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1064:, where he is patron. This day can be celebrated in some villages of other regions. A little donkey carries baskets filled with children's gifts, biscuits and sweets. The whole family gets ready for the saint's arrival on 6 December, with grandparents telling stories of the saint. The most popular one (also the subject of a popular French children's song) is of three children who wandered away and got lost. Cold and hungry, a wicked butcher lured them into his shop where he killed them and salted them away in a large tub. Through St. Nicolas' help the boys were revived and returned to their families, earning him a reputation as protector of children. The evil butcher has followed St. Nicolas in penance ever since as Père Fouettard. In France, statues and paintings often portray this event, showing the saint with children in a barrel.
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on the commemoration of the interring of his bones in Bari, the evening before 9 May, known as Shen'Kolli i Majit (Saint
Nicholas of May). Albanian Catholics often swear by Saint Nicholas, saying "Pasha Shejnti Shen'Kollin!" ("May I see Holy Saint Nicholas!"), indicating the importance of this saint in Albanian culture, especially among the Albanians of Malësia. On the eve of his feast day, Albanians will light a candle and abstain from meat, preparing a feast of roasted lamb and pork, to be served to guests after midnight. Guests will greet each other, saying, "Nata e Shen'Kollit ju nihmoftë!" ("May the Night of Saint Nicholas help you!") and other such blessings. The bones of Albania's greatest hero, George Kastrioti, were also interred in the Church of Saint Nicholas in Lezha, Albania, upon his death.
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1250:, represented as a beast-like creature, generally demonic in appearance. Krampus is thought to punish children during the Yule season who had misbehaved, and to capture particularly naughty children in his sack and carry them away to his lair. The tradition of Krampus was adapted by Czechs and Slovaks during the Austrian-Hungarian era. In addition, in Czechia and Slovakia St. Nicholas is accompanied by an angel. In Czechia and Slovakia children receive some candies for their good deeds from st. Nicholas (Mikuláš) and potatoes or coal from
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Among
Albanians, Saint Nicholas is known as Shen'Kollë and is venerated by most Catholic families, even those from villages that are devoted to other saints. The Feast of Saint Nicholas is celebrated on the evening before 6 December, known as Shen'Kolli i Dimnit (Saint Nicholas of Winter), as well as
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where his feast is celebrated on the last Sunday in June. The parish church, dedicated to the saint, was built between 1676 and 1693. It was designed by the
Maltese architect, Lorenzo Gafà, with the portico and naves being added by Nicola Zammit in the latter half of the 19th century. The ruins of a
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who inquires of the children if they have been saying their prayers, and if not, he shakes his bag of ashes at them, or beats them with a stick. Sometimes a
Nikolaus impersonator also visits the children at school or in their homes and asks them if they have been good (sometimes ostensibly checking
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shaped like the saint) are baked. In schools, children learn songs and poems and create arts and crafts about St. Nicolas, while in nursery schools, a man portraying St. Nicolas gives away chocolates and sometimes little presents. He is sometimes accompanied by an actor playing Père
Fouettard, who,
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After having lost their regular mass, Slovaks gathered as a group for religious services only twice a year: on St. Nicholas Day and at the multicultural mass organized by the
Archdiocese of Ottawa. To Slovaks, as to other Central Europeans, St. Nicholas was the original "Santa Claus," and it was he
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in 313, which allowed for the public practice of
Christianity in the Roman Empire. Nicholas of Myra was known for his generosity through a Christian legend, in which he gave a poor father money in order to prevent his daughters from being taken into slavery, as the father did not have the funds for
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Still practiced in some areas today, children place freshly polished shoes in front of doors, under windows, or at the foot of their beds before heading to bed. On the morning of 6 December, they find their shoes filled with gifts and sugary treats. Widespread adoption of the tradition has spread
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In Myra, the traditional St. Nicholas Feast Day is still celebrated on
December 6, which many believe to be the anniversary of St. Nicholas' death. This day is honored throughout Western Christendom, in lands comprising both Catholic and Protestant communities (in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the
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dress, dating back two centuries. In the past, it was said that the Zwarte Pieten took all the naughty children, put them into sacks, and
Sinterklaas took them with him to Spain (it is believed that Sinterklaas comes from Spain, where he returns after 5 December), in order to scare the children.
