540:
382:
454:, County Durham. He developed a keen interest in trying to find a means of obtaining fire easily. Several chemical mixtures were already known that would ignite by a sudden explosion, but it had not been found possible to transmit the flame to a slow-burning substance like wood. While Walker was preparing a lighting mixture on one occasion, a match that had been dipped in it took fire by an accidental friction upon the hearth. He at once appreciated the practical value of the discovery, and started making friction matches. They consisted of wooden splints or sticks of cardboard coated with
754:
1006:. They have a strikeable tip similar to a normal match, but the combustible compound – including an oxidiser – continues down the length of the stick, coating half or more of the entire matchstick. The match also has a waterproof coating (which often makes the match more difficult to light), and often storm matches are longer than standard matches. As a result of the combustible coating, storm matches burn strongly even in strong winds, and can even spontaneously re-ignite after being briefly immersed in water.
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852:. These were sticks with one end made of potassium chlorate and the other of red phosphorus. They had to be broken and the heads rubbed together. There was however a risk of the heads rubbing each other accidentally in their box. Such dangers were removed when the striking surface was moved to the outside of the box. The development of a specialized
709:
582:
accidental burning of the user's fingers. Other advances were made for the mass manufacture of matches. Early matches were made from blocks of woods with cuts separating the splints but leaving their bases attached. Later versions were made in the form of thin combs. The splints would be broken away from the comb when required.
725:
was the first company to produce phosphorus sesquisulfide matches commercially. The company developed a safe means of making commercial quantities of phosphorus sesquisulfide in 1899 and started selling it to match manufacturers. However, white phosphorus continued to be used, and its serious effects
700:
discovered in 1850 that heating white phosphorus at 250 °C in an inert atmosphere produced a red allotropic form, which did not fume in contact with air. It was suggested that this would make a suitable substitute in match manufacture although it was slightly more expensive. Two French chemists,
649:
and other bone disorders, and there was enough white phosphorus in one pack to kill a person. Deaths and suicides from eating the heads of matches became frequent. The earliest report of phosphorus necrosis was made in 1845 by
Lorinser in Vienna, and a New York surgeon published a pamphlet with notes
317:
A number of different ways were employed in order to light smoking tobacco: One was the use of a spill – a thin object something like a thin candle, a rolled paper or a straw, which would be lit from a nearby, already existing flame and then used to light the cigar or pipe – most often kept near the
413:
In 1832, William Newton patented the "wax vesta" in
England. It consisted of a wax stem that embedded cotton threads and had a tip of phosphorus. Variants known as "candle matches" were made by Savaresse and Merckel in 1836. John Hucks Stevens also patented a safety version of the friction match in
377:
This approach to match making was further refined in the following decades, culminating with the 'Promethean match' that was patented by Samuel Jones of London in 1828. His match consisted of a small glass capsule containing a chemical composition of sulfuric acid colored with indigo and coated on
438:
Chemical matches were unable to make the leap into mass production, due to the expense, their cumbersome nature and inherent danger. An alternative method was to produce the ignition through friction produced by rubbing two rough surfaces together. An early example was made by François
Derosne in
228:
If there occurs an emergency at night it may take some time to make a light to light a lamp. But an ingenious man devised the system of impregnating little sticks of pinewood with sulfur and storing them ready for use. At the slightest touch of fire, they burst into flame. One gets a little flame
733:
was reached at Bern, Switzerland, in
September 1906, which banned the use of white phosphorus in matches. This required each country to pass laws prohibiting the use of white phosphorus in matches. The United Kingdom passed a law in 1908 prohibiting its use in matches after 31 December 1910. The
490:
were the invention of
Charles Sauria, a French chemistry student at the time. Walker did not divulge the exact composition of his matches. Between 1827 and 1829, Walker made about 168 sales of his matches. It was however dangerous and flaming balls sometimes fell to the floor burning carpets and
581:
in 1862 by
Charles W. Smith, resulting in what were called "parlor matches". From 1870 the end of the splint was fireproofed by impregnation with fire-retardant chemicals such as alum, sodium silicate, and other salts resulting in what was commonly called a "drunkard's match" that prevented the
509:. These early matches had a number of problems – an initial violent reaction, an unsteady flame, and unpleasant odor and fumes. Lucifers could ignite explosively, sometimes throwing sparks a considerable distance. Lucifers were manufactured in the United States by Ezekial Byam.
734:
United States did not pass a law, but instead placed a "punitive tax" in 1913 on white phosphorus–based matches, one so high as to render their manufacture financially impractical, and Canada banned them in 1914. India and Japan banned them in 1919; China followed, banning them in 1925.
