747:, more than 100 people claimed during the 2010 Census that they are Ainu. They are former residents of the liquidated villages Yavin and Golygino. The number of people with Ainu ancestry is estimated to be many times this amount, but in general, there is reluctance from the individuals themselves and from the census takers to record the nationality as "Ainu" (although not on a scale which is seen in Sakhalin). The majority of the population in Zaporozhye refers themselves as either Kamchadal (a term used for the Ainu to refer to them without acknowledging their ethnic Ainu identity and other native groups) or Russian, rather than identifying with either of the two native ethnic groups (Ainu and Itelmen). Although identifying as Itelmen can give additional benefits (hunting and fishing rights), the residents seems to be wary about ethnic polarization and response from full-blooded Russian neighbors. Identifying as Ainu is not beneficial in any way. As an unrecognized nation, the Ainu are not eligible for either fishing or hunting quotas.
274:
576:. An agreement was reached in 1881 and the Ainu chose to settle in the village of Yavin. In March 1881, the group left Petropavlovsk and began the long journey to Yavin by foot. Four months later, they reached their new homes. Another village, Golygino, was founded later. Nine more Ainu arrived from Japan in 1884. According to the 1897 Census of Russia, Golygino had a population of 57 (all Ainu) and Yavin a population of 39 (33 Ainu & 6 Russian). However, under Soviet rule both villages were abolished and inhabitants forcibly moved to the ethnic Russian-dominated Zaporozhye settlement in
605:. There are several dozen people on Sakhalin Island who identify themselves as Sakhalin Ainu, but many more have unacknowledged partial Ainu ancestry. Most of the 888 Japanese who live in Russian territory (2010 Census) are of mixed Japanese and Ainu ancestry, though they generally do not claim it, since full Japanese ancestry gives them the right of visa-free entry to Japan. Similarly, no one identifies as Amur Valley Ainu, even though people with partial descent are known to exist in Khabarovsk. It is thought that no living descendants of the Kamchatka Ainu remain today.
830:.etc.), who were forced to flee Alaska after Russia sold it to the US. In 1827, on Bering Island lived 110 people (of which 93 spoke either Aleut or Aleut-Russian creole). Since the Northern Kuril Ainu were also having similar problems, the Tsar hoped to resettle them near the Aleut. But the Ainu were skeptical of the offer and rejected it, as they wanted to stay in Kamchatka mainland, whose geography was familiar to them. Only one Ainu family moved to the island, and were joined by ethnic Russians, Kamchadals, Itelmen,
154:
145:
731:
723:
used to identify the ethnic group. As a result, large number of Ainu changed their surnames to Slavic ones. To eradicate the Ainu identity, the Soviet authorities removed the ethnic group from the list of nationalities which can be mentioned in the passport, as they feared the Ainu as possible
Japanese spies. Due to this, children born after 1945 were not able to identify themselves as Ainu.
429:
285:
36:
299:
714:. The real population is believed to be much higher, as hundreds of Ainu in Sakhalin refused to identify themselves as such. Additionally many local people are ethnically Ainu or have significant Ainu ancestry, but identify as various recognized groups, such as Nivkhs and speak Russian as mother tongue, often not knowing about their Ainu ancestry.
310:
1200:
273:
726:
After World War II, many of the Ainu living in
Sakhalin were deported to Japan. Out of the 1,159 known Ainu, only around 100 remained in Russia. Of those who remained, only the elderly were full blooded Ainu. Others were either mixed race, married to ethnic Russians or self-identified as Russian. The
868:
The Ainu language is extinct as a spoken language in Russia. The
Bolsheretsky Kurile stopped using the language as early as the beginning of the 20th century. Only 3 fluent speakers remained in Sakhalin as of 1979, and the language was extinct by the 1980s there. Although Keizo Nakamura was a fluent
722:
During the
Tsarist times, the Ainu living in Russia were forbidden from identifying themselves as such, as the Imperial Japanese officials had claimed that all the regions inhabited by the Ainu in the past or present, are a part of Japan. The terms "Kurile", "Kamchatka Kurile" or simply Russian were
587:
During the
Tsarist period, the Ainu living in Russia were forbidden to identify themselves by that name, since the Japanese officials claimed that all areas inhabited by the Ainu in the past or present belonged to Japan. The Ainu were referred to as "Kurile", "Kamchatka Kurile" or simply as Russian.
