4455:
open its mouth at maximum gape, and with its mandible, press up on the skin of the belly. Creating a depression where the lower canines and incisors press into the skin, a slight fold is created in the skin above the lower teeth as the mandible is shoved upward. Next, the upper canines are pressed into the skin and the muscles of the neck are used to depress the head, so instead of pulling the jaw 'up', the skull is pressed 'down' . When the canines pierce the skin, they are lowered until the gape of the mouth is roughly 45°, where the mandible is pulled up in addition to the skull still being depressed. The small flanges on the anterior portion of the mandible of most machairodonts would be used to aid the depression of the skull. When the animal's mouth is closed, it holds a thick flap of skin between its jaws, behind its canines, and the animal uses the muscles of its lower back and forequarters to pull back, tearing the flap clear of the body. This large gash, once opened, leaves intestines uncovered and arteries and veins torn. The bleeding animal would die within minutes, and the shock of repeated bites, tearing innards from the body, could speed up the process.
923:
4041:
mobility that persisted for years. One such case displays a subadult suffering a shattered pelvis that healed. The specimen would barely have been able to use the damaged limb and would have limped slowly, favoring the other three legs, completely unable to hunt on its own. If a solitary predator would have been able to survive such a severe injury, it would have been a very rare occasion. It is far more likely that such an animal would have been unable to move from a single spot on the ground for several months and might have only survived by being brought food or dragging itself towards kills made by relatives.
3241:
3312:
1206:
454:
3348:. The masseter, and especially the temporalis, muscles insert on this jutting strip of bone, so reduction of this process meant the reduction of the muscles. Less mass for each muscle allowed greater elasticity and less resistance to a wide gape. Changing the shape of the temporalis muscle in this respect created a greater distance between the origin and insertion, so that the muscle became longer and more compact, which is generally a more suitable format for this type of stretching. This reduction led to a weaker bite.
4510:, including the shearing bite, on a fresh domestic cow carcass. The belly of the cow was found to be too large in diameter for the canines to puncture the skin, which were instead deflected off the body, with the mandible blocking their access. However, the model pulled its jaw upward as modern cats bite, while machairodonts most likely did not, instead pressing their skulls down with the aid of their neck muscles. This flaw in the procedure might nullify the results and leave the belly-shearing hypothesis untouched.
3324:
3385:
3861:
in the tar, and may be similar to the situation created in the study. The assumption was that solitary carnivores would not approach the sources of such sounds, because of the danger of confrontation with other predators. Social carnivores, such as lions, have few other predators to fear, and will readily attend these calls. The study concluded that this latter situation most closely fit the ratio of animals found at the La Brea tar pits, and therefore that
175:
3934:
4479:
4471:
the animal, and it is already seen in the killing methods of several extant species, such as the spotted hyena. Canines are not as likely to be broken due to the softer nature of the abdomen when compared to the throat and jerking movements are not as amplified in the abdomen as they are in the neck. The abdominal-tearing hypothesis has generally been regarded as highly plausible. In the La Brea tar pits, occurrences of broken canines in
3192:
predators. Such a competitive environment would favor the faster killing of prey, because if prey is taken away before consumption (such as by out-competing) the energetic cost of capturing that prey is not reimbursed, and, if this occurs often enough in the lifetime of a predator, death by exhaustion or starvation would result. The earliest adaptations improving the speed at which prey was killed are present in the skull and mandible of
4358:
4466:: Diagram A depicts the machairodont pressing its lower canines and large incisors into the belly of the prey, creating a fold with the upward motion. Diagram B depicts the skull being depressed by the muscles of the neck, piercing the skin. Diagram C depicts the jaws clamped firmly around the section of skin and fat, and with incisors gripping the skin, the machairodont is pulling back, tearing the flap of skin from the belly.
4322:
and spotted hyena of Africa. In such situations, squabbles are not uncommon. The balance of power and dominance between these apex predators remains a mystery because of the social factor. Strength in numbers can be significant in these struggles. For example, dire wolves are thought to have traveled in small packs, and while individually subordinate, their numbers might have been sufficient to force a machairodont off a kill.
657:
3635:
4002:
802:
6850:
4165:
4499:
all, much less tear it away from the body. A third issue with the shearing bite is that the canines would need to tear a large hole in the belly of the animal to be successful, but might instead simply flay the skin and produce two long slits. This wound may be painful and bleed, but the animal likely would not bleed to death and could still escape and survive, instead of bleeding to death.
4262:
3881:
3779:
been disputed within the scientific community, it remains supported nevertheless by artists. Scientific criticism points out that the lips of modern cats, especially larger species, display incredible elasticity and the usual lip length would stretch suitably, despite the larger degree of opening, and that in living carnivores the lip line is always anterior to the masseter muscle, which in
1370:
713:
3418:
3396:
3292:, bear only eight premolars with one fewer on the mandible, leaving only four large premolars on the mandible along with two stunted canines and six stout incisors. The canines are curved back smoothly, and serrations are present, but are minor and wear away with age, leaving most middle-aged machairodonts (at about four or five) with no serrations. Hints in the bones such as these help
4212:
1548:
134:
3407:
4108:
3675:
3429:
1516:
1126:
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3188:. Although the exact cause is uncertain, current findings have supported the hypothesis that a need for the rapid killing of prey was the principal pressure driving the development of the phenotype over evolutionary time. As indicated by high instances of broken teeth, the biotic environment of saber-toothed cats was one marked by intense competition.
858:
4318:, a bite positioned around the upper section of the throat, to suffocate the prey by compressing the windpipe. Their canines serve to puncture the skin and mostly allow a better grip, and do not do any significant damage to the prey. Machairodonts, alternatively, would have caused damage if they used the same technique as their modern relatives.
3546:) are a much more diverse group. The canines of this larger group are significantly shorter and generally stouter, but still much longer than in any modern cat. Because of the diversity of the genera, it is difficult to illustrate a specific type. The Machairodontini were the first among the machairodontines and the
6085:
4200:. This leaves the canines not functional for the most part, and is often coupled with the hypothesis of sexual selection. Many modern carnivores scavenge to a greater or lesser degree. A strong sense of smell and good hearing could have helped find carcasses or steal the kills of other predators, such as
3606:
species bore strongly pronounced machairodontine features. However, in contrast to homotherines and smilodontines, even the most derived metailurines retained long tails, long hind legs and a long spine. On average, scimitar-toothed cats had more teeth than the average dirk-toothed machairodont, with six
4459:
4433:
Though bloody, this method would take the shortest amount of time to kill the animal out of all the hypotheses. Because of the differences of anatomy between species possibly hunted by machairodonts, the geometry needed to kill a horse, for instance, might not work for a bison. This would require the
3860:
was social or not. At one time, the La Brea tar pits consisted of deep tar in which animals became trapped. As they died, their calls attracted predators, which in turn also became caught. It is considered the best
Pleistocene fossil bed in North America for the number of animals caught and preserved
3303:
Longer canines necessitate a larger gape. A lion with a gape of 95° could not bear canines that are nine inches long because they would not be able to have a gap between the lower and upper canines larger than an inch or so, not enough to use for killing. Machairodonts, along with the other groups of
3236:
The most studied section of the machairodont group is the skull, and specifically the teeth. With a large range of genera, good fossil representation, comparable modern relatives, diversity within the group, and a good understanding of the ecosystems inhabited, the machairodont subfamily provides one
4470:
This method allows social machairodonts to inflict large wounds on prey animals. Massive blood loss would ensue, and though bloody, the social group would be able to fend off almost any animal attracted to the area. The bite would not need to be specific, and could be repeated to hasten the death of
4437:
The high specialization seems an extreme and unnecessary version of a bite-and-retreat version of the throat-shear, but the suggestion that machairodont species became more specialized to hunt one prey species is usually considered acceptable so long as the misconception that the machairodont hunted
4350:
The general bite-and-retreat hypothesis has been criticised because of its bloodiness and because the struggling prey would have attracted any predators and scavengers in the area. The idea that a single animal would wound, release, and follow a prey animal has been counteracted more strongly. Cats
4346:
could kill a large deer, and possibly a horse, with little danger of breaking canines. This is because the bite can be applied while the carnivore keeps its body behind the prey for the most part, avoiding flinging legs while still pressing with its body weight to keep it still. It would have been a
4338:
The first hypothesis involving the sensitive neck is that the cat simply restrained the animal and then bit the neck, without much specificity to location, to cause major blood damage and then retreated to allow the animal to bleed to death. Stipulations include not biting the back of the neck where
4321:
The major drawback to these methods is that the large amount of blood spilled could be smelled by other nearby carnivores, such as other machairodonts or dire wolves. Predators often form competitive relationships in which dominance can shift from one species to the other, as seen in the modern lion
3962:
groups have been suggested to have specialized in hunting young mammoths, and to have dragged the kills into secluded caves to eat inside, out from the open. They also retained excellent nocturnal vision, and hunting at night in the arctic regions would probably have been their prime hunting method.