783:
developed the industrial process for large-scale manufacture of red phosphorus after Schrötter's discoveries became known. By 1851, his company was producing the substance by heating white phosphorus in a sealed pot at a specific temperature. He exhibited his red phosphorus in 1851, at
810:
around 1847, but the improved safety match was not introduced until around 1850–55. The
Lundström brothers had obtained a sample of red phosphorus matches from Albright at The Great Exhibition, but had misplaced it and therefore they did not try the matches until just before the
378:
the exterior with potassium chlorate, all of which was wrapped up in rolls of paper. The immediate ignition of this particular form of a match was achieved by crushing the capsule with a pair of pliers, mixing and releasing the ingredients in order for it to become alight.
402:
and wood dust, and had a phosphorus tip. The handle was large and made of hardwood so as to burn vigorously and last for a while. Some even had glass stems. Both
Vesuvians and Prometheans had a bulb of sulfuric acid at the tip which had to be broken to start the reaction.
626:
389:
In London, similar matches meant for lighting cigars were introduced in 1849 by
Heurtner who had a shop called the Lighthouse in the Strand. One version that he sold was called "Euperion" (sometimes "Empyrion") which was popular for kitchen use and
911:, and glue. Safety matches ignite due to the extreme reactivity of phosphorus with the potassium chlorate in the match head. When the match is struck, the phosphorus and chlorate mix in a small amount and form something akin to the explosive
502:. Holden did not patent his invention and claimed that one of his pupils wrote to his father Samuel Jones, a chemist in London who commercialised his process. A version of Holden's match was patented by Samuel Jones, and these were sold as
82:, often colored for easier inspection. There are two main types of matches: safety matches, which can be struck only against a specially prepared surface, and strike-anywhere matches, for which any suitably frictional surface can be used.
576:
From 1830 to 1890, the composition of these matches remained largely unchanged, although some improvements were made. In 1843 William
Ashgard replaced the sulfur with beeswax, reducing the pungency of the fumes. This was replaced by
969:
can be struck on any suitable surface. They have remained particularly popular in the United States, even when safety matches had become common in Europe, and are still widely used today around the world, including in many
2159:
601:, poured the paste-like mass into a jar, and dipped the pine sticks into the mixture and let them dry. When he tried them that evening, all of them lit evenly. He sold the invention and production rights for these
338:
on the other. These would then be rubbed together, ultimately producing sparks. If neither of these two was available, one could also use ember tongs to pick up a coal from a fire and light the tobacco directly.
726:
led many countries to ban its use. Finland prohibited the use of white phosphorus in 1872, followed by Denmark in 1874, France in 1897, Switzerland in 1898, and the Netherlands in 1901. An agreement, the
1765:
1632:
2282:
693:, were involved in the distribution of the cash collected. The strike and negative publicity led to changes being made to limit the health effects of the inhalation of white phosphorus.
229:
like an ear of corn. This marvelous thing was formerly called a "light-bringing slave", but afterward when it became an article of commerce its name was changed to 'fire inch-stick'.
1189:
2156:
773:
The dangers of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches led to the development of the "hygienic" or "safety match". The major innovation in its development was the use of
150:. Depending on its formulation, a slow match burns at a rate of around 30 cm (1 ft) per hour and a quick match at 4 to 60 centimetres (2 to 24 in) per minute.
374:. This kind of match was quite expensive, however, and its use was also relatively dangerous, so Chancel's matches never really became widely adopted or in commonplace use.
1884:
1675:
539:
381:
741:, New York plant for the US market, but American manufacturers continued to use white phosphorus matches. The Niagara Falls plant made them until 1910, when the
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on 23 June 1888. A strike fund was set up and some newspapers collected donations from readers. The women and girls also solicited contributions. Members of the
617:
of silver). As a match manufacturer, RĂłmer became rich, and Irinyi went on to publish articles and a textbook on chemistry, and founded several match factories.
314:, continued these experiments in the 1680s with phosphorus and sulfur, but their efforts did not produce practical and inexpensive methods for generating fires.
1379:
470:. The treatment with sulfur helped the splints to catch fire, and the odor was improved by the addition of camphor. The price of a box of 50 matches was one
802:. Pasch patented the use of red phosphorus in the striking surface. He found that this could ignite heads that did not need to contain white phosphorus.
474:. With each box was supplied a piece of sandpaper, folded double, through which the match had to be drawn to ignite it. Walker did not name the matches "
2835:
517:
1835:
Hughes, J. P. W; Baron, R.; Buckland, D. H., Cooke, M. A.; Craig, J. D.; Duffield, D. P.; Grosart, A. W.; Parkes, P. W. J.; & Porter, A. (1962).
2362:
Emsley, John (2000). The Shocking History of Phosphorus: A Biography of the Devil's Element. Basingstoke: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0-333-76638-5
2290:
589:, who was a student of chemistry. An unsuccessful experiment by his professor, Meissner, gave Irinyi the idea to replace potassium chlorate with
1531:
2511:
2415:
2330:
1713:
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meant that the substance was not poisonous, that it could be used in a "strike-anywhere" match, and that the match heads were not explosive.
