479:
be deduced by a single individual over a few decades. A knowledge of the literature, the standards and custom in a field is a critical part of safety engineering. A combination of theory and track record of practices is involved, and track record indicates some of the areas of theory that are relevant. (In the US, persons with a state license in
Professional Engineering in Electrical Engineering are expected to be competent in this regard, the foregoing notwithstanding, but most electrical engineers have no need of the license for their work.)
173:
417:
185:
135:
34:
801:
625:
research aims to create safer products, systems, and practices by incorporating scientific, engineering, and behavioral insights. Ultimately, it seeks to enhance public safety, reduce economic losses, and improve overall quality of life by ensuring that both individuals and communities are better protected from harm.
671:(ANSI). Usually, members of a particular industry will voluntarily form a committee to study safety issues and propose standards. Those standards are then recommended to ANSI, which reviews and adopts them. Many government regulations require that products sold or used must comply with a particular ANSI standard.
278:
is the process or means, physical or human, of delaying, preventing, and otherwise protecting against external or internal, defects, dangers, loss, criminals, and other individuals or actions that threaten, hinder or destroy an organization’s "steady state," and deprive it of its intended purpose for
478:
A common fallacy, for example among electrical engineers regarding structure power systems, is that safety issues can be readily deduced. In fact, safety issues have been discovered one by one, over more than a century in the case mentioned, in the work of many thousands of practitioners, and cannot
316:
elderly people are sometimes moved out of their homes and into hospitals or skilled nursing homes with the claim that this will improve the person's safety. The safety provided is that daily medications will be supervised, the person will not need to engage in some potentially risky activities such
482:
Safety is often seen as one of a group of related disciplines: quality, reliability, availability, maintainability and safety. (Availability is sometimes not mentioned, on the principle that it is a simple function of reliability and maintainability.) These issues tend to determine the value of any
239:
is such a term. With time the definitions between these two have often become interchanged, equated, and frequently appear juxtaposed in the same sentence. Readers are left to conclude whether they comprise a redundancy. This confuses the uniqueness that should be reserved for each by itself. When
624:
The goal of this research is to identify, understand, and mitigate risks to human health and well-being in various environments. This involves systematically studying hazards, analyzing potential and actual accidents, and developing effective strategies to prevent injuries and fatalities. Safety
384:
in 2001, many people chose to drive rather than fly, despite the fact that, even counting terrorist attacks, flying is safer than driving. Perceived risk discourages people from walking and bicycling for transportation, enjoyment or exercise, even though the health benefits outweigh the risk of
399:
Because of the moral issues involved, security is of higher importance to many people than substantive safety. For example, a death due to murder is considered worse than a death in a car crash, even though in many countries, traffic deaths are more common than homicides.
577:
Safety margins/safety factors, for instance, a product rated to never be required to handle more than 100 kg might be designed to fail under at least 200 kg, a safety factor of two. Higher numbers are used in more sensitive applications such as medical or transit
261:, corporate vision and mission statements, and operational plans and personnel policies. For any organization, place, or function, large or small, safety is a normative concept. It complies with situation-specific definitions of what is expected and acceptable.
452:
Safety is generally interpreted as implying a real and significant impact on risk of death, injury or damage to property. In response to perceived risks many interventions may be proposed with engineering responses and regulation being two of the most common.
637:
exist that promulgate safety standards. These may be voluntary organizations or government agencies. These agencies first define the safety standards, which they publish in the form of codes. They are also
Accreditation Bodies and entitle independent
264:
Using this definition, protection from a home's external threats and protection from its internal structural and equipment failures (see
Meanings, above) are not two types of safety but rather two aspects of a home's steady state.
408:
Operational safety is the absence of unacceptable risk in the presence of the associated hazards that are known, expected, or reasonably assumed to exist during a planned activity and any likely contingencies associated with it.
308:
When something is called safe, this usually means that it is safe within certain reasonable limits and parameters. For example, a medication may be safe, for most people, under most circumstances, if taken in a certain amount.
317:
as climbing stairs or cooking, and if the person falls down, someone there will be able to help the person get back up. However, the end result might be decidedly unsafe, including the dangers of
1342:
Stotz, Tamara; Bearth, Angela; Ghelfi, Signe Maria; Siegrist, Michael (May 2022). "The perceived costs and benefits that drive the acceptability of risk-based security screenings at airports".
