505: 2497: 2492: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2470:Snake worship 2463: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356:Thebes, Egypt 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257:Easter Island 2250: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2207:Laki Tenangan 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2006:Chan Buddhist 2003: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1921: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1666:instead. The 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1563: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1489:Lion of Judah 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359:First Dynasty 1357:. During the 1356: 1352: 1351:Ancient Egypt 1347: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1050:Romani people 1046: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 985: 981: 977: 968: 964: 962: 957: 953: 951: 947: 943: 942:Indo-European 939: 938:Horse worship 931: 926: 925:Horse worship 918: 916: 914: 910: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 889: 884: 880: 876: 872: 871: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 844: 836: 831: 824: 822: 818: 815: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 779: 774: 766: 764: 762: 761:Thebes, Egypt 759:, the god of 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 729: 724: 716: 714: 710: 708: 704: 700: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594:Bat (goddess) 591: 587: 582: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 546: 542: 534: 529: 527: 525: 524: 519: 518:killer whales 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 483: 481: 476: 473: 468: 466: 462: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 422: 417: 415: 410: 406: 403: 398: 392: 388: 384: 379: 374: 373:Whale worship 366: 364: 362: 358: 354: 346: 345: 341: 336: 332: 328: 326: 322: 318: 312: 304: 300:Hunting cults 299: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 198: 195: 191: 187: 183: 178: 176: 172: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 141: 136: 126: 123: 115: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 18:Sacred animal 5487: 5424: 5395: 5394: 5387: 5363: 5353: 5344: 5335: 5326: 5317: 5308: 5299: 5270: 5261: 5247: 5221: 5211: 5174: 5170: 5152: 5143: 5111: 5107: 5094: 5080: 5071: 5056: 5037: 5023: 5014: 5004:(43): 85−87. 5001: 4992: 4988: 4965: 4956: 4940:. Infobase. 4936: 4926: 4911:the original 4905: 4887: 4870: 4861: 4843: 4823: 4813: 4804: 4778: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4683: 4671: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4606:, p. 22 4599: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4497:Waida (1983) 4482:Waida (1983) 4467:Waida (1983) 4462: 4451:. Retrieved 4440: 4428: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4351: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4322:. Retrieved 4317: 4308: 4288:, p. 27 4281: 4276:, p. 26 4259:, p. 62 4233: 4221: 4179: 4153:. Retrieved 4149:the original 4144: 4135: 4124: 4113: 4102: 4095:Ikram (2015) 4090: 4079: 4068: 4063:, p. 41 4024: 4019:, p. 32 4017:Brown (1950) 3995: 3984:. Retrieved 3981:artdaily.com 3980: 3971: 3964:Sidky (1990) 3949:Neave (1988) 3932:, p. 52 3892: 3887:, p. 65 3880: 3875:, p. 64 3860:, p. 63 3839:. Retrieved 3834: 3825: 3817:the original 3812: 3802: 3791:. Retrieved 3782: 3771: 3760:. Retrieved 3755: 3746: 3700:編著 (2005). 3692: 3681:. Retrieved 3674:the original 3650: 3639:. Retrieved 3635: 3626: 3614: 3603:. Retrieved 3599: 3590: 3579:. 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