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2376:
266:
1719:
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for the antimony sulfide. These new phosphorus matches had to be kept in airtight metal boxes but became popular and went by the name of
1262:
1027:
212:
match, small sticks of pinewood impregnated with sulfur, used in China by "impoverished court ladies" in AD 577 during the conquest of
165:
to obtain a controlled time delay before ignition. The original meaning of the word still persists in some pyrotechnics terms, such as
1336:
815:
Exhibition of 1855 when they found that the matches were still usable. In 1858 their company produced around 12 million matchboxes.
483:
2251:
2192:
1966:
443:
and it used a sulfur-tipped match to scrape inside a tube coated internally with phosphorus. It was both inconvenient and unsafe.
1637:
1102:
697:
658:
630:
2400:
2138:
Charnovitz, Steve (1987). "The Influence of International Labour Standards on the World Trading Regime. A Historical Overview".
2825:
1784:
1352:
980:
593:
in the head of the phosphorus match. He liquefied phosphorus in warm water and shook it in a glass vial, until the two liquids
294:, a method that could only work on sunny days. Another more common method was igniting tinder with sparks produced by striking
217:
844:-impregnated splint and the special striking surface (in addition to the safety aspect of replacing the white phosphorus with
394:
as "Hugh Perry", while another meant for outdoor use was called a "Vesuvian" or "flamer". The head was large and contained
2906:
2359:
Beaver, Patrick (1985). The Match Makers: The Story of Bryant & May. London: Henry Melland Limited. ISBN 0-907929-11-7
1994:
1509:
U.S. Patent Number 1,412A, Improvement in the Manufacture of Friction-Matches for Preserving Them From Accidental Ignition
995:; however, they must be declared as dangerous goods and individual airlines or countries may impose tighter restrictions.
848:). The idea for separating the chemicals had been introduced in 1859 in the form of two-headed matches known in France as
2349:
Threlfall, Richard E. (1951). The Story of 100 Years of Phosphorus Making: 1851–1951. Oldbury: Albright & Wilson Ltd.
1051:
2911:
753:
2891:
2886:
954:
826:
38:
2422:
2097:
2024:
1902:
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visited Jönköping in 1858 to try to obtain a supply of safety matches, but was unsuccessful. In 1862 it established
2901:
2881:
2504:
1513:
1394:
1137:
570:
1492:
978:. However, strike-anywhere matches are banned on all kinds of aircraft under the "dangerous goods" classification
569:. The earliest American patent for the phosphorus friction match was granted in 1836 to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of
410:
for lighting cigars and pipes in 1832. A similar invention was patented in 1839 by John Hucks Stevens in America.
1690:
Wonders of the nineteenth century: a panoramic review of the inventions and discoveries of the past hundred years
840:"safety matches" is derived from the separation of the reactive ingredients between a match head on the end of a
803:
696:
Attempts were made to reduce the ill-effects on workers through the introduction of inspections and regulations.
491:
dresses, leading to their ban in France and Germany. Walker either refused or neglected to patent his invention.
187:
producing a relatively long-burning, colored flame). However, when friction matches became commonplace, the term
2605:
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1012:
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702:
343:
2620:
1165:
738:
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610:
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1653:
1606:
1488:
U.S. Patent Number 1,414, Improved friction match for retaining fire, Entitled Stevens' "Fusse cigar light"
912:
742:
447:
431:
271:
261:
31:
1204:
2497:
1944:
1878:
1669:
1118:
867:
861:
553:
Lucifers were quickly replaced after 1830 by matches made according to the process devised by Frenchman
114:) impregnated with chemicals, and allowed to burn continuously. These were used to light fires and fire
1463:
945:, but Coigent contested the payment in the French courts, on the basis that the invention was known in
520:" includes the line "while you’ve a lucifer to light your fag". Matches are still called "lucifers" in
2365:
Steele, H. Thomas (1987). Close Cover Before Striking: The Golden Age of Matchbook Art. Abeville Press
2067:
Threlfall (1951), "Chapter IX: The Second generation: 1880–1915: part II: The Private Limited Company"
2896:
2112:
2039:
1917:
1570:
1527:
1433:
1295:
1224:
999:
974:, for such uses as camping, outdoor activities, emergency/survival situations, and stocking homemade
