Sabancaya - Knowledge (XXG)

31: 998: 933: 515: 123: 474:, occur around Sabancaya as well and include the Huambo-Cabanaconde, the Huanca, the Ichupampa, the Pampa Sepina, Sepina, Solarpampa and Trigal faults; the volcanoes Ampato and Sabancaya are aligned on the Sepina fault, which may thus be responsible for their existence. These fault systems are still active and experience occasional earthquakes and deformation, and their activity appears to be in part triggered by underground magma movements at Sabancaya. 627: 116: 1327: 483: 578:

the magma supply system of Sabancaya may not be centered directly below the volcano. Indeed, a phase of ground uplift at Hualca Hualca volcano and earthquake swarms in 1990 and later seismic activity under Hualca Hualca indicate that the magma chamber of Sabancaya is actually under the neighbouring volcano, a not uncommon phenomenon at volcanoes.

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Puma, Roger Machacca; Calienes, José Alberto Del Carpio; Porras, Marco Antonio Rivera; Huarache, Hernando Jhonny Tavera; Franco, Luisa Diomira Macedo; Calle, Jorge Andrés Concha; Zerpa, Ivonne Alejandra Lazarte; Quico, Riky Gustavo Centeno; Sacsi, Nino Celestino Puma; Aguilar, José Luis Torres; Alva,

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Earthquake activity has allowed the identification of a candidate magma reservoir beneath Pampa Sepina northeast of Sabancaya about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away from the summit. Between 1992 and 1996 this area inflated at a depth of 11–13 km (6.8–8.1 mi) below sea level, indicating that

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between 25,000 and 17,000 years before present, when ice covered an area of 347 square kilometres (134 sq mi) on the three volcanoes; these moraines have diverted some lava flows. Younger moraines are found at higher altitudes, 4,400–4,650 metres (14,440–15,260 ft) above sea level, and

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which in 1988 extended to distances of 2.5–3 kilometres (1.6–1.9 mi) from the summit. In 1997, a surface area of 3.4 square kilometres (1.3 sq mi) was reported. The maximum thickness was 50 metres (160 ft) in the summit area, decreasing to 20 metres (66 ft) on steeper slopes.

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is highest on the edifice itself and the valleys draining Ampato-Sabancaya to the east, south and west. A moderate hazard is found on Ampato-Sabancaya and downstream valleys, and a low hazard around the foot of Ampato-Sabancaya. Only a few houses are located within "multiple threats" hazard zones as

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on the latter volcano. These explosive eruptions became less common over time (from paroxysms every 20–30 minutes to only 5–6 eruptions per day) and the proportional amount of fresh volcanic material increased at first; since 1997 discontinuous eruptions generate steam columns no higher than 300–500

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emanate from the volcano, and cover a surface area of about 68 square kilometres (26 sq mi), with individual lava flows extending up to 8 km (5.0 mi) east and west from between its two neighbours. The lava flows at larger distances are older than the ones close to the vent. These

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Several paved roads pass along the foot of Ampato and Hualca Hualca, including the department-level road PE-34E and the AR-579. The principal economic activities in the area are agriculture, animal husbandry, mining and tourism. The Colca valley is one of the principal tourism destinations of Peru,

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began to grow in 2017 within the crater, with unsteady explosive activity and occasional seismic swarms, and was progressively destroyed in 2020. In 2020, a second lava dome formed in November but it was destroyed between December and February of that year. These lava domes were named after numbers

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which gave rise to the dacites. Partial crystallization and flow events within the magma chamber caused the formation of the andesite enclaves. The total magma production rate of Sabancaya without accounting for repose periods is about 0.6–1.7 cubic kilometres per year (0.14–0.41 cu mi/a)

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Bromley, Gordon R. M.; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Schimmelpfennig, Irene; Mariño, Jersy; Valdivia, David; Rademaker, Kurt; del Pilar Vivanco Lopez, Socorro; Team, ASTER; Aumaître, Georges; Bourlès, Didier; Keddadouche, Karim (7 November 2019). "In situ cosmogenic 3He and 36Cl and radiocarbon dating of

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volcano was the active volcano before volcanism shifted to Sabancaya, after a period where both volcanoes erupted. Holocene activity at Sabancaya has been subdivided into two or three stages, Sabancaya I, Sabancaya II and Sabancaya III in the three-stage model and a principal cone-basal lava flow