3778:
The third idea proposed is the elongation of the lips by 50%. While his other hypotheses have been largely discarded, the last is used significantly in modern depictions. Miller argues that longer lips allows the greater elasticity needed for biting prey with a wider gape. Although this argument has
4498:
Sociability might have solved this issue by having one individual deliver the killing bite while others held the animal still. Furthermore, the diameter of the abdomen of a large ungulate such as a bison might have been too large, and the skin too taut, for a machairodont to grasp a flap of skin at
4429:
Another variation suggests the advanced machairodonts were highly specialized, enough to obtain the specific geometry to puncture the four major blood vessels in the throat of a prey animal in one bite. This hypothesis would include a careful bite to puncture the blood vessels, similar to, but more
4060:
The broken bones still seem to support sociality, however, the best explanation for a solitary animal healing from serious wounds is that cats build up metabolic reserves that can be used in times of need. The cheetah is often viewed as a poor example because it is a specialized species with a more
3987:
incisors, indicating they could efficiently process most of the meat on a carcass, indicating it was they and not scavengers who dragged the carcasses into the caves. Examination of the bones also indicates that the carcasses of these mammoths were dismembered by the cats before being dragged away,
3970:
likely could have managed the same feat with juvenile mammoths. This is supported by isotopic analysis. But the idea that a cat, even one of very large size and possibly social, was able to cooperatively 'drag' a 180-kilogram (400 lb) mammoth calf any real distance into a cave without damaging
3156:
in the 1990s, specimens of
Smilodontini and Homotheriini ancestors were rare and fragmentary, so the evolutionary history of the saber-toothed phenotype, a phenotype affecting craniomandibular, cervical forelimb and forelimb anatomy, was largely unknown. Prior to the excavation of Batallones-1, the
3757:
Miller also suggested a pug-like nose. Aside from the pug and similar dogs, no modern carnivore exhibits a pug nose due to it being an unnaturally created trait originating from selective breeding. The relatively low distribution of the pug nose has resulted in it being generally ignored. Miller's
3605:
The third scimitar-toothed tribe, the
Metailurini, bore overall similarity to modern cats, but were highly diverse in terms of morphology with species ranging from a small cheetah to a small lion in size. Some had comparatively short, almost conical upper canines similar to modern cats, while some
3343:
muscles at the back of the jaw. These muscles have the capacity to be powerful and undergo a great degree of modification for ranging bite forces, but are not very elastic due to their thickness, placement, and strength. To open the mouth wider, these species needed to make the muscles smaller and
3191:
Broken teeth indicate the frequency at which teeth contact bone. Increased teeth-bone contact suggests either increased consumption of carcasses, rapid consumption of prey, or increased aggression over kills – all three of which point to decreased prey availability, heightening competition between
4454:
For this technique to work, a specific sequence of motions would have to be followed. First, the animal must be completely subdued, and the predatory machairodonts must be social, so that several individuals can hold the prey animal down. The individual preparing to deliver the killing bite would
4494:
are highly sensitive around the belly and hindquarters, and most predators find it much easier to capture and subdue an animal similar to the domestic cow, by manipulating the head and forequarters. By lowering the animal to the ground and placing itself between the pairs of legs, a machairodont
4408:
This method might inhibit the full effect of the wound created by the canines. Keeping the canines in the wound would stifle the blood flow from the body and could keep the animal alive longer even if the prey is unable to vocalize. There is no significant advantage to the longer canines in this
4446:
In 1985, American paleontologist
William Akersten suggested the shearing bite. This method of killing is similar to the style of killing seen in hyenas and canines today. A group of machairodonts captured and completely subdued a prey item, holding it still while one from the group bit into the
4227:
Many modern cats show this mixture of traits. Lions are able-bodied hunters, but will steal when they are given the opportunity. Tigers and cougars bury their kills and return later to keep eating, even days later. All cats prefer killing the sick or injured, and there is a fine line between an
4040:
fossils from the La Brea tar pits feature hunting injuries. In addition to injuries resulting from strain while hunting, the more severe injuries strongly suggest a social nature. Animals may have been crippled long after the injury healed, suffering swollen ankles, prominent limps, and limited
3670:
would have had one-third the bite force of a lion, had it used only its jaw muscles. However, the neck muscles that connected to the back of the skull were stronger and depressed the head, forcing the skull down. When the jaw was hyper-extended, the jaw muscles could not contract, but the neck
3360:
extends backward, but the temporalis muscles that attach to this surface are strained when opening the jaw wide as the muscle is wrapped around the glenoid process. To reduce the stretch of the temporalis muscle around the immovable process, machairodonts evolved a skull with a more vertical
3380:
The skulls of many sabre-tooth predators, including machairodonts, are tall from top to bottom and short from front to back. The zygomatic arches are compressed, and the portion of the skull bearing facial features, such as eyes, is higher, while the muzzle is shorter. These changes help to
4409:
method of killing when compared to the ancestral cats with their short, conical-shaped canines. If anything, the dangers to breaking teeth held in the throat of a panicked animal, even if well restrained, outweighs the possible benefits, so this method has often been viewed as improbable.
4188:, are shaped similarly. There is typically also a size difference between sexes, but male and female machairodonts appear to have been the same sizes. Also, this level of sexual selection seems extreme given an individual would be left severely impaired in eating and general function.
4347:
quick bite, suiting the ambush style of stalking and hunting implied by the heavy and strong bodies of most machairodonts. It would also have been possible for a lone machairodont to wound a large prey animal in this manner, then release and follow it until it fell from shock.
3830:
and lions show that the former, and possibly other machairodonts, could potentially have roared like their modern relatives. A 2023 study suggested that while machairodonts had the same number of hyoid bones as "roaring" cats, their shape was closer to that of "purring" cats.
6186:
4074:
It has been suggested that machairodonts used their saber teeth during hunting, grappling an animal, opening its mouth, and swinging its head down with enough force to puncture the animal's skin and flesh. It was once suggested that the saber teeth were used much like a
3726:
suggest that machairodonts were capable of efficiently stripping and de-fleshing a carcass of meat when feeding. They also show a degree of bone consumption on par with that of modern lions, which themselves can and regularly do eat smaller bones when consuming a meal.
3770:
proposed by Miller has little evidence in the physical structures of comparable animals. According to Antón, García-Perea and Turner (1998), the nostrils of living felids always extend to a similar position, independently of the length of the nasal bones, which in
4385:. This variation states that the machairodont compressed the windpipe after dealing the bite, serving to both suffocate and wound the prey animal. Puncturing large blood vessels in the throat and causing massive bleeding would hasten the death of the animal.
5123:"Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite"
4380:
When the animal is wounded with a bite from a machairodont (ignoring the placement of the blood vessels, which are negligible in this hypothesis), the canines would have been inserted behind the windpipe and the premolars would have been encompassing the
572:
The name 'saber-toothed tigers' is misleading. Machairodonts were not in the same subfamily as tigers, there is no evidence that they had tiger-like coat patterns, and this broad group of animals did not all live or hunt in the same manner as the modern
5367:
Piras, Paolo; Silvestro, Daniele; Carotenuto, Francesco; Castiglione, Silvia; Kotsakis, Anastassios; Maiorino, Leonardo; Melchionna, Marina; Mondanaro, Alessandro; Sansalone, Gabriele; Serio, Carmela; Vero, Veronica Anna; Raia, Pasquale (May 2018).
4438:'only' that species is taken. However, this would not resolve the issue of the messiness and the loud sounds probably associated with this kind of bite. More than one individual would probably have been needed to ensure a completely subdued animal.
4434:
genus, or even the specific species, to be highly specialized for one type of prey animal. This might offer an explanation for their extinction, for the movement or extinction of that prey species would lead to the death of its specialist predator.
3369:, the gape is 128°, and the angle between the ramus of the mandible and the occipital bone is 100°. This angle is the major limiting factor of the gape, and reducing the angle of the occipital bone relative to the palate of the mouth, as seen in
4247:
are shaped to efficiently slice flesh, not crunch bone, as they are in the modern spotted hyena. Since both sexes bear these canines and additional modifications to the skull are present, machairodonts were likely opportunists to some degree.
3663:
show that the latter would have fared poorly with the stresses of holding onto struggling prey. The main issue was the stresses suffered by the mandible: a strong force threatened to break the jaw as pressure was placed on its weakest points.
3992:
would disarticulate their kill to transport it to a safe area and prevent scavengers from claiming a hard-won meal. Evidence also shows the cats were able to effectively strip flesh from bone in a manner that left noticeable score marks.
4180:, much like the mane of a lion, and were used for courting, sexual display, and social status. Their canines are already well established as relatively fragile, and their jaw muscles not strong, so any predatory function is uncertain.
4611:
Paijmans, J. L. A.; Barnett, R.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Zepeda-Mendoza, M. L.; Reumer, J. W. F.; de Vos, J.; Zazula, G.; Nagel, D.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Leonard, J. A.; Rohland, N.; Westbury, M. V.; Barlow, A.; Hofreiter, M. (2017-10-19).
6201:
4183:
However, when a trait is adopted to enhance sexual attraction, typically only one sex, usually males, display the feature. In all machairodont species, both males and females have these canines and, with only minor exceptions as in
4325:
However, the cat might have been able to scavenge on kills made by dire wolves. Two solitary machairodonts would quickly develop a pecking order with the first individual dominant. Because of this uncertainty, a large part of the
3754:, or outer ears, along with fur color, are dependent on the individual doing the reconstruction. Large or small, pointed or rounded, high or low, fossils do not record these characteristics, leaving them open to interpretation.
3589:
that would have allowed for better oxygen intake and smaller, only partially retractable claws that might have functioned like spikes for a better grip on the ground, all of which seems to point to a highly active lifestyle and
4404:
as a common method of dispatching prey. The suffocation would inhibit sound from the panicked prey, a method used by modern cheetahs and leopards. The wound from the canines and the lack of air would then kill the prey animal.
3351:
The skulls of machairodonts suggests another change in the shape of the temporalis muscle. The main constraint to opening the jaws is that the temporalis muscle will tear if it is stretched past a critical degree around the
3971:
its teeth has aroused great criticism. Its sloped back and powerful lumbar section of its vertebrae suggested a bear-like build, so it might have been capable of pulling weights, but breaking canines, a fate suffered by
3550:
overall to attain near-lion size and already showed impressive upper canines early on in their evolution in the
Miocene, but apart from these retained a relatively cat-like morphology that was more similar to modern
5076:
Anton, M.; M. J. Salesa; J. Morales; A. Turner (2004). "First known complete skulls of the scimitar-toothed cat
Machairodus aphanistus (Felidae, Carnivora) from the Spanish late Miocene site of Batallones-1".
6648:
Diagrams by
Maricio Anton. All graphite drawings belong to Anton, along with several other artists. The second to last drawing depicts the versatility of the general neck bite and include a comparison of
6669:
Illustrations of Miller's lips in phases of aggression and nonaggression. (Be sure to click anywhere on the page as soon as you enter- it is a slideshow and move to the next image in 5 seconds.)
4061:
fragile physique than other cats. Larger, more sturdily built cat species, such as lions and leopards, have been observed to recover from severe injuries, such as broken jaws and torn muscles.
6081:
5559:"Co-existence of scimitar-toothed cats, lions and hominins in the European Pleistocene. Implications of the post-cranial anatomy of Homotherium latidens (Owen) for comparative palaeoecology"
4025:
from China housed by the
Babiarz Institute of Paleontological Studies is an older individual with a broken canine, worn from usage after the break. However, the individual died of a severe
3269:, known only from two fairly complete fossils, broke this mould; possessing both the stout, heavy limbs associated with dirk-toothed cats, and the stout canines of a scimitar-toothed cat.
4018:
is another genus with few fossil records to suggest a social nature, but canines on these species are broken more often than others and show signs of extensive healing afterward. A male
3712:
often preyed on young mammoths and other grazers such as pronghorn antelope and bighorn sheep when mammoths were not available. Examinations published in 2022 of tooth wear patterns on
5744:
Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Egeland, C.P., Cobo-Sánchez, L. et al. Sabertooth carcass consumption behavior and the dynamics of
Pleistocene large carnivoran guilds. Sci Rep 12, 6045 (2022).
3255:
and generally had stocky bodies. Scimitar-toothed cats had broader and shorter upper canines and a typically lithe body form with longer legs. The longer-toothed cats often had a bony
5320:"Functional anatomy of the forelimb in Promegantereon ogygia (Felidae, Machairodontinae, Smilodontini) from the Late Miocene of Spain and the origins of the sabre-toothed felid model"
3750:. However, the positioning of the ears is always similar in modern felids, even in individuals that have crests comparable in size to those of sabretooth cats. The positioning of the
397:), sword. Sometimes, other carnivorous mammals with elongated teeth are also called saber-toothed cats, although they do not belong to the felids. Besides the machairodonts, other
6668:
4094:
and an inability to open the mouth very wide would have been an impediment to effective stabbing. For such reasons, this concept has been rejected by the scientific community.