785:
498:
invented an improved version of Walker's match and demonstrated it to his class at Castle Academy in
78:. The coated end of a match, known as the match "head", consists of a bead of active ingredients and
1039:
633:
campaigned against the use of white phosphorus in match making, which led to bone disorders such as
2646:
2472:
2320:
Dangerous Goods Regulations: Effective 1 January – 31 December 2007. Produced in consultation with
780:
722:
682:
459:
342:
The first modern, self-igniting match was invented in 1805 by Jean Chancel, assistant to Professor
1760:
1125:
971:
908:
888:
806:
and his younger brother Carl Frans Lundström (1823–1917) started a large-scale match industry in
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351:
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1328:
1322:
1703:
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1332:
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799:
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154:
131:
79:
2214:
1248:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 1, Physics
2876:
2794:
2120:
2047:
1925:
1856:
1848:
1837:"Phosphorus Necrosis of the Jaw: A Present-day Study: With Clinical and Biochemical Studies"
1578:
1441:
1303:
495:
451:
2408:
70:
generated by striking the match against a suitable surface. Wooden matches are packaged in
2855:
2840:
2163:
1998:
1107:
988:
915:, which ignites due to the friction. The red color of the matchhead is due to addition of
904:
479:
311:
2830:
807:
654:
586:
532:
2259:
2188:
2116:
2043:
1970:
1921:
1574:
1437:
1299:
1267:
sulphur matches were certainly sold in the markets of Hangchow when Marco Polo was there
795:
The idea of creating a specially designed striking surface was developed in 1844 by the
237:, dated from 1270 AD, lists sulfur matches as something that was sold in the markets of
2736:
1861:
1836:
957:
and bought the rights for the British safety match patent from the Lundström brothers.
950:
880:
678:
625:
554:
521:
2477:
2870:
2764:
2641:
2562:
1179:
1112:
931:
777:, not on the head of the match but instead on a specially designed striking surface.
690:
371:
287:
1810:
1788:
1356:
643:
Those involved in the manufacture of the new phosphorus matches were afflicted with
2690:
2615:
2572:
1092:
1087:
1003:
975:
884:
857:
670:
590:
578:
323:
307:
303:
275:
172:
162:
2460:
926:
on safety matches, with the industry mainly situated in Jönköping, by 1903 called
761:
856:
with both matches and a striking surface occurred in the 1890s with the American
153:
The modern equivalent of a match (in the sense of a burnable cord) is the simple
2731:
2716:
2680:
2675:
2625:
2520:
1018:
875:
The striking surface on modern matchboxes is typically composed of 25% powdered
830:
686:
467:
422:
299:
213:
167:
140:
99:
1991:
818:
306:, who discovered the flammable nature of phosphorus in 1669. Others, including
2754:
2668:
2663:
2610:
2178:
Threlfall (1951), Chapter V: "The Foundations, 1855–56: the phosphorus retort"
1132:
1073:
1068:
845:
825:
matches from mid-20th century Mexico, part of the permanent collection of the
666:
645:
635:
614:
598:
558:
359:
319:
279:
242:
158:
146:
1592:
737:
In 1901 Albright and Wilson started making phosphorus sesquisulfide at their
2850:
2845:
2799:
2784:
2779:
2759:
2711:
2658:
2587:
2482:
853:
708:
661:. The strike was focused on the severe health complications of working with
566:
119:
75:
17:
2025:"The discovery of red phosphorus (1847) by Anton von Schrötter (1802–1875)"
1870:
1507:
1486:
2467:
2430:
949:
before the Lundström brothers patented it. The British match manufacturer
565:("crazy fire") in the United States, from which was derived the name of a
2789:
2774:
2769:
2685:
2582:
2567:
2531:
992:
923:
841:
745:
forbade the shipment of white phosphorus matches in interstate commerce.
594:
399:
391:
367:
327:
238:
184:
180:
135:
127:
71:
67:
1852:
701:
Henri Savene and Emile David Cahen, proved in 1898 that the addition of
46:
2721:
2536:
1097:
965:
Friction matches made with white phosphorus as well as those made from
504:
111:
2124:
2051:
2004:, Issue no. 21 (via Tower Hamlets' Local History Library and Archives)
1929:
1445:
1307:
991:, "U.N. 1944, Matches, safety". They are not universally forbidden on
2577:
1583:
1558:
946:
938:
887:, and 16% binder; and the match head is typically composed of 45–55%
796:
766:
606:
455:
385:
Sulfur-head matches, 1828, lit by dipping into a bottle of phosphorus
355:
291:
209:
123:
1424:
Crass, M. F. Jr. (1941). "A history of the match industry. Part 3".
1286:
Crass, M. F. Jr. (1941). "A history of the match industry. Part 1".
138:
sticks. Such matches were characterised by their burning speed i.e.
