1570:
253:. However, Beard, North and Price suggest that the Games of 249 and the 140s BC were both held because of the immediate pressures of war, and that it was only with the revival in the 140s that they came to be considered as a regular centennial celebration. This sequence would have led to a celebration in 49 BC, but the civil wars apparently prevented this.
488:. This hymn was sung both on the Palatine and then on the Capitoline, but its words focus on the Palatine deities Apollo and Diana, which were more closely associated with Augustus. The hymn adds a further level of complexity to the alternation of sacrifices between Greek and Roman deities by addressing the Greek deities under Latin names.
319:(the "Earth mother"). These were "more beneficent honorands, who nonetheless shared with Dis Pater and Proserpina the twin characteristics of being Greek in nomenclature and without cult in the Roman state". The nocturnal sacrifices to Greek deities on the Campus Martius alternated with day-time sacrifices to Roman deities on the
201:, at a place which happened also to be called Tarentum. When he warmed water from the river and gave it to the children, they were miraculously cured and fell asleep. When they woke up, they informed Valesius that a figure had appeared to them in a dream and told the family to sacrifice to
152:
hills. Certain sacrifices were unusually specified to be performed by married women. Each sacrifice was followed by theatrical performances. Later emperors held celebrations in AD 88 and 204, after intervals of roughly 110 years. However, they were also held by
216:
are poorly documented. Although some Roman antiquarians traced them as far back as 509 BC, some modern scholars consider that the first celebration well attested as having taken place was that of 249 BC, during the
491:
Each sacrifice was followed by theatrical performances. Once the major sacrifices were over, the days between June 5 and June 11 were devoted to Greek and Latin plays, and June 12 saw chariot racing and displays of hunting.
307:, a site in the Campus Martius. This inscription has partially survived, and offers information about the ceremonies. The night-time sacrifices were made not to the underworld deities Dis Pater and Proserpina, but to the
197:. Assuming that he had to travel to the Greek colony of Tarentum in southern Italy, he set out with his children on the journey. Sailing along the Tiber, he was instructed by the voice to stop on the
249:. Varro also states that a vow was made that the Games would be repeated every hundred years, and another celebration did indeed take place in either 149 or 146 BC, at the time of the
157:
in AD 47 to celebrate the 800th anniversary of Rome's foundation, which led to a second cycle of Games in 148 and 248. The Games were abandoned under later
Christian emperors.
128:
took place in 249 and in the 140s BC. They involved sacrifices to the underworld gods over three consecutive nights. The Games were revived in 17 BC by Rome's first emperor
478:; Augustus participated alone in the night-time sacrifices but was joined by Agrippa for those during the day. After the sacrifices of June 3, choirs of boys and girls sang the
87:
as the longest possible length of human life, either 100 or 110 years in length; as such, it was used to mark various centennials, particularly anniversaries from the computed
1633:
269:
oracle that called for the Games to be celebrated every 110 years, and a new reconstruction of the Games' Republican history which placed a first celebration in 456 BC.
124:, deities of the underworld. Some ancient authors traced official celebrations of the Games as far back as 509 BC, but the only clearly attested celebrations under the
181:. When his children became seriously ill, he prayed to his household gods for their cure, offering to give up his own life in exchange. A voice told him to take them to
508:, a herald's proclamation of a spectacle "which no one had ever seen or would ever see again" amused his listeners, some of whom had attended the Games under Augustus.
1109:, and is also translated by Braund, no. 770. This cycle would logically have led to Games in 16 rather than 17 BC; the reason for the discrepancy is unclear (Beard
272:
Before the Games themselves, heralds went around the city and invited the people to "a spectacle, such as they had never witnessed and never would again". The
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in 248 followed
Claudius in celebrating the 900- and 1000-year anniversaries of Rome's foundation, respectively. These involved rituals at the
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and its rhetoric in the construction and rejection of Roman imperial power". In Faure, Richard; Valli, Simon-Pierre; Zucker, Arnaud (eds.).
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in AD 204, 220 years from the actual
Augustan celebration. On both occasions, the procedure used in 17 BC was followed closely.
1159:
500:
The Games continued to be celebrated under later emperors, but two different systems of calculation were used to determine their dates.
1150:
1619:
647:
Haase, Mareile; Rüpke, Jörg (2002). "Saeculum". In Hubert Cancik; Helmuth
Schneider; Christine F. Salazar; David E. Orton (eds.).