485:
showed a trend towards elongated upper canines, and is believed to be at the base of the machairodontine evolution. The earliest known machairodont genus is the middle
Miocene
3762:
nasal bones. Criticism of Miller's theory compares the nasal bones of lions and tigers. Lions, when compared to tigers, also have strongly retracted nasal bones, but a lion's
3671:
muscles pressed the head down, forcing the canines into whatever resisted them. When the mouth was closed far enough, the jaw muscles could raise the mandible by some margin.
4243:
Opposition to this concept lies in many parts of the cat. The teeth are purely carnivorous, unable to grind plant material, as the omnivorous teeth of dogs and bears do. The
922:
3581:, the most derived known species from the Pleistocene of North America bore a sloped back that might have made it excellent at running long distances, similar to the living
5009:
Spassov, Nikolai; Geraads, Denis (2015). "A New Felid from the Late Miocene of the Balkans and the Contents of the Genus Metailurus Zdansky, 1924 (Carnivora, Felidae)".
4772:
Spassov, Nikolai; Geraads, Denis (2014). "A New Felid from the Late Miocene of the Balkans and the Contents of the Genus Metailurus Zdansky, 1924 (Carnivora, Felidae)".
4236:
in California supports the hypothesis, as well. The animals caught in the pits would have been dying or dead, the kind of meal a true hypercarnivore, such as a modern
3519:
section of the vertebral column was shortened. The tails were, from most primitive to most advanced, growing shorter and shorter, resulting in the bobcat-like tail of
5173:
Salesa, M.J.; M. Anton; A. Turner; L. Alcala; P. Montoya; J. Morales (2010). "Systematic revision of the late Miocene sabre-toothed felid Paramachaedrodus in Spain".
5154:
Dawson, M.R.; R.K. Stucky; L. Krishtalka; C.C. Black (1986). "Machaeroides simpsoni, new species, oldest known sabertooth credont (Mammalia), of Lost Cabin Eocene".
3810:
itself possessed upper lips and gum tissue that could effectively hide and protect their upper canines; a trait they shared in common with modern cat species, while
4029:, an injury that a social predator would have had a better chance of healing, so the skull can be interpreted in different ways. The adult canine teeth of juvenile
4053:
is found in its brain. Most social predators, including humans, grey wolves, and lions, have brains that are slightly larger than those of their loner relatives.
4354:
Xenosmilus in particular might have used this method, as all the teeth in its mouth were serrated and aligned in a way that formed a consistent cutting surface.
3184:
The current hypothesis for the evolution of the saber-toothed phenotype, made possible by Batollnes-1, is that this phenotype arose gradually over time through
5692:
4924:
5048:
3272:
Carnivores reduced the number of their teeth as they specialized in eating meat instead of grinding plant or insect matter. Cats have the fewest teeth of any
4571:
Werdelin, Lars; Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki; Johnson, W.E. (January 2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D.W.; Loveridge, A.J. (eds.).
4079:. The canines seemed, initially, as tools of great power and devastating ability, used for crushing vertebrae, or for tearing open armored animals such as
3696:
On occasion, the bone of a fossilised predator is preserved well enough to retain recognizable proteins that belong to the species it consumed when alive.
4811:
4495:
would have suffered great risk of being kicked. The power behind such a kick would easily break teeth, a mandible, or a leg, and cripple or kill the cat.
6716:
6270:
4952:"A New Machairodont from the Palmetto Fauna (Early Pliocene) of Florida, with Comments on the Origin of the Smilodontini (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)"
6673:
3614:. When viewing only postcranial remains of similar-toothed machairodonts, many of their forms were comparatively similar to modern pantherines (genera
5721:
4710:
3381:
compensate for an increased gape. Machairodonts also had reduced bottom canines, maintaining the distance between those in the upper and lower jaws.
3852:
A 2009 study compared the ratios of social and solitary carnivores in reserves in South Africa and Tanzania with those of fossils of California's
4342:
This general bite would be used wherever it could be attained, and needs fewer predators. When compared with the belly-shearing hypothesis, one
585:
in showing that the Machairodontinae diverged early from the ancestors of modern cats and are not closely related to any living feline species.
5667:
6647:
6446:
4430:
precise than, the bite-and-compress hypothesis, whereupon the machairodont would retreat and allow the animal to bleed to death very quickly.
4934:
4536:
Lars W. van den Hoek Ostende, Michael Morlo & Doris Nagel (July 2006). "Fossils explained 52 Majestic killers: the sabre-toothed cats".
3814:
had canines that remained partially exposed and protruded past the lips and chin even while the mouth was closed due to their great length.
30:
This article is about the extinct subfamily of cats Machairodontinae. For the similarly named subfamily of extinct carnivorous mammals, see
7112:
5837:
3169:, a Homotheriini ancestor, shedding light on evolutionary history. (Though the Smilodontini ancestor was originally assigned to the genus
6135:
3565:
were remarkably long-legged and lean, though as large as a modern lion, a trend that further magnified in the Pliocene-Pleistocene genus
4420:
is depicted here with the neck of a horse in cross section. A – esophagus, B – four major blood vessels, C – windpipe, and D – vertebrae
3746:
The first change he suggested in the appearance of machairodonts was lower ears, or rather the illusion of lower ears due to the higher
7097:
5933:
6511:
6115:
5804:
5637:
4756:
4596:
4301:
4279:
4151:
3920:
3898:
3237:
of the best means of research for the analysis of hypercarnivores, specialization, and the relationships between predator and prey.
4653:
Bonis, Louis de; Peigné†, Stéphane; Mackaye, Hassane Taisso; Likius, Andossa; Vignaud, Patrick; Brunet, Michel (15 February 2018).
550:. However, some have recently regrouped the Metailurini within the other felid subfamily, the Felinae, along with all modern cats.
7102:
3345:
5231:
Van Valkenburgh, B.; F. Hertel (1993). "Tough times at La-Brea – tooth breakage in large carnivores of the Late Pleistocene".
3602:, broke this trend in that it had both scimitar-like teeth and a bulky and strong build that is more typical for dirk-tooths.
6709:
4283:
4118:
4033:
took an exceptionally long time to erupt and be used, so until then, it was completely dependent on the care of its parents.
3902:
6413:
3559:
appears to have been an excellent jumper. The homotherines were overall more specialized and already the earliest taxa like
174:
3251:
Machairodonts are divided into two types: dirk-toothed and scimitar-toothed. Dirk-toothed cats had elongated, narrow upper
3204:. They provide further morphological evidence for the importance of speed in the evolution of the saber-toothed phenotype.
4832:
Turner, Alan (1990). "The evolution of the guild of larger terrestrial carnivores during the Plio-Pleistocene in Africa".
3856:, a well-known fossil bed from the Pleistocene, and how they responded to recorded sounds of dying prey, to infer whether
6477:
5501:
3966:
The modern lion is capable of, in large numbers, killing weakened adult and healthy subadult elephants, so similar sized
3220:
3219:, both largely confined to the Americas. These two genera became extinct around 13,000-10,000 years ago as part of the
7107:
4351:
rarely walk away from prey until they have eaten their fill and it would have risked being stolen by other predators.
4486:
restraining an adolescent mammoth on the ground while one individual (marked with an arrow) applies the shearing bite
4330:
of machairodonts is still unknown. The several variations on this hypothesis all require a subdued and still animal.
5688:
5044:
4655:"New sabre toothed Felidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) in the hominid-bearing sites of Toros Menalla (late Miocene, Chad)"
4057:
had a relatively small brain, suggesting less ability for complex cooperative behaviors, such as hunting in groups.
3736:
3373:, allowed the gape to increase further. Had the occipital bone not been stretched towards the palate, and closer to
3311:
3240:
6686:
561:, machairodonts diverged from living cats around 20 million years ago, with the last surviving machairodont genera
453:
7092:
6702:
4172:, displaying extreme upper canines developed only through sexual selection and otherwise completely nonfunctional
578:
38:
6033:"Parallels between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, Smilodon"
5860:"Concealed weapons: A revised reconstruction of the facial anatomy and life appearance of the sabre-toothed cat
5090:
440:Μαχαιροῦς, from Ancient Greek: μάχαιρα, lit. 'makhaira', means a sword, and oδόντος (odóntos), meaning "tooth."
4807:
4654:
4133:
6164:
6031:
Carbone, C.; Maddox, T.; Funston, P. J; Mills, M. G.L; Grether, G. F; Van Valkenburgh, B. (23 February 2009).
5958:
4314:
A more common and widely accepted view of machairodont hunting is the throat-shearing bite. Modern cats use a
6266:
4272:
4129:
3891:
1205:
491:
from Africa and Turkey. Until the late Miocene, machairodontines co-existed at several places together with
5714:
4706:
4049:
The question of sociality is still controversial. Strong support for the traditional concept of a solitary
7004:
3938:
398:
264:
45:
4867:
Martin, L. D.; Babiarz, J. P.; Naples, V. L.; Hearst, J. (2000). "Three Ways To Be a Saber-Toothed Cat".
4208:, and sprinting would not have been needed, as is seen in the stocky conformation of most machairodonts.
4090:, and would have been easily broken against hard material such as bone. It has also been argued that the
3739:
set forth a set of features not previously thought of in the soft tissues of machairodonts, specifically
44:"Saber-toothed cat" redirects here. For other animals sometimes referred to as "saber-toothed cats", see
7064:
6849:
6637:
7042:
4478:
4458:
5558:
4339:
contact with vertebrae could break the teeth, but a deep bite anywhere in the neck would prove fatal.