410:
to recognise the Ainu as a "living" ethnic group. Most of the people who identify themselves as Ainu live in
Kamchatka Krai, although the largest number of people who are of Ainu ancestry (without acknowledging it) are found in Sakhalin Oblast. Many local people are ethnically Ainu or have
759:
Unlike the other Ainu clans currently living in Russia, there is considerable doubt whether the
Nakamura clan of Kamchatka should be identified as Northern Kurils Ainu, Southern Kurils Ainu or as Kamchatka Ainu. This is due to the fact that the clan originally immigrated to Kamchatka from
1191:
405:
Although only around 100 people currently identify themselves as Ainu in Russia (according to the census of 2010), it is believed that at least 1,000 people are of significant Ainu ancestry. The low numbers identifying as Ainu are a result of the refusal by the government of the
780:, Akira Nakamura (b. 1897) was captured by the Soviet army and his elder son Takeshi Nakamura (1925–1945) was killed in the battle. Akira's only surviving son, Keizo (b. 1927) was taken prisoner and joined the Soviet Army after his capture. After the war, Keizo went to
627:
to Japan. They criticized the
Japanese, the Tsarist Russians, and the Soviets for crimes against the Ainu, including killings and forced assimilation. They urged him to recognize the Japanese genocide against the Ainu people, which Putin refused to do. During the
1267:"Айны просят включить их в Единый перечень коренных народов России. Родовая община обратилась к краевым властям - Общество Камчатский край - Камчатка и Магадан, новости Петропавловск-Камчатский, Колыма, лента новостей камчатского края и Магаданской облас"
555:
of 1905, the
Russians abandoned their allies and left them to their fate. Hundreds of Ainu were executed and their families were forcibly relocated to Hokkaido by the Japanese. As a result, the Russians failed to win over the Ainu during World War II.
792:. His wife, Tamara Timofeevna Pykhteeva was of mixed Sakhalin Ainu and Gilyak ancestry. After the arrest of Keizo in 1967, Tamara and her son Alexei Nakamura were expelled from Kamchatka Krai and sent to the island of Sakhalin, to live in the city of
656:
of Kuril
Islands), are fighting for official recognition. Since the Ainu are not recognized in the official list of ethnic groups living in Russia, they are either counted as people without nationality or as ethnic Russian, Nivkh or Kamchadal.
750:
Families who are the descended from Kuril Ainu include Butin (Бутины), Storozhev (Сторожевы), Ignatiev (Игнатьевы), Merlin (Мерлины), Konev (Коневы), Lukaszewski (Лукашевские), and Novograblenny (Новограбленные) among other unknown ones.
591:
On 7 February 1953, K. Omelchenko, the Soviet Minister of the Protection of Military and State Secrets banned the press from publishing any information on the Ainu still living in the USSR. The order was finally revoked after two decades.
612:
ethnic groups of Russia, the government proclaiming that the Ainu as an ethnic group was now extinct in its territory. According to the 2002 Russian Federation census, no one marked the Ainu option in boxes 7 or 9.2 in the K-1 form.
636:. In 2011, the leader of the Ainu community in Kamchatka, Alexei Vladimirovich Nakamura requested that Vladimir Ilyukhin (Governor of Kamchatka) and Boris Nevzorov (Chairman of state Duma) include the Ainu in the central list of
637:
784:
to work in the local harbor. In 1963, he married Tamara Pykhteeva, a member of the Sakhalin Ainu tribe. Their only child, Alexei was born in 1964. The descendants of Tamara and Alexei are found in Kamchatka and Sakhalin.
1757:
808:, along with the Aleut. They were assimilated by the Aleut and currently identify themselves as Aleut. Two of the families residing there are believed to be of partial Ainu ancestry: the Badaevs and the Kuznetsovs.
651:
are not politically organized. According to Alexei Nakamura, as of 2012, there were only 205 Ainu living in Russia (up from just 12 people who self-identified as Ainu in 2008) and they, with the Kurile Kamchadals
600:
The North Kurile Ainu of Zaporozhye are the largest Ainu subgroup remaining in Russia. The Nakamura clan (South Kuril Ainu on the paternal side) are the smallest and number just 6 individuals who live in
865:. In social behavior and customs, they are almost identical with the Old Russian settlers of Kamchatka and therefore the benefits which are given to the Itelmen cannot be given to the Ainu of Kamchatka.