556:
c. 498–518), who wrote the most detailed extant account of the Games, blamed this neglect of the traditional ritual for the
1336:
Sobocinski, Melanie Grunow (2006). "Visualizing
Ceremony: The Design and Audience of the Ludi Saeculares Coinage of Domitian".
209:. Upon digging, Valesius found that an altar to those deities was buried on the site, and performed the ritual as instructed.
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man called
Valesius prayed for a cure for his children's illness and was supernaturally instructed to sacrifice on the
916:. Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science. Vol. 81. Amsterdam: Benjamins. p. 135.
871:
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held his in AD 88, possibly 110 years from a planned
Augustan celebration in 22 BC, and he was followed by
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Darja, Šterbenc Erker (2018-05-02). "Augustus' "New" Festival: The
Centrality of Married Women's Rituals at the
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296:, to be burnt as a means of purification. (This may have been modelled on the purificatory rituals of the
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221:. But even the historicity of the later republican Secular games of 249 and 146 is disputed. According to
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1955:
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Coins commemorating secular celebrations and games under
Antoninus Pius, Septimius Severus and Philip I
144:("Mother Earth"). The Games of 17 BC also introduced day-time sacrifices to Roman deities on the
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1207:. Edinburgh readings on the ancient world. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 106–116.
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Under subsequent emperors, Games were celebrated on both the
Augustan and the Claudian systems.
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300:, the anniversary of Rome's foundation.) Offerings of wheat, barley, and beans were also made.
237:. In accordance with the instructions contained in these books, sacrifices were offered at the
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held them in AD 47 to celebrate the 800th year from the foundation of Rome. According to
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1444:] (in French), vol. 82, Bordeaux: University Press of Bordeaux, pp. 200–242
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912:, and Indo-European Eschatology". In Winfred P. Lehmann; Helen-Jo Jakusz Hewitt (eds.).
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113:
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2015:
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Weiß, Peter (1973). "Die "Säkularspiele" der Republik – eine annalistische Fiktion".
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225:, an antiquarian of the 1st century BC, the Games were introduced after a series of
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81:) and to celebrate the beginning of the next. In particular, the Romans reckoned a
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The Senate decreed that an inscribed record of the Games should be set up in the
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Boyce, Aline Abaecherli (1941). "Processions in the Acta Ludorum Saecularium".
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1594:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 573.
1557:
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung
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1990:
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on April 21. In the case of Antoninus Pius, the games aligned with his
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Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
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By 314, 110 years from the Games of Septimius Severus, the Christian
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109:
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Dunning, Susan Bilynskyj (2022-06-06). "The transformation of the
531:
instead of the Tarentum, and the date was probably changed to the
186:
1481:
Augustus to Nero: A Sourcebook on Roman History 31 BC–AD 68
804:(in Latin) (1907 ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 17.
546:
was emperor, and no Secular Games were held. The pagan historian
1646:
1529:
Die Inschriften zu den Ludi saeculares. Acta ludorum saecularium
1014:
70:
60:
1615:
820:"The Republican Ludi Saeculares as a cult of the Valerian gens"
585:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 193–203.
261:
The Games were revived in 17 BC by Rome's first emperor
914:
Language typology 1988: Typological models in reconstruction
73:
for three days and nights to mark the ends of various eras (
539:, the celebration of the first ten years of his own rule.
470:
The key roles were played by Augustus and his son-in-law
1500:
Suetonius: The Flavian Emperors: A Historical Commentary
1105:, vol. 1, p. 205. The oracle is preserved in Zosimus
649:
Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the ancient world
1532:(in Latin and German). Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter.
1460:Beard, Mary; North, John A.; Price, Simon (1998).
806:ludi saeculares octingentesimo post Romam conditam
614:Conceptions of time in Greek and Roman antiquity
464:27 sacrificial cakes (9 of each of three types)
403:27 sacrificial cakes (9 of each of three types)
241:over three nights, to the underworld deities of
288:, and handed out to the free citizens torches,
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1519:De ludis saecularibus populi Romani Quiritium
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680:Bilynskyj Dunning, Susan (November 2017).
1464:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1411:
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583:Pantheon: A new history of Roman religion
1213:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748615650.003.0027
484:, composed for the occasion by the poet
329:
1010:
1008:
881:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5781
865:Bilynskyj Dunning, Susan (March 2016).
696:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8233
573:
1395:
1393:
474:, in their capacity as members of the
173:, the Secular Games originated with a
1521:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Schippers.