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period preceding
Christmas, it is celebrated according to the Eastern Orthodox fasting rules ("Post"). Fasting refers in this context to the eating of a restricted diet for reasons of religion. This entails the complete avoidance of animal-sourced food products (meat, milk, dairy products, and
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impersonators (often parents or close by family) bring presents to children who have behaved well (or not; they often both receive presents) in the past year. In practice, just as with Santa Claus, all children receive gifts without distinction. This is often done by placing a bag filled with
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In recent years, Christmas, along with Santa Claus, has been pushed by shopkeepers as another gift-giving festival, with some success; although, especially for young children, Saint Nicholas Eve is still much more important than Christmas. The rise of Father Christmas (known in Dutch as
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1254:(čert) for their sins. The creature has roots in Slavic folklore; however, its influence has spread far beyond German borders, in Austria, southern Bavaria, South Tyrol, northern Friuli, Hungary, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic and Croatia. 5 December is
1196:). In more Catholic regions, St. Nikolaus is dressed very much like a bishop, rides on a horse, and is welcomed at public places by large crowds. He has a long beard, and loves children, except when they have been naughty. This tradition has been kept alive annually.
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in Croatia and "Miklavževanje" in Slovenia) brings gifts to children commending them for their good behavior over the past year and exhorting them to continue in the same manner in the year to come. If they fail to do so they will receive a visit from "Parkelj" or
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outside the front door on the night of 5 December. St. Nicholas fills the boot with gifts and sweets overnight, and at the same time checks up on the children to see if they were good, polite and helpful the last year. If they were not, they will have a stick
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history connected to this emblem and regard the representation of Zwarte Piet as racist. Others state that the black skin color of Zwarte Piet originates in his profession as a chimney sweep, hence the delivery of packages through the chimney.
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is increasingly respected: both in the form of charity events in church communities and in secular charitable projects. In schools, on the eve of the holiday, lessons are held where children are taught to write a letter to St. Nicholas.
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children wait for St. Nicholas to come and to put a present under their pillows provided that the children were good during the year. Children who behaved badly may expect to find a twig or a piece of coal under their pillows. In the
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Down to within recent times in the church of S. Nicola in Carcere at Rome, the generosity of St. Nicholas was annually commemorated, by the giving of gifts to poor children in the sacristy after the memorial Mass on St. Nicholas's
1505:, and they occur from 29 November to 7 December every year. These celebration are exclusive to this city, but bring people from all over the country to watch these centuries-old festivities, not seen anywhere else in the world.
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Saint's feast date is December 19). On December 5, the eve of St. Nicholas Day, some American boys and girls put their shoes outside their bedroom door and leave a small gift in hopes that St. Nicholas soon will be there.
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511:", and are considered a succession of days that heralds the onset of truly wintry cold weather in the country. Therefore, by tradition, homes should have already been laid with carpets, removed for the warm season, by
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in Belgium and France initiated the practice of giving the poor gifts in the name of Saint Nicholas. This custom spread to Germany and Holland further spreading the Feast of Saint Nicholas and its associated customs.
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Recently, there has been a recurrent discussion about the perceived politically incorrect nature of Zwarte Piet. In particular Dutch citizens with an Afro background or African roots might feel offended by the Dutch
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signed Decree No. 481/2006 "On measures to revive traditional folk art and folk arts and crafts in Ukraine", which includes, in particular, working out the issue of creating the "St. Nicholas Manor" complex in the
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In the 17th century, Dutch Protestants who settled in New York brought the Sinterklaas tradition with them. While feasts of Saint Nicholas are not observed nationally, cities with strong German influences like
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Saint Nicholas is celebrated by all the Christian communities in Lebanon: Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Armenian. Many places, churches, convents, and schools are named in honor of Saint Nicholas, such as
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The influence of the Dutch Reformed Church represents the primary Dutch contribution to the culture of the region, along with holiday traditions such as New Year's Day and the St. Nicholas tradition.
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279:, observed on 6 December (and/or its eve on 5 December) in Western Christian countries, and on 19 December in Eastern Christian countries using the old church Calendar, is the feast day of
1735:(25 December) as a separate holiday. Some of the traditions and rituals of Christmas, such as leaving out a stocking to be filled, are similar to the traditions of Saint Nicholas Day.