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leads to volcanic activity in the Andes. This volcanic activity presently occurs in three segments, the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Central Volcanic Zone and the Southern Volcanic Zone. There is an additional volcanic belt south of the Southern Volcanic Zone, the Austral Volcanic Zone, associated

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After the large 1990 eruption, the style of activity at Sabancaya changed towards a frequent occurrence of explosive eruptions with however low output, which threw ballistic blocks to distances of about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from the summit crater; this pattern of activity is referred to as

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in the north and the Siguas Valley in the southwest. Ampato and the more heavily eroded Hualca Hualca are the dominant volcanoes of this group, with Sabancaya forming a northeastward extension of the former 4–5 kilometres (2.5–3.1 mi) away from Ampato's summit. There is evidence of age

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activity heralded the onset of a new eruptive period, and satellite images observed the occurrence of black spots where the ice had melted or boiled away. During this time, the death of animals was observed in the area. This period reached a climax in May 1990, when an eruption with a

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fallout, which can impact the health of people, animals and plants more than 50 kilometres (31 mi) away; and lava flows, which however are not much of a threat to humans owing to their slow speed. Aside from the direct threat of eruptions, Sabancaya also contributes to

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Coppola, D.; Valade, S.; Masias, P.; Laiolo, M.; Massimetti, F.; Campus, A.; Aguilar, R.; Anccasi, R.; Apaza, F.; Ccallata, B.; Cigolini, C.; Cruz, L. F.; Finizola, A.; Gonzales, K.; Macedo, O.; Miranda, R.; Ortega, M.; Paxi, R.; Taipe, E.; Valdivia, D. (February 2022).

818:. There is evidence that early and middle-Holocene Sabancaya mostly erupted lava, while the late-Holocene volcano was more explosive in its activity. Thirteen tephra-producing eruptions took place between 4,150 ±40 and 730 ±35 years ago. It is possible that the 4188:

Moussallam, Yves; Tamburello, Giancarlo; Peters, Nial; Apaza, Fredy; Schipper, C. Ian; Curtis, Aaron; Aiuppa, Alessandro; Masias, Pablo; Boichu, Marie; Bauduin, Sophie; Barnie, Talfan; Bani, Philipson; Giudice, Gaetano; Moussallam, Manuel (1 September 2017).

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is during December-March, with the rest of the year dry. Annual precipitation east of the volcano is about 480–926 millimetres (18.9–36.5 in); on average, about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) ice and snow accumulate on Sabancaya during the wet season.

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increased after fifteen years of rest, leading to local infrastructure being damaged; an eruption occurred in August 2014 and blue and yellow gases were emitted between 2013 and 2015. This pulse of activity was accompanied by an increased release of

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MacQueen, Patricia; Delgado, Francisco; Reath, Kevin; Pritchard, Matthew E.; Bagnardi, Marco; Milillo, Pietro; Lundgren, Paul; Macedo, Orlando; Aguilar, Victor; Ortega, Mayra; Anccasi, Rosa; Zerpa, Ivonne Alejandra Lazarte; Miranda, Rafael (2020).

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Ortega, M.; Cruz, L.; Apaza, F.; Anccasi, R.; Paxi, R.; Taipe, E.; Chavez, V. (2023). "Actividad volcánica asociada a procesos de formación y destrucción de domos de lava en el volcán Sabancaya, 2019 – 2022". In Masías, P.; Ortega, M. (eds.).

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A further increase of fumarolic activity was observed in 2016, when new fumaroles appeared and sulfur flux increased to 6,000 tonnes per day (0.069 t/s) sulfur dioxide. Ash eruptions have occurred since 6 November 2016, with an

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Kern, Christoph; Masias, Pablo; Apaza, Fredy; Reath, Kevin A.; Platt, Ulrich (1 May 2017). "Remote measurement of high preeruptive water vapor emissions at Sabancaya volcano by passive differential optical absorption spectroscopy".