3323:
7051:
6536:
6367:
6304:
5875:
5570:
5454:
5240:
5182:
4963:
4876:
4841:
3353:
3305:
5657:
5218:
The big cats and their fossil relatives: an illustrated guide to their evolution and natural history
6575:: Ross Barnett et al.: "Evolution of the extinct Sabretooths and the American cheetah-like cat" in
6442:
3500:
3157:
predominating hypothesis was that the highly derived saber-toothed phenotype arose rapidly through
6568:
4416:
A diagram to depict the path of canines to achieve maximum damage during a careful shearing bite:
3384:
6552:
6247:
6010:
5903:
5369:
5264:
5198:
5094:
5026:
4900:
4789:
4679:
4553:
4382:
3511:, to allow for a larger surface area of attachment for massive shoulder and triceps muscles. The
169:
6678:
without Miller's lips. (this is a foreign site- the image is two thirds of the way down labeled
5821:
7069:
4490:
However, a shearing bite may have been problematic for machairodonts for several reasons. Most
6613:
6507:
6395:
6332:
6239:
6131:
6111:
6062:
6002:
5800:
5633:
5586:
5539:
5482:
5349:
5256:
4991:
4930:
4892:
4752:
4635:
4592:
4216:
3933:
3512:
3434:
554:
6789:
6603:
6544:
6385:
6375:
6322:
6312:
6231:
6052:
6044:
5992:
5893:
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5829:
5775:
5578:
5531:
5472:
5462:
5389:
5381:
5339:
5331:
5295:
5248:
5190:
5134:
5086:
5018:
4981:
4971:
4884:
4849:
4781:
4669:
4625:
4545:
4448:
4327:
4233:
4177:
4020:
3853:
3697:
3208:
3185:
2692:
665:
459:
386:
361:
5925:
4502:
In 2004 an experiment used a pair of mechanical aluminum jaws, cast from the CT scans of a
464:
was one of the largest machairodonts. It dwarfs its modern relative, the common house cat,
6972:
6929:
6810:
6796:
4363:
4357:
4026:
3751:
3561:
3535:
3459:
2905:
2646:
2506:
2387:
1447:
988:
899:
889:
766:
515:
492:
422:
406:
4036:
In another example of paleopathology supporting the social hypothesis, a large number of
1596:
The phylogenetic relationships of Machairodontinae are shown in the following cladogram:
6540:
6371:
6308:
5981:"The roar of Rancho La Brea? Comparative anatomy of modern and fossil felid hyoid bones"
5879:
5574:
5458:
5244:
5186:
4967:
4880:
4845:
3651:
The jaws of machairodonts, especially more derived species with longer canines, such as
656:
6979:
6936:
6390:
6351:
6327:
6292:
6057:
6032:
5780:
5763:
5607:
5477:
5442:
5344:
5319:
4986:
4951:
4744:
3747:
3679:
3634:
3357:
3293:
3276:
group, and machairodonts reduce the number even further. Most machairodonts retain six
2623:
2467:
1492:
1069:
487:
410:
345:
31:
4001:
7086:
6943:
6902:
6867:
6014:
5907:
5522:
Wroe, Stephen; Lowry, Anton (4 May 2006). "How to Build a Mammanian Super-Predator".
5335:
5300:
5194:
5139:
5122:
4853:
4684:
4572:
4557:
4549:
3374:
3285:
2355:
1947:
1901:
1524:
1316:
1102:
429:
425:
337:
333:
91:
6642:
6500:
5888:
5859:
5582:
5268:
5202:
5098:
5030:
4793:
4589:
Mammoths, Sabertooths and Hominids 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe
801:
6986:
6913:
6251:
5662:
4904:
4674:
4401:
4390:
4315:
4164:
4087:
3705:
3591:
3586:
3252:
2041:
2011:
1363:
1015:
627:
499:
480:
299:
6556:
4506:
from the La Brea tar pits, to simulate several biting techniques possibly used by
3308:, needed a way to change their skulls to accommodate the canines in several ways.
6317:
5467:
5385:
5252:
4976:
3766:, or external nose, is no more retracted than the tiger's. Thus, the pug nose of
385:
as well as other cats with more modest increases in the size and length of their
7036:
6922:
6888:
6881:
6858:
6817:
6803:
6780:
5370:"Evolution of the sabertooth mandible: A deadly ecomorphological specialization"
4261:
4080:
4014:
3954:
3880:
3574:
3570:
3552:
3543:
3539:
3524:
3453:
3417:
3395:
2990:
2678:
2520:
2076:
1924:
1617:
1378:
1369:
1289:
1265:
1092:
931:
721:
712:
650:
558:
535:
530:
524:
504:
466:
414:
381:
356:
293:
287:
281:
148:
142:
66:
6548:
5535:
4211:
3515:
are very sturdy, and the attachments for muscles were powerful and strong. The
1547:
498:
Traditionally, three different tribes of machairodontines were recognized, the
133:
6895:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6502:
Monster of God: the man-eating predator in the jungles of history and the mind
6467:
5505:
5022:
4785:
4630:
4613:
4396:
4244:
3722:
3484:
3480:
3406:
3336:
3297:
3265:
3158:
3153:
2967:
2795:
1805:
1214:
1042:
866:
810:
595:
582:
546:
418:
402:
371:
The Machairodontinae contain many of the extinct predators commonly known as "
236:
153:
111:
76:
17:
7027:
6350:
McHenry, C. R.; Wroe, S.; Clausen, P. D.; Moreno, K.; Cunningham, E. (2007).
6187:"Healed Massive Pelvic Fracture in a Smilodon from Ranco La Brea, California"
5745:
5590:
4240:, would pass up. This hypothesis is the oldest, but still considered viable.
6874:
6764:
6752:
6429:
Do Cats Hear with Their Feet?: Where Cats Come From, what We Know about Them
6380:
4201:
4197:
4169:
3983:. Moreover, the bones of these young mammoths show the distinctive marks of
3763:
3674:
3659:, are unusually weak. Digital reconstructions of the skulls of lions and of
3476:
3273:
1638:
1134:
540:
317:
226:
186:
116:
6617:
6399:
6336:
6243:
6066:
6048:
6006:
5858:
Antón, Mauricio; Siliceo, Gema; Pastor, Juan F.; Salesa, Manuel J. (2022).
5543:
5486:
5353:
5260:
4995:
4896:
4639:
3428:
1515:
1125:
5284:"Costs of carnivory: tooth fracture in Pleistocene and Recent carnivorans"
4888:
4614:"Evolutionary History of Saber-Toothed Cats Based on Ancient Mitogenomics"
4412:
3598:
however, a mid-Pleistocene homotherine from Florida and close relative of
3152:
Until the recent discovery of the Late Miocene fossil depository known as
7021:
6950:
6758:
6743:
6608:
6591:
5833:
4491:
4368:
4205:
4091:
3949:
3847:
3622:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3496:
3340:
3281:
3260:
2259:
1556:
510:
365:
350:
206:
161:
106:
101:
86:
81:
71:
5979:
Deutsch, A. R.; Langerhans, R. B.; Flores, D; Hartstone-Rose, A (2023).
5898:
5394:
3783:
was located just behind the carnassials. Regardless, reconstructions of
6770:
6687:
Further illustration (Anton) of a lack of Miller's lips with the genus
6472:
6156:
5997:
5980:
5799:. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. pp. 168–173.
5632:. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. pp. 227–228.
4286: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4237:
3905: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3582:
3547:
3504:
3492:
3277:
857:
569:
estimated to have diverged from each other about 18 million years ago.
475:
321:
313:
246:
121:
96:
6291:
Andersson, K.; Norman, D.; Werdelin, L. (2011). Soares, Daphne (ed.).
6235:
4367:
applying the conical-tooth equivalent of the "bite and compress" to a
4009:
skull with chipped left canine and more severely damaged right canine.
6737:
4475:
are rare, and this less risky method might have contributed to this.
3516:
3256:
3181:(living 9.0 Ma) inhabited Spain (and perhaps additional territory).
341:
329:
216:
196:
6998:
6219:
5764:"Reconstructed facial appearance of the sabretoothed felid Smilodon"
5443:"Evolution of Skull and Mandible Shape in Cats (Carnivora: Felidae)"
4136:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
6694:
6638:
Evolution of feliform saber-tooth skull shape, on Nimravid's Weblog
5954:
5283:
3791:, and other species are shown with long lips, often resembling the
4477:
4457:
4411:
4388:
Modern cats, and presumably the basal genera of all cats, such as
4356:
4228:
animal so sick it cannot move and a dead animal. The abundance of
4210:
4163:
4076:
4000:
3932:
3823:
3792:
3673:
3633:
3463:, are defined by sturdiness and strength with the most primitive (
3427:
3416:
3405:
3394:
3383:
3322:
3310:
3239:
574:
7056:
6592:"Deja vu: the evolution of feeding morphologies in the Carnivora"
6110:. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. 29.
5045:"Rhizosmilodon fiteae :: Florida Museum of Natural History"
3528:
3488:
325:
7002:
6698:
3948:
At Friesenhahn Cave, Texas, the remains of almost 400 juvenile
3207:
Machariodont diversity declined during the Pleistocene, by the
5156:
Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, Special Paper
4255:
4101:
3874:
3362:
3328:
6220:"Assessing behavior in extinct animals: was Smilodon social?"
5557:
Antón, Mauricio; Galobart, Angel; Turner, Alan (2005-05-01).
4950:
Wallace, S. C.; Hulbert, R. C. (2013). Larson, Greger (ed.).
3344:
change their shape. The first step in this was to reduce the
3221:
wave of extinctions of most large animals across the Americas
4462:
A sequence diagram of the shearing bite in the machairodont
495:, archaic large carnivores that also bore long sabre-teeth.
5091:
10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0957:FKCSOT]2.0.CO;2
348:, with the last surviving species (belonging to the genera
6622:. Full analysis of convergent evolution of hypercarnivores
6218:
McCall, Sherman; Naples, Virginia; Martin, Larry (2003).
3377:, the gape would theoretically be less, at roughly 113°.
6082:"Late Pleistocene Climate and Proboscidean Paleoecology"
5421:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5405:
3335:
The main inhibitors of a large gape for mammals are the
6293:"Sabretoothed Carnivores and the Killing of Large Prey"
4125:
3555:
than more derived machairodontines from later periods.
5318:
Salesa, M.J.; M. Anton; A. Turner; J. Morales (2010).
5313:
5311:
5121:
Salesa, M.J.; M. Anton; A. Turner; J. Morales (2005).
5116:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5108:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
3585:. It also had a well-developed visual cortex, a large
3527:
remains, they are more similar in structure to modern
3467:) being smaller and more lithe than the more advanced
3365:
has a gape of 80°, while a lion has a gape of 91°. In
393:. The name means "dagger-tooth", from Greek μάχαιρα (
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
4751:. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press.
6026:
6024:
3704:
preyed mainly on bison and horses, and occasionally
7011:
6960:
6912:
6857:
6779:
6356:
revealed by high-resolution 3D computer simulation"
4929:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 60.
3775:falls within the range observed in modern species.
6499:
3161:evolution. Batollnes-1 unearthed new specimens of
5374:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4176:Long canines could also have been the product of
3806:suggest that scimitar-toothed machairodonts like
5762:Antón, M.; García-Perea, R.; Turner, A. (1998).
5715:"Stable Isotopes and Diet: You Are What You Eat"
3487:and heavy bodies. When compared with the modern
3356:when the mouth is opened. In modern felids, the
3200:, and in the cervical vertebrae and forelimb of
6674:Biological artist Maricio Anton's depiction of
6360:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4196:One suggestion is that most machairodonts were
37:"Sabercat" redirects here. For other uses, see
6352:"Supermodeled sabercat, predatory behavior in
5517:
5515:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4606:
4604:
474:The Machairodontinae originated in the middle
6710:
6527:Gorder, P.F. (2004). "Simulated bite marks".