660:
As of 2012, both the Kurile Ainu and Kurile Kamchadal ethnic groups do not have the fishing and hunting rights the Russian government grants to other indigenous tribal communities of the far north.
788:
The last known deportation of Ainu to Japan occurred in 1982, when Keizo Nakamura, a full blooded Southern Kurils Ainu was deported to Hokkaido after serving 15 years hard labor in the province of
548:
by the end of the 17th century. Contact with the Amur Ainu and North Kuril Ainu were established during the 18th century. By mid-18th century more than 1,500 Ainu had accepted Russian citizenship.
529:
Peninsula and other northern regions which today are part of Russia began very early on, despite the traditionally sedentary customs of Ainu society. Ainu migrations to Kamchatka and the
845:
By 1879, the island was home to a total of 168 Aleut and 332 Creole, plus around 50 to 60 people from other nationalities including the Ainu and Russian. All the Creole spoke the
1079:
1192:"Ainu people lay ancient claim to Kurile Islands: The hunters and fishers who lost their land to the Russians and Japanese are gaining the confidence to demand their rights"
1516:
2881:
3040:
727:
last of the official Ainu households disappeared in the late 1960s, when Yamanaka Kitaro committed suicide after the death of his wife. The couple was childless.
3035:
551:
The Ainu (especially those in the Kuriles) supported the Russians over the Japanese in conflicts of the 19th century. However, after their defeat during the
1664:
1533:
331:
857:
According to the Census authority of Russian Federation, the Ainu are extinct as an ethnic group in Russia. Those who identify as Ainu, neither speak the
632:, almost 100 people tried to register themselves as ethnic Ainu, but the governing council of Kamchatka Krai refused to do so and enrolled them as ethnic
2544:
1970:
1959:
1149:
572:
on September 18, 1877, after they decided to remain under Russian rule. They refused the offer by Russian officials to move to new reservations in the
1771:
1378:
1509:
1010:
934:
849:, as it was the language of their mothers. The Ainu, along with other minorities were quickly assimilated by the Aleut within a few decades.
537:
were increasingly limited after the 16th century however, as Japanese merchants and officials increasingly limited their ability to migrate.
973:
1436:
1266:
1087:
3227:
1476:
623:
In 2004, the small Ainu community living in Kamchatka Krai wrote to Vladimir Putin, urging him to reconsider any move to return the
565:
512:
119:
1364:
568:, the Kurile islands were surrendered to the Japanese, along with the Ainu inhabitants. A total of 83 North Kurile Ainu arrived in
956:
1502:
1214:
446:
53:
1123:
2760:
493:
450:
100:
57:
663:
The Ainu have now formed a Russian Association of the Far-Eastern Ainu (RADA) under Rechkabo Kakukhoningen (Boris Yaravoy).
465:
72:
3097:
2830:
2223:
1240:
777:
3247:
2786:
2470:
1163:
1051:
3070:
472:
79:
776:
after an armed conflict with the Soviet authorities. At that time, Paramushir was under Japanese rule. During the
439:
46:
2972:
2825:
744:
577:
1462:
1410:
479:
292:
86:
3232:
3135:
2800:
1780:
1292:
711:
667:
602:
569:
1350:
3237:
2855:
1525:
804:
In 1877, the Badaev (Бадаев) family split from the rest of Northern Kuril Ainu and decided to settle in the
364:
461:
68:
2616:
2452:
624:
216:
1752:
2908:
2621:
2592:
2529:
679:
629:
153:
3055:
1857:
823:
236:
2923:
2913:
2900:
2718:
2611:
2597:
1766:
209:
144:
1351:"Льыоравэтльан - Представители малочисленного народа айну на Камчатке хотят узаконить свой статус"
930:
3206:
3130:
3075:
2967:
2894:
2810:
2294:
1047:
552:
407:
977:
2841:
2835:
2815:
2771:
2582:
2301:
1472:
1143:
1006:
1000:
827:
811:
805:
573:
232:
869:
speaker of Kurile Ainu and translated several documents from the language to Russian for the