613:, the supply of volcanic material was high and dominated the region, forming a volcanic "foot"; the present volcanoes are constructed on this volcanic "foot" formed by the Tacaza and Barroso sequences. This "foot" is made out of an 1209:

Together with Ubinas, Coropuna and Misti, Sabancaya is classified by as a "very high risk" volcano; in the case of Sabancaya because of its threat to the Majes-Siguas irrigation project. Scenarios of future eruptions range from

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Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco; Puma Sacsi, Nino; Cruz Igme, John Edward; Torres Aguilar, José Luis; Vargas Alva, Katherine Andrea; Lazarte, Ivonne; Machacca, Roger; Concha Calle, Jorge Andrés (October 2019).

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plateau that drops down south. The "foot" beneath Ampato, Hualca Hualca and Sabancaya has been dated 2.2 ±0.15 million years ago, while a lava flow beneath the first and the last of these is about 0.8 ±0.04 million years old.

285:. Historical reports indicate eruptions during the 18th century. The volcano returned to activity in 1986, culminating in a large eruption in 1990. Since then it has been continuously active with the emission of ash and gas. 929:, which was being emitted at a rate of 1,000 tonnes per day (0.012 t/s) in 2014. Ash was emitted by the volcano multiple times through 2014 and 2015, and there has been steady shallow seismic activity since 2013. 4331:

Rivera, Marco; Samaniego, Pablo; Nauret, François; Mariño, Jersy; Liorzou, Céline (November 2023). "Petrological and geochemical constraints on the magmatic evolution at the Ampato-Sabancaya compound volcano (Peru)".

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Fries, Allan; Dominguez, Lucia; Jarvis, Paul A.; Pistolesi, Marco; Manrique, Nelida; Aguilar, Rigoberto; Valdivia, David; Rossi, Eduardo; Pollastri, Stefano; Horwell, Claire J.; Bonadonna, Costanza (September 2023).

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formed at temperatures of 920–990 °C (1,688–1,814 °F) with uncertainties of 30–50 °C (54–90 °F); the highest temperatures are associated with the 1992 eruption products. Fluids from the downgoing

853:. After the 18th century, the volcano went dormant for about two hundred years during which only fumarolic activity was recorded. Beginning in 1981, signs of increased activity were noted. In late 1986 an increased 949:

clouds that can rise to elevations of 3.5 km (2.2 mi). A persistent gas plume lies above the volcano and repeated emissions of ash have happened, resulting in several alerts for the local population.

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The presence of an ice cap is an additional source of danger, as its melting during a volcanic eruption could form hazardous lahars, although the small volume of the ice cap limits their damage potential. The

455:. Notable among them are Ampato and Coropuna for exceeding a height of 6,000 metres (20,000 ft), Huaynaputina and El Misti for their large eruptions and Ubinas and Sabancaya for their recent activity. 1718:

Chorowicz, J.; Deffontaines, B.; Huaman-Rodrigo, D.; Guillande, R.; Leguern, F.; Thouret, J.C. (1 October 1992). "SPOT satellite monitoring of the eruption of Nevado Sabancaya volcano (Southern Peru)".

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Socha, Dagmara M.; Sykutera, Marzena; Reinhard, Johan; Chávez Perea, Ruddy (June 2022). "Ritual drug use during Inca human sacrifices on Ampato mountain (Peru): Results of a toxicological analysis".

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Gerbe, Marie-Christine; Thouret, Jean-Claude (1 August 2004). "Role of magma mixing in the petrogenesis of tephra erupted during the 1990–98 explosive activity of Nevado Sabancaya, southern Peru".

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The tectonic conditions in the region have not been constant over time; at various times the plates approached each other at higher speed, and this led to a compressional tectonic regimen. In the

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Rivera, Marco; Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Tavera, Hernando; Cruz Igme, John Edward; Vargas Alva, Katherine Andrea; Torres Aguilar, José Luis; Concha Calle, Jorge Andrés (February 2021).

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are recognizable in the summit area. They have a total volume of 20–25 cubic kilometres (4.8–6.0 cu mi). The upper slopes of the volcano are steep, and become gentler at its foot. A

1222:. Scenarios of mudflow emission range from mudflows in the valleys draining Ampato and Sabancaya over to flows that extend 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the volcano into surrounding towns. 364:

of the Andes, which extends through southern Peru. Many volcanoes in the Central Volcanic Zone are poorly known, owing to their remote locations and adverse conditions such as high altitude.