5757:
5755:
5753:
4223:playing the role of opportunistic scavengers.
3421:A reconstruction of the scimitar-toothed cat
3211:, only two genera of machairodonts remained,
8:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
3288:in the upper jaw only. Some genera, such as
3148:Evolutionary history and origin of phenotype
3716:and bite marks on the bones of the peccary
3432:An example of a sequence reconstruction of
344:, with the earliest species known from the
6999:
6717:
6703:
6695:
6468:"Prehistoric Predators: Sabertooth Part 4"
5746:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09480-7
4577:. Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82.
3447:The dirk-toothed machairodonts, including
581:published in 2005 confirmed and clarified
132:
52:
6607:
6389:
6379:
6326:
6316:
6267:"Revised Repost: What big teeth you have"
6056:
5996:
5919:
5917:
5897:
5887:
5779:
5768:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
5651:
5649:
5476:
5466:
5393:
5343:
5299:
5288:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
5138:
5127:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
4985:
4975:
4683:
4673:
4629:
4302:Learn how and when to remove this message
4152:Learn how and when to remove this message
3921:Learn how and when to remove this message
3388:A reconstruction of the dirk-toothed cat
3296:to estimate the age of an individual for
502:with typical dirk-toothed forms, such as
3952:were discovered along with skeletons of
3758:rationale is based on the retraction of
3507:were very well developed, especially in
592:
452:
4926:The Big Cats and their fossil relatives
4574:Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids
4519:
4086:However, teeth are made of unsupported
3438:as used in reconstructing machairodonts
3304:animals that acquired similar teeth by
6529:Computing in Science & Engineering
5220:. New York: Columbia University Press.
4451:, pulled back and tore open the body.
4215:La Brea Tar Pits fauna as depicted by
5623:
5621:
5602:
5600:
7:
6579:, Vol. 15, R589-R590, August 9, 2005
4284:adding citations to reliable sources
3979:with some frequency, is not seen in
3941:similar to those possibly hunted by
3903:adding citations to reliable sources
3534:The scimitar-toothed machairodonts (
3173:, it was later revised to the genus
522:with scimitar-toothed cats, such as
6596:Integrative and Comparative Biology
6569:Report on Barnett group's study in
5428:Big Cats and their Fossil Relatives
4591:, Columbia University Press, 2002.
3300:studies of an animal long extinct.
3037:
2998:
2961:
2913:
2899:
2803:
2700:
2686:
2528:
2514:
2500:
2395:
2290:
2267:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2035:
1955:
1813:
1653:
1646:
1632:
1625:
1611:
1599:
368:transition (~13-10,000 years ago).
5781:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb00582.x
5658:"Saber-Toothed Cat Had Wimpy Bite"
5079:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4045:Rebuttals to the social hypothesis
1048:Jiangzuo, Werdelin, Sun et al 2022
1021:Jiangzuo, Werdelin, Sun et al 2022
25:
5820:Abdulla, Sara (28 January 1999).
3700:of these proteins has shown that
6848:
6132:"The Diet of Saber-Toothed Cats"
5689:"Stable Isotopes in Archaeology"
5336:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01178.x
5301:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01108.x
5195:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01013.x
5140:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00174.x
4550:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2006.00572.x
4260:
4106:
3879:
3475:falls in between. They were not
3244:Undersides of the skulls of two
1546:
1514:
1368:
1204:
1124:
921:
856:
800:
711:
655:
324:(true cats). They were found in
173:
6480:from the original on 2016-05-22
6449:from the original on 2011-10-06
6416:. Florida Museum. 3 April 2017.
6273:from the original on 2014-02-21
6167:from the original on 2011-04-26
6138:from the original on 2017-03-14
6088:from the original on 2012-03-19
5961:from the original on 2012-01-09
5936:from the original on 2011-12-25
5924:Mestel, Rosie (April 1, 1993).
5889:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107471
5840:from the original on 2012-11-05
5727:from the original on 2012-04-02
5695:from the original on 2013-12-27
5670:from the original on 2011-12-12
5656:Bryner, Jeanna (October 2007).
5583:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.09.008
5051:from the original on 2016-10-04
4814:from the original on 2012-03-25
4713:from the original on 2018-04-06
4271:needs additional citations for
3890:needs additional citations for
3848:Smilodon § Social behavior
3687:, according to isotope analysis
3259:that extended from their lower
3165:, a Smilodontini ancestor, and
27:Extinct subfamily of carnivores
6506:. W. W. Norton & Company.
5011:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
4774:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
4675:10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a3
2633:Miomachairodus pseudaeluroides
2436:Paramachairodus transasiaticus
1:
5955:"Saber-toothed Cat Sculpture"
4707:"Paleo Profile: The Chad Cat"
4482:A diagram of a group of five
3569:which was once thought to be
3495:were barrel-like with narrow
2741:Amphimachairodus coloradensis
375:", including the famed genus
62:Middle Miocene–Early Holocene
6590:Van Valkenburgh, B. (2007).
6318:10.1371/journal.pone.0024971
5864:(Felidae, Machairodontinae)"
5468:10.1371/journal.pone.0002807
5430:. Columbia University Press.
5386:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.034
5282:Van Valkenburgh, B. (2009).
5253:10.1126/science.261.5120.456
4977:10.1371/journal.pone.0056173
4854:10.1016/0016-6995(90)80006-2
3215:, and the distantly related
538:, containing genera such as
7113:Taxa named by Theodore Gill
6200:(3): 12–126. Archived from
4132:the claims made and adding
4065:Functionality of the sabers
2656:Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii
2404:Paramachairodus maximiliani
1530:Wallace & Hulbert, 2013
478:of Europe. The early felid
7129:
6643:Saber-tooth skull diagrams
6549:10.1109/MCISE.2004.1289301
5868:Quaternary Science Reviews
5563:Quaternary Science Reviews
5536:10.1016/j.zool.2007.07.008
5502:"Greg Laden's Blog: About"
5441:Christiansen, Per (2008).
4334:General "bite and retreat"
4252:The neck-biting hypotheses
4007:Amphimachairodus giganteus
3845:
2922:Lokotunjailurus emageritus
2757:Amphimachairodus giganteus
2420:Paramachairodus orientalis
1384:Croizet & Jobert, 1828
417:and even in two groups of
360:) becoming extinct around
43:
36:
29:
7098:Miocene first appearances
6846:
6732:
6185:Shermis, Stewart (1983).
6157:"Sabertooth Cat, Chinese
5023:10.1007/s10914-014-9266-5
4786:10.1007/s10914-014-9266-5
4631:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.033
3062:Homotherium venezuelensis
3058:
3042:
3035:
3019:
3003:
2996:
2973:
2959:
2934:
2918:
2911:
2897:
2872:
2856:
2840:
2824:
2808:
2801:
2769:
2753:
2737:
2725:Amphimachairodus alvarezi
2721:
2705:
2698:
2684:
2652:
2629:
2597:
2581:
2565:
2549:
2533:
2526:
2512:
2498:
2473:
2432:
2416:
2400:
2393:
2361:
2311:
2295:
2288:
2272:
2265:
2233:
2217:
2201:
2185:
2169:
2144:
2119:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2033:
2017:
1976:
1960:
1953:
1930:
1907:
1866:
1850:
1834:
1818:
1811:
1779:
1763:
1747:
1731:
1715:
1699:
1674:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1630:
1623:
1609:
1361:
1322:Spassov and Geraads, 2014
1090:
887:
648:
616:
277:
272:
170:Scientific classification
168:
143:Homotherium venezuelensis
140:
131:
55:
39:Sabercat (disambiguation)
6106:Antón, Mauricio (2013).
5795:Antón, Mauricio (2013).
5628:Antón, Mauricio (2013).
3865:was most likely social.
3735:American paleontologist
3630:Derived anatomy and diet
3410:Articulated skeleton of
3399:Articulated skeleton of
2709:Amphimachairodus kurteni
2221:Megantereon nihowanensis
2189:Megantereon inexpectatus
7103:Pleistocene extinctions
6498:Quammen, David (2003).
6381:10.1073/pnas.0706086104
4808:"Paleobiology Database"
4425:Careful "shearing bite"
3698:Stable isotope analysis
3573:, but was proven to be
3331:, at maximum gape (80°)
3280:, two canines, and six
2938:Lokotunjailurus fanonei
2237:Megantereon vakhshensis
1911:Adelphailurus kansensis
1854:Metailurus mongoliensis
399:saber-toothed predators
6049:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0526
5822:"The smilodon's smile"
4487:
4467:
4421:
4372:
4224:
4173:
4010:
3945:
3688:
3643:
3439:
3425:
3414:
3403:
3392:
3332:
3320:
3319:at maximum gape (128°)
3284:in each jaw, with two
3263:. However, one genus,
3248:
3167:Machairodus aphanistus
2773:Amphimachairodus kabir
2569:Machairodus horribilis
2553:Machairodus aphanistus
2107:Megantereon cultridens
559:extracted from fossils
471:
320:mammals of the family
149:Machairodus aphanistus
46:Saber-toothed predator
7065:Paleobiology Database
6680:Image: Mauricio Anton
6414:"Xenosmilus hodsonae"
6159:Machairodus giganteus
6080:Metcalfe, Jessica Z.
5985:Journal of Morphology
5926:"Saber-Toothed Tales"
5426:Turner, Alan (1997).
4923:Turner, Alan (1997).
4889:10.1007/s001140050007
4481:
4461:
4415:
4360:
4214:
4167:
4098:Sexual characteristic
4004:
3936:
3677:
3637:
3531:than to modern cats.
3443:Post-cranial skeleton
3431:
3420:
3409:
3398:
3387:
3326:
3314:
3243:
3177:). The leopard-sized
3163:Promegantereon ogygia
2876:Nimravides thinobates
2860:Nimravides pedionomus
2812:Nimravides catacopsis
2601:Machairodus robinsoni
2585:Machairodus laskerevi
2537:Machairodus alberdiae
2477:Promegantereon ogygia
1934:Stenailurus teilhardi
456:
6443:"Saber-toothed cats"
5862:Homotherium latidens
5834:10.1038/news990128-5
4624:(21): 3330–3336.e5.
4514:Notes and references
4280:improve this article
4168:The skull of a male
3899:improve this article
3708:and mammoths, while
3683:, a primary prey of
3523:. When viewing only
3361:occipital bone. The
3306:convergent evolution
3023:Homotherium latidens
3007:Homotherium ischyrus
2365:Rhizosmilodon fiteae
2173:Megantereon hesperus
1767:Dinofelis diastemata
1252:M. hengduanshanensis
1075:Schmidt-Kittler 1976
6541:2004CSE.....6c...4G
6372:2007PNAS..10416010M
6366:(41): 16010–16015.
6309:2011PLoSO...624971A
6269:. ScientificBlogs.