3060:
2918:
2862:
2646:
2519:
2347:
2151:
2113:
1920:
1440:
1190:
899:
486:
355:
314:
201:
93:
2666:
1026:
3201:
3150:
3125:
3045:
3001:
2949:
2875:
2483:
2430:
2402:
2395:
2374:
2260:
2098:
2083:
1864:
1270:
781:
648:
644:
339:
335:
261:
185:
181:
2126:
265:
730:
666:
In March 2017, Alexei Nakamura revealed that plans for an Ainu village to be created in
3115:
2805:
2765:
2731:
2700:
2693:
2631:
2557:
2534:
2388:
2353:
2103:
1983:
1941:
1871:
1659:
1633:
1628:
846:
831:
793:
789:
768:, which was inhabited by the Kamchatka Ainu and North Kuril Ainu. In 1929, the Ainu of
683:
617:
343:
240:
205:
189:
3242:
3221:
3140:
3091:
2977:
2933:
2889:
2778:
2713:
2708:
2686:
2661:
2641:
2524:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2381:
2287:
2280:
2266:
2088:
2069:
2064:
2051:
1934:
1809:
1700:
1669:
1397:"Русская линия / Библиотека периодической печати: Северные острова принадлежат айнам"
858:
839:
707:
703:
319:
277:
1218:
931:"2. СОСТАВ ГРУППЫ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ "УКАЗАВШИЕ ДРУГИЕ ОТВЕТЫ О НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТИ""
3191:
2928:
2514:
2437:
2367:
2337:
2208:
2193:
2188:
2178:
2059:
2003:
1907:
1894:
1829:
1741:
1736:
1722:
1571:
1127:
862:
835:
412:
1466:
1332:
3181:
3171:
3110:
3027:
2849:
2745:
2603:
2444:
2360:
2273:
2213:
2198:
2093:
1836:
1746:
1638:
1543:
819:
815:
769:
765:
428:
347:
284:
253:
35:
1244:
3050:
2983:
2957:
2943:
2738:
2636:
2577:
2247:
2203:
2023:
2013:
1728:
1674:
1056:
773:
695:
633:
581:
530:
415:
and speak Russian as mother tongue, often not knowing of their Ainu ancestry.
257:
1471:. Trends in Linguistics Series. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. p. 600.
1167:
17:
3186:
3016:
2991:
2870:
2724:
2587:
2552:
2236:
2121:
2075:
1927:
1823:
1815:
1689:
1684:
1584:
1556:
886:
874:
764:
in 1789. The Ainu of Kunashir are South Kurils Ainu. They settled down near
545:
541:
526:
1494:
580:. As a result of intermarriage, the ethnic groups assimilated to form the
3196:
3011:
2820:
2626:
2506:
2499:
2324:
2231:
2183:
2165:
2136:
2038:
2008:
1850:
1844:
1788:
1644:
1614:
1604:
1577:
1563:
1549:
1110:"В России снова появились айны - самый загадочный народ Дальнего востока"
761:
691:
687:
653:
534:
302:
288:
1318:
638:
Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
3166:
3145:
3065:
3006:
2962:
2488:
2463:
2457:
2332:
2314:
2309:
2141:
2033:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1902:
1794:
1707:
1679:
1609:
1599:
1591:
1061:
588:
As a result, many Ainu changed their surnames to Slavic sounding ones.
453: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
298:
1333:"Представители малочисленного народа айну хотят узаконить свой статус"
309:
3120:
3021:
2996:
2656:
2651:
2493:
2478:
2159:
2028:
2018:
1978:
1949:
1912:
1888:
1880:
1801:
1717:
1694:
1651:
1414:
900:"Who are the Ainu and why do authorities still deny their existence?"
699:
1296:
743:
Out of a total of 826 people living in the village of Zaporozhye in
1396:
2938:
2792:
2752:
2680:
2672:
2342:
2255:
2241:
2173:
2131:
2044:
1620:
729:
308:
297:
283:
272:
1109:
814:
was originally designated as a refuge for the Aleut people (from
616:
The Ainu emphasize that they are the original inhabitants of the
3176:
870:
1498:
1241:"Петропавловск-Камчатский » Айны – древние и таинственные"
974:"The Ainu: One of Russia's indigenous peoples: Voice of Russia"
1365:"Russia's Ainu Community Makes its Existence Known – Analysis"
422:
29:
877:, the last speaker of Sakhalin Ainu, died in Japan in 1994.)
682:, a total of 109 Ainu live in Russia. Of this, 94 lived in
608:
In 1979, the USSR removed the term "Ainu" from the list of
834:(Kodiak Island Eskimo), Creoles (mixed origin people]]),
620:
and that both the Japanese and Russians were invaders.