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flows are blocky, have lobe structures and reach thicknesses of 60–170 metres (200–560 ft); the total thickness of this pile of lava flows is about 300–400 metres (980–1,310 ft).

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being created two years later and beginning its work at Sabancaya. The monitoring network around the volcano was expanded after its 2013 eruption. The Southern Volcano Observatory and the

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Bennis, K.L.; Andrews, B. (eds.). Global Volcanism Program, 2022. Report on Sabancaya (Peru) (Report). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Vol. 47. Smithsonian Institution.

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magma into the magma chamber. This eruption displaced between 4,000 and 1,500 people in the region. Ash fall from the eruption melted ice on the neighbouring Ampato volcano, exposing

752:. The amount of water emitted by Sabancaya is noticeably large for a volcano (about 250,000 tonnes per day or 2.9 tonnes per second); the source of this water might be an evaporating 1206:

of 2017, but several bridges, canals, roads and the towns of Taya, Lluta and Huanca are within the mudflow hazard zone, and the volcanic ash hazard zone includes numerous villages.

709:, which eventually melts to produce a primitive magma. In various magma chambers, magma genesis involved processes of magma mixing which formed at least part of the andesites and 653:

suite similar to other volcanoes in southern Peru; the andesites occasionally appear as fine-grained enclaves. The rocks are not very vesicular and contain a moderate amount of

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Juvigné, Etienne; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Loutsch, Isabelle; Lamadon, Sébastien; Frechen, Manfred; Fontugne, Michel; Rivera, Marco; Dávila, Jasmine; Mariño, Jersy (1 June 2008).

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THOURET, Jean-Claude; DAVILA, Jasmine; JUVIGNÉ, Etienne; LEE, Alex; LEGELEY-PADOVANI, Annick; LOUTSCH, Isabelle; MAJAVESI, Medeia; JERSY, Marino; MOSCOL, Marcela (July 2003).

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on various lava flows of the basal lava flow field stage, indicating that effusive activity started shortly after the beginning of the Holocene and built the basal edifice.

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Sabancaya is part of a series of volcanoes that line the southwestern coast of Peru at a distance of roughly 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the shore. Of these volcanoes,

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Alcalá, J.; Zamorano, J. J.; Palacios, D. (1 April 2012). "Geomorphologic map and derived geomorphological evolution model of the Ampato volcanic complex (Southern Peru)".

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of 2–3 occurred. This eruption threw ash to distances of 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the summit and was accompanied by strong earthquake activity and the formation of

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Samaniego, Pablo; Rivera, Marco; Mariño, Jersy; Guillou, Hervé; Liorzou, Céline; Zerathe, Swann; Delgado, Rosmery; Valderrama, Patricio; Scao, Vincent (1 September 2016).

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at the top of the volcano lies either on the northern or between these two domes, with traces of an additional crater just northeast. Despite the presence of an ice cap,

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with about 35,000 people living in them. Sabancaya is particularly dangerous for the Colca river valley, 18 kilometres (11 mi) north of the volcano; with the towns

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rocks of the "Arequipa Massif", which are up to 1.9 billion years old. They are overlaid by various sediments and volcanic formations (Yura Group and Tiabaya unit) of

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Legeley-Padovani, A.; Mering, C.; Guillande, R.; Huaman, D. (1 October 1997). "Mapping of lava flows through SPOT images an example of the Sabancaya volcano (Peru)".

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Sabancaya is 5,960 metres (19,554 ft) high and rises 1,500 metres (4,920 ft) above the surrounding terrain. It forms a group of volcanoes with the northern

903:. Satellite imagery has evidenced the occurrence of temperature anomalies on Sabancaya on the scale of 13 K (23 °F), probably owing to fumarolic activity. 866:

that reached heights of 7 km (4.3 mi). The eruption and further activity, through 1990, enlarged the summit crater and caused the formation of new rows of

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Puma Sacsi, Nino; Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco; Vargas Alva, Katherine Andrea; Machacca, Roger; Lazarte Zerpa, lvonne Alejandra (April 2021).

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Contreras, Rigoberto Aguilar; Maquerhua, Edu Taipe; Vera, Yanet Antayhua; Gonzales, Mayra Ortega; Choquehuayta, Fredy Apaza; Mamani, Luis Cruz (1 November 2021).