5880:2022QSRv..28407471A
5575:2005QSRv...24.1287A
5459:2008PLoSO...3.2807C
5245:1993Sci...261..456V
5216:Turner, A. (1997).
5187:2010Palgy..53.1369S
4968:2013PLoSO...856173W
4881:2000NW.....87...41M
4869:Naturwissenschaften
4846:1990Geobi..23..349T
4376:"Bite and compress"
3822:Comparisons of the
3479:runners with short
3471:; the intermediate
2977:Xenosmilus hodsonae
2844:Nimravides hibbardi
2205:Megantereon microta
2123:Megantereon ekidoit
1783:Dinofelis piveteaui
1662:Dinofelis paleoonca
994:Jiangzuo et al 2022
872:Martin et al., 2000
599:
7108:Mammal subfamilies
6609:10.1093/icb/icm016
5998:10.1002/jmor.21627
5324:Journal of Anatomy
4488:
4468:
4422:
4373:
4361:A modern leopard,
4225:
4174:
4117:possibly contains
4011:
3946:
3689:
3644:
3638:Reconstruction of
3513:cervical vertebrae
3499:ends and expanded
3440:
3426:
3415:
3404:
3393:
3333:
3321:
3249:
2828:Nimravides galiani
2315:Smilodon populator
2148:Megantereon whitei
1870:Metailurus ultimus
1735:Dinofelis cristata
1083:M. pseudaeluroides
633:Bonis et al., 2018
593:
583:cladistic analysis
472:
401:also arose in the
379:, and others like
373:saber-toothed cats
7080:
7079:
7005:Taxon identifiers
6996:
6995:
6657:in head and face.
6236:10.1159/000069752
6224:Brain Behav. Evol
5930:Discover Magazine
5569:(10): 1287–1301.
5508:on June 13, 2011.
5239:(5120): 456–459.
4936:978-0-231-10228-5
4484:Homotherium serum
4464:Homotherium serum
4312:
4311:
4304:
4232:skeletons in the
4217:Charles R. Knight
4206:short-faced bears
4162:
4161:
4154:
4119:original research
3931:
3930:
3923:
3579:Homotherium serum
3435:Panthera zdanskyi
3423:Homotherium serum
3144:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3046:Homotherium serum
2948:
2947:
2886:
2885:
2783:
2782:
2666:
2665:
2611:
2610:
2487:
2486:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2375:
2374:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2299:Smilodon gracilis
2247:
2246:
2158:
2157:
2133:
2132:
2021:Tchadailurus adei
1999:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1822:Metailurus boodon
1793:
1792:
1719:Dinofelis barlowi
1703:Dinofelis aronoki
1688:
1687:
1678:Dinofelis petteri
1589:
1588:
1473:P. transasiaticus
1354:Y. youngdengensis
905:Koenigswald, 1974
598:Machairodontinae
555:mitochondrial DNA
387:maxillary canines
307:
306:
268:
16:(Redirected from
7120:
7093:Machairodontinae
7073:
7072:
7060:
7059:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7043:Machairodontinae
7032:
7031:
7030:
7013:Machairodontinae
7000:
6852:
6790:Amphimachairodus
6726:Machairodontinae
6719:
6712:
6705:
6696:
6621:
6611:
6561:
6560:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6505:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6393:
6383:
6354:Smilodon fatalis
6347:
6341:
6340:
6330:
6320:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6191:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6060:
6028:
6019:
6018:
6000:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5921:
5912:
5911:
5901:
5891:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5759:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5726:
5719:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5653:
5644:
5643:
5625:
5616:
5615:
5604:
5595:
5594:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5519:
5510:
5509:
5504:. Archived from
5497:
5491:
5490:
5480:
5470:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5423:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5347:
5315:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5181:(6): 1369–1391.
5170:
5164:
5163:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5118:
5103:
5102:
5073:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4989:
4979:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4920:
4909:
4908:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4741:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4687:
4677:
4659:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4608:
4599:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4533:
4504:Smilodon fatalis
4449:abdominal cavity
4442:"Belly shearing"
4307:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4287:
4264:
4256:
4234:La Brea tar pits
4178:sexual selection
4157:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4137:
4134:inline citations
4110:
4109:
4102:
4021:Amphimachairodus
3988:indicating that
3926:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3906:
3883:
3875:
3854:La Brea tar pits
3390:Smilodon fatalis
3346:coronoid process
3317:Smilodon fatalis
3209:Late Pleistocene
3186:mosaic evolution
3038:
2999:
2962:
2914:
2900:
2804:
2701:
2693:Amphimachairodus
2687:
2529:
2515:
2501:
2396:
2291:
2276:Smilodon fatalis
2268:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2036:
1956:
1838:Metailurus major
1814:
1654:
1647:
1633:
1626:
1612:
1605:Machairodontinae
1600:
1563:
1550:
1531:
1518:
1499:
1454:
1385:
1372:
1323:
1296:
1221:
1208:
1141:
1128:
1109:
1076:
1049:
1022:
995:
938:
925:
906:
873:
860:
817:
804:
773:
753:H. venezuelensis
728:
715:
672:
666:Amphimachairodus
659:
634:
600:
460:Amphimachairodus
430:deltatheroideans
362:Late Pleistocene
310:Machairodontinae
263:
260:Machairodontinae
258:
178:
177:
162:Smilodon fatalis
136:
126:
63:
59:Temporal range:
56:Machairodontinae
53:
21:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7068:
7063:
7055:
7050:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7007:
6997:
6992:
6973:Hemimachairodus
6963:Incertae sedis:
6956:
6930:Paramachaerodus
6908:
6853:
6844:
6811:Longchuansmilus
6797:Lokotunjailurus
6775:
6728:
6723:
6629:
6589:
6586:
6584:Further reading
6577:Current Biology
6571:Current Biology
6565:
6564:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6514:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6483:
6481:
6466:
6465:
6461:
6452:
6450:
6441:
6440:
6436:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6276:
6274:
6265:Switek, Brian.
6264:
6263:
6259:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6204:
6189:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6170:
6168:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6141:
6139:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6118:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6091:
6089:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6037:Biology Letters
6030:
6029:
6022:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5964:
5962:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5939:
5937:
5923:
5922:
5915:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5843:
5841:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5807:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5761:
5760:
5751:
5743:
5739:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5717:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5698:
5696:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5673:
5671:
5655:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5627:
5626:
5619:
5608:Anton, Mauricio
5606:
5605:
5598:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5521:
5520:
5513:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5425:
5424:
5403:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5317:
5316:
5309:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5120:
5119:
5106:
5075:
5074:
5063:
5054:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4922:
4921:
4912:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4817:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4745:Anton, Mauricio
4743:
4742:
4725:
4716:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4618:Current Biology
4610:
4609:
4602:
4587:Jordi Augusti:
4586:
4582:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4535:
4534:
4521:
4516:
4444:
4427:
4378:
4364:Panthera pardus
4336:
4308:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4277:
4265:
4254:
4194:
4158:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4123:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4072:
4067:
4047:
4027:nasal infection
3999:
3927:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3896:
3884:
3873:
3850:
3844:
3837:
3835:Social behavior
3820:
3795:of large dogs.
3733:
3694:
3649:
3632:
3562:Lokotunjailurus
3536:Machairodontini
3465:Paramachairodus
3460:Paramachairodus
3445:
3354:glenoid process
3294:paleontologists
3234:
3229:
3171:Paramachairodus
3150:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3073:
2949:
2906:Lokotunjailurus
2887:
2784:
2667:
2647:Hemimachairodus
2612:
2507:Machairodontini
2488:
2456:
2447:
2388:Paramachairodus
2376:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2248:
2159:
2134:
2000:
1991:
1964:Yoshi garevskii
1890:
1881:
1794:
1751:Dinofelis darti
1689:
1594:
1561:
1529:
1497:
1452:
1448:Paramachairodus
1422:M. nihowanensis
1410:M. inexpectatus
1383:
1321:
1294:
1240:M. mongoliensis
1219:
1139:
1107:
1074:
1047:
1020:
993:
989:Longchuansmilus
936:
904:
900:Hemimachairodus
890:Machairodontini
871:
815:
771:
767:Lokotunjailurus
726:
703:A. hezhengensis
685:A. coloradensis
670:
632:
591:
516:Machairodontini
451:
446:
438:
288:Machairodontini
262:
256:
172:
127:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
61:
60:
57:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7126:
7124:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7085:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7061:
7048:
7033:
7017:
7015:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6983:
6980:Miomachairodus
6976:
6968:
6966:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6947:
6940:
6937:Promegantereon
6933:
6926:
6918:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6863:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6785:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6767:
6761:
6755:
6746:
6740:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6684:
6671:
6660:
6659:
6645:
6640:
6628:
6627:External links
6625:
6624:
6623:
6602:(1): 147–163.
6585:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6573:August 9, 2005
6563:
6562:
6519:
6512:
6490:
6459:
6434:
6419:
6405:
6342:
6303:(10): e24971.
6283:
6257:
6210:
6207:on 2012-03-28.
6177:
6148:
6134:. 2008-03-08.
6123:
6116:
6098:
6072:
6020:
5991:(10): e21627.
5971:
5946:
5913:
5850:
5812:
5805:
5787:
5774:(4): 369–386.
5749:
5737:
5705:
5680:
5645:
5638:
5617:
5614:. p. 136.
5596:
5549:
5530:(3): 196–203.
5511:
5492:
5433:
5401:
5359:
5330:(3): 381–396.
5307:
5274:
5223:
5208:
5165:
5146:
5133:(3): 363–377.
5104:
5085:(4): 957–969.
5061:
5036:
5001:
4942:
4935:
4910:
4859:
4840:(3): 349–368.
4824:
4799:
4764:
4757:
4723:
4698:
4645:
4600:
4580:
4563:
4544:(4): 150–157.