797:
Many countries have national organizations that have accreditation to test and/or submit test reports for safety certification. These are typically referred to as a
Notified or Competent Body.
483:
work, and deficits in any of these areas are considered to result in a cost, beyond the cost of addressing the area in the first place; good management is then expected to minimize total cost.
349:
Normative safety is achieved when a product or design meets applicable standards and practices for design and construction or manufacture, regardless of the product's actual safety history.
707:
Product safety testing, for the United States, is largely controlled by the
Consumer Product Safety Commission. In addition, workplace related products come under the jurisdiction of the
1526:
992:
690:
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to the quality and unharmful function of an object or organization. It is used in order to ensure that the object or organization will do only what it is meant to do.
456:
Probably the most common individual response to perceived safety issues is insurance, which compensates for or provides restitution in the case of damage or loss.
781:
708:
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365:
Perceived or subjective safety refers to the users' level of comfort and perception of risk, without consideration of standards or safety history. For example,
305:, if even possible, would be extremely difficult and very expensive. A safe situation is one where risks of injury or property damage are low and manageable.
246:
is the condition of a "steady state" of an organization or place doing what it is supposed to do. "What it is supposed to do" is defined in terms of public
853:
396:
Also called social safety or public safety, security addresses the risk of harm due to intentional criminal acts such as assault, burglary or vandalism.
341:
There is a distinction between products that meet standards, that are safe, and that merely feel safe. The highway safety community uses these terms:
847:
643:
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The
European Commission provides the legal framework, but the different Member States may authorize test laboratories to carry out safety testing.
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is an engineering discipline. Continuous changes in technology, environmental regulation and public safety concerns make the analysis of complex
732:
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668:
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subjects a person or product to stresses in excess of those the person or product is designed to handle, to determining the "breaking point".
1379:
Buchan, John C.; Thiel, Cassandra L.; Steyn, Annalien; Somner, John; Venkatesh, Rengaraj; Burton, Matthew J.; Ramke, Jacqeline (June 2022).
1222:
650:(BPVC) and accredited TÜV Rheinland to provide certification services to guarantee product compliance to the defined safety regulations.
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Geological surveys to determine whether land or water sources are polluted, how firm the ground is at a potential building site, etc.
1595:
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so suppliers know what level of quality is expected. Industry regulation is often imposed to avoid potential government regulation.
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are activities and precautions taken to improve safety, i.e. reduce risk related to human health. Common safety measures include:
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seen as unique, as we intend here, each term will assume its rightful place in influencing and being influenced by the other.
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such as testing and certification agencies to inspect and ensure compliance to the standards they defined. For instance, the
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Substantive or objective safety occurs when the real-world safety history is favorable, whether or not standards are met.
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Visual examination for dangerous situations such as emergency exits blocked because they are being used as storage areas.
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Statements of ethics by industry organizations or an individual company so its employees know what is expected of them.
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102:
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In the world of everyday affairs, not all goes as planned. Some entity's steady state is challenged. This is where
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711:(OSHA), which certifies independent testing companies as Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories (NRTL), see.
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Perceived safety can drive regulation which increases costs and inconvenience without improving actual safety.
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is an analytical tool focused on preventing and managing releases of hazardous materials in industrial plants.
81:
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20:
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Today there are multiple scientific journals focusing on safety research. Among the most popular ones are
1143: – Engineering discipline which assures that engineered systems provide acceptable levels of safety
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521:
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88:
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Using this generic definition of safety it is possible to specify the elements of a security program.
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X-ray analysis to see inside a sealed object such as a weld, a cement wall or an airplane outer skin.
565:
381:
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1549:"Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories (NRTLs) - Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
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Implementation of standard protocols and procedures so that activities are conducted in a known way.
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1014: – Study and practice to minimize the occurrence and consequences of motor vehicle accidents
983: – Study, prevention, and management of major hazardous material accidents in process plants
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Many government agencies set safety standards for matters under their jurisdiction, such as:
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Examination of activities by specialists to minimize physical stress or increase productivity
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1381:"Addressing the environmental sustainability of eye health-care delivery: a scoping review"
901: – Request to return a product after the discovery of safety issues or product defects
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are primarily used for passenger safety to prevent users from falling down on the tracks.