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Sabancaya consists of two separate centres that are formed by neighbouring domes, Sabancaya I North and Sabancaya II South. The 350 metres (1,150 ft) wide

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Sabancaya and Ubinas were the first Peruvian volcanoes to be studied scientifically. Volcano monitoring in Peru commenced after the 1986 eruption, with the

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Silva, SL de; Francis, P. W. (1 March 1990). "Potentially active volcanoes of Peru-Observations using Landsat Thematic Mapper and Space Shuttle imagery".

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Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco; Centeno, Riky; Torres, José; Lazarte, Ivonne; Vargas, Katherine; Concha Calle, Jorge Andrés (May 2023).

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Pritchard, Matthew E.; Simons, Mark (11 July 2002). "A satellite geodetic survey of large-scale deformation of volcanic centres in the central Andes".

894:" and was accompanied by a decrease of the magma supply. Ash fall from these eruptions induced melting of the glaciers on Ampato, in 1995 exposing the 1045:

and others lie in the valley. About 30,000 people live within 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the volcano. The flanks of Sabancaya themselves include

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however, tensional faulting facilitated the occurrence of voluminous volcanism. This faulting is still underway and produces earthquakes in the area.

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The influence of vulcanism, sea salt, DMS and dust on marine stratocumulus cloud chemistry in southern Peru based on ion and sulfate isotope analysis

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3 km (1.9 mi) high five days later. Since then, the volcano has been continuously active with numerous explosions every day, which produce

4462:"L'Activite actuelle du Nevado Sabancaya (sud Perou); reconnaissance geologique et satellitaire, evaluation et cartographie des menaces volcaniques" 4191:"Volcanic gas emissions and degassing dynamics at Ubinas and Sabancaya volcanoes; implications for the volatile budget of the central volcanic zone" 2844:

Jay, J. A.; Welch, M.; Pritchard, M. E.; Mares, P. J.; Mnich, M. E.; Melkonian, A. K.; Aguilera, F.; Naranjo, J. A.; Sunagua, M. (1 January 2013).

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fields in the two-stage model. Dating efforts have yielded ages of 12,340 ±550, 6,650 ±320, 6,300 ±310, 5,440 ±40, 5,200 ±100 and 4,100 ±100 years

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of the Andes, one of the three distinct volcanic belts of the Andes. The Central Volcanic Zone includes a number of volcanoes, some of which like

4262:"Monitoring of active volcanoes in Peru by the Instituto Geofísico del Perú: Early warning systems, communication, and information dissemination" 4260:

Katherine Andrea Vargas; Igme, John Edward Cruz; Quispe, Lizbeth Velarde; Nina, Javier Vilca; Garay, Alan Reinhold Malpartida (1 November 2021).

3283:"Near-real-time volcanic cloud monitoring: insights into global explosive volcanic eruptive activity through analysis of Volcanic Ash Advisories" 781:

in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes and among the top fifteen volcanic emitters on Earth. Sulfur dioxide is transported by winds on to the

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in the Colca valley, which can damage plants and cause respiratory distress in animals and humans. Ash clouds from Sabancaya frequently impede

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Between 1986 and 2016 the mountain lost over three quarters of its ice cap, and the remaining ice field broke up into several ice bodies.

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Rivera, Marco; Samaniego, Pablo; Vela, Jessica; Le Pennec, Jean-Luc; Guillou, Hervé; Paquette, Jean-Louis; Liorzou, Céline (March 2020).

4022:"Retombées volcaniques dans des tourbières et lacs autour du massif des Nevados Ampato et Sabancaya (Pérou méridional, Andes Centrales)" 1218:(no evidence of effusive eruptions during the past few centuries) and vulcanian-subplinian eruptions to the low-probability scenario of 2387:"The eruptive chronology of the Yucamane-Calientes compound volcano: A potentially active edifice of the Central Andes (southern Peru)" 3966:

Jay, Jennifer A.; Delgado, Francisco J.; Torres, José Luis; Pritchard, Matthew E.; Macedo, Orlando; Aguilar, Victor (28 April 2015).