4518:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4443:
4440:
4426:
4423:
4377:
4374:
4335:
4332:
4310:
4309:
4268:
4266:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4193:
4190:
4160:
4159:
4114:
4112:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4046:
4043:
3998:
3997:Paleopathology
3995:
3929:
3928:
3887:
3885:
3878:
3872:
3867:
3846:Main article:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3819:
3816:
3748:sagittal crest
3732:
3729:
3693:
3690:
3680:Bison antiquus
3648:
3645:
3631:
3628:
3444:
3441:
3358:occipital bone
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3175:Promegantereon
3149:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2685:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2624:Miomachairodus
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2513:
2511:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2468:Promegantereon
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1610:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1564:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1493:Promegantereon
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1461:P. maximiliani
1455:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1428:M. vakhshensis
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1324:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1295:Pons-Moyà 1987
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1222:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1097:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1070:Miomachairodus
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
996:
983:
980:
979:
978:
977:
975:M. lahayishpup
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
939:
926:
918:
917:
916:
915:
913:H. zwierzyckii
907:
894:
892:
885:
884:
883:
882:
874:
861:
853:
852:
851:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
818:
805:
797:
796:
795:
794:
788:
782:
774:
761:
758:
757:
756:
755:
749:
743:
737:
729:
716:
708:
707:
706:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
673:
660:
653:
646:
645:
644:
643:
635:
622:
620:
618:Incertae sedis
614:
613:
610:
607:
604:
590:
589:Classification
587:
493:barbourofelids
488:Miomachairodus
483:quadridentatus
450:
449:Family Felidae
447:
445:
442:
437:
434:
411:machaeroidines
407:barbourofelids
346:Middle Miocene
305:
304:
303:
302:
296:
290:
284:
275:
274:
270:
269:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
166:
165:
138:
137:
129:
128:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
64:
58:
32:Machaeroidinae
26:
24:
18:Sabertooth cat
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7125:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7071:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7053:
7049:
7044:
7038:
7034:
7029:
7023:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7001:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6944:Rhizosmilodon
6941:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6868:Adelphailurus
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6851:
6841:
6840:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6768:
6766:
6762:
6760:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6727:
6720:
6715:
6713:
6708:
6706:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6663:Miller's lips
6658:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6578:
6574:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6520:
6515:
6513:9780393051407
6509:
6504:
6503:
6494:
6491:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6463:
6460:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6430:
6423:
6420:
6415:
6409:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6355:
6346:
6343:
6338:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6287:
6284:
6272:
6268:
6261:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6230:(3): 159–64.
6229:
6225:
6221:
6214:
6211:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6178:
6166:
6162:
6160:
6152:
6149:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6124:
6119:
6117:9780253010421
6113:
6109:
6102:
6099:
6087:
6083:
6076:
6073:
6068:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5972:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5863:
5854:
5851:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5813:
5808:
5806:9780253010421
5802:
5798:
5791:
5788:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5723:
5716:
5713:R. H. Tykot.
5709:
5706:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5681:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5639:9780253010421
5635:
5631:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5500:Laden, Greg.
5496:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5434:
5429:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5363:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5224:
5219:
5212:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5175:Palaeontology
5169:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5147:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5005:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4962:(3): e56173.
4961:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4825:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4765:
4760:
4758:9780253010421
4754:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4662:Geodiversitas
4656:
4649:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4597:0-231-11640-3
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4538:Geology Today
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4306:
4303:
4295:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4269:This section
4267:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4171:
4166:
4156:
4153:
4145:
4142:November 2013
4135:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4115:This section
4113:
4104:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4008:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3940:
3937:A species of
3935:
3925:
3922:
3914:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3888:This section
3886:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3818:Vocalizations
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:George Miller
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3706:ground sloths
3703:
3699:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:Bite strength
3646:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3583:spotted hyena
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3375:perpendicular
3372:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3198:M. aphanistus
3195:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2356:Rhizosmilodon
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1902:Adelphailurus
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:Rhizosmilodon
1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:Kretzoi, 1938
1496:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1479:P. yingliangi
1476:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1467:P. orientalis
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:Pilgrim, 1913
1451:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1392:M. cultridens
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:Zdansky, 1924
1218:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:D. diastemata
1169:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1140:Zdansky, 1924
1138:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:Hibbard, 1934
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:Adelphailurus
1098:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1003:
999:
998:
997:
992:
991:
990:
984:
982:
981:
976:
972:
970:
966:
964:
960:
958:
957:M. horribilis
954:
952:
951:M. aphanistus
948:
946:
942:
941:
940:
935:
934:
933:
927:
924:
920:
919:
914:
910:
909:
908:
903:
902:
901:
895:
893:
891:
886:
881:
877:
876:
875:
870:
869:
868:
862:
859:
855:
854:
849:
848:N. thinobates
845:
843:
842:N. pedionomus
839:
837:
833:
831:
827:
825:
824:N. catacopsis
821:
820:
819:
814:
813:
812:
806:
803:
799:
798:
793:
792:L. chinsamyae
789:
787:
783:
781:
780:L. emageritus
777:
776:
775:
772:Werdelin 2003
770:
769:
768:
762:
760:
759:
754:
750:
748:
744:
742:
738:
736:
732:
731:
730:
727:Fabrini, 1890
725:
724:
723:
717:
714:
710:
709:
704:
700:
698:
694:
692:
688:
686:
682:
680:
676:
675:
674:
671:Kretzoi, 1929
669:
668:
667:
661:
658:
654:
652:
647:
642:
638:
637:
636:
631:
630:
629:
623:
621:
619:
615:
611:
608:
605:
602:
601:
597:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
548:
543:
542:
537:
533:
532:
527:
526:
521:
517:
513:
512:
507:
506:
501:
496:
494:
490:
489:
484:
482:
477:
469:
468:
463:
461:
455:
448:
443:
441:
435:
433:
431:
427:
426:sparassodonts
424:
423:thylacosmilid
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
358:
353:
352:
347:
343:
339:
338:South America
335:
334:North America
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:subfamily of
315:
311:
301:
297:
295:
291:
289:
285:
283:
279:
278:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
252:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
176:
171:
167:
164:
163:
158:
156:
151:
150:
145:
144:
139:
135:
130:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
54:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
7012:
6987:Tchadailurus
6985:
6978:
6971:
6962:
6961:
6949:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6921:
6914:Smilodontini
6901:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6788:
6748:
6725:
6688:
6679:
6675:
6662:
6661:
6655:Panthera leo
6654:
6650:
6631:
6630:
6599:
6595:
6576:
6570:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6501:
6493:
6482:. Retrieved
6471:
6462:
6451:. Retrieved
6437:
6428:
6427:Page, Jake.
6422:
6408:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6345:
6300:
6296:
6286:
6275:. Retrieved
6260:
6227:
6223:
6213:
6202:the original
6197:
6193:
6180:
6169:. Retrieved
6158:
6151:
6140:. Retrieved
6126:
6107:
6101:
6090:. Retrieved
6075:
6043:(1): 81–85.
6040:
6036:
5988:
5984:
5974:
5963:. Retrieved
5949:
5938:. Retrieved
5929:
5899:10261/270770
5871:
5867:
5861:
5853:
5842:. Retrieved
5825:
5815:
5796:
5790:
5771:
5767:
5740:
5729:. Retrieved
5708:
5697:. Retrieved
5683:
5672:. Retrieved
5663:Live Science
5661:
5629:
5611:
5566:
5562:
5552:
5527:
5523:
5506:the original
5495:
5453:(7): e2807.
5450:
5446:
5436:
5427:
5395:2158/1268434
5377:
5373:
5362:
5327:
5323:
5291:
5287:
5277:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5217:
5211:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5130:
5126:
5082:
5078:
5053:. Retrieved
5039:
5014:
5010:
5004:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4925:
4875:(1): 41–44.
4872:
4868:
4862:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4816:. Retrieved
4802:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4748:
4715:. Retrieved
4701:
4689:. Retrieved
4665:
4661:
4648:
4621:
4617:
4588:
4583:
4573:
4566:
4541:
4537:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4483:
4472:
4469:
4463:
4453:
4445:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4417:
4407:
4402:throat clamp
4395:
4391:Pseudaelurus
4389:
4387:
4379:
4362:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4324:
4320:
4316:throat clamp
4313:
4298:
4292:January 2014
4289:
4278:Please help
4273:verification
4270:
4242:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4195:
4185:
4182:
4175:
4148:
4139:
4116:
4085:
4073:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4037:
4035:
4030:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4006:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3942:
3917:
3908:
3897:Please help
3892:verification
3889:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3840:
3827:
3821:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3759:
3756:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3695:
3684:
3678:
3667:
3666:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3642:in sculpture
3639:
3621:
3615:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3592:cursoriality
3587:nasal cavity
3578:
3567:Homotherium,
3566:
3560:
3556:
3533:
3520:
3508:
3503:ends. Their
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3433:
3422:
3411:
3400:
3389:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3363:domestic cat
3350:
3334:
3329:domestic cat
3316:
3302:
3289:
3271:
3264:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3154:Batallones-1
3151:
3061:
3059:
3045:
3043:
3022:
3020:
3006:
3004:
2989:
2976:
2974:
2966:
2937:
2935:
2921:
2919:
2904:
2875:
2873:
2859:
2857:
2843:
2841:
2827:
2825:
2811:
2809:
2794:
2772:
2770:
2756:
2754:
2740:
2738:
2724:
2722:
2708:
2706:
2691:
2677:
2655:
2653:
2645:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2600:
2598:
2584:
2582:
2568:
2566:
2552:
2550:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2505:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2435:
2433:
2419:
2417:
2403:
2401:
2386:
2364:
2362:
2354:
2314:
2312:
2298:
2296:
2275:
2273:
2258:
2236:
2234:
2220:
2218:
2204:
2202:
2188:
2186:
2172:
2170:
2147:
2145:
2122:
2120:
2106:
2104:
2075:
2042:Smilodontini
2040:
2020:
2018:
2012:Tchadailurus
2010:
1979:
1977:
1963:
1961:
1946:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1869:
1867:
1853:
1851:
1837:
1835:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1782:
1780:
1766:
1764:
1750:
1748:
1734:
1732:
1718:
1716:
1702:
1700:
1677:
1675:
1661:
1659:
1637:
1616:
1604:
1595:
1582:S. populator
1581:
1575:
1569:
1555:
1554:
1537:
1523:
1522:
1505:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1377:
1376:
1364:Smilodontini
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1330:Y. garevskii
1329:
1315:
1314:
1303:F. acerensis
1302:
1288:
1287:
1276:S. teilhardi
1275:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1213:
1212:
1196:D. werdelini
1195:
1190:D. piveteaui
1189:
1183:
1178:D. paleoonca
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1133:
1132:
1116:A. kansensis
1115:
1101:
1100:
1082:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1041:
1040:
1028:
1016:Adeilosmilus
1014:
1013:
1002:L. xingyongi
1001:
987:
986:
974:
969:M. robinsoni
968:
963:M. laskerevi
962:
956:
950:
945:M. alberdiae
944:
930:
929:
912:
898:
897:
879:
865:
864:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
809:
808:
791:
785:
779:
765:
764:
752:
746:
740:
734:
720:
719:
702:
696:
691:A. giganteus
690:
684:
678:
664:
663:
640:
628:Tchadailurus
626:
625:
617:
579:DNA analysis
571:
566:
562:
552:
545:
539:
529:
523:
519:
509:
503:
500:Smilodontini
497:
486:
481:Pseudaelurus
479:
473:
465:
458:
439:
419:metatherians
394:
390:
380:
376:
372:
370:
355:
349:
309:
308:
300:Smilodontini
259:
160:
154:
147:
141:
50:
7037:Wikispecies
6923:Megantereon
6889:Stenailurus
6882:Fortunictis
6859:Metailurini
6818:Machairodus
6804:Homotherium
6781:Homotherini
6689:Homotherium
6676:Machairodus
6651:Machairodus
5380:: 166–174.