734:
Alexei Petrov, an Ainu rights activist from Sakhalin.
411:
significant Ainu ancestry but identify as Russian or
369:
1411:"У последней черты – Айны о себе | Тайны веков"
219:
212:
3159:
3084:
2570:
2543:
2323:
2222:
2150:
2112:
1969:
1958:
1532:
280:
Ainu people within their traditional dwelling, 1903
247:
226:
195:
175:
163:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
999:Peter Bellwood; Immanuel Ness (10 November 2014).
968:
966:
670:, and plans for an Ainu dictionary are underway.
1379:"Russian Ainu leader calls for greater respect"
873:, he did not pass on the language to his son. (
1510:
861:, nor practice any aspect of the traditional
8:
1319:"Айны – борцы с самураями | Сегодня.ру"
1164:"Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года"
171:1,000 to +100,000 (not federally recognized)
137:
1074:
1072:
957:"Ryukyuan, Ainu People Genetically Similar"
1966:
1517:
1503:
1495:
1468:The Collected Works of Bronisław Piłsudski
898:Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (27 June 2019).
544:Ainu first came into contact with Russian
152:
143:
136:
1057:"Камчадальские айны добиваются признания"
513:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1002:The Global Prehistory of Human Migration
922:
27:Indigenous people of far eastern Russia
1203:from the original on 18 December 2013.
1148:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1141:
1005:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 227.
937:from the original on 15 September 2023
402:), can be subdivided into six groups.
1189:McCarthy, Terry (22 September 1992).
7:
451:adding citations to reliable sources
176:Regions with significant populations
58:adding citations to reliable sources
525:Ainu trading expeditions with the
169:300 (official Russian Census 2021)
25:
427:
34:
438:needs additional citations for
45:needs additional citations for
1665:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan
1:
1465:; Alfred F. Majewicz (2004).
1293:"Алексей Накамура - Интервью"
778:Invasion of the Kuril Islands
640:. This was also turned down.
1437:"SVEVLAD - Ruski narod Ajni"
332:Indigenous people of Siberia
800:Ainu of Komandorski Islands
370:
3264:
291:Ainu men, photographed by
745:Ust-Bolsheretsky District
560:Resettlement in Kamchatka
359:
252:
231:
200:
180:
168:
158:Karafuto Ainu house, 1912
151:
142:
3228:Ethnic groups in Siberia
739:Ainu of Ust-Bolsheretsky
668:Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
570:Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
566:Treaty of St. Petersburg
1526:Ethnic groups in Russia
625:Southern Kurile islands
772:fled to the island of
735:
643:Ethnic Ainu living in
578:Ust-Bolsheretsky Raion
390:/ камчадальские айны,
323:
306:
295:
281:
1084:www.kamchatka-etno.ru
755:Ainu of Clan Nakamura
733:
680:Russian Census (2010)
630:2010 Census of Russia
312:
301:
287:
276:
248:Related ethnic groups
3085:Unrecognized peoples
2571:Other ethnic peoples
1858:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks
1463:Piłsudski, Bronisław
447:improve this article
386:(камчатские курилы,
54:improve this article
3248:Russian Ainu people
3160:Assimilated peoples
1753:Meadow-Eastern Mari
1417:on 11 February 2011
1247:on 29 December 2016
1130:on 17 February 2007
853:Federal recognition
564:As a result of the
392:kamchadalskiye ayny
388:kamchatskiye kurily
322:Ainu bird skin coat
293:Bronisław Piłsudski
139:
3207:Siberian Bukharans
2343:Aukhovite Chechens
2295:Siberian Bukharans
1621:Aukhovite Chechens
1443:on 27 January 2013
1221:on 3 November 2013
1215:"Камчатское Время"
959:. 5 December 2012.
736:
553:Russo-Japanese War
408:Russian Federation
384:Kamchatka's Kurile
324:
307:
296:
282:
3215:
3214:
2844:
2842:Astrakhan Kazakhs
2566:
2565:
2302:Zabolotnie Tatars
1781:Northwestern Mari
1337:Российская газета
1027:"ANSIPRA-Japan-3"
1012:978-1-118-97059-1
812:Commander Islands
806:Commander Islands
678:According to the
574:Commander Islands
523:
522:
515:
497:
368:
271:
270:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3255:
3131:Crimean Italians
3100:
3030:
2986:
2952:
2919:Meskhetian Turks
2903:
2884:
2865:
2863:Sakhalin Koreans
2858:
2840:
2795:
2781:
2774:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2675:
2647:Crimean Karaites
2606:
2509:
2502:
2473:
2466:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2250:
2168:
2078:
2054:
2047:
1967:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1921:Astrakhan Tatars
1916:
1897:
1883:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1839:
1832:
1818:
1804:
1797:
1783:
1776:
1775:
1762:
1761:
1731:
1710:
1703:
1654:
1647:
1623:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1439:. Archived from
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1413:. Archived from
1407:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1367:. 10 April 2011.