3766:"Shallow magma convection evidenced by excess degassing and thermal radiation during the dome-forming Sabancaya eruption (2012–2020)" 3712:"Hazard assessment studies and multiparametric volcano monitoring developed by the Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico in Peru" 395:

have been active during historical time, erupting forty-five times during the past six centuries. Further volcanoes in the area with

2007:"Area changes of glaciers on active volcanoes in Latin America between 1986 and 2015 observed from multi-temporal satellite imagery" 3811:"Evaluación geofísica del comportamiento dinámico actual del volcán Sabancaya, periodo 1 de diciembre de 2019-2 de febrero de 2020" 30: 1059: 5235: 4536:(Report) (in Spanish). Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico. Dirección de Geología Ambiental y Riesgo Geológico. p. 19. 3866:"The post-2016 long-lasting Vulcanian activity of Sabancaya volcano (Peru) and associated aeolian remobilisation of volcanic ash" 4124:"Volcano-Tectonic Interactions at Sabancaya Volcano, Peru: Eruptions, Magmatic Inflation, Moderate Earthquakes, and Fault Creep" 3948:

Evaluación del riesgo volcánico en el sur del Perú: situación de la vigilancia actual y requerimientos de monitoreo en el futuro

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Michalski, Greg; Larrea Valdivia, Adriana; Reyes, Juan; Olson, Elizabeth Joy; Welp, Lisa R.; Van Winkle, Faith (December 2022).

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Evaluación por caída de ceniza en el anexo de Nahuira (distrito Chachas). Región Arequipa, provincia Castilla, distrito Chachas

932: 997: 4564: 2846:"Volcanic hotspots of the central and southern Andes as seen from space by ASTER and MODVOLC between the years 2000 and 2010" 1115:

over the region; the volcano is one of the most frequent causes of volcanic ash-related air traffic advisories in the world.

1068:, at least 60,000 to 70,000 people would be threatened. Rock fall would affect the area close to the summit domes, as would 3643:"Constraints on the nature and evolution of the volcanic fields of the Andahua Group, Central Volcanic Zone, southern Peru" 72: 5255: 5250: 870:. Chemical analysis, of the volcanic rocks, suggests that this phase of volcanic activity was started by the injection of 718:

under Hualca Hualca, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) horizontal distance from Sabancaya, at 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) depth.

4447:(Report). A - Informes técnicos INGEMMET (in Spanish). Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET. p. 25. 4246:(Report). A - Informes técnicos INGEMMET (in Spanish). Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET. p. 29. 4175:(Report). A - Informes técnicos INGEMMET (in Spanish). Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET. p. 23. 1131: 2789:"Inca human sacrifices from the Ampato and Pichu Pichu volcanoes, Peru: new results from a bio-anthropological analysis" 561:

at elevations of 4,450–4,250 metres (14,600–13,940 ft) above sea level testify to the occurrence of more extensive

499: 65: 204: 3432: 115: 5027: 4596: 859: 814:, 420–150 BC, 100 BC – 150 AD and between 1200 and 1400 AD, could have originated either on Sabancaya or 1124: 5245: 4914: 4557: 1340: 1238:

The landscape around Sabancaya, Ampato and Hualca Hualca is largely unvegetated. The vegetation includes bushes,

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formed. Ash emissions and seismic activity associated with the eruption begun in 2016 was still ongoing in 2023.

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Muestreo de cenizas en los alrededores del volcán Sabancaya. Región Arequipa, provincia Caylloma, distrito Lluta

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Annen, Catherine; Wagner, Jean-Jacques (1 November 2003). "The Impact of Volcanic Eruptions During the 1990s".

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Evaluación geofísica del comportamiento dinámico actual del volcán Sabancaya, periodo enero-octubre de 2019

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Engwell, S.; Mastin, L.; Tupper, A.; Kibler, J.; Acethorp, P.; Lord, G.; Filgueira, R. (21 January 2021).

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Propuesta técnica para la implementación de miradores geoturísticos del volcán Sabancaya, región Arequipa

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Soncco Calsina, Yhon Hidelver; Manrique Llerena, Nélida; Lazarte Zerpa, Ivonne Alejandra (August 2018).

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Rivera Porras, Marco Antonio; Aguilar Contreras, Rigoberto; Manrique Llerena, Nélida (December 2017).

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Evaluación geofísica del comportamiento dinámico del volcán Sabancaya (diciembre, 2020 – marzo, 2021)

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Reinthaler, Johannes; Paul, Frank; Granados, Hugo Delgado; Rivera, Andrés; Huggel, Christian (2019).