1182:, vol. 2, no. 5.7b = Braund, no. 769.
177:man called Valesius, ancestor of the
7:
1040:
212:Celebrations of the Games under the
1502:. London: Bristol Classical Press.
1498:Jones, Brian; Robert Milns (2002).
25:
1517:Pighi, Giovanni Battista (1965).
1436:under the Antonine Dynasty],
818:Bilynskyj Dunning, Susan (2020).
98:, the Secular Games began as the
1568:
904:Watkins, Calvert (1991). "Latin
189:to drink, heated on an altar of
185:and to give them water from the
1387:, with Jones and Milns, p. 130.
1338:American Journal of Archaeology
1092:, vol. 1, pp. 71–72, 111.
315:(goddesses of childbirth), and
140:(goddesses of childbirth), and
1426:sous la Dynastie des Antonins"
657:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1027080
265:. The date was justified by a
239:Tarentum on the Campus Martius
69:). It was held irregularly in
1:
2022:Ancient Roman games festivals
1113:, vol. 1, p. 205 and n. 126).
229:led to a consultation of the
1483:. Totowa: Barnes and Noble.
1273:10.1556/AntTan.45.2001.1-2.7
1203:". In Ando, Clifford (ed.).
1195:Feeney, Dennis (2003). "The
364:9 female lambs, 9 she-goats
1416:Rachet, Marguerite (1980),
872:Oxford Classical Dictionary
836:10.25162/historia-2020-0010
687:Oxford Classical Dictionary
558:decline of the Roman Empire
27:Roman religious celebration
2068:
1438:Revue des Études Anciennes
1002:, vol. 1, pp. 71–72.
1656:
1479:Braund, David C. (1985).
1442:Review of Ancient Studies
737:10.1163/15685276-12341504
623:10.1515/9783110736076-008
1526:Schnegg, Bärbel (2020).
529:Temple of Venus and Roma
472:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
1591:Encyclopædia Britannica
379:Jupiter Optimus Maximus
57:theatrical performances
1244:Bollók, János (2001).
1231:10.3366/j.ctt1r2b8s.15
616:. Berlin: De Gruyter.
608:
104:
83:
75:
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51:celebration involving
40:
1538:10.1515/9783110607833
1474:. (vol. 1). (vol. 2).
1350:10.3764/aja.110.4.581
922:10.1075/cilt.81.10wat
523:on 21 August 148 and
1911:Quinquennial Neronia
581:Rüpke, Jörg (2018).
2047:Festivals of Apollo
1164:English translation
1027:2018-12-04 at the
794:Tacitus, Cornelius
2052:Diana (mythology)
2009:
2008:
1547:978-3-11-060783-3
1509:978-1-85399-613-9
1490:978-0-389-20536-4
1471:978-0-521-30401-6
1462:Religions of Rome
1403:, vol. 1, p. 206.
1261:Antik Tanulmányok
1222:978-0-7486-1565-0
1126:, vol. 1, p. 203.
931:978-90-272-3578-7
890:978-0-19-938113-5
705:978-0-19-938113-5
666:978-90-04-12259-8
651:. Leiden: Brill.
633:978-3-11-073607-6
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1586:Secular Games
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1577:public domain
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441:Pregnant sow
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165:According to
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94:According to
92:
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72:
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62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
46:ancient Roman
42:
37:
33:
19:
1971:Tubilustrium
1946:Septimontium
1935:
1846:Meditrinalia
1836:Lusus Troiae
1746:Epulum Jovis
1681:Armilustrium
1648:
1589:
1560:
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1528:
1518:
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1453:Bibliography
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1267:(1): 63–73.
1264:
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1144:Inscription
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763:
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728:
724:
723:of 17 BCE".
720:
714:
685:
675:
648:
642:
613:
601:
582:
576:
551:
541:
510:
499:
490:
479:
469:
400:(Εἰλείθυια)
302:
286:the Palatine
271:
260:
211:
164:
99:
93:
61:public games
35:
31:
29:
1996:Volturnalia
1966:Tricennalia
1961:Tiberinalia
1906:Quinquatria
1881:Opiconsivia
1826:Ludi Romani
1716:Carmentalia
1691:Bacchanalia
1424:Vincennalia
1378:Suetonius,
1075:Censorinus
496:Later games
437:Terra Mater
418:Juno Regina
345:Sacrifices
317:Terra Mater
280:and in the
276:sat on the
142:Terra Mater
2016:Categories
2001:Vulcanalia
1986:Vicennalia
1956:Terminalia
1941:Sementivae
1926:Saturnalia
1916:Regifugium
1896:Poplifugia
1886:Parentalia
1871:Neptunalia
1856:Mercuralia
1841:Matronalia
1831:Lupercalia
1796:Larentalia
1781:Furrinalia
1776:Fornacalia
1771:Fordicidia
1736:Decennalia
1726:Compitalia
1706:Caprotinia
1686:Augustalia
1666:Ambarvalia
1563:: 205–217.