2820:
2804:
2695:
2557:
876:
866:
817:
812:
760:
752:
707:
624:
538:
526:
513:
421:
407:
395:
380:
363:
347:
335:
331:
295:
260:
63:
45:
74:, and paper matches are partially cut into rows and stapled into
2321:
2315:
942:
107:
59:
2493:
2489:
2240:
Threlfall (1951), Appendix A to Chapter V: "The Match Industry"
2416:"Making 125,000 Matches An Hour", August 1946, Popular Science
1185:
Etymologicon universale: or, Universal etymological dictionary
916:
427:
115:
62:. Typically, matches are made of small wooden sticks or stiff
1741:
Hatfield, J. (1856). "History of American Friction Matches".
2438:
2418:
article on the modern mass production of wooden stem matches
2166:. National Capital Commission. museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca
1945:"Industrial disease due to certain poisonous fumes or gases"
446:
The first successful friction match was invented in 1826 by
286:
Before the use of matches, fires were sometimes lit using a
2283:"Strike Anywhere: The Best Matches for Survival Situations"
66:. One end is coated with a material that can be ignited by
516:
for a match into the 20th century. For example, the song "
891:, with a little sulfur and starch, a neutralizer (ZnO or
585:
A noiseless match was invented in 1836 by the Hungarian
2252:"Legality of Strike Anywhere Matches Is Up For Debate"
1229:. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. pp. 158, 162–170.
937:
In France, they sold the rights to their safety match
366:. The match was ignited by dipping its tip in a small
298:
and steel, or by sharply increasing air pressure in a
224:
written by Chinese author Tao Gu in about 950 stated:
2325:. Montreal: International Air Transport Association.
1067:
The hobby of collecting match-related items, such as
2813:
2747:
2704:
2634:
2596:
2550:
1223:Barnett, E. de Barry (1919). Rideal, Samuel (ed.).
673:published an article in her halfpenny weekly paper
871:A match at the beginning of the combustion process
605:to István Rómer, a Hungarian pharmacist living in
350:. The head of the match consisted of a mixture of
267:The Alchemist in Search of the Philosophers Stone
37:"Matchstick" redirects here. For other uses, see
1002:matches or flare matches, are often included in
597:. He mixed the phosphorus with lead dioxide and
2236:
2234:
2232:
2157:Donalda Charron and the E.B. Eddy Match Company
2063:
2061:
2174:
2172:
1324:Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries
1251:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71.
2505:
1702:Lewis R. Goldfrank; Flomenbaum, Neal (2006).
1327:. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p.
928:Jönköpings & Vulcans Tändsticksfabriks AB
653:The conditions of working-class women at the
8:
2075:
2073:
1883:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1708:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 1486–.
1674:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1457:
1455:
1218:
1216:
1033:Matches with an intellectual pastime printed
1763:, D. Phillips, published 1836-10-24
1641:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
2512:
2498:
2490:
2836:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
2098:"A history of the match industry. Part 5"
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
1903:"A history of the match industry. Part 9"
1896:
1894:
1860:
1787:. Hungarian Patent Office. Archived from
1779:
1777:
1775:
1582:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1240:
1238:
1236:
922:The Swedes long held a virtual worldwide
430:"Congreves" matchbox (1827), produced by
2461:Chemistry of Matches, Graphics and Video
1949:Archives of the Public Health Laboratory
1506:Stevens, John Hucks (16 November 1839),
1485:Stevens, John Hucks (16 November 1839),
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1156:
1154:
302:. Early work had been done by alchemist
222:Records of the Unworldly and the Strange
2310:
2308:
1969:. Spartacus Educational. Archived from
1150:
1008:
450:, an English chemist and druggist from
2447:library.thinkquest.org/23062/match.htm
2281:McCafferty, Keith (10 November 2009).
1876:
1667:
1206:Firearms in American history 1600–1800
1192:from the original on 17 February 2017.
757:Jönköpings safety match industry, 1872
1559:"The Centenary of the Friction Match"
1387:Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
1265:from the original on 2 January 2014.
7:
2195:from the original on 4 November 2011
1955:. Manchester University Press: 1–21.
1528:"Francois Derosne – French inventor"
1353:"Early American Glass Spill Holders"
245:'s visit. The matches were known as
102:of a candle. Historically, the term
1705:Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies
981:U.N. 1331, Matches, strike-anywhere
439:1816. His crude match was called a
1692:, W. B. Conkey Publishers, Chicago
1245:Needham, Joseph (1 January 1962).
919:, not the red phosphorus content.
322:. Another method saw the use of a
25:
2439:"The Rathkamp Matchcover Society"
1557:Bone, William A. (1 April 1927).
1534:from the original on 6 June 2014.
1516:from the original on 16 June 2014
1495:from the original on 16 June 2014
1464:"The Inventor of Lucifer Matches"
1380:"Matches—The manufacture of fire"
1071:and matchbox labels, is known as
987:Safety matches are classified as
765:Old match factory in Itkonniemi,
486:, as it is sometimes stated. The
434:, inventor of the friction match.