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developed in river valleys around Sabancaya. The volcano has covered its immediate surroundings with

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drainages would be threatened by such mudflows in case of an eruption; the former is the site of the

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Thouret, J. C.; Guillande, R.; Huaman, D.; Gourgaud, A.; Salas, G.; Chorowicz, J. (1 January 1994).

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includes Sabancaya. Volcanic activity is visible from the Chivay-Arequipa road at Patapampa, other

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eruptions are less common and have a low volume. Layers dated 8,500 years before present, 2500-2100

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with about 190,000 visitors per year. It and Sabancaya have been evaluated for their potential as

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collectors. These data are published both in real-time online and in volcano activity bulletins.

1081: 1030: 1026: 1014: 891: 594: 574:. Most of Sabancaya post-dates the last ice age and is thus relatively unaffected by glaciation. 462:

which delimit the volcanic arc and strike along its length intersect additional faults formed by

412: 298: 282: 3711: 1006: 315:. The name is attested from 1595, implying that volcanic activity was observed since that date. 4533: 4444: 4232: 4172: 3474: 3472: 2945: 1189:

and "multiple threats", respectively. According to the "multiple threats" map, the danger from

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Evaluación de peligros volcánicos de la concesión minera Hualca Hualca I, Caylloma – Arequipa

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progression from the oldest, Hualca Hualca, over Ampato, to the youngest volcano, Sabancaya.

5195: 5185: 5107: 5087: 5042: 4919: 4884: 4646: 4621: 4537: 4510: 4448: 4415: 4386: 4345: 4283: 4273: 4247: 4210: 4176: 4143: 4091: 4083: 4043: 4033: 4000: 3990: 3954: 3918: 3895: 3885: 3851: 3831: 3795: 3785: 3733: 3723: 3654: 3312: 3302: 3253: 2865: 2808: 2733: 2626: 2578: 2482: 2406: 2128: 2026: 1825: 1736: 1312: 1219: 1198: 1091:

project, the most important in southern Peru. Other dangers from eruptions at Sabancaya are

1069: 1065: 1010: 807: 706: 546: 4491:"Evolved lavas on Mars? Observations from southwest Arsia Mons and Sabancaya volcano, Peru" 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 5012: 4984: 4849: 4671: 4611: 4323: 4314: 3947: 3844: 3824: 3624: 3622: 942: 863: 823: 467: 357: 5077: 4324:

Análisis y evaluación de escenarios críticos por descenso de lahares en volcanes peruanos

4506: 4411: 4382: 4341: 4206: 4139: 4079: 3986: 3881: 3781: 3298: 2861: 2804: 2622: 2478: 2402: 2359: 2124: 2022: 1821: 1767: 1732: 849:

chronicles mention probable eruptions in 1752 and 1784, which might have left layers of

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Aerial photo of Solimana (foreground), Coropuna (upper right) and Sabancaya (upper left)

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may have formed between 13,000 and 10,000 years ago, shortly after the beginning of the

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volcanic deposits refine the Pleistocene and Holocene eruption chronology of SW Peru".

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have been active in historical time. Sabancaya forms a volcanic complex together with

5229: 5152: 5147: 5127: 4759: 4631: 4435: 4390: 4357: 4305: 4214: 4163: 4113: 3968:"Deformation and seismicity near Sabancaya volcano, southern Peru, from 2002 to 2015" 3938: 3890: 3865: 3755: 3334: 2885: 2830: 2638: 2494: 2426: 2410: 1740: 1202: 1108: 1001:

The Colca canyon; Sabancaya is the white dot just above the right bottom of the image

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deposits are also found, but they might originate from Ampato rather than Sabancaya.

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Sabancaya rises above the valleys of the Colca river and of some tributaries of the

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system in the volcano. Together with Ubinas Sabancaya is among the main emitters of

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clouds. Much of the gas is derived from magma that does not ascend to the surface.

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3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) east of the summit has been the source of lava flows.

503: 471: 380: 239: 188: 4367:"The eruptive chronology of the Ampato–Sabancaya volcanic complex (Southern Peru)" 2845: 2522:"Late Pleistocene and Holocene Tephrostratigraphy and Chronology in Southern Peru" 837: 4349: 3810: 2630: 5157: 5007: 4874: 4869: 4859: 4799: 4606: 2351: 1150: 1077: 819: 811: 674: 635: 598: 344: 331:

valley is located north of the Sabancaya-Hualca Hualca-Ampato volcano complex.