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In the days leading up to 5 or 6 December (starting when Saint Nicholas has arrived by steamboat around mid-November), young children put their shoes in front of the chimneys and sing
1365:: unmarried women wishing to find a husband can attend to an early-morning Mass, in which they have to turn around a column seven times. A similar tradition is currently observed in
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In Hungary, Croatia, Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania, children typically leave their cleaned boots on the windowsill on the evening before St. Nicholas Day. By next morning Nikolaus (
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children put out a shoe filled with hay and a carrot for Saint Nicholas' horse. On Saint Nicholas Day, gifts are tagged with personal humorous rhymes written by the sender. In the
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bundles. Krampus is featured on holiday greeting cards called Krampuskarten. There are many names for Krampus, as well as many regional variations in portrayal and celebration.
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his golden book for their record), handing out presents on the basis of their behavior. This has become more lenient in recent decades, and this task is often taken over by the
1239:). Poland and in Slovakia children find the candy and small gifts under the pillow, in their shoes or behind the window the evening of 5 December or the morning of 6 December.
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who brought presents to the children. In mainstream North America, the St. Nicholas Day celebration (6 December) has somehow been moved to Christmas day (25 December).
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among the German, Polish, Belgian, and Dutch communities throughout the United States. Americans who celebrate Saint Nicholas Day generally also celebrate
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419:. It is said that Nicholas of Myra threw the money through the family's window, which landed in their shoes, which were drying near their fireplace.
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fasting rules ("Post"). Fasting refers in this context to the eating of a restricted diet (no animal products or dairy products etc.), such as
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during the first weeks of December. Depending on the cultural background, in some families this celebration is more important than Christmas.
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songs. Often they put a carrot or some hay in their shoes, as a gift to St. Nicholas's horse. In recent years the horse has been named
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In the Netherlands, the primary occasion for gift-giving is 5 December, when his feast day is celebrated. In Belgium, they celebrate
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A modern metal icon of St. Nicholas by the Bulgarian artist Georgi 'Chapa' Chapkanov. Gilbert House, Stanley, Falkland Islands.
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instructed the government to provide in the state budget for 2011 funds for the construction of the Estate of St. Nicholas in the
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1369:, where during the day of Saint Nicholas, patron of the city, gifts are given to young women who need help to get married.
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is a Christmas traditional figure across all the French territory, the important celebrations on 6 December are limited to
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presents outside the house or living room, after which a neighbor or parent bangs on the door or window, pretending to be
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festival with particular regard to Saint Nicholas' reputation as a bringer of gifts, as well as through the attendance of
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In Greece, Saint Nicholas does not carry an especial association with gift-giving, as this tradition is carried over to
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Nicholas of Myra died on 6 December 346, giving rise to the present Feast of Saint Nicholas. The saint was entombed in
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with the Building works of folk masters of the National Union of Masters of Folk Art of Ukraine. In 2010, President
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of a bishop, and he carries a ceremonial staff. Nicholas dispenses gifts, while Krampus supplies coal and the
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Surinam, a former colony of the Netherlands, has adapted the Dutch tradition of Sinterklaas and Zwarte Piet.
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wears a bishop's robes including a red cape and mitre and is assisted by many mischievous helpers, called '
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of Caesarea, celebrated on New Year's Day. St. Nicholas is the protector of sailors, he is considered the
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2431:"Про заходи щодо відродження традиційного народного мистецтва та народних художніх промислів в Україні"
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A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture, Robert Elsie NYU Press, 2001, p. 189
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Therefore, many Sinterklaas songs still allude to a watching Zwarte Piet and a judging Sinterklaas.
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and sometimes on his own, Krampus visits homes and businesses. The Saint usually appears in the
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St. Nicholas: His Legend and His Role in the Christmas Celebration and Other Popular Customs
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over the table, then lifts and breaks the bread. Bulgarians also observe 6 December as the
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is well known across all the French territory. He is sometimes also present in the French
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Eastern Medieval Architecture: The Building Traditions of Byzantium and Neighboring Lands
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who traditionally leaves a rod, an instrument their parents will use to discipline them.
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2360:"In Lviv, on December 5, the city's main Christmas tree donated by benefactors was lit"
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2258:"Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia"
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851:) visits all children during the night and brings presents on 5–6 December. Before the
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a frightening helper wearing a brown monk's habit. The Christmas gift-bringer is not
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A depiction of Saint Nicholas, Bishop of Myra, giving dowry money to three poor girls
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is said to protect children and virgins, on 6 December there is a ritual called the
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2283:"Ukrainian Greek Catholics to celebrate Christmas on December 25 - Vatican News"
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former parish church are still visible and have recently undergone restoration.
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of children, sailors, those undergoing financial problems, and victims of fire.
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on Saint Nicholas Eve in hope that