1361:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1295:. Archived from
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1273:on 25 March 2016
1269:. Archived from
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1243:. Archived from
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1217:. Archived from
1211:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1166:. Archived from
1160:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1126:. Archived from
1120:
1114:
1113:
1112:. 22 March 2011.
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1086:. Archived from
1076:
1067:
1066:
1065:. 21 March 2011.
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1023:
1017:
1016:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
976:. Archived from
970:
961:
960:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
927:
914:
912:
910:
718:Ainu of Sakhalin
518:
511:
507:
504:
498:
496:
462:"Ainu in Russia"
455:
431:
423:
373:
363:
361:
233:Russian Orthodox
221:
214:
164:Total population
156:
147:
140:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
69:"Ainu in Russia"
62:
38:
30:
21:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3233:Sakhalin Oblast
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3155:
3126:Caucasus Greeks
3098:Afro-Abkhazians
3096:
3080:
3026:
2982:
2950:Kola Norwegians
2948:
2899:
2880:
2861:
2854:
2791:
2777:
2770:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2671:
2602:
2562:
2539:
2505:
2498:
2469:
2462:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2319:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2261:Siberian Tatars
2246:
2218:
2164:
2146:
2108:
2074:
2050:
2043:
1961:
1954:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1910:
1893:
1879:
1870:
1865:Baikal Cossacks
1863:
1856:
1849:
1835:
1828:
1814:
1800:
1793:
1779:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1751:
1727:
1706:
1699:
1650:
1643:
1619:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1339:. 3 April 2008.
1331:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1197:The Independent
1188:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1170:on 19 July 2011
1162:
1161:
1157:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1124:"Archived copy"
1122:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1090:on 23 June 2012
1078:
1077:
1070:
1055:
1052:Wayback Machine
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1013:
998:
997:
993:
983:
981:
980:on 5 March 2012
972:
971:
964:
955:
954:
950:
940:
938:
929:
928:
924:
920:
908:
906:
897:
895:
893:Further reading
883:
855:
802:
757:
741:
720:
676:
649:Khabarovsk Krai
645:Sakhalin Oblast
598:
562:
519:
508:
502:
499:
456:
454:
444:
432:
421:
374:), also called
340:Khabarovsk Krai
336:Sakhalin Oblast
186:Khabarovsk Krai
182:Sakhalin Oblast
170:
159:
135:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3261:
3259:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:Ainu geography
3235:
3230:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:Astrakhan Jews
3113:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:Siberian Finns
2697:
2694:Murmansk Finns
2690:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2558:Tver Karelians
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:Kuban Cossacks
1868:
1861:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1763:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:Crimean Tatars
1657:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1477:
1454:
1428:
1402:
1388:
1370:
1356:
1342:
1324:
1310:
1299:on 16 May 2013
1284:
1258:
1232:
1206:
1181:
1155:
1115:
1101:
1068:
1039:
1018:
1011:
991:
962:
948:
921:
919:
916:
894:
891:
890:
889:
882:
879:
854:
851:
847:Aleut language
801:
798:
756:
753:
740:
737:
719:
716:
684:Kamchatka Krai
675:
672:
618:Kurile islands
597:
596:Recent History
594:
561:
558:
521:
520:
435:
433:
426:
420:
417:
346:. The Russian
344:Kamchatka Krai
328:Ainu in Russia
269:
268:
250:
249:
245:
244:
241:Ainu mythology
229:
228:
224:
223:
206:Ainu languages
198:
197:
193:
192:
190:Kamchatka Krai
178:
177:
173:
172:
166:
165:
161:
160:
157:
149:
148:
133:
128:
127:
110:September 2024
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3260:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:Pontic Greeks
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Mountain Jews
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:North Koreans
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2779:Volga Germans
2776:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:Georgian Jews
2759:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:Ingrian Finns
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Bukharan Jews
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:Kalmak Tatars
2285:
2282:
2281:Eushta Tatars
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:Baraba Tatars
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:Mishar Tatars
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1767:Mountain Mari
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1536:nationalities
1531:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1480:
1478:9783110176148
1474:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1182:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1058:
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458:Find sources:
452:
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441:
436:This section
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254:Hokkaido Ainu
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
18:Sakhalin Ainu
3105:
2929:Montenegrins
2617:Azerbaijanis
2453:Azerbaijanis
1908:Volga Tatars
1895:Tozhu Tuvans
1737:Komi-Permyak
1482:. Retrieved
1467:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:the original
1405:
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1301:. Retrieved
1297:the original
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1271:the original
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1245:the original
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1219:the original
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1172:. Retrieved
1168:the original
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1132:. Retrieved
1128:the original
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1092:. Retrieved
1088:the original
1083:
1060:
1048:Ghostarchive
1046:Archived at
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1021:
1001:
994:
982:. Retrieved
978:the original
951:
941:15 September
939:. Retrieved
925:
907:. Retrieved
904:www.rbth.com
903:
896:
867:
863:Ainu culture
856:
844:
836:Komi-Zyrians
810:
803:
787:
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749:
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725:
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677:
674:Demographics
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457:
445:Please help
440:verification
437:
404:
399:
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375:
351:
327:
325:
313:
134:Ethnic group
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3111:Armeno-Tats
3028:Ural Swedes
2914:Macedonians
2909:Lithuanians
2746:Mingrelians
2622:Belarusians
2604:Cherkesogai
2274:Chat Tatars
1770: [
1756: [
1447:24 February
1421:22 February
1383:Nikkei Asia
1303:22 February
1277:22 February
1251:22 February
1225:22 February
984:22 February
770:Kurile Lake
766:Kurile Lake
710:, and 1 in
584:community.
546:fur traders
503:August 2022
348:Ainu people
334:located in
204:, formerly
3222:Categories
3071:Vietnamese
3056:Ukrainians
2984:Ruska Roma
2958:Pakistanis
2944:Norwegians
2901:Latgalians
2811:Hungarians
2772:Mennonites
2637:Bulgarians
2520:Tabasarans
2014:Kamchadals
1960:Indigenous
1729:Izhma Komi
1675:Kabardians
1094:13 January
918:References
774:Paramushir
708:Sverdlovsk
696:Khabarovsk
533:area from
531:Amur River
473:newspapers
305:Ainu chief
258:Kamchadals