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272:, which is of more recent date, enters. Drawing from the definition of safety, then:
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216:" may indicate a building's ability to protect against external harm events (such as
1179:
95:
1293:
Jeroen Johan de Hartog; Hanna
Boogaard; Hans Nijland; Gerard Hoek (1 August 2010).
963: – Testing to ensure the compliance of electrical systems with safety tandards
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to determine whether a person has a physical condition that would create a problem.
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1088: – State in which risks associated with aviation are at an acceptable level
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A choice motivated by safety may have other, unsafe consequences. For example,
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State of being secure from harm, injury, danger, or other non-desirable outcomes
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1044: – Methods and measures for reducing the risk of death and injury on roads
1020: – Methods and measures for reducing the risk of death and injury on roads
1103: – Field concerned with the safety, health and welfare of people at work
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862: – Medical service that provides over-the-phone advice on poison exposure
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374:
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836: – Document that outlines how a company manages their health and safety
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940: – Global non-profit organization working to prevent childhood injury
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have a generally favorable safety record yet often make drivers nervous.
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879: – Study of the response of buildings and structures to earthquakes
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Visual examination for flaws such as cracks, peeling, loose connections.
948: – Prevention, reduction, reporting, and analysis of medical error
369:
are perceived as safe, yet under some circumstances, they can increase
217:
62: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1115: – Equipment designed to help protect an individual from hazards
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There are two slightly different meanings of "safety". For example, "
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1109: – Occurrence during work that leads to physical or mental harm
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It is important to realize that safety is relative. Eliminating all
152:
is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected from
928: – Seat designed to protect children during traffic collisions
524:
so suppliers know what standards their product is expected to meet.
890:
799:
224:, etc.), or may indicate that its internal installations (such as
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133:
1494:"Aims and scope - Safety Science | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier"
232:, etc.) are safe (not dangerous or harmful) for its inhabitants.
904:
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to identify causes of a system failure and correct deficiencies.
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247:
161:
153:
1225:: Knowledge Communities, May 2009. Retrieved on June 22, 2011.
1155: – Process that helps an equipment operator avoid mistakes
1032: – Safety practices to reduce risk associated with cycling
969: – Heat and light produced during an electrical arc fault
646:(ASME) formulated a certain number of safety standards in its
411:
235:
Discussions of safety often include mention of related terms.
27:
824: – System used in industry to reduce exposure to hazards
1038: – Incident when a vehicle collides with another object
934: – Practice of ensuring that toys meet safety standards
380:
Low perceived safety can have costs. For example, after the
1129: – Degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm
856: – United States government public health agency CDC
539:
Instructional videos demonstrating proper use of products
919: – Study and practice of safe operation of firearms
830: – Identification, evaluation and control of risks
1295:"Do the Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks?"
1046:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
818: – Unforeseen event, often with a negative outcome
428:
1470:"Scopus preview - Scopus - Journal of Safety Research"
1026: – Study of the risks and dangers of motorcycling
989: – Regulations for uses of radioactive materials
907: – Movable barrier that allows ingress and egress
536:
explaining how to use a product or perform an activity
427: with: Define operational safety. You can help by
1070:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
993:
Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
562:
Periodic evaluations of employees, departments, etc.
1000: – Uncontrolled nuclear fission chain reaction
1211:Safety versus Security in Fire Protection Planning
176:"After whiskey driving risky" safety road sign in
1180:Safety Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
333:, depression, anxiety, and even a desire to die.
977: – Practices to reduce the results of fire
1519:"Pressure Vessel Inspection According to ASME"
913: – Safety practices related to explosives
782:International Organization for Standardization
199:in the 14th century. It is derived from Latin
709:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
697:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
1269:"Proven Safety Countermeasures: Roundabouts"
954: – Physical and emotional trauma safety
891:Aisles: Safety and regulatory considerations
733:European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
200:
160:in order to achieve an acceptable level of
1446:"Scopus preview - Scopus - Safety Science"
1191:safety | Etymology of safety by etymonline
1121: – Sheet listing work-related hazards
854:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
290:Safety can be limited in relation to some
156:or other danger. Safety can also refer to
1396:
1363:
1318:
1200:
1198:
1068: – Safety around maritime activities
581:Self-imposed regulation of various types.
