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462:. In his study "Medieval English Martinmesse: The Archaeology of a Forgotten Festival", Martin Walsh describes Martinmas as a festival marking the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter. He suggests it had pre-Christian roots. Martinmas ushered in the "winter revelling season" and involved feasting on the meat of livestock that had been slaughtered for winter provision (especially 'Martlemas beef'), drinking, storytelling, and
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904:(Martin's) is traditionally celebrated by Latvians on 10 November, marking the end of the preparations for winter, such as salting meat and fish, storing the harvest and making preserves. It is a day when the lines between the spirit world and the world of the living begin to blur. Mārtiņi also marks the beginning of masquerading and sledding, among other winter activities.
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1339:(St. Martin's Summer). It is frequently tied to the legend since Portuguese versions of St. Martin's legend usually replace the snowstorm with rain (because snow is not frequent in most parts of Portugal, while rain is common at that time of the year) and have Jesus bringing the end of it, thus making the "summer" a gift from God.
520:
415:. This has been replaced by paper lanterns, usually crafted by themselves. They sing songs such as "Sinte(re) Sinte(re) Maarten", to receive sweets or fruit in return. In the past, poor people would visit farms on 11 November to get food for the winter. In the 1600s, the city of Amsterdam held boat races on
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by bleeding it. The blood was collected and sprinkled on the four corners of the house. Also in
Ireland, no wheel of any kind was to turn on St. Martin's Day, because Martin was said by some people to have been thrown into a mill stream and killed by the wheel and so it was not right to turn any kind
655:. The evening includes German treats and traditions that highlight the season of giving. In Dayton, Ohio the Dayton Liederkranz-Turner organization hosts a St Martin's Family Celebration on the weekend before with an evening lantern parade to the singing of St Martin's carols, followed by a bonfire.
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Goose is eaten at
Martinmas in most places. There is a legend that St Martin, when trying to avoid being ordained bishop, hid in a pen of geese whose cackling gave him away. Once a key medieval autumn feast, a custom of eating goose on the day spread to Sweden from France. It was primarily observed
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or St. Martin's
Croissants. Legend has it that this centuries-old tradition commemorates a Poznań baker's dream which had the saint entering the city on a white horse that lost its golden horseshoe. The next morning, the baker whipped up horseshoe-shaped croissants filled with almonds, white poppy
825:
The biggest event in
Slovenia is the St. Martin's Day celebration in Maribor which marks the symbolic winding up of all the wine growers' endeavours. There is the ceremonial "christening" of the new wine, and the arrival of the Wine Queen. The square Trg Leona Štuklja is filled with musicians and
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as the first wine of the season. Wine shops and restaurants around Prague pour the first of the St. Martin's wines at 11:11 a.m. Many restaurants offer special menus for the day, featuring the traditional roast goose. Many people bake special St. Martin rolls in a shape of a horseshoe filled
2090:
Opinion: Blood sacrifices involving pigs, sheep or geese were practiced in
Ireland well into living memory on Martinmas. ... the custom extended from North Connacht, down to Kerry, and across the midlands and was rarer in Ulster or on the east coast. ... some say the saint met his death by being
588:
In the
Rhineland, the children also go from house to house with their lanterns, sing songs and get candy in return. The origin of the procession of lanterns is unclear. To some, it is a substitute for the Martinmas bonfire, which is still lit in a few cities and villages throughout Europe. It
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581:, carrying lanterns, which they made in school, and sing St. Martin's songs. Usually, the walk starts at a church and goes to a public square. A man on horseback representing St. Martin accompanies the children. When they reach the square, Martin's bonfire is lit and Martin's
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is the time when it often starts to snow. St. Martin's Day is the traditional feast day in the run-up to Advent. Restaurants often serve roast goose as well as young wine from the recent harvest known as
Svatomartinské víno, which is similar to
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formerly symbolized the light that holiness brings to the darkness, just as St Martin brought hope to the poor through his good deeds. Even though the bonfire tradition is gradually being lost, the procession of lanterns is still practiced.
1374:) as common in at least late English folklore. The day is celebrated in a special way in a village near Messina and at a monastery dedicated to Saint Martin overlooking Palermo beyond Monreale. Other places in Sicily mark the day by eating
147:
In his study "Medieval
English Martinmesse: The Archaeology of a Forgotten Festival", Martin Walsh suggests that 'Martinmas' had roots in a pre-Christian festival marking the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter. In the
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mountainous region, families with young children make lanterns out of painted paper that they carry in a colourful procession up the mountain at night. Some schools organize these events, in particular schools of the Rudolf
Steiner
99:. In these regions, it marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter and the "winter revelling season". Traditions include feasting on 'Martinmas goose' or 'Martinmas beef', drinking the first wine of the season, and
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Varro places the equinoxes and solstices at the midpoints of the seasons ... His dating for the beginnings of the four seasons are as follows: February 7 for spring, May 9 for summer, August 11 for autumn, and
November 10 for
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to prepare, at midnight, a table with chestnuts for the deceased family members to eat. The people also mask their faces with the dark wood ashes from the bonfire. A typical Portuguese saying related to Saint Martin's Day:
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associated with it. Marie Trevelyan recorded that if the hooting of an owl was heard on St Martin's Day it was seen as a bad omen for that district. If a meteor was seen, then there would be trouble for the whole nation.