80:newspapers
3202:Pumpokols
3017:Spaniards
2992:Romanians
2924:Moldovans
2871:Krymchaks
2806:Hamshenis
2725:Adjarians
2719:Georgians
2667:Estonians
2612:Assyrians
2598:Armenians
2588:Americans
2553:Besermyan
2471:Kubachins
2396:Chamalals
2375:Bagvalals
2237:Kumandins
2166:Hamnigans
2122:Izhorians
2114:Northwest
2084:Nganasans
2076:Khandeyar
1971:Far North
1942:Nağaybäks
1928:Kryashens
1824:Ossetians
1816:Khandeyar
1690:Karelians
1685:Karachays
1585:Telengits
1557:Natukhajs
887:Ainu flag
875:Take Asai
832:Kadyaktsy
828:Andreanof
634:Kamchadal
582:Kamchadal
542:Kamchatka
527:Kamchatka
378:(курилы,
365:romanized
262:Ryukyuans
237:Shamanism
196:Languages
3197:Meschera
3151:Sireniki
3092:Africans
3041:Turkmens
3012:Slovenes
2968:Persians
2895:Latvians
2826:Japanese
2821:Italians
2627:Bosniaks
2535:Tsakhurs
2507:Karagash
2500:Ak Nogai
2431:Khwarshi
2403:Godoberi
2389:Botlikhs
2354:Akhvakhs
2325:Dagestan
2315:Tofalars
2232:Kamasins
2184:Negidals
2152:Far East
2137:Vepsians
2099:Yukaghir
2039:Alyutors
2009:Itelmens
1984:Chukchis
1851:Cossacks
1845:Russians
1789:Mordvins
1645:Besleney
1639:Cherkess
1615:Chechens
1605:Bashkirs
1592:Tubalars
1578:Chelkans
1572:Altaians
1564:Shapsugs
1550:Bzhedugs
1201:Archived
1144:cite web
1050:and the
1032:30 April
935:Archived
881:See also
782:Korsakov
762:Kunashir
692:Sakhalin
688:Primorye
535:Hokkaido
303:Sakhalin
289:Sakhalin
227:Religion
217:Sakhalin
3167:Agrzhan
3146:Qaratay
3136:Korlaks
3076:Yazidis
3066:Uyghurs
3007:Slovaks
2963:Pamiris
2882:Kurmanj
2850:Koreans
2836:Kazakhs
2816:Indians
2766:Germans
2732:Ingiloy
2662:Dungans
2632:Britons
2583:Afghans
2489:Lezgins
2464:Kaitags
2458:Dargins
2424:Karatas
2417:Hunzibs
2410:Hinukhs
2382:Bezhtas
2333:Abazins
2310:Teleuts
2224:Siberia
2142:Votians
2089:Selkups
2034:Koryaks
1999:Dolgans
1994:Chuvans
1989:Chulyms
1962:peoples
1903:Udmurts
1795:Mokshas
1708:Abugach
1701:Koibals
1680:Kalmyks
1634:Chuvash
1629:Chukchi
1610:Buryats
1600:Balkars
1534:Titular
1174:12 July
1134:20 July
1062:YouTube
909:19 July
790:Magadan
706:, 1 in
702:, 1 in
698:, 4 in
694:, 1 in
690:, 3 in
686:, 4 in
654:Itelmen
487:scholar
419:History
398:(эйны,
367::
356:Russian
330:are an
202:Russian
94:scholar
3187:Muroma
3121:Buzava
3061:Uzbeks
3036:Tajiks
3022:Swedes
2997:Rusyns
2890:Kyrgyz
2787:Greeks
2714:Gagauz
2709:French
2657:Czechs
2652:Cubans
2578:Abkhaz
2525:Talysh
2515:Rutuls
2494:Nogais
2479:Kumyks
2438:Tindis
2368:Archis
2338:Aghuls
2256:Soyots
2194:Orochs
2189:Nivkhs
2160:Evenks
2104:Yupiks
2070:Nenets
2065:Naukan
2052:Karaga
2029:Khanty
2019:Kereks
1979:Aleuts
1950:Yakuts
1913:Tatars
1889:Tuvans
1881:Pomors
1830:Digors
1810:Nenets
1802:Erzyas
1718:Khanty
1695:Khakas
1670:Ingush
1652:Ademey
1544:Adyghe
1484:22 May
1475:
1080:"Айны"
1009:
794:Tomari
712:Rostov
700:Moscow
610:living
489:
482:
475:
468:
460:
380:kurily
376:Kurile
315:Rapuri
266:Jōmons
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3192:Merya
3182:Kotts
3172:Asans
3106:Ainus
3046:Turks
3002:Serbs
2973:Poles
2939:Mugat
2876:Kurds
2793:Urums
2753:Svans
2681:Finns
2673:Setos
2593:Arabs
2545:Other
2361:Andis
2348:Avars
2242:Shors
2214:Ulchs
2209:Udege
2199:Oroks
2179:Nanai
2174:Evens
2132:Setos
2094:Yughs
2060:Mansi
2045:Apuka
2004:Enets
1837:Irons
1774:]
1760:]
1742:Mansi
494:JSTOR
480:books
413:Nivkh
394:) or
320:Kuril
278:Kuril
239:(see
210:Kuril
101:JSTOR
87:books
3243:Ainu
3177:Chud
3051:Udis
2978:Roma
2831:Jews
2530:Tats
2484:Laks
2445:Tsez
2127:Sámi
2024:Kets
1911:(as
1747:Mari
1723:Komi
1486:2012
1473:ISBN
1449:2012
1423:2012
1305:2012
1279:2012
1253:2012
1227:2012
1176:2009
1150:link
1136:2006
1096:2022
1034:2023
1007:ISBN
986:2012
943:2023
911:2019
871:NKVD
840:Roma
838:and
820:Attu
816:Atka
647:and
540:The
466:news
400:eyny
396:Eine
371:Ayny
360:айны
352:Aine
342:and
326:The
235:and
188:and
138:Ainu
73:news
2801:Han
2739:Laz
2248:Aba
2204:Taz
824:Fox
449:by
382:),
56:by
3224::
1772:ru
1758:ru
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