2476:
2466:
1722:from the original on 9 July 2014
1638:Dictionary of National Biography
1209:. Boston, The author. p. 5.
1103:London matchgirls strike of 1888
1050:
1038:
1026:
1011:
879:or other abrasive material, 50%
659:London matchgirls strike of 1888
631:London matchgirls strike of 1888
512:The term "lucifer" persisted as
478:" in honour of the inventor and
220:(AD 907–960), a book called the
2826:Control of fire by early humans
621:Replacement of white phosphorus
218:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
208:, written in 1366, describes a
191:came to refer mainly to these.
941:to Coigent Père & Fils of
1:
2481:The dictionary definition of
2457:video on the ignition process
2377:"History of Chemical Matches"
2215:"How Do Safety Matches Work?"
2105:Journal of Chemical Education
1910:Journal of Chemical Education
1426:Journal of Chemical Education
1288:Journal of Chemical Education
998:Storm matches, also known as
860:, who sold his patent to the
698:Anton Schrötter von Kristelli
544:
458:and tipped with a mixture of
290:(a lens) to focus the sun on
2427:Matchcovers.com/first100.htm
1188:. Vol. 2. p. 428.
717:report dated 29 January 1911
2140:International Labour Review
1654:"Curator's Report for 1909"
827:Museo del Objeto del Objeto
39:Matchstick (disambiguation)
2928:
1992:"White slavery in London".
1688:John Wesley Hanson (1900)
1138:White phosphorus munitions
961:Varieties of matches today
571:Springfield, Massachusetts
326:, a tool that looked like
36:
29:
2527:
2096:Crass, M. F. Jr. (1941).
1901:Crass, M. F. Jr. (1941).
1652:Brewis, W, Parke (1909).
1633:Walker, John (1781?-1859)
1393:: 369–380. Archived from
1321:Carlisle, Rodney (2004).
1162:Concise Oxford Dictionary
58:is a tool for starting a
27:Device for lighting fires
2606:Autoignition temperature
2401:"The History of Matches"
1811:"Development of matches"
1045:Household safety matches
967:phosphorus sesquisulfide
703:phosphorus sesquisulfide
494:In 1829, Scots inventor
406:Samuel Jones introduced
94:derives from Old French
2621:Minimum ignition energy
2423:"History of matchbooks"
2250:Staff (10 March 2012).
1943:Oliver, Thomas (1906).
1815:Encyclopædia Britannica
1545:Encyclopædia Britannica
1378:Wisniak, Jaime (2005).
1166:Oxford University Press
1164:(10 ed.). London:
175:-impregnated fuse) and
106:referred to lengths of
1462:Tomlinson, C. (1898).
1203:Sawyer, C. W. (1910).
872:
833:
804:Johan Edvard Lundström
770:
758:
743:United States Congress
718:
640:
550:
536:
435:
386:
283:
231:
51:
32:Match (disambiguation)
2475:at Wikimedia Commons
2162:8 August 2014 at the
2023:Kohn, Moritz (1944).
1119:The Little Match Girl
1057:Special storm matches
883:, 5% neutralizer, 4%
870:
862:Diamond Match Company
850:Allumettes Androgynes
821:
764:
756:
711:
657:factories led to the
628:
542:
531:Packing girls at the
530:
518:Pack Up Your Troubles
425:
384:
344:Louis Jacques Thénard
264:
241:, around the time of
226:
49:
2907:Hungarian inventions
2433:on 16 February 2006.
1997:19 July 2011 at the
1658:Archaeologia Aeliana
972:developing countries
786:The Great Exhibition
484:Sir William Congreve
441:briquet phosphorique
30:For other uses, see
2912:Scottish inventions
2647:Solar Spark Lighter
2411:on 8 December 2012.
2405:Inventors.about.com
2381:Chemistry.about.com
2117:1941JChEd..18..316C
2044:1944JChEd..21..522K
1967:"Matchgirls Strike"
1922:1941JChEd..18..428C
1853:10.1136/oem.19.2.83
1743:Scientific American
1575:1927Natur.119..495B
1438:1941JChEd..18..277C
1300:1941JChEd..18..116C
1063:Hobbyist collection
913:Armstrong's mixture
723:Albright and Wilson
683:George Bernard Shaw
460:sulfide of antimony
370:bottle filled with
334:on one "blade" and
310:and his assistant,
204:A note in the text
98:, referring to the
2892:English inventions
2887:Chinese inventions
2451:"Lighting a Match"
2287:Field & Stream
1611:www.chm.bris.ac.uk
1607:"White Phosphorus"
1400:on 6 November 2013
1126:The Safety Matches
889:potassium chlorate
873:
834:
790:The Crystal Palace
771:
759:
719:
714:The New York Times
669:. Social activist
641:
557:, who substituted
551:
537:
500:Reading, Berkshire
464:chlorate of potash
436:
387:
352:potassium chlorate
284:
130:) and to detonate
52:
2902:German inventions
2882:Camping equipment
2864:
2863:
2471:Media related to
2455:Royal Institution
2332:978-92-9195-780-4
2293:on 19 August 2013
2125:10.1021/ed018p316
2052:10.1021/ed021p522
1930:10.1021/ed018p428
1715:978-0-07-147914-1
1569:(2996): 495–496.