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In Austria, St Martin's Day is celebrated similar to Germany. The nights before and on the night of 11 November, children walk in processions carrying lanterns, which they made in school, and sing Martin songs.
525:
687:) was an important medieval autumn feast in Sweden. In early November, geese are ready for slaughter, and on St Martin's Eve it is tradition to have a roast goose dinner. The custom is particularly popular in
308:, children hung up stockings filled with hay on Martinmas Eve, and awoke the next morning to find gifts in them. These were said to have been left by St Martin as thanks for the fodder provided for his horse.
446:, children go from door to door, singing traditional "Séngmarténg" songs, sporting a hollow beetroot with a carved face and a candle inside called "Bolle Séngmarténg"; they gather at an evening bonfire.
327:
Martin' or 'skin Martin') appeared at Martinmas until the 19th century. With a black face and wearing a cow bell, he ran about frightening children, and he dealt out blows as well as nuts and apples.
1306:, though no longer available for sale in supermarkets and similar outlets (it is officially banned for sale in Portugal), is still generally available in small local shops from domestic production.
265:(spark day). In the nineteenth century it was recorded that young people danced around the fire and leapt through the flames, and that the ashes were strewn on the fields to make them fertile.
1254:) is commonly associated with the celebration of the maturation of the year's wine, being traditionally the first day when the new wine can be tasted. It is celebrated, traditionally around a
596:("St. Martin's goose") is typically served on St. Martin's Eve following the procession of lanterns. "Martinsgans" is usually served in restaurants, roasted, with red cabbage and dumplings.
389:
2013:
140:. He is best known for the tale whereby he cut his cloak in half with his sword, to give half to a beggar who was dressed in only rags in the depth of winter. That night Martin had a
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347:(Saint Martin's Lent, or literally "the fortieth of"). This is rarely observed now. This period was shortened to begin on the Sunday before December and became the current
339:(elsewhere, the Feast of the Three Wise Men for the stopping of the star over Bethlehem) on January 6 (56 days). An addition to and an equivalent to the 40 days fasting of
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seeds and nuts, and gave them to the poor. In recent years, competition amongst local patisseries has become fierce. The product is registered under the European Union
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Traditionally, in many parts of Europe, St Martin's Day marked the end of the harvest and the beginning of winter. The feast coincides with the end of the
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419:, where 400 to 500 light craft, both rowing boats and sailboats, took part with a vast crowd on the banks. St Martin is the patron saint of the city of
304:, processions are led by a man on horseback representing St Martin, who may give out apples, nuts, cakes or other sweets for children. Historically, in
736:. The must is usually considered impure and sinful, until it is baptised and turned into wine. The baptism is performed by someone who dresses up as a
223:
regions of Europe, the first wine was ready around the time of Martinmas. Although there was no mention of a link between St Martin and winegrowing by
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is celebrated as a collective festival. It marks the end of the wine-growers’ year. Events include art exhibitions, wine tastings, and live music.
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1920:
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1366:(Saint Martin's Summer) is the traditional reference to a period of unseasonably warm weather in early to mid November, possibly shared with the
675:) St Martin's Eve was a well-known custom in Denmark. The oldest known Danish source is from 1616. Today, the goose is often replaced by duck.
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says that putting to sea is to be avoided as St. Martin rides a white horse across Wexford Bay bringing death by drowning to any who see him.
560:, on St. Martin's Eve. In recent years, the processions that accompany those fires have been spread over almost a fortnight before Martinmas (
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by the craftsmen and noblemen of the towns. In the peasant community, not everyone could afford this, so many ate duck or hen instead.
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In Sicily, November is the winemaking season. On the day Sicilians eat anise, hard biscuits dipped into Moscato, Malvasia or Passito.
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and candles, and sing songs about St Martin. Sometimes, a man dressed as St Martin rides on a horse in front of the procession. In
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In the 6th century, church councils began requiring fasting on all days, except Saturdays and Sundays, from Saint Martin's Day to
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on the Sunday nearest to 11 November. Children are given a bag full of fruits and sweets associated with the feast, known by the
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and only a limited number of bakers hold an official certificate. Poznanians celebrate the festival with concerts, parades and a
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This period is also quite popular because of the usual good weather period that occurs in Portugal in this time of year, called
884:, stalking the land for criminals and villains. The supernatural character of the day in Welsh culture is evident in the number
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1346:. It is the traditional day for slaughtering fattened pigs for the winter. This tradition has given way to the popular saying "
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481:. According to folklore, if the weather is warm on St Martin’s Day, then a harsh winter will follow. Today, 11 November is
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is an old harvest festival that is celebrated in many European countries and precedes the fasting period of Advent. In the
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Martinmas was traditionally when livestock were slaughtered for winter provision. It may originally have been a time of
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466:. It was a time for saying farewell to travelling ploughmen, who shared in the feast along with the harvest-workers.
1354:("Every pig gets its St Martin"). The phrase is used to indicate that wrongdoers eventually get their comeuppance.
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in southern Sweden, where goose farming has long been practised, but it has gradually spread northwards. A proper
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and blesses the wine; this is usually done by the host. Another person is chosen as the godfather of the wine.
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430:, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, St Martin's Eve is celebrated on the evening of 10 November, mainly in
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region of Germany. In the fifteenth century, these bonfires were so numerous that the festival was nicknamed
48:), shows peasants celebrating by drinking the first wine of the season, and a horseman representing the saint
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with nuts or poppy seeds (Svatomartinské rohlíčky). Children walk in processions carrying lanterns.
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vines after watching a goat has been appropriated to St Martin. He is credited with introducing the
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756:(transl. "Martin is coming on a white horse") – signifies that the first half of November in the
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651:(a mulled red wine). St Paul, Minnesota celebrates with a traditional lantern procession around
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Walsh, Martin (2000). "Medieval English Martinmesse: The Archaeology of a Forgotten Festival".
411:, on the evening of 11 November, children went door to door with lanterns made of hollowed-out
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In some German and Dutch-speaking towns, there are nighttime processions of children carrying
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as the vestige of an ancient sacrifice to honor the dead and stated that it was tradition in
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In the United States, St. Martin's Day celebrations are uncommon, but are typically held by
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or other early hagiographers, St Martin is widely credited in France with helping to spread
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103:. In some German and Dutch-speaking towns, there are processions of children with lanterns (
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on them in vats with bare feet, and letting it ferment for several days), or the stronger
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Leite de Vasconcelos, Opúsculos Etnologia — volumes VII, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, 1938
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1934:"Family weekend fun: Como Conservatory Centennial, Mini Maker Faire, St. Martin's Day",
611:, the parting of his mantle. In some areas, these pastries are instead shaped like men (
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show on Saint Martin's Street. Goose meat dishes are also eaten during the holiday.
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671:), November 10th, was an early autumn feast in Denmark. Eating St Martin's goose (
607:, which recalls both the hooves of St. Martin's horse and, by being the half of a
109:), sometimes led by a horseman representing St Martin. The saint was also said to
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According to Walsh, Martinmas eventually died out in England as a result of the
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grape, from which most of the white wine of western Touraine and Anjou is made.
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communities. Many German restaurants feature a traditional menu with goose and
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Saule, Talis. "Unraveling the mysteries of St. Martin's Day", The Baltic Times
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The nights before and on the eve itself, children walk in processions called
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880:). St Martin's Day was one of the few nights the hounds would engage in a
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and singing songs of St Martin. These processions are known in German as
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The Sons of Molly Maguire: The Irish Roots of America's First Labor War
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River valley would be lined with fires on the eve of Martinmas. In the
553:
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463:
420:
316:
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158:
152:, 10 November was reckoned as the beginning of winter, while among the
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572:, St. Martin's Day is traditionally celebrated with a feast of goose.
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A tradition on St Martin's Eve or Day is to share a goose for dinner.
95:, it was an important festival in many parts of Europe, particularly
36:
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Word Perfect: Etymological Entertainment For Every Day of the Year
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2075:"Why blood sacrifice rites were common in Ireland on 11 November"
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Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History
1094:). In old days, nuts were used by the children in their games.
2078:
1139:
911:
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876:, the spectral hounds who escort souls to the otherworld (
235:) and facilitating vine-planting. The old Greek tale that
1825:"Saint-Martin’s day", Hauts de Flandre Office de Tourisme
2105:
Miraculous Plenty; Irish Religious Folktales and Legends
1799:"St. Martin’s Day (Sint-Maarten)", City Hotel, Amsterdam
1274:), and drinking a local light alcoholic beverage called
699:(a heavily spiced soup made from geese blood) and apple
378:(roasted goose) is the traditional dish of the season.
1266:
roasted under the embers of the bonfire (sometimes dry
794:
where its citizens buy and eat considerable amounts of
599:
The traditional sweet of Martinmas in the Rhineland is
1278:(literally "foot water", made by adding water to the
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477:(5 November), as well as changes in farming and the
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who was baptized as an adult and became a bishop in
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2217:Gangi, Roberta. "The Joys of St Martin's Summer",
1788:"November", Permanent Mission if Austria to the UN
454:Martinmas was widely celebrated on 11 November in
2014:"St. Martin's Day specials at Prague restaurants"
1436:"C. T. Onions, A Shakespeare Glossary, Martlemas"
752:proverb connected with the Feast of St. Martin –
1698:Lilja, Agneta. Sweden.se magazine-format website
2107:. Four Courts Press. pp. 183-191 and 269.
1997:Thomas, Mark. "Saint Martin’s Day in Croatia",
1323:
1103:
826:stalls offering autumn produce and delicacies.
1865:"St. Martin's Day traditions honor missionary"
1527:, 2nd ed. 1991, "The Husbandman's year" p355f.
1286:out of the grapes for wine – traditionally by
156:, it was marked by the 1 November festival of
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2144:The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures
1852:"St. Martin’s Day Traditions", Germanfood.org
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8:
343:, given its weekend breaks, this was called
1953:. Dayton Liederkranz-Turner. Archived from
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1525:English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century
1503:. Cambridge University Press. p. 356.
1395:, which depicts the saint giving charity.
1331:we'll eat chestnuts, we'll taste the wine.)
1174:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1050:, "St. Martin's bag". This bag may include
946:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
552:A widespread custom in Germany is to light
257:Bonfires are lit on St Martin's Eve in the
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2142:Matthews, John; Matthews, Caitlín (2005).
2047:"St. Martin's Day Celebrations in Maribor"
1352:A cada porquiño chégalle o seu San Martiño
778:Procession of Saint Martin in Poznań, 2006
1298:obtained in a very similar fashion, with
1238:Learn how and when to remove this message
1010:Learn how and when to remove this message
1783:
1781:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1478:. Fordham University Press. p. 43.
1342:St Martin's Day is widely celebrated in
1120:A feast is celebrated in the village of
856:of wheel on that day. A local legend in
518:
498:
29:
2173:. Literary Licensing, LLC. p. 13.
1680:Chapter 7: All Hallow Tide to Martinmas
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1427:
1398:There is a closely similar painting by
667:), November 11th, and St Martin's Eve (
618:St. Martin's Day is also celebrated in
438:. Children go through the streets with
319:regions of Germany, a character called
2236:How to make a St. Martin's Day lantern
790:) is celebrated mainly in the city of
3613:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
1951:"St. Martin's Day Family Celebration"
1706:
1704:
1696:"St Martin's Day – or 'Martin Goose'"
1327:comem-se castanhas, prova-se o vinho.
7:
2129:"A Wexford Legend - St Martin's Eve"
1895:German Missions in the United States
1499:Carlyle, Thomas (11 November 2010).
1172:adding citations to reliable sources
944:adding citations to reliable sources
683:St Martin's Day or St Martin's Eve (
2256:Alice's Medieval Feasts & Fasts
2170:Folk Lore And Folk Stories Of Wales
2073:Marion McGarry (11 November 2020).
1863:Lessoing, Petra (7 November 2008).
1348:A cada cerdo le llega su San Martín
851:), it was tradition to sacrifice a
603:, a pastry shaped in the form of a
1923:from the original on Feb 20, 2024.
1875:from the original on Nov 10, 2023.
1389:'s physically largest painting is
1112:(Walnuts, Almonds, Chestnuts, Figs
843:, on the eve of St. Martin's Day (
27:Feast day of Saint Martin of Tours
25:
1676:Christmas in Ritual and Tradition
532:Martin's procession and Martin's
4526:
4525:
4034:
4033:
3489:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
3384:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
2012:Gaze, Fiona (11 November 2011).
1647:. Routledge. pp. 123, 182.
1540:De Vita Beati Martini Liber Unus
1144:
1026:A Maltese "Borża ta' San Martin"
916:
231:throughout the region of Tours (
117:, it is also marked by lighting
2035:"St. Martin's Day Celebrations"
1975:"Martinmas Eve", folkekirken.dk
1891:"The Celebration of St. Martin"
1710:For instance, in Hugh Johnson,
1250:In Portugal, St. Martin's Day (
872:the day is associated with the
811:Protected Designation of Origin
3469:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
3398:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
2781:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
2560:Legend of the Christmas Spider
2146:. HarperElement. p. 119.
1474:Bulik, Mark (1 January 2015).
1392:The Wine of Saint Martin's Day
1:
3420:Christmas television specials
3319:The New Oxford Book of Carols
2406:Annunciation to the shepherds
2103:Súilleabháin, Seán Ó (2012).
1913:"St. Martin's Day Traditions"
1814:, Library of Alexandria, 1909
1740:(Oxford University Press 2013
1738:Journey into the Heart of God
1116:I love Saint Martin so much.)
1109:Kemm inħobbu lil San Martin.
1101:associated with this custom:
754:Martin přijíždí na bílém koni
3474:Christmas and holiday season
1812:Peeps At Many Lands: Belgium
1684:Internet Sacred Text Archive
802:with white poppy seeds, the
396:Celebrating children in the
292:Companions of Saint Nicholas
239:discovered the advantage of
2246:St. Martin's Day in Germany
1501:The Works of Thomas Carlyle
345:Quadragesima Sancti Martini
63:), and historically called
4593:
4208:Lighting candles on graves
2386:Adoration of the Shepherds
2091:crushed between two wheels
1712:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1674:Miles, Clement A. (1912).
782:In Poland, 11 November is
492:
289:
4552:Christmas-linked holidays
4522:
4201:Connecticut field pumpkin
4029:
3630:WWE Tribute to the Troops
3391:A Visit from St. Nicholas
3312:The Oxford Book of Carols
2888:Feast of the Seven Fishes
2451:Massacre of the Innocents
2300:
2167:Trevelyan, Marie (1909).
1810:Thomson, George William.
1622:10.1080/00155870020004620
1545:On the Life of St. Martin
1537:Sulpicius Severus (397).
1088:Saint Martin's bread roll
784:National Independence Day
728:) marks the day when the
97:Germanic-speaking regions
79:and is celebrated in the
3432:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
1836:"Martinmas", Historic UK
1387:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
1329:(It is St. Martin's Day,
1282:left after the juice is
351:within a few centuries.
144:wearing the half-cloak.
111:bestow gifts on children
3594:Small Business Saturday
3464:Black Friday (shopping)
3459:Black Friday (partying)
2953:Nine Lessons and Carols
2883:Events and celebrations
2241:UK History of Martinmas
2219:Best of Sicily Magazine
2051:Slovenian Tourist Board
1986:"Mårten Gås", Sweden.SE
1764:Encyclopædia Britannica
1736:Philip H. Pfatteicher,
1643:Forsythe, Gary (2012).
1364:l'Estate di San Martino
1136:Portuguese and Galician
1105:Ġewż, Lewż, Qastan, Tin
1097:There is a traditional
1070:, seasonal fruit (like
1068:dried or processed figs
1048:Il-Borża ta' San Martin
732:traditionally turns to
507:with children carrying
355:Celebrations by culture
331:Eve of St Martin's Lent
18:Saint Martin's Day
4400:Veneration of the Dead
3238:Post-War United States
1869:Kaiserlautern American
1333:
1325:É dia de São Martinho;
1118:
1027:
788:Dzień Świętego Marcina
779:
549:
516:
401:
206:name for November was
179:
154:Insular Celtic peoples
142:vision of Jesus Christ
49:
4577:Scottish quarter days
4133:Christian observances
3287:Hit singles in the US
3282:Hit singles in the UK
2843:Carols by Candlelight
2771:Santa Claus' daughter
2379:Adoration of the Magi
1936:St. Paul Star Tribune
1760:"Saint Martin's Lent"
1337:Verão de São Martinho
1302:added to the water).
1025:
805:Rogal świętomarciński
777:
531:
502:
493:Further information:
479:Industrial Revolution
395:
253:Bonfires and lanterns
212:('sacrifice month').
194:Feasting and drinking
177:
77:Saint Martin of Tours
33:
4567:November observances
4562:Holidays in Scotland
4389:Parade of Lost Souls
4340:Festival of the Dead
3579:Santa's Candy Castle
2903:Google Santa Tracker
1566:Dent, Susie (2020).
1310:Leite de Vasconcelos
1168:improve this section
1124:on the outskirts of
1092:Ħobża ta' San Martin
940:improve this section
786:. St. Martin's Day (
720:, St. Martin's Day (
564:). At one time, the
546:Rhineland-Palatinate
460:early modern England
330:
4532:Category: Halloween
4317:Treehouse of Horror
4213:Prayer for the dead
3584:Santa Claus Village
3499:Christmas Mountains
3405:Journey of the Magi
2411:Baptism of the Lord
2251:St. Martin of Tours
2001:, November 13, 2016
1999:The Dubrovnik Times
1416:St. Catherine's Day
1252:Dia de São Martinho
1038:) is celebrated in
473:, the emergence of
471:English Reformation
150:ancient Roman world
93:early modern period
4244:Haunted attraction
3694:Twelve-dish supper
3544:Jews and Christmas
3494:Christmas Lectures
3223:American Civil War
2958:NORAD Tracks Santa
2334:Saint Nicholas Day
2196:, November 7, 2007
1938:, November 5, 2015
1523:George C. Homans,
1187:"St. Martin's Day"
1030:St. Martin's Day (
1028:
959:"St. Martin's Day"
780:
763:Beaujolais nouveau
550:
517:
402:
180:
53:Saint Martin's Day
50:
4539:
4538:
4432:
4431:
4409:Death anniversary
4374:Qingming Festival
4149:Trick-or-treating
4049:
4048:
4025:
4024:
3689:Thirteen desserts
3609:Virginia O'Hanlon
3454:Advent Conspiracy
3368:Films (Christmas,
3360:A Christmas Carol
3305:Carols for Choirs
2848:Cavalcade of Magi
2828:Boar's Head Feast
2497:Star of Bethlehem
2468:Nativity of Jesus
2456:flight into Egypt
2341:St. Stephen's Day
2153:978-1-4351-1086-1
2114:978-0-9565628-2-1
1889:Kotulla, Denise.
1579:978-1-5293-1150-1
1372:Kingdom of Sicily
1370:(who founded the
1248:
1247:
1240:
1222:
1020:
1019:
1012:
994:
845:Lá Fhéile Mártain
839:In some parts of
663:St Martin's Day (
633:Waldorf education
585:are distributed.
529:
393:
382:Dutch and Flemish
132:(died 397) was a
69:Old Hallowmas Eve
16:(Redirected from
4584:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4401:
4341:
4335:
4256:Pumpkin festival
4094:
4085:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4053:
4041:
4037:
4036:
3872:Redcurrant sauce
3661:
3655:
3650:
3624:Winter festivals
3374:Christmas horror
3341:
3252:
3083:
2938:Meals and feasts
2858:Christmas jumper
2805:
2776:Santa's reindeer
2728:
2674:Father Christmas
2638:
2595:Santa's workshop
2516:
2478:in later culture
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2294:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2262:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2070:
2059:
2058:
2053:. Archived from
2043:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2024:on Dec 31, 2012.
2020:. Archived from
2009:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1897:. Archived from
1886:
1877:
1876:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1747:978-0-19999714-5
1733:
1727:
1725:Matthew 2:1–2:12
1721:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1682:. Reproduced by
1672:
1653:
1652:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1603:
1584:
1583:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1180:
1148:
1140:
1130:San Anton School
1015:
1008:
1004:
1001:
995:
993:
952:
920:
912:
615:or Weckmänner).
530:
475:Guy Fawkes Night
394:
225:Gregory of Tours
200:animal sacrifice
35:St Martin's Day
21:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4524:
4518:
4449:All Saints' Day
4428:
4399:
4393:
4339:
4330:
4324:
4267:
4227:
4191:Jack-o'-lantern
4137:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4021:
3987:Pickled herring
3960:
3929:
3876:
3867:Cranberry sauce
3850:
3829:
3805:Red velvet cake
3790:Poppy seed roll
3708:
3659:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3619:White Christmas
3509:Christmas truce
3504:Christmas seals
3484:Christmas creep
3446:
3444:
3438:
3339:
3333:
3250:
3244:
3081:
3075:
2928:Lord of Misrule
2863:Christmas Peace
2813:Advent calendar
2803:
2797:
2746:Knecht Ruprecht
2726:
2724:
2718:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2431:Herod the Great
2366:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2057:on Nov 9, 2016.
2045:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1917:Germanfoods.org
1911:
1910:
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1888:
1887:
1880:
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1857:
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1587:
1580:
1572:. John Murray.
1565:
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1429:
1424:
1412:
1402:, which can be
1384:
1360:
1330:
1328:
1326:
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1233:
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1224:
1181:
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1165:
1149:
1138:
1113:
1106:
1016:
1005:
999:
996:
953:
951:
937:
921:
910:
895:
870:Welsh mythology
866:
837:
832:
823:
772:
746:
714:
709:
681:
661:
645:German American
641:
639:German American
620:German Lorraine
601:Martinshörnchen
519:
497:
491:
483:Remembrance Day
452:
386:
384:
367:
362:
357:
333:
294:
288:
274:turnip lanterns
255:
196:
172:
130:Martin of Tours
127:
81:liturgical year
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4590:
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4537:
4536:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4494:Mischief Night
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4474:Eid il-Burbara
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4454:All Souls' Day
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4384:Zhōng yuán jié
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4359:Día de Muertos
4356:
4351:
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4343:
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4225:
4223:Pangangaluluwa
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4188:
4186:Halloween Tree
4183:
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3918:Smoking Bishop
3910:
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3652:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3606:
3601:
3599:Super Saturday
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3529:Giving Tuesday
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3479:Christmas club
3476:
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3326:Piae Cantiones
3322:
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3308:
3298:
3292:Music charts (
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3268:
3267:
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2768:
2763:
2761:Père Fouettard
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2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2727:Saint Nicholas
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
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2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:Grandpa Indian
2676:
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2656:
2655:
2654:
2647:Saint Nicholas
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2587:
2585:Old Man Winter
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2555:Kallikantzaros
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2323:
2320:Children's Day
2316:
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2306:Blue Christmas
2301:
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2290:
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2287:
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2273:
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2230:External links
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2186:
2179:
2159:
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2120:
2113:
2095:
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2004:
1989:
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1967:
1942:
1926:
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1901:on 2012-01-06.
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1616:(2): 231–249.
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1466:
1454:webster's 1913
1441:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1400:Peeter Baltens
1383:
1380:
1359:
1356:
1350:from Galician
1246:
1245:
1152:
1150:
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1137:
1134:
1032:Jum San Martin
1018:
1017:
924:
922:
915:
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894:
891:
865:
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858:County Wexford
836:
833:
831:
828:
822:
819:
771:
768:
758:Czech Republic
745:
742:
713:
710:
708:
705:
695:also includes
680:
677:
660:
657:
640:
637:
509:paper lanterns
490:
487:
451:
448:
440:paper lanterns
383:
380:
366:
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361:
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332:
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287:
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270:paper lanterns
254:
251:
195:
192:
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168:
126:
123:
42:Peeter Baltens
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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4553:
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4515:
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4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Old Halloween
4502:
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4480:
4477:
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4464:Devil's Night
4462:
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4459:Beggars Night
4457:
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4445:
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4414:Death customs
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4311:Great Pumpkin
4309:
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4261:Pumpkin Queen
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4159:Apple bobbing
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4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4111:Allhallowtide
4109:
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4103:
4102:
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4077:
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3990:
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3965:Meat and fish
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3932:
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3903:Hot chocolate
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3604:Ugly sweaters
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3514:Controversies
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3357:
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3349:In literature
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3316:
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2948:Moravian star
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2943:Midnight Mass
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2826:
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2821:
2819:
2818:Advent candle
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2731:
2729:
2725:Companions of
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2637:Gift-bringers
2632:
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2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
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2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
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2509:
2503:
2502:Twelfth Night
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
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2466:
2464:
2463:Nativity Fast
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Christmastide
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Angel Gabriel
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:Biblical Magi
2372:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2327:Christmas Eve
2324:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2310:
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2302:
2299:
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2201:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2180:9781497817180
2176:
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2149:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2130:
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2110:
2106:
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2096:
2092:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1957:on 2021-11-02
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1510:9781108022354
1506:
1502:
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1487:
1485:9780823262243
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1467:
1455:
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1401:
1396:
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1388:
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1365:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:regarded the
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:, eating the
1257:
1253:
1242:
1239:
1231:
1228:November 2022
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189: –
1188:
1184:
1183:Find sources:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1153:This section
1151:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1133:
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1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
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1024:
1014:
1011:
1003:
1000:November 2022
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
968:
964:
961: –
960:
956:
955:Find sources:
949:
945:
941:
935:
934:
930:
925:This section
923:
919:
914:
913:
907:
905:
903:
902:
901:
892:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
863:
861:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
834:
829:
827:
820:
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806:
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769:
767:
764:
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743:
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731:
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723:
719:
711:
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694:
690:
686:
678:
676:
674:
670:
666:
658:
656:
654:
650:
646:
638:
636:
635:) pedagogy.
634:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
590:
586:
584:
580:
579:
578:Laternelaufen
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
543:
539:
535:
514:
510:
506:
503:St. Martin's
501:
496:
495:Martinisingen
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
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461:
457:
449:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:West Flanders
429:
424:
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418:
414:
410:
406:
399:
381:
379:
377:
373:
364:
359:
354:
352:
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346:
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328:
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318:
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309:
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286:Gift-bringers
285:
283:
281:
280:
279:Laternelaufen
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271:
266:
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193:
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188:Allhallowtide
185:
176:
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164:
160:
155:
151:
145:
143:
139:
135:
134:Roman soldier
131:
124:
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120:
116:
112:
108:
107:
106:Laternelaufen
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:Old Halloween
62:
58:
54:
47:
43:
39:
38:
32:
19:
4572:Saints' days
4509:Punkie Night
4503:
4437:Other events
4379:Totensonntag
4369:Pitru Paksha
4349:Bon Festival
4315:
3977:Gefilte fish
3925:Ponche crema
3760:Melomakarono
3628:
3519:Cyber Monday
3424:
3389:
3358:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3300:Music books
3293:
3131:Nazi Germany
3023:
3019:Secret Santa
3006:
2893:Flying Santa
2600:Tió de Nadal
2550:Korvatunturi
2401:Annunciation
2367:Christianity
2348:Sol Invictus
2218:
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2055:the original
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1955:the original
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1907:
1899:the original
1894:
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1768:. Retrieved
1766:. Britannica
1763:
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1154:
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1091:
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1084:pomegranates
1047:
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938:Please help
926:
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800:almond paste
798:filled with
787:
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726:Martinovanje
725:
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693:goose dinner
685:Mårtensafton
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46:16th century
34:
4196:Stingy Jack
4181:Ghost tours
4093:Main topics
3992:Roast goose
3913:Mulled wine
3893:Champurrado
3888:Apple cider
3862:Bread sauce
3815:Szaloncukor
3795:Pumpkin pie
3745:Gingerbread
3699:Smörgåsbord
3340:Other media
3178:Philippines
3168:New Zealand
3051:Twelve Days
3008:Räuchermann
2963:Nutcrackers
2913:Las Posadas
2873:Decorations
2853:Christingle
2793:Zwarte Piet
2788:Snegurochka
2709:Sinterklaas
2659:Santa Claus
2084:13 November
2018:Prague Post
1714:1989, p 97.
1450:"Martlemas"
594:Martinsgans
434:and around
409:Netherlands
372:Martinloben
221:winegrowing
204:Old English
163:Calan Gaeaf
89:Middle Ages
85:11 November
59:(obsolete:
4546:Categories
4479:Hop-tu-Naa
4306:Television
4249:Hell house
4142:Traditions
4123:Activities
3720:Candy cane
3669:Joulupöytä
3569:Pikkujoulu
3233:New Mexico
3082:By country
3056:Wassailing
2997:Poinsettia
2804:Traditions
2756:Mrs. Claus
2736:Belsnickel
2689:Julemanden
2684:Joulupukki
2615:Wenceslaus
2580:North Pole
2545:Jack Frost
2535:Christkind
2490:Neapolitan
2313:Boxing Day
1961:2021-11-02
1770:4 December
1551:2 November
1422:References
1376:fava beans
1318:Barqueiros
1300:aguardente
1198:newspapers
1076:tangerines
970:newspapers
796:croissants
697:svartsoppa
673:mortensgås
665:Mortensdag
613:Stutenkerl
562:Martinstag
505:procession
413:sugar beet
398:Zaanstreek
321:Pelzmärten
290:See also:
229:winemaking
4557:Halloween
4444:Allantide
4364:Gai Jatra
4218:Soul cake
4128:Geography
4084:Halloween
4007:Tourtière
3997:Romeritos
3934:Dumplings
3881:Beverages
3785:Pecan pie
3775:Panettone
3770:Pampushka
3765:Mince pie
3740:Fruitcake
3684:Réveillon
3564:NFL games
3559:NBA games
3554:In August
3524:Economics
3294:Billboard
3148:Indonesia
3091:Australia
3066:Yule goat
3041:Stockings
2975:Ornaments
2704:Père Noël
2699:Olentzero
2694:Noel Baba
2669:Ded Moroz
2625:Yule Lads
2565:Mari Lwyd
2416:Bethlehem
2293:Christmas
1630:162382811
1404:seen here
1294:(a sweet
1264:chestnuts
1155:does not
1064:chestnuts
1056:hazelnuts
927:does not
882:Wild Hunt
874:Cŵn Annwn
815:fireworks
701:charlotte
653:Rice Park
628:Haut-Rhin
605:croissant
570:Rhineland
556:, called
302:Rhineland
263:Funkentag
259:Rhineland
237:Aristaeus
209:Blōtmōnaþ
202:, as the
115:Rhineland
113:. In the
87:. In the
73:feast day
71:, is the
61:Martlemas
57:Martinmas
4514:Saci Day
4499:Namahage
4489:Korochun
4154:Costumes
4040:Category
4011:meat pie
4002:Stuffing
3956:Varenyky
3825:Yule log
3800:Qurabiya
3674:Julebord
3647:Food and
3574:SantaCon
3539:El Gordo
3426:Yule Log
3198:Scotland
3111:Ethiopia
3096:Colombia
3071:Yule log
3025:Spanbaum
3002:Pyramids
2868:Crackers
2766:Sack Man
2652:folklore
2620:Yule cat
2525:Badalisc
2515:folklore
2426:Epiphany
1921:Archived
1873:Archived
1609:Folklore
1459:23 March
1410:See also
1358:Sicilian
1292:jeropiga
1288:stomping
853:cockerel
722:Martinje
712:Croatian
649:Glühwein
583:pretzels
554:bonfires
456:medieval
428:Flanders
365:Austrian
360:Germanic
337:Epiphany
300:and the
298:Flanders
233:Touraine
119:bonfires
4419:Kaddish
4354:Chuseok
4329:Related
4239:Bonfire
4118:Symbols
4106:Samhain
4101:History
3946:Pierogi
3941:Hallaca
3846:Borscht
3810:Stollen
3780:Pavlova
3755:Makówki
3735:Cozonac
3704:Wigilia
3589:Scrooge
3549:In July
3447:society
3379:Poetry
3213:Ukraine
3188:Romania
3153:Ireland
3143:Iceland
3138:Hungary
3126:Germany
3116:Finland
3106:England
3101:Denmark
3061:Windows
2992:Piñatas
2980:Parades
2933:Markets
2918:Letters
2908:Hampers
2751:Krampus
2590:Perchta
2530:Caganer
1650:winter.
1368:Normans
1344:Galicia
1314:magusto
1304:Água-pé
1284:pressed
1276:água-pé
1272:walnuts
1260:magusto
1256:bonfire
1212:scholar
1176:removed
1161:sources
1122:Baħrija
1086:) and "
1072:oranges
1060:almonds
1052:walnuts
1044:Maltese
1036:Maltese
984:scholar
948:removed
933:sources
908:Maltese
900:Mārtiņi
893:Latvian
841:Ireland
821:Slovene
718:Croatia
679:Swedish
609:pretzel
542:Germany
534:bonfire
515:in 1949
464:mumming
450:English
421:Utrecht
317:Ansbach
311:In the
241:pruning
170:Customs
159:Samhain
125:Origins
101:mumming
4530:
4469:Dziady
4424:Yizkor
4331:events
4294:albums
4232:Events
4017:Turkey
3951:Tamale
3908:Kissel
3898:Eggnog
3855:Sauces
3841:Menudo
3820:Turrón
3730:Cookie
3713:Sweets
3679:Kūčios
3660:Dinner
3534:Grinch
3445:modern
3412:Tomten
3371:Santa,
3354:novels
3272:Operas
3260:Carols
3228:Hawaii
3208:Sweden
3203:Serbia
3193:Russia
3183:Poland
3173:Norway
3163:Mexico
3121:France
3036:Stamps
3031:Szopka
2923:Lights
2878:Didukh
2714:Others
2664:Befana
2610:Vertep
2473:in art
2441:Joseph
2391:Advent
2221:, 2010
2177:
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1296:liquor
1280:pomace
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1200:
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1080:apples
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957:
830:Celtic
792:Poznań
770:Polish
738:bishop
707:Slavic
689:Scania
659:Danish
624:Alsace
489:German
444:Wervik
417:the IJ
400:(1961)
349:Advent
313:Swabia
184:Octave
37:Kermis
4484:Kekri
4299:songs
4289:Music
4284:Films
4279:Books
4272:Media
4164:Cards
3750:Kutia
3649:drink
3277:Songs
3251:Music
3158:Italy
3014:Seals
2968:dolls
2898:Gifts
2838:Cards
2741:Elves
2605:Turoń
2575:Nisse
2540:Grýla
2436:Jesus
1626:S2CID
1547:]
1543:[
1219:JSTOR
1205:books
1126:Rabat
1099:rhyme
1040:Malta
991:JSTOR
977:books
886:omens
878:Annwn
864:Welsh
849:Irish
835:Irish
750:Czech
744:Czech
566:Rhine
436:Ypres
306:Ypres
4174:cake
4169:Food
3972:Carp
3834:Soup
3725:Cake
3636:Xmas
3265:list
3046:Tree
2985:list
2446:Mary
2355:Yule
2175:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2086:2020
1772:2013
1743:ISBN
1723:per
1574:ISBN
1553:2021
1505:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1461:2024
1270:and
1268:figs
1191:news
1159:any
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1082:and
963:news
931:any
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734:wine
730:must
622:and
548:2016
538:Konz
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