328: 4237:(in Spanish). Lima: Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico. pp. 139–144. 3790: 3765: 3307: 3282: 3106: 3104: 3102: 2929: 2813: 2788: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1373: 5067: 4899: 4894: 4854: 4824: 4734: 4701: 4696: 4656: 3922: 3845:

Estado del conocimiento sobre la actividad de los volcanes activos de Arequipa

3693: 3681: 3601: 3538: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3463: 3155: 3046: 3034: 2983: 2901: 2486: 2071: 2052: 2050: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1433: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1322: 1300: 1231: 1112: 1088: 1050: 670: 666: 654: 614: 562: 482: 432: 408: 400: 340: 274: 4541: 4524: 4477: 4452: 4427: 4297: 4288: 4222: 4180: 4155: 4105: 4096: 4057: 4038: 4021: 4012: 4004: 3958: 3930: 3900: 3855: 3835: 3800: 3747: 3738: 3668: 3326: 3267: 2877: 2822: 2592: 2418: 2140: 2040: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1837: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 826:

in response to eruptions of Sabancaya to calm down the mountain spirits; the

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Libro de Resúmenes IX Foro Internacional de Peligros Volcánicos – IX FIPVO

3442: 3258: 1064:; all of these could be threatened in an eruption. In the case of a major 5205: 5142: 5082: 5052: 4959: 4889: 4819: 4814: 4784: 4754: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4666: 4515: 4490: 4147: 4087: 4026:

Quaternaire. Revue de l'Association Française Pour l'Étude du Quaternaire

3995: 3437: 3130: 1627: 1625: 1267: 678: 638: 606: 602: 571: 538: 428: 416: 396: 392: 388: 372: 324: 278: 255: 231: 3628: 3242:"Evaluacion quimico-toxicologica de SO 2 en el aire del Valle del Colca" 2995: 2132: 2031: 2006: 5047: 4964: 4949: 4934: 4839: 4809: 4641: 4636: 4419: 3317: 2787:

Socha, Dagmara M.; Reinhard, Johan; Perea, Ruddy Chávez (14 May 2021).

2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 1308: 1279: 1271: 1244: 1194: 1186: 1072:; these would be a further hazard to the valleys draining the volcano. 883: 831: 686: 662: 610: 558: 553: 384: 263: 4171:

Manrique Llerena, Nélida; Vela Valdez, Jessica Carolina (April 2018).

3641:

Gałaś, Andrzej; Németh, Károly; Lewińska, Paulina (14 November 2022).

3550: 3407: 3371: 2654: 5122: 5062: 4929: 4864: 4834: 4794: 4774: 4739: 4711: 1304: 1283: 1263: 1092: 1018: 850: 815: 798: 642: 495: 440: 376: 259: 251: 243: 46: 35:

Aerial view of Sabancaya, the summit in the left background is Ampato

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Sabancaya is the most active or second most active volcano in Peru.

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have been produced in some occasions, without reports of damage. A

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metres (980–1,640 ft) and ejected material is almost entirely

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and the Huambo volcanic field is on the western side of Sabancaya.

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Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco (February 2020).

2565:"INVESTIGACIONES ARQUEOLÓGICAS de ALTA MONTAÑA en el Sur del Perú" 1287: 1259: 1250: 1239: 996: 951: 931: 871: 846: 836: 693: 625: 513: 481: 309:, likely a reference to the eruptive activity. Another version is 267: 223: 163: 3561: 3559: 1315:

are at Mucurca northwest and Coporaque northeast of the volcano.

1255: 1046: 875: 227: 149: 4553: 2678: 2331: 983:

existed during the winter of 2021-2022. In March and May 2023,

3395: 3179: 3167: 3110: 2219: 2217: 2192: 2190: 2082: 2080: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1884: 1592: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1418: 1142: 657:. Minerals encountered in both phenocrysts and groundmass are 2956: 2098: 1872: 1686: 1643: 1604: 1480: 1478: 1397: 1395: 1393: 645:, with andesite about twice as common as dacite. They form a 3694: