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stories were so commonly told in spite of the fact that sabbats likely never actually occurred. First, belief in the real power of witchcraft grew during the late medieval and early-modern Europe as a doctrinal view in opposition to the canon
Episcopi gained ground in certain communities. This fueled a paranoia among certain religious authorities that there was a vast underground conspiracy of witches determined to overthrow Christianity. Women beyond child-bearing years provided an easy target and were scapegoated and blamed for famines, plague, warfare, and other problems. Having prurient and orgiastic elements helped ensure that these stories would be relayed to others.
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937:, is the use of unguents conferring the power of "flight" and "shape-shifting." Recipes for such "flying ointments" have survived from early modern times, permitting not only an assessment of their likely pharmacological effects â based on their various plant (and to a lesser extent animal) ingredients â but also the actual recreation of and experimentation with such fat or oil-based preparations. Ginzburg makes brief reference to the use of entheogens in European witchcraft at the end of his analysis of the Witches Sabbath, mentioning only the fungi
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1380:"It is sometimes argued that the Malleus was of minor influence in the spread of the conception of sorcery as a satanic cult because the black sabbath, which formed a major element in later notions of sorcery, receives little emphasis. Yet, here the black sabbath clearly is mentioned..." --footnote 74, Christopher S. Mackay, The Hammer of Witches, A Complete Translation of Malleus Maleficarum p. 283 fn. 74. The original work with the line Mackay refers to is page 208 as
1270:"...the fear of a monstrous conspiracy of Devil-worshipping witches was fairly recent, and indeed modern scholarship has confirmed that massive witch hunts occurred almost exclusively in the early modern period, reaching their peak intensity during the century 1570-1670." Benjamin G. Kohl and H.C. Erik Midelfort, editors, On Witchcraft An Abridged Translation of Johann Weyer's De praestigiis daemonun. Translation by John Shea (North Carolina, 1998) xvi.
251:
979:â in short, a substrate of shamanic myth could, when catalysed by a drug experience (or simple starvation), give rise to a 'journey to the Sabbath', not of the body, but of the mind. Ergot and the Fly Agaric mushroom, while hallucinogenic, were not among the ingredients listed in recipes for the flying ointment. The active ingredients in such unguents were primarily, not fungi, but plants in the nightshade family
2038:(Oxford: Clarendon Press). see the following essays- pg 121 Ginzburg, Carlo "Deciphering the Sabbath," pg 139 Muchembled, Robert "Satanic Myths and Cultural Reality," pg 161 Rowland, Robert. "Fantastically and Devilishe Person's: European Witch-Beliefs in Comparative Perspective," pg 191 Henningsen, Gustav "'The Ladies from outside': An Archaic Pattern of Witches' Sabbath."
529:
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797:, who believed that they went out of their bodies in spirit and fought amongst the clouds against evil spirits to secure prosperity for their villages, or congregated at large feasts presided over by a goddess, where she taught them magic and performed divinations. Ginzburg links these beliefs with similar testimonies recorded across Europe, from the
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635:. That these testimonies reflect actual events is for most of the accounts considered doubtful. Norman Cohn argued that they were determined largely by the expectations of the interrogators and free association on the part of the accused, and reflect only popular imagination of the times, influenced by
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Carlo
Ginzburg's researches have highlighted shamanic elements in European witchcraft compatible with (although not invariably inclusive of) drug-induced altered states of consciousness. In this context, a persistent theme in European witchcraft, stretching back to the time of classical authors such
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In effect, the sabbat acted as an effective 'advertising' gimmick, causing knowledge of what these authorities believed to be the very real threat of witchcraft to be spread more rapidly across the continent. That also meant that stories of the sabbat promoted the hunting, prosecution, and execution
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Modern researchers have been unable to find any corroboration with the notion that physical gatherings of practitioners of witchcraft occurred. In his study "The
Pursuit of Witches and the Sexual Discourse of the Sabbat", the historian Scott E. Hendrix presents a two-fold explanation for why these
768:
Christian missionaries' attitude to
African cults was not much different in principle to their attitude to the Witches' Sabbath in Europe; some accounts viewed them as a kind of Witches' Sabbath, but they are not. Some African communities believe in witchcraft, but as in the European witch trials,
570:, a mixture of the two translations. The setting of the movement is in a satanic dream depicting the protagonist's own funeral. Crowds of sorcerers and monsters stand around him, laughing, shouting, and screeching. The protagonist's beloved appears as a witch, distorted from her previous beauty.
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have argued that although the more diabolical elements of the witches' sabbath stereotype were invented by inquisitors, the witchcraft suspects themselves may have encouraged these ideas to circulate by drawing on popular beliefs and experiences around liturgical misrule, cursing rites, magical
301:
published "Blockes-Berges
Verrichtung", with the subtitle "Oder AusfĂŒhrlicher Geographischer Bericht/ von den hohen trefflich alt- und berĂŒhmten Blockes-Berge: ingleichen von der Hexenfahrt/ und Zauber-Sabbathe/ so auff solchen Berge die Unholden aus gantz Teutschland/ JĂ€hrlich den 1. Maij in
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Christopher F. Black claimed that the Roman
Inquisition's sparse employment of torture allowed accused witches to not feel pressured into mass accusation. This in turn means there were fewer alleged groups of witches in Italy and places under inquisitorial influence. Because the Sabbath is a
1289:"Menopausal and post-menopausal women were disproportionally represented amongst the victims of the witch craze--and their over-representation is the more striking when we recall how rare women over fifty must have been in the population as a whole." Lyndal Roper Witch Craze (2004)p. 160
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formulated a different opinion : animal metamorphoses, flights, apparitions of the devil were the effect of malnutrition or the use of hallucinogenic substances contained in vegetable concoctions or ointments...But no form of privation, no substance, no
624:, illustrates a typical view of gathering of witches as "the attendants riding flying goats, trampling the cross, and being re-baptised in the name of the Devil while giving their clothes to him, kissing his behind, and dancing back to back forming a round."
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gathering of collective witch groups, the lack of mass accusation means
Italian popular culture was less inclined to believe in the existence of Black Sabbath. The Inquisition itself also held a skeptical view toward the legitimacy of Sabbath Assemblies.
172:
In contrast to German and
English counterparts, French writers (including Francophone authors writing in Latin) used the term more frequently, albeit still relatively rare. There would seem to possibly be deep roots to inquisitorial persecution of the
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Per Scarre & Callow (2001),"Records suggest that in Europe, as a whole, about 80 per cent of trial defendants were women, though the ratio of women to men charged with the offence varied from place to place, and often, too, in one place over
147:
Lea and Hansen's influence may have led to a much broader use of the shorthand phrase, including in
English. Prior to Hansen, use of the term by German historians also seems to have been relatively rare. A compilation of German folklore by
365:
is the word Spee uses most frequently to denote a gathering of witches, whether supposed or real, physical or spectral, as seen in the first paragraph of question one of his book. This is the same word from which
English words
791:, Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen hold that these testimonies can give insights into the belief systems of the accused. Ginzburg famously discovered records of a group of individuals in northern Italy, calling themselves
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can, by itself, cause the recurrence of such complex experiences...the deliberate use of psychotropic or hallucinogenic substances, while not explaining the ecstasies of the followers of the nocturnal goddess, the
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with their lovers...The peculiar hallucinations evoked by the drug had been so powerfully transmitted from the subconscious mind to consciousness that mentally uncultivated persons...believed them to be
1813:
Harner, Michael J., Hallucinogens and Shamanism, pub. Oxford University Press 1973, reprinted U.S.A.1978 Chapter 8 : pps. 125â150 : The Role of Hallucinogenic Plants in European Witchcraft.
603:(3) A procession of the human dead, normally thought to be wandering to expiate their sins, often noisy and tumultuous, and usually consisting of those who had died prematurely and violently.
136:
to interpret medieval trial records, though any consistently recurring term is noticeably rare in the copious Latin sources Hansen also provides (see more on various Latin synonyms, below).
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are used to describe Waldensians by inquisitors in France. These terms could be a reference to Revelation 2:9 ("I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews and are not, but are the
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In the Sabbath the judges more and more frequently saw the accounts of real, physical events. For a long time the only dissenting voices were those of the people who, referring back to the
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313:(whose character and scholarship was questioned in the 1970s) uses the term in (presumably) translating into French a handful of documents from the inquisition in Southern France.
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About 150 years later, near the peak of the witch-phobia and the persecutions which led to the execution of an estimated 40,000-100,000 persons, with roughly 80% being women, the
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Magic ointments...produced effects which the subjects themselves believed in, even stating that they had intercourse with evil spirits, had been at the Sabbat and danced on the
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Sanct-Walpurgis Nachte anstellen sollen". As indicated by the subtitle, Praetorius attempted to give a "Detailed Geographical Account of the highly admirable ancient and famous
1509:
1311:, writing much later (1691), also uses the term only once, in the exact same way â quoting Bodin. Other witch-phobic English Puritans who were Baxter's contemporaries, like
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present in these Solanaceous plants are not only potent and highly toxic hallucinogens, but are also fat-soluble and capable of being absorbed through unbroken human skin.
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is listed in the index with a large number of entries. However, unlike some of Spee's contemporaries in France (mentioned above), who occasionally, if rarely, use the term
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The descriptions of Sabbats were made or published by priests, jurists and judges who never took part in these gatherings, or were transcribed during the process of the
1690:
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relative to fairies or magical acts. The contemporary of Grimm and early historian of witchcraft, WG Soldan also doesn't seem to use the term in his history (1843).
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The first of these has pre-Christian origins, and probably contributed directly to the formulation of the concept of the witchesâ sabbath. The other two seem to be
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109:: "Divers Sorcerers have confessed that in their Sabbaths they feed on such fare." The phrase "Witches' Sabbath" appeared in a 1613 translation by "W.B." of
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Sollmann, Torald, A Manual of Pharmacology and Its Applications to Therapeutics and Toxicology. 8th edition. Pub. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia and London 1957.
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Schultes, Richard Evans; Hofmann, Albert (1979). The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens (2nd ed.). Springfield Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. pps. 261-4.
382:(1631) was written as a passionate innocence project. As a Jesuit, Spee was often in a position of witnessing the torture of those accused of witchcraft.
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in their inception, with the third to be directly related to growing speculation about the fate of the dead in the 11th and 12th centuries."
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Marnef, Guido (1997). "Between Religion and Magic: An Analysis of Witchcraft Trials in the Spanish Netherlands, Seventeenth Century". In
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writers still seem to be the main ones using these related terms, although still infrequently and sporadically in most cases.
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1804:. Translated from the second German edition by P.H.A. Wirth, pub. New York : E.P. Dutton. Original German edition 1924.
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1994:
Sharpe, James. (2013) "In Search of the English Sabbat: Popular Conceptions of Witches' Meetings in Early Modern England.
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Schultes, Richard Evans; Albert Hofmann (1979). Plants of the Gods: Origins of Hallucinogenic Use New York: McGraw-Hill.
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and a general scarcity of other gatherings that would seem to fit the bill for what he refers to as a "black sabbath".
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Many of the diabolical elements of the Witches' Sabbath stereotype, such as the eating of babies, poisoning of wells,
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five times writing in French and in a way that would seem to correspond with modern usage. The following year (1612),
737:" possibly reflecting anti-Jewish sentiment, although the acts attributed to witches bear little resemblance to the
597:(1) A procession of female spirits, often joined by privileged human beings and often led by a supernatural woman;
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1968:
Wilby, Emma. (2013) "Burchard's Strigae, the Witches' Sabbath, and Shamnistic Cannibalism in Early Modern Europe."
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Cunning Folk and Familiar Spirits: Shamanistic visionary traditions in Early Modern British Witchcraft and Magic
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Peters, Edward (2001). "Sorcerer and Witch". In Jolly, Karen Louise; Raudvere, Catharina; et al. (eds.).
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conjuration and confraternal gatherings to flesh-out their descriptions of the sabbath during interrogations.
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to denote any such gatherings in the historical record, it became increasingly popular during the 20 century.
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858:. In many testimonies, these meetings were described as out-of-body, rather than physical, occurrences.
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412:. However in the accompanying footnote, the translator seems to apologize for the lack of both the term
117:: "He also said to Magdalene, Art not thou an accursed woman, that the Witches Sabbath is kept here?"
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Hunziker, Armando T. The Genera of Solanaceae A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001.
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This article is about the historical and legendary Witches' Sabbath. For the modern Wiccan Sabbat, see
590:'s Ronald Hutton has encapsulated the witches' sabbath as an essentially modern construction, saying:
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2031:. (New Haven: Yale University Press). See Chapter 9- The World of Witchcraft, Superstition and Magic
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232:(1585) writing a book in opposition to witch-phobia, uses the term but only once in quoting Bodin.
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who was a correspondent and a German translator of Lea's work, frequently uses the shorthand phrase
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Some of the existing accounts of the Sabbat were given when the person recounting them was being
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is used to describe the Waldensians in Northern Spain. In 1438 and 1460, seemingly related terms
1961:
Musgrave, James Brent and James Houran. (1999). "The Witches' Sabbat in Legend and Literature."
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Alison Rowlands, Witchcraft Narratives in Germany, Rothenburg,1561-1652 (Manchester, 2003), 10.
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represent a combination of three older mythical components, all of which are active at night:
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and 'the wise Sibillia' in fifteenth century northern Italy, and much further afield, from
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European witch trials : their foundations in popular and learned culture, 1300â1500
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The phrase is also popular in recent translations of the titles of artworks, including:
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by name, and stating about the "flying ointment" on page 303 of 'Ecstasies...' :
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Garrett, Julia M. (2013). "Witchcraft and Sexual Knowledge in Early Modern England".
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1073: â Scottish woman who confessed to witchcraft at Auldearn near Nairn during 1662
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Garrett, Julia M. (2013) "Witchcraft and Sexual Knowledge in Early Modern England,"
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does not occur. There is a line describing a supposed gathering that uses the word
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Sixteenth-century Swiss representation of Sabbath gathering from the chronicles of
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Writing more than two hundred years after Pierre de Lancre, another French writer
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Witches' Sabbath - Johannes Praetorius: Blockes-Berges Verrichtung, Leipzig, 1668.
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has detailed description of Witches' Sabbath, with complete citations of sources.
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The first modern attempt to outline the details of the medieval Witches' Sabbath.
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Daneau's work is included with Jacquier in 1581 printing, link above. See p. 242.
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rested after creation of the world), referring to the witches' equivalent to the
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In 1668, a late date relative to the major European witch trials, German writer
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1958:
See also the extensive topic bibliography to the primary literature on pg. 560.
600:(2) A lone spectral huntsman, regarded as demonic, accursed, or otherworldly;
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1978:
Invoking the Akelarre: Voices of the Accused in the Basque Witch-Craze 1609-14
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Invoking the Akelarre: Voices of the Accused in the Basque Witch-Craze 1609-14
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883:
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753:), which mentions the Sabbat, while not discussing the actual behavior of the
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49:. Note the horned god seated on serpent-enlaced throne, witch performing the
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1904:â See the chapter "The Role of Hallucinogenic Plants in European Witchcraft"
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2008:
Roper, Lyndal. (2004) Witch Craze: Terror and Fantasy in Baroque Germany. -
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upon a demon and another being aided by a demon to summon a storm from her
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999:. Other tropane-containing, nightshade ingredients included the Mandrake
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361:. Spee was German-speaking, and like his contemporaries, wrote in Latin.
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uses the term three times (1580) and, across the channel, the Englishman
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2016:
The History of the Devil- The Horned God of the West- Magic and Worship.
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Europe's inner demons : an enquiry inspired by the great witch-hunt
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people they believe to be "witches" are condemned rather than embraced.
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Phantastica, Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs : Their Use and Abuse
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referring to sorcery was in 1660, in Francis Brooke's translation of
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1319:(1684, 1689, 1692), did not use the term, perhaps because they were
3259:
Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period
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Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
1914:
Satanism and Witchcraft: The Classic Study of Medieval Superstition
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1561:. North Hollywood, California: Wilshire Book Company. p. 100.
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Admirable History of Possession and Conversion of a Penitent Woman
2001:
Hutton, Ronald. (2014) "The Wild Hunt and the Witches' Sabbath."
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2398:
2356:
2055:
Roper, Lyndal. (2006) "Witchcraft and the Western Imagination,"
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American historian GL Burr does not seem to use the term in his
640:
2066:
1449:"The Pursuit of Witches and the Sexual Discourse of the Sabbat"
1067: â Hallucinogenic salve used in the practice of witchcraft
726:
658:
84:
The most infamous and influential work of witch-hunting lore,
1737:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 233â37.
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The verse in Revelation is pointed to by Wolfgang Behringer,
1822:
Hansen, Harold A. The Witch's Garden pub. Unity Press 1978
690:, and so motivated to agree with suggestions put to them.
247:
seems to use the term more frequently than anyone before.
76:. The phrase became especially popular in the 20 century.
2036:
Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries
1663:
Rosenthal, Carlo Ginzburg; translated by Raymond (1991).
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presented to the American Historical Association in 1890.
1395:"Symphonie fantastique, H 48 (Berlioz, Hector) - IMSLP"
1201:
Phillipus van Limborch, History of Inquisition (1692),
1085: â Hiberno-Norman noblewoman accused of witchcraft
306:, also about the witches' journey and magic sabbaths".
68:
is a purported gathering of those believed to practice
1419:"Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique: Keeping Score | PBS"
353:, Friedrich Spee does not ever use words derived from
220:. Nicholas Remi uses the term occasionally as well as
1359:
Translation by Marcus Hellyer,(UVA Press, 2003)p.232.
1608:
Envisioning Magic: A Princeton Seminar and Symposium
1103: â Search for witchcraft or subversive activity
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1669:(1st American ed.). New York: Pantheon Books.
717:. The term is the same as the normal English word "
643:and religious intolerance towards minority groups.
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876:"Flying ointment" ingredient: deadly nightshade:
705:, were also made about heretical Christian sects,
484:As a recent translation from the original Spanish
27:Gathering of those believed to practice witchcraft
193:.") Writing in Latin in 1458, Francophone author
1734:Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: The Middle Ages
1053: â Devil's secret island in Swedish legend
1047: â Witchcraft location in Slavic mythology
921:
908:"Flying ointment" ingredient Aconite/Wolfsbane
678:/Spanish Witches' Sabbath; circa 1797-1798) by
592:
574:Disputed accuracy of the accounts of gatherings
325:Despite the infrequency of the use of the word
143:Index of a 1574 printing of Malleus Maleficarum
2782:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
2034:Ankarloo, Bengt and Gustav Henningsen. (1990)
1097: â Supernatural being in Basque mythology
1041: â Character in the Gospel of the Witches
390:In a 2009 translation of Dominican inquisitor
2869:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
2078:
1954:The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology
1952:Robbins, Rossell Hope, ed. (1959). "Sabbat".
317:cited Lamothe-Langon as one of many sources.
201:to what he considers a gathering of witches.
126:History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages
8:
2057:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
1689:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1171:(1900) also see companion volume of sources
1761:. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2019.
1058:Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath
894:"Flying ointment" ingredient black henbane
154:Kinder und HausMĂ€rchen, Deutsche Mythologie
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2108:
2085:
2071:
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1666:Ecstasies deciphering the witches' Sabbath
128:(1888). Writing in 1900, German historian
90:(1486) does not contain the word sabbath (
2050:Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies
1791:Vol. 43, No. 2 (Sep., 1937), pp. 346â348.
1535:1983/f84bddca-c4a6-4091-b9a4-28a1f1bd5361
1533:
1475:Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies
733:; a more common term was "synagogue" or "
57:, while others carouse and prepare magic
2010:See Part II: Fantasy Chapter 5: Sabbaths
1510:"The Wild Hunt and the Witches' Sabbath"
664:
645:
527:
40:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1113:
862:Role of topically-applied hallucinogens
721:" (itself a transliteration of Hebrew "
3188:List of people executed for witchcraft
1682:
1442:
1440:
1438:
277:(a.k.a. Paul Christian), Paris, 1870:
3157:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
7:
1637:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1154:essay "The Literature of Witchcraft"
512:Muse of the Night (Witches' Sabbath)
408:; it is accurately translated as an
321:A term favored by recent translators
2045:. (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press)
1710:. London: Routledge & K. Paul.
1605:; Kippenberg, Hans Gerhard (eds.).
1447:Hendrix, Scott E. (December 2011).
1035: â Basque for Witches' Sabbath
773:Possible connections to real groups
3254:Left-hand path and right-hand path
2829:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
1089:Shabbat Chazon - Sabbath of Vision
441:/Spanish Witches' Sabbath) a.k.a.
97:The first recorded English use of
25:
2022:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe.
725:", the seventh day, on which the
156:) seems to contain no mention of
36:Witches' Sabbath (disambiguation)
1203:English translation (1816) p. 88
1011:, the Thornapple. The alkaloids
760:More recently, scholars such as
218:Synagogas quas Satanica sabbatha
1996:Journal of Early Modern Studies
475:Witches' Sabbath in Roman Ruins
2952:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy
2813:Summis desiderantes affectibus
1633:Black, Christopher F. (2009).
1508:Hutton, Ronald (3 July 2014).
160:or any other form of the term
1:
2027:Black, Christopher F. (2009)
1970:Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft
1789:American Journal of Sociology
1061:â 1989 book by Carlo Ginzburg
568:"Dream of a Witches' Sabbath"
550:of the composition is titled
2957:accusations against children
2853:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
1704:Kieckhefer, Richard (1976).
1526:10.1080/0015587X.2014.896968
991:(Henbane), belonging to the
783:Other historians, including
560:"Songe d'une nuit du Sabbat"
1900:Hallucinogens and Shamanism
1559:Witchcraft: The Sixth Sense
914:Aconite/Wolfsbane (family:
703:kissing of the devil's anus
285:around Devil standing on a
3311:
2877:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
2020:Murray, Margaret A. (1962)
1956:. Crown. pp. 414â424.
1611:. Brill. pp. 235â54.
1347:Blockes-Berges Verrichtung
865:
776:
655:Frans Francken the Younger
29:
2909:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
2024:(Oxford: Clarendon Press)
1980:. Sussex Academic Press.
1939:The History of Witchcraft
1580:. New York: Basic Books.
1137:Oxford English Dictionary
1121:Oxford English Dictionary
337:In a 2003 translation of
3239:Christian views on magic
2917:The Discovery of Witches
2789:Directorium Inquisitorum
1965:17, no. 1-2. pg 157â174.
1784:Life in a Haitian Valley
1370:here and also see p.398.
1045:Bald Mountain (folklore)
987:(Deadly Nightshade) and
805:, from the followers of
2845:De praestigiis daemonum
2797:De maleficis mulieribus
2029:The Italian Inquisition
1635:The Italian inquisition
1557:Glass, Justine (1965).
1235:Witches and Witch-Hunts
739:Sabbath in Christianity
2901:Compendium Maleficarum
2893:Magical Investigations
2784:(8thâ2nd centuries BC)
2059:6, no. 16. pg 117â141.
2014:Thompson, R.L. (1929)
2005:. 125, no. 2: 161â178.
1189:Kinder und HausMĂ€rchen
1141:"witches' Sabbath, n."
1001:Mandragora officinarum
977:
930:
919:
901:
887:
809:in fourteenth century
751:Errors of the Cathars"
683:
662:
622:Francesco Maria Guazzo
617:Compendium Maleficarum
612:
546:, the fifth and final
533:
445:
294:
255:
144:
120:The phrase is used by
61:
34:. For other uses, see
2524:Cloak of invisibility
2280:Solitary practitioner
2193:Witch-cult hypothesis
1572:Cohn, Norman (1975).
1487:10.1353/jem.2013.0002
1191:(1843 ed, 2nd Volume)
1091:, aka "Black Sabbath"
1079: â Swedish witch
947:
907:
900:(family: Solanaceae)
893:
875:
813:and the followers of
779:Witch-cult hypothesis
731:Christian day of rest
668:
649:
628:of supposed witches.
543:Symphonie Fantastique
531:
504:(1823) both works by
488:to the English title
479:Jacob van Swanenburgh
427:
281:of naked witches and
261:
253:
199:synagogam fasciniorum
142:
44:
3244:Magical organization
2759:Witches of Benevento
2052:13, no. 1. pg 32â72.
2041:Wilby, Emma. (2005)
1976:Wilby, Emma (2019).
1344:Johannes Praetorius
1251:(printed 1581) p. 40
995:alkaloid-rich tribe
699:desecration of hosts
454:The Witches' Sabbath
275:Jean-Baptiste Pitois
271:Histoire de la Magie
269:: illustration from
177:. In 1124, the term
80:Origin of the phrase
18:Sabbath (witchcraft)
3290:European witchcraft
2861:Newes from Scotland
2821:Malleus Maleficarum
2198:Anglo-Saxon England
1207:original Latin here
1005:Scopolia carniolica
517:Luis Ricardo Falero
397:Malleus Maleficarum
386:Malleus Maleficarum
299:Johannes Praetorius
216:one time (1581) as
187:synagogue of Sathan
168:A French connection
111:Sébastien Michaëlis
87:Malleus Maleficarum
3213:Witches in fiction
3201:In popular culture
2775:historic treatises
1246:Nicolaus Jacquier
967:ecstatic technique
939:Claviceps purpurea
920:
902:
888:
747:Errores Gazariorum
735:synagogue of Satan
684:
663:
588:Bristol University
534:
446:
295:
263:La danse du Sabbat
256:
191:synagogue of Satan
145:
107:The World Surveyed
62:
3277:
3276:
3234:Witch (archetype)
3196:
3195:
3145:
3144:
2471:Sympathetic magic
2298:
2297:
1963:Lore and Language
1934:Summers, Montague
1924:978-0-8065-0059-1
1744:978-0-485-89003-7
1618:978-90-04-10777-9
1009:Datura stramonium
985:Atropa belladonna
911:Aconitum napellus
879:Atropa belladonna
633:witchcraft trials
501:The Great He-Goat
443:The Great He-Goat
400:(1486), the word
380:Cautio Criminalis
343:Cautio Criminalis
333:Cautio Criminalis
122:Henry Charles Lea
47:Johann Jakob Wick
32:Wheel of the Year
16:(Redirected from
3302:
3208:Magic in fiction
3038:Northern Moravia
2992:
2972:Papua New Guinea
2940:
2724:Nine sorceresses
2476:Witches' Sabbath
2325:Ceremonial magic
2315:Apotropaic magic
2109:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2064:
1991:
1957:
1943:
1928:
1903:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1775:
1769:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1680:
1660:
1649:
1648:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1333:Pierre de Lancre
1330:
1324:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1215:
1209:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1128:
1118:
1077:MĂ€ret Jonsdotter
989:Hyoscyamus niger
983:, most commonly
943:Amanita muscaria
897:Hyoscyamus niger
651:Witches' Sabbath
497:Witches' Sabbath
491:Witches' Sabbath
465:Witches' Sabbath
345:(1631) the word
245:Pierre de Lancre
237:Jacques Fontaine
195:Nicolas Jacquier
103:Vincent Le Blanc
66:Witches' Sabbath
21:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3217:
3192:
3161:
3141:
3103:
3057:Northern Europe
3052:
3021:
2981:
2931:
2774:
2768:
2651:
2645:
2584:Magical weapons
2534:Flying ointment
2485:
2330:Magical formula
2294:
2231:
2178:Greece and Rome
2100:
2091:
1988:
1975:
1972:8, no.1: 18â49.
1951:
1932:
1925:
1909:Michelet, Jules
1907:
1896:Harner, Michael
1894:
1891:
1889:Further reading
1886:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1863:
1859:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1778:Park, Robert E.
1776:
1772:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1681:
1677:
1662:
1661:
1652:
1645:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1216:
1212:
1200:
1196:
1185:
1181:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1131:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1065:Flying ointment
1029:
870:
868:Flying ointment
864:
807:Signora Oriente
781:
775:
657:. Note amorous
585:
583:Ritual elements
576:
526:
422:
392:Heinrich Kramer
388:
335:
323:
170:
82:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3108:Western Europe
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3026:Eastern Europe
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2764:Witch of Endor
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2641:Witch's ladder
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1987:978-1845199999
1986:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1949:
1930:
1923:
1905:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1874:
1857:
1840:
1831:
1828:978-0913300473
1815:
1806:
1793:
1770:
1767:978-1845199999
1750:
1743:
1723:
1717:978-0710083142
1716:
1696:
1676:978-0394581637
1675:
1650:
1643:
1625:
1617:
1603:SchÀfer, Peter
1593:
1587:978-0465021314
1586:
1564:
1549:
1520:(2): 161â178.
1500:
1465:
1434:
1410:
1386:
1373:
1361:
1352:
1337:
1325:
1309:Richard Baxter
1300:
1291:
1282:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1239:
1226:
1210:
1194:
1179:
1165:Joseph Hansen
1158:
1145:
1129:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1028:
1025:
952:Canon episcopi
866:Main article:
863:
860:
785:Carlo Ginzburg
777:Main article:
774:
771:
680:Francisco Goya
584:
581:
575:
572:
552:"Hexensabbath"
538:Hector Berlioz
532:Hector Berlioz
525:
522:
521:
520:
508:
506:Francisco Goya
482:
472:
469:Frans Francken
462:
429:Francisco Goya
421:
418:
387:
384:
339:Friedrich Spee
334:
331:
322:
319:
311:Lamothe-Langon
210:Lambert Daneau
169:
166:
152:in the 1800s (
81:
78:
51:osculum infame
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3307:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Folk religion
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Three Witches
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Morgan le Fay
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Kitchen witch
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
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2387:
2385:
2382:
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2377:
2375:
2372:
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2367:
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2362:
2358:
2355:
2353:
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2344:
2343:
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2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:Latin America
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:Witch smeller
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1998:. 2: 161â183.
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:0-07-056089-7
1867:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1853:3-904144-77-4
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:Lewin, Louis
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:Wilby, Emma.
1754:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1644:9780300117066
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:Cotton Mather
1314:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:"sabbath, n."
1122:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:Alice Kyteler
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:Isobel Gowdie
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
976:
974:
969:
968:
962:
958:
954:
953:
946:
944:
940:
936:
929:
926:
917:
916:Ranunculaceae
913:
912:
906:
899:
898:
892:
885:
881:
880:
874:
869:
861:
859:
857:
854:
850:
849:
845:
841:
840:
836:
832:
831:
827:
823:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:
790:
786:
780:
772:
770:
766:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
745:customs. The
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
691:
689:
681:
677:
673:
672:
667:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
642:
638:
634:
629:
625:
623:
619:
618:
611:
609:
604:
601:
598:
595:
591:
589:
582:
580:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:
539:
530:
523:
518:
514:
513:
509:
507:
503:
502:
498:
493:
492:
487:
483:
480:
476:
473:
470:
466:
463:
460:
456:
455:
451:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
435:
430:
426:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:
393:
385:
383:
381:
378:are derived.
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
330:
328:
320:
318:
316:
315:Joseph Hansen
312:
307:
305:
300:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
230:Reginald Scot
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
141:
137:
135:
131:
130:Joseph Hansen
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
88:
79:
77:
75:
71:
67:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3229:Witch (word)
3178:Witch's mark
2987:Early Modern
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2885:Daemonologie
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2837:Laienspiegel
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2719:Muma PÄdurii
2650:Folklore and
2621:Sator Square
2574:Magic circle
2569:Magic carpet
2529:Crystal ball
2475:
2466:Spiritualism
2290:Witch doctor
2173:Cunning folk
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1953:
1945:
1944:Chapter IV,
1938:
1913:
1899:
1877:
1860:
1843:
1834:
1818:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1773:
1758:
1753:
1733:
1726:
1706:
1699:
1665:
1634:
1628:
1607:
1596:
1575:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1456:Anthropology
1455:
1426:. Retrieved
1422:
1413:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1389:
1376:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1340:
1328:
1321:Sabbatarians
1307:The Puritan
1303:
1294:
1285:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1218:
1213:
1197:
1188:
1182:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1148:
1143:, July 2023.
1136:
1132:
1127:, July 2023.
1120:
1116:
1056:
978:
965:
950:
948:
931:
922:
909:
895:
877:
855:
846:
837:
828:
798:
792:
782:
767:
759:
750:
746:
696:
692:
685:
669:
650:
630:
626:
615:
613:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
586:
577:
567:
559:
551:
541:
535:
510:
500:
496:
489:
486:El aquelarre
485:
474:
464:
459:Hans Baldung
453:
447:
442:
432:
413:
409:
405:
401:
395:
389:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
336:
326:
324:
308:
296:
279:circle dance
270:
267:Ămile Bayard
262:
240:
234:
221:
217:
213:
203:
198:
186:
182:
178:
171:
161:
157:
153:
146:
133:
125:
119:
114:
106:
98:
96:
91:
85:
83:
65:
63:
2936:Persecution
2805:Formicarius
2749:Spearfinger
2689:Elbow witch
2589:Magic sword
2554:Julleuchter
2539:Goofer dust
2481:White magic
2394:Incantation
2320:Black magic
2275:Renaissance
2243:Chaos magic
2215:Middle East
2146:Philippines
1462:(2): 41â58.
1423:www.pbs.org
1237:(2004) p.60
1021:Scopolamine
1017:Hyoscyamine
997:Hyoscyameae
961:Della Porta
856:burkudzauta
620:(1608), by
494:(1798) and
363:Conventibus
206:Francophone
175:Waldensians
158:hexensabbat
150:Jakob Grimm
134:hexensabbat
3284:Categories
3249:Maleficium
3173:Witch-hunt
2977:Witch camp
2636:Witch ball
2579:Magic ring
2564:Love charm
2419:Necromancy
2414:Moon magic
2409:Mediumship
2404:Love magic
2389:Gray magic
2369:Divination
2168:Benandanti
2098:witchcraft
1946:The Sabbat
1782:Review of
1428:2024-04-11
1404:2024-04-11
1382:found here
1368:Available
1168:Zauberwahn
1108:References
1101:Witch-hunt
981:Solanaceae
884:Solanaceae
822:werewolves
794:benandanti
762:Emma Wilby
741:or Jewish
653:(1606) by
368:convention
226:Jean Bodin
179:inzabbatos
72:and other
70:witchcraft
3150:Classical
2669:Baba Yaga
2652:mythology
2461:Spiritism
2451:Sex magic
2429:Shamanism
2424:Occultism
2379:Evocation
2374:Entheogen
2352:Damnation
2303:Practices
1685:cite book
1495:141076116
1481:(1): 34.
1399:imslp.org
1249:Flagellum
882:(family:
835:Hungarian
826:Dalmatian
671:Aquelarre
637:ignorance
614:The book
434:Aquelarre
406:concionem
265:, artist
235:In 1611,
183:synagogam
3183:Pricking
3094:Scotland
3017:Virginia
3007:New York
3002:Maryland
2995:Americas
2744:Sorginak
2734:Pasiphaë
2626:Talisman
2596:Mojo bag
2544:Grimoire
2439:Regional
2384:Familiar
2347:Anathema
2263:Neopagan
2258:Medieval
2163:Akelarre
2003:Folklore
1936:(1926).
1911:(1862).
1898:(1973).
1544:53371957
1514:Folklore
1313:Increase
1217:Hansen,
1095:Sorginak
1051:Blockula
1033:Akelarre
1027:See also
1013:Atropine
973:werewolf
935:Apuleius
928:reality.
853:Ossetian
848:cÄluĆari
844:Romanian
830:kresniki
819:Livonian
815:Richella
803:Pyrenees
789:Ăva PĂłcs
688:tortured
608:medieval
548:movement
420:Fine art
410:assembly
359:synagoga
355:sabbatha
351:sabbatha
347:sabbaths
304:Blockula
224:(1588).
222:synagoga
214:sabbatha
197:applies
105:'s book
92:sabbatum
55:cauldron
3295:Sabbath
3222:Related
3166:Related
3084:Iceland
3079:Finland
3074:England
3069:Denmark
3033:Hungary
2729:Obayifo
2659:Agamede
2616:Potions
2549:Incense
2490:Objects
2310:Animism
2285:Warlock
2220:Oceania
2203:Britain
1221:(1901)
1219:Quellen
1186:Grimm,
1174:Quellen
1139:, s.v.
1123:, s.v.
993:tropane
957:Cardano
925:Brocken
801:of the
799:armiers
755:Cathars
743:Shabbat
727:Creator
723:Shabbat
719:Sabbath
711:Muslims
414:sabbath
402:sabbath
372:convent
327:sabbath
291:tumulus
289:atop a
124:in his
99:sabbath
74:rituals
59:potions
3135:Basque
3120:Geneva
3115:France
3099:Sweden
3089:Norway
3064:Baltic
3048:Russia
3043:Poland
2944:Modern
2928:(1751)
2920:(1647)
2912:(1627)
2904:(1608)
2896:(1599)
2888:(1597)
2880:(1595)
2872:(1593)
2864:(1591)
2856:(1584)
2848:(1563)
2840:(1509)
2832:(1489)
2824:(1487)
2816:(1484)
2808:(1475)
2800:(1440)
2792:(1376)
2739:Sebile
2694:Hecate
2664:Aradia
2611:Poppet
2606:Nkondi
2519:Censer
2502:Athame
2497:Amulet
2456:Sigils
2444:Yellow
2253:Hoodoo
2248:Goetia
2225:MÄkutu
2153:Europe
2124:Azande
2119:Africa
2112:Region
1984:
1921:
1868:
1851:
1826:
1765:
1741:
1714:
1673:
1641:
1623:p. 252
1615:
1584:
1542:
1493:
1350:(1900)
1280:time."
1177:(1901)
1039:Aradia
839:tĂĄltos
707:lepers
676:Basque
564:French
556:German
519:(1880)
481:(1608)
471:(1606)
461:(1510)
439:Basque
374:, and
287:dolmen
283:demons
162:sabbat
3269:Adept
3130:Spain
3125:Italy
3012:Salem
2967:Nepal
2962:India
2773:Major
2709:Medea
2704:Kalku
2684:Drude
2679:Dayan
2674:Circe
2601:Nkisi
2512:besom
2507:Broom
2434:Black
2364:Demon
2342:Curse
2337:Coven
2268:Wicca
2188:Völva
2183:SeiĂ°r
2158:Italy
2129:Ghana
2105:Types
2094:Magic
1540:S2CID
1491:S2CID
1452:(PDF)
1335:p. 74
1223:p.186
811:Milan
524:Music
376:coven
241:sabat
239:uses
212:uses
2699:Huld
2631:Wand
2399:Jinn
2357:Jinx
2236:Form
2141:Asia
2096:and
1982:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1691:link
1671:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1315:and
1019:and
1007:and
941:and
851:and
715:Jews
713:and
659:imps
641:fear
558:and
185:and
1787:,"
1780:, "
1530:hdl
1522:doi
1518:125
1483:doi
959:or
933:as
701:or
562:in
554:in
540:'s
536:In
515:by
499:or
477:by
467:by
457:by
394:'s
357:or
341:'s
273:by
113:'s
94:).
3286::
1917:.
1687:}}
1683:{{
1653:^
1538:.
1528:.
1516:.
1512:.
1489:.
1479:13
1477:.
1460:11
1458:.
1454:.
1437:^
1421:.
1397:.
1205:,
1015:,
1003:,
842:,
833:,
824:,
787:,
749:("
709:,
639:,
431:-
370:,
64:A
2086:e
2079:t
2072:v
1990:.
1942:.
1927:.
1902:.
1872:.
1855:.
1747:.
1720:.
1693:)
1679:.
1647:.
1621:.
1590:.
1546:.
1532::
1524::
1497:.
1485::
1431:.
1407:.
1384:.
1323:.
918:)
886:)
682:.
674:(
437:(
293:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