1468:Notes and Queries
1446:10.1021/ed018p277
1308:10.1021/ed018p116
1258:978-0-521-05802-5
823:Super Deportistas
808:Jönköping, Sweden
800:Gustaf Erik Pasch
613:(about 22.5
603:noiseless matches
543:Match container,
132:explosive devices
50:An igniting match
16:(Redirected from
2919:
2814:Related articles
2514:
2507:
2500:
2491:
2480:
2470:
2446:
2434:
2429:. Archived from
2412:
2407:. Archived from
2396:
2394:
2392:
2383:. Archived from
2337:
2336:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2289:. Archived from
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2258:. Archived from
2247:
2241:
2238:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2167:
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2128:
2102:
2093:
2080:
2079:Threlfall (1951)
2077:
2068:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2038:(11): 522, 554.
2029:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1973:on 14 April 2012
1963:
1957:
1956:
1940:
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1933:
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1665:
1660:. Third Series.
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1617:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1584:10.1038/119495a0
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1410:
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1366:
1364:
1355:. Archived from
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902:
901:
900:
729:Berne Convention
721:British company
663:white phosphorus
655:Bryant & May
559:white phosphorus
549:
546:
533:Bryant & May
496:Sir Isaac Holden
452:Stockton-on-Tees
418:Friction matches
257:Chemical matches
235:Wu Lin Chiu Shih
161:, still used in
21:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2856:Survival skills
2841:Outdoor cooking
2809:
2748:Other equipment
2743:
2705:Modern starters
2700:
2630:
2592:
2546:
2523:
2518:
2437:
2421:
2399:
2390:
2388:
2375:
2372:
2356:
2354:Further reading
2346:
2341:
2340:
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2314:
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2306:
2296:
2294:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2262:on 10 July 2013
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2164:Wayback Machine
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2012:
2008:
1999:Wayback Machine
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1875:
1841:Br. J. Ind. Med
1834:
1833:
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1817:
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1794:
1792:
1791:on 4 March 2010
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1197:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1121:", a fairy tale
1108:Permanent match
1083:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1022:
1016:
989:dangerous goods
963:
955:its own factory
899:
896:
895:
894:
892:
781:Arthur Albright
751:
650:on nine cases.
623:
567:political party
547:
420:
318:fireplace in a
312:Ambrose Godfrey
259:
202:
197:
88:
42:
35:
28:
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22:
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5:
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2649:
2638:
2636:
2635:Early starters
2632:
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2618:
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2593:
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2525:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2487:at Wiktionary
2464:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2443:matchcover.org
2435:
2419:
2413:
2397:
2387:on 7 July 2011
2371:
2370:External links
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2111:(7): 316–319.
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2015:
2006:
1984:
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1935:
1916:(9): 428–431.
1890:
1827:
1802:
1785:"János Irinyi"
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1129:, a 1969 novel
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962:
959:
951:Bryant and May
897:
881:red phosphorus
846:red phosphorus
836:The safety of
775:red phosphorus
750:
749:Safety matches
747:
679:Fabian Society
622:
619:
555:Charles Sauria
419:
416:
258:
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233:Another text,
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2765:Feather stick
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2032:J. Chem. Educ
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1359:on 7 May 2015
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1113:Swedish Match
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1004:survival kits
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976:survival kits
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936:
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932:Swedish Match
929:
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903:), 20–40% of
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739:Niagara Falls
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216:. During the
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2831:Firem'n Chit
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2691:Fire striker
2521:Firelighting
2483:
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2426:
2409:the original
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2389:. Retrieved
2385:the original
2380:
2344:Bibliography
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2291:the original
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2260:the original
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2018:
2009:
2001:
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1971:the original
1961:
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1879:cite journal
1847:(2): 83–99.
1844:
1840:
1830:
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1814:
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1610:
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1357:the original
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1093:Ivar Kreuger
1088:Firelighting
1072:
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885:carbon black
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858:Joshua Pusey
849:
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681:, including
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671:Annie Besant
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591:lead dioxide
587:János Irinyi
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316:
308:Robert Boyle
304:Hennig Brand
285:
278:discovering
276:Hennig Brand
274:, depicting
265:
250:
246:
234:
232:
227:
221:
205:
203:
188:
177:Bengal match
176:
173:black-powder
166:
163:pyrotechnics
152:
145:
139:
103:
95:
91:
89:
55:
53:
43:
18:Safety match
2897:Fire making
2717:Ferrocerium
2681:Fire plough
2676:Fire piston
2626:Smouldering
2391:11 November
2199:19 November
1726:19 November
1474:(4): 70–71.