460:System safety and reliability engineering
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
848:American Society of Safety Professionals
804:A mug reminds the drinker to be careful.
644:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
171:
50:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1172:
551:or online safety, is protection of the
141:, such as this one, can improve safety
739:European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
669:American National Standards Institute
659:American National Standards Institute
7:
1529:from the original on 14 January 2017
1223:The American Institute of Architects
1207:, PhD, Blue Ember Technologies, LLC.
743:the European Safety Federation (ESF)
599:of employees, vendors, product users
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1344:Journal of Air Transport Management
1271:. Federal Highway Administration.
1149: – Design feature or practice
844: – Qualified safety personnel
691:Consumer Product Safety Commission
14:
1596:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
1559:from the original on 8 April 2018
1299:Environmental Health Perspectives
887: – Public security practice
850: – Professional organization
621:and Journal of Safety Research.
475:systems more and more demanding.
158:the control of recognized hazards
1601:Library of Economics and Liberty
1356:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102183
1092:Aviation accidents and incidents
555:'s safety from cyber threats or
415:
32:
1421:"Operational safety definition"
1275:from the original on 2012-07-31
648:Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
43:needs additional citations for
1599:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis:
1235:Neumann, Ann (February 2019).
1101:Occupational safety and health
873: – Type of adverse event
777:Deutsches Institut für Normung
772:Canadian Standards Association
195:The word 'safety' entered the
1:
1398:10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00074-2
1113:Personal protective equipment
893: – Architectural element
842:Certified safety professional
767:British Standards Institution
205:, meaning uninjured, in good
685:Food and Drug Administration
373:at an intersection. Traffic
331:hospital-acquired infections
1385:The Lancet Planetary Health
987:Nuclear safety and security
1653:
1585:; Wildavsky, Adam (2008).
250:and standards, associated
18:
961:Electrical safety testing
572:Process safety management
727:European Commission (EC)
1135: – Type of company
1056:Lists of rail accidents
899:Consumer product safety
635:standards organizations
629:Standards organizations
469:reliability engineering
21:Safety (disambiguation)
1159:Software system safety
1075:Sailing ship accidents
905:Door-related accidents
805:
761:Standards institutions
665:standards organization
201:
192:
181:
146:
1498:www.sciencedirect.com
1077: – Naval mishaps
860:Poison control center
822:Behavior-based safety
803:
566:Physical examinations
522:Government regulation
189:Platform screen doors
187:
175:
137:
998:Criticality accident
793:Testing laboratories
748:Testing laboratories
703:Testing laboratories
56:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
1365:20.500.11850/531027
1311:10.1289/ehp.0901747
1237:"Going to Extremes"
1018:Road traffic safety
938:Safe Kids Worldwide
866:Safety in Australia
787:Standards Australia
675:Government agencies
543:Root cause analysis
534:Instruction manuals
528:Industry regulation
504:Destructive testing
448:Risks and responses
1591:David R. Henderson
1425:www.lawinsider.com
1216:2012-03-13 at the
1141:Safety engineering
957:Electrical safety
806:
512:of employees, etc.
404:Operational safety
193:
182:
147:
1587:"Risk and Safety"
1241:Harper's Magazine
1119:Safety data sheet
1042:Pedestrian safety
1036:Traffic collision
1024:Motorcycle safety
1012:Automotive safety
926:Child safety seat
911:Explosives safety
663:A major American
499:Chemical analysis
445:
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323:hospital delirium
294:or a standard of
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1583:Wildavsky, Aaron
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1517:Rheinland, TÜV.
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1133:Security company
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877:Seismic analysis
871:Natural disaster
834:Safety statement
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270:security science
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1086:Aviation safety
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1066:Maritime safety
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1005:Transportation
828:Risk management
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756:Other countries
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549:Internet safety
492:Safety measures
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473:safety-critical
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425:needs expansion
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371:traffic crashes
367:traffic signals
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559:in general.
436:August 2024
375:roundabouts
353:Substantive
327:elder abuse
286:Limitations
256:engineering
214:home safety
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1479:2024-05-19
1455:2024-05-19
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1168:References
932:Toy safety
917:Gun safety
506:of samples
226:appliances
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1153:Poka-yoke
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361:Perceived
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296:insurance
292:guarantee
143:awareness
112:July 2010
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1631:Category
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