1434:Vicennalia
1430:Decennalia
1420:Decennalia
984:Censorinus
830:(2): 208.
682:"Saeculum"
564:References
537:decennalia
321:Capitoline
247:Proserpina
207:Proserpina
195:Proserpina
146:Capitoline
122:Proserpina
53:sacrifices
1976:Veneralia
1921:Robigalia
1866:Nemoralia
1851:Megalesia
1811:Liberalia
1791:Junonalia
1731:Consualia
1671:Amburbium
1366:192958570
1315:Suetonius
1281:0003-567X
1160:2002, 192
1151:VI, 32323
1041:Weiß 1973
1019:Periochae
852:216460005
844:0018-2311
802:Annals XI
766:: 36–48.
745:1568-5276
569:Citations
506:Suetonius
339:Location
267:Sibylline
243:Dis Pater
203:Dis Pater
191:Dis Pater
118:Dis Pater
108:) when a
49:religious
44:) was an
1981:Vestalia
1766:Floralia
1751:Equirria
1721:Cerealia
1711:Caristia
1696:Brumalia
1661:Agonalia
1381:Domitian
1358:40025059
1320:Claudius
1199:and the
1025:Archived
824:Historia
609:saeculum
525:Philip I
513:Domitian
502:Claudius
398:Ilythiae
383:2 bulls
342:Deities
325:Palatine
313:Ilythiae
305:Tarentum
263:Augustus
257:Augustus
227:portents
183:Tarentum
169:told by
161:Republic
155:Claudius
150:Palatine
138:Ilythiae
130:Augustus
84:saeculum
1991:Vinalia
1931:Rosalia
1891:Parilia
1816:Lucaria
1806:Lemuria
1761:Feralia
1741:Divalia
1579::
1294:Tacitus
1162:, with
969:Zosimus
800:(ed.).
548:Zosimus
533:Parilia
446:June 3
427:June 2
422:2 cows
408:June 2
388:June 1
369:June 1
350:May 31
327:hills.
298:Parilia
294:asphalt
290:sulphur
278:Capitol
233:by the
179:Valerii
171:Zosimus
77:saecula
32:Secular
1756:Februa
1649:(ludi)
1647:games
1573:
1544:
1506:
1487:
1468:
1401:et al.
1399:Beard
1364:
1356:
1299:Annals
1279:
1229:
1219:
1180:et al.
1178:Beard
1124:et al.
1122:Beard
1111:et al.
1103:et al.
1101:Beard
1090:et al.
1088:Beard
1000:et al.
998:Beard
928:
908:, the
887:
850:
842:
780:283039
778:
743:
702:
663:
630:
589:
486:Horace
456:Apollo
430:Night
391:Night
360:Moerae
353:Night
309:Moerae
175:Sabine
134:Moerae
110:Sabine
59:, and
1676:Argei
1440:[
1428:[
1362:S2CID
1354:JSTOR
1303:11.11
1257:(PDF)
1250:és a
1227:JSTOR
1077:17.11
1053:Varro
987:17.10
948:2.4.5
848:S2CID
776:JSTOR
725:Numen
460:Diana
336:Time
333:Date
223:Varro
187:Tiber
1645:and
1542:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1432:and
1324:21.2
1277:ISSN
1217:ISBN
1057:17.8
1022:49.6
1015:Livy
926:ISBN
885:ISBN
840:ISSN
741:ISSN
700:ISBN
661:ISBN
628:ISBN
587:ISBN
458:and
449:Day
411:Day
372:Day
323:and
292:and
245:and
205:and
193:and
148:and
120:and
71:Rome
66:ludi
30:The
1588:".
1534:doi
1422:et
1385:4.3
1346:doi
1342:110
1269:doi
1246:"A
1209:doi
1147:CIL
918:doi
877:doi
832:doi
768:doi
733:doi
692:doi
653:doi
618:doi
553:fl.
284:on
116:to
34:or
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