1404:14 November
1069:matchcovers
831:Mexico City
792:in London.
769:, Finland ©
687:Sidney Webb
548: 1875
448:John Walker
432:John Walker
330:, but with
300:fire piston
270:(1771), by
214:Northern Qi
206:Cho Keng Lu
168:black match
141:quick match
2871:Categories
2755:Char cloth
2669:Pump drill
2664:Hand drill
2654:Fire drill
2611:Combustion
2551:Components
2013:Raw p. 137
1749:(49): 387.
1226:Explosives
1145:References
1133:Vesta case
1074:phillumeny
1021:of a match
667:phossy jaw
665:, such as
646:phossy jaw
636:phossy jaw
599:gum arabic
595:emulsified
360:gum arabic
320:spill vase
280:phosphorus
243:Marco Polo
159:visco fuse
157:such as a
147:slow match
76:matchbooks
72:matchboxes
2851:Pyromania
2846:Pyrolysis
2800:Tinderbox
2785:Matchbook
2780:Fire ring
2760:Chuckmuck
2712:Blowtorch
2659:Bow drill
2588:Wood fuel
2256:PRWeb.com
2221:12 August
1593:1476-4687
909:diatomite
905:siliceous
854:matchbook
609:, for 60
563:loco foco
488:congreves
476:Congreves
392:nicknamed
251:tshui erh
185:sparklers
120:matchlock
90:The word
86:Etymology
2790:Matchbox
2775:Fire pit
2770:Fire pan
2737:Electric
2686:Fire-saw
2583:Wood ash
2568:Firewood
2542:Glossary
2532:Campfire
2318:(2007).
2193:Archived
2160:Archived
2002:The Link
1995:Archived
1871:14449812
1820:18 March
1795:18 March
1720:Archived
1532:Archived
1514:archived
1493:archived
1363:4 August
1263:Archived
1190:Archived
1182:(1825).
1180:Whiter W
1081:See also
1019:Ignition
1000:lifeboat
993:aircraft
924:monopoly
917:red dyes
907:filler,
842:paraffin
788:held at
675:The Link
579:paraffin
482:pioneer
472:shilling
400:charcoal
368:asbestos
328:scissors
239:Hangzhou
183:akin to
181:firework
136:dynamite
134:such as
128:linstock
68:friction
2877:Matches
2722:Lighter
2537:Bonfire
2473:Matches
2297:16 July
2266:16 July
2113:Bibcode
2040:Bibcode
1918:Bibcode
1862:1038164
1571:Bibcode
1434:Bibcode
1296:Bibcode
1168:. 1999.
1098:Lighter
611:florins
535:factory
507:matches
505:lucifer
324:striker
195:History
124:cannons
112:cambric
110:(later
2598:Topics
2578:Tinder
2329:
2189:"Fire"
1977:19 May
1869:
1859:
1767:
1712:
1616:15 May
1591:
1563:Nature
1547:(2012)
1335:
1255:
947:Vienna
939:patent
930:today
767:Kuopio
689:, and
607:Vienna
480:rocket
466:, and
456:sulfur
414:1839.
408:fuzees
356:sulfur
292:tinder
247:fa chu
210:sulfur
122:) and
80:binder
2821:Arson
2805:Torch
2732:Black
2727:Match
2696:Flint
2573:Spark
2558:Ember
2484:Match
2101:(PDF)
2028:(PDF)
1906:(PDF)
1761:us 68
1398:(PDF)
1383:(PDF)
877:glass
829:, in
813:Paris
797:Swede
522:Dutch
514:slang
396:niter
364:sugar
348:Paris
336:steel
332:flint
296:flint
189:match
126:(see
118:(see
104:match
96:mèche
92:match
64:paper
56:match
2795:Punk
2393:2005
2327:ISBN
2322:ICAO
2316:IATA
2299:2013
2268:2013
2223:2024
2201:2011
1979:2006
1885:link
1867:PMID
1822:2008
1797:2008
1728:2011
1710:ISBN
1676:link
1618:2021
1589:ISSN
1406:2011
1365:2015
1333:ISBN
1253:ISBN
943:Lyon
893:CaCO
838:true
629:The
615:oz t
362:and
155:fuse
144:and
116:guns
108:cord
100:wick
60:fire
2144:126
2121:doi
2048:doi
1926:doi
1857:PMC
1849:doi
1635:".
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