4691:30 November
4418:Megantereon
4344:Megantereon
4245:carnassials
4202:dire wolves
4186:Machairodus
4081:glyptodonts
4031:Machairodus
4015:Machairodus
3990:Homotherium
3985:Homotherium
3981:Homotherium
3973:Machairodus
3968:Homotherium
3960:Homotherium
3955:Homotherium
3943:Homotherium
3870:Homotherium
3808:Homotherium
3800:Homotherium
3798:Studies of
3789:Machairodus
3710:Homotherium
3657:Megantereon
3640:Megantereon
3600:Homotherium
3575:digitigrade
3571:plantigrade
3557:Machairodus
3553:pantherines
3544:Metailurini
3540:Homotherini
3525:postcranial
3473:Megantereon
3454:Megantereon
3412:Homotherium
3327:Skull of a
3217:Homotherium
3159:pleiotropic
2991:Homotherium
2679:Homotherini
2521:Machairodus
2077:Megantereon
1980:Yoshi minor
1925:Stenailurus
1618:Metailurini
1576:S. gracilis
1404:M. hesperus
1379:Megantereon
1290:Fortunictis
1266:Stenailurus
1160:D. cristata
1093:Metailurini
932:Machairodus
880:X. hodsonae
836:N. hibbardi
741:H. latidens
735:H. ischyrus
722:Homotherium
679:A. alvarezi
651:Homotherini
563:Homotherium
536:Metailurini
531:Homotherium
525:Machairodus
520:Homotherini
505:Megantereon
467:Felis catus
415:hyaenodonts
391:Homotherium
382:Megantereon
357:Homotherium
294:Metailurini
282:Homotherini
253:Subfamily:
7087:Categories
6896:Metailurus
6839:Xenosmilus
6825:Nimravides
6535:(3): 4–6.
6484:2016-11-26
6453:2011-09-10
6277:2012-10-05
6171:2011-07-03
6142:2017-03-14
6108:Sabertooth
6092:2011-09-10
5965:2011-09-10
5940:2011-07-15
5874:: 107471.
5844:2011-07-05
5797:Sabertooth
5731:2011-09-10
5699:2011-09-10
5674:2011-07-05
5630:Sabertooth
5612:Sabertooth
5162:: 177–182.
5055:2016-10-04
4818:2011-06-16
4749:Sabertooth
4717:2018-04-05
4400:, use the
4397:Proailurus
4198:scavengers
4192:Scavenging
4126:improve it
3911:March 2017
3723:Xenosmilus
3718:Platygonus
3596:Xenosmilus
3337:temporalis
3298:population
3266:Xenosmilus
2968:Xenosmilus
2796:Nimravides
1806:Metailurus
1570:S. fatalis
1562:Lund, 1842
1538:R. fiteae
1416:M. microta
1398:M. ekidoit
1348:Y. obscura
1246:M. ultimus
1215:Metailurus
1184:D. petteri
1154:D. barlowi
1148:D. aronoki
937:Kaup, 1833
867:Xenosmilus
830:N. galiani
816:Kitts 1958
811:Nimravides
786:L. fanonei
697:A. kurteni
594:Subfamily
557:sequences
547:Metailurus
534:, and the
318:carnivoran
273:Subgroups
237:Feliformia
233:Suborder:
155:Metailurus
6875:Dinofelis
6765:Carnivora
6753:Synapsida
6736:Kingdom:
6194:PaleoBios
6015:261090355
5908:248168629
5591:0277-3791
5294:: 68–81.
5017:: 45–56.
4780:: 45–56.
4685:134769588
4668:(1): 69.
4558:128960196
4492:ungulates
4219:with two
4170:musk deer
4130:verifying
4023:giganteus
3826:bones of
3764:rhinarium
3608:premolars
3501:posterior
3485:metatarsi
3315:Skull of
3282:premolars
3274:carnivore
3202:P. ogygia
3194:P. ogygia
3179:P. ogygia
1639:Dinofelis
1592:Phylogeny
1506:P. ogygia
1434:M. whitei
1228:M. boodon
1135:Dinofelis
553:Based on
541:Dinofelis
462:giganteus
444:Evolution
436:Etymology
403:nimravids
227:Carnivora
193:Kingdom:
187:Eukaryota
7057:60969081
7022:Wikidata
6951:Smilodon
6769:Family:
6759:Mammalia
6744:Chordata
6742:Phylum:
6738:Animalia
6632:Diagrams
6618:21672827
6478:Archived
6447:Archived
6400:17911253
6337:22039403
6297:PLOS ONE
6271:Archived
6244:12697957
6165:Archived
6136:Archived
6086:Archived
6067:18957359
6007:37708512
5959:Archived
5934:Archived
5838:Archived
5722:Archived
5693:Archived
5668:Archived
5610:(2013).
5544:18313908
5487:18665225
5447:PLOS ONE
5354:20039979
5269:39657617
5261:17770024
5203:83268098
5099:85985476
5049:Archived
5031:14261386
4996:23516394
4956:PLOS ONE
4897:10663132
4812:Archived
4794:14261386
4747:(2013).
4711:Archived
4640:29056454
4508:Smilodon
4473:Smilodon
4383:windpipe
4369:bushbuck
4230:Smilodon
4221:Smilodon
4092:mandible
4070:Stabbing
4055:Smilodon
4051:Smilodon
4038:Smilodon
3977:Smilodon
3950:mammoths
3863:Smilodon
3858:Smilodon
3841:Smilodon
3828:Smilodon
3812:Smilodon
3804:Smilodon
3785:Smilodon
3781:Smilodon
3773:Smilodon
3768:Smilodon
3760:Smilodon
3741:Smilodon
3731:The face
3714:Smilodon
3702:Smilodon
3685:Smilodon
3668:Smilodon
3661:Smilodon
3653:Smilodon
3623:Neofelis
3617:Panthera
3612:mandible
3521:Smilodon
3509:Smilodon
3505:scapulae
3497:anterior
3493:ribcages
3491:, their
3469:Smilodon
3449:Smilodon
3401:Smilodon
3371:Smilodon
3367:Smilodon
3341:masseter
3290:Smilodon
3278:incisors
3261:mandible
3246:Smilodon
3227:Skeleton
3213:Smilodon
2260:Smilodon
1557:Smilodon
1336:Y. minor
1234:M. major
1166:D. darti
1029:A. kabir
747:H. serum
612:Species
567:Smilodon
511:Smilodon
428:and the
395:machaira
377:Smilodon
366:Holocene
351:Smilodon
243:Family:
217:Mammalia
207:Chordata
203:Phylum:
197:Animalia
183:Domain:
7028:Q778615
6771:Felidae
6763:Order:
6757:Class:
6537:Bibcode
6473:YouTube
6391:2042153
6368:Bibcode
6328:3198467
6305:Bibcode
6252:2756104
6058:2657756
5876:Bibcode
5571:Bibcode
5524:Zoology
5478:2475670
5455:Bibcode
5345:2829396
5241:Bibcode
5233:Science
5183:Bibcode
4987:3596359
4964:Bibcode
4905:1216481
4877:Bibcode
4842:Bibcode
4834:Geobios
4238:cheetah
4124:Please
3939:mammoth
3610:on the
3477:stamina
3253:canines
3196:and of
2994:
2988: †
2971:
2965: †
2909:
2903: †
2799:
2793: †
2696:
2690: †
2682:
2676: †
2650:
2644: †
2627:
2621: †
2524:
2518: †
2510:
2504: †
2471:
2465: †
2391:
2385: †
2359:
2353: †
2263:
2257: †
2080:
2074: †
2045:
2039: †
2015:
2009: †
1951:
1945: †
1928:
1922: †
1905:
1899: †
1809:
1803: †
1642:
1636: †
1621:
1615: †
1607:
1603: †
1342:Y. faie
1056:T. liui
641:T. adei
476:Miocene
457:A male
322:Felidae
314:extinct
247:Felidae
223:Order:
213:Class:
6616:
6557:515458
6555:
6510:
6398:
6388:
6335:
6325:
6250:
6242:
6161:Skull"
6114:
6065:
6055:
6013:
6005:
5906:
5826:Nature
5803:
5636:
5589:
5542:
5485:
5475:
5352:
5342:
5267:
5259:
5201:
5097:
5029:
4994:
4984:
4933:
4903:
4895:
4792:
4755:
4682:
4638:
4595:
4556:
4088:enamel
3752:pinnae
3548:felids
3517:lumbar
3457:, and
3286:molars
3257:flange
514:, the
342:Europe
340:, and
330:Africa
312:is an
267:, 1872
7070:65494
6903:Yoshi
6832:Taowu
6749:Clade
6553:S2CID
6248:S2CID
6205:(PDF)
6190:(PDF)
6011:S2CID
5904:S2CID
5725:(PDF)
5718:(PDF)
5265:S2CID
5199:S2CID
5095:S2CID
5027:S2CID
4901:S2CID
4790:S2CID
4680:S2CID
4658:(PDF)
4554:S2CID
4328:niche
4077:knife
3824:hyoid
3793:jowls
3529:bears
3481:tarsi
3232:Skull
1948:Yoshi
1317:Yoshi
1043:Taowu
609:Genus
606:Image
603:Tribe
575:tiger
421:(the
389:like
6653:and
6614:PMID
6508:ISBN
6396:PMID
6333:PMID
6240:PMID
6112:ISBN
6063:PMID
6003:PMID
5801:ISBN
5634:ISBN
5587:ISSN
5540:PMID
5483:PMID
5350:PMID
5257:PMID
4992:PMID
4931:ISBN
4893:PMID
4753:ISBN
4693:2022
4636:PMID
4593:ISBN
4394:and
3975:and
3802:and
3692:Diet
3655:and
3620:and
3542:and
3489:lion
3483:and
3339:and
565:and
544:and
508:and
354:and
326:Asia
265:Gill
159:and
67:PreꞒ
7052:EoL
6604:doi
6545:doi
6386:PMC
6376:doi
6364:104
6323:PMC
6313:doi
6232:doi
6053:PMC
6045:doi
5993:doi
5989:284
5894:hdl
5884:doi
5872:284
5830:doi
5776:doi
5772:124
5579:doi
5532:doi
5528:111
5473:PMC
5463:doi
5390:hdl
5382:doi
5378:496
5340:PMC
5332:doi
5328:216
5296:doi
5249:doi
5237:261
5191:doi
5135:doi
5131:144
5087:doi
5019:doi
4982:PMC
4972:doi
4885:doi
4850:doi
4782:doi
4670:doi
4626:doi
4546:doi
4282:by
4204:or
4128:by
4005:An
3901:by
3720:by
3626:).
528:or
518:or
432:).
157:sp.
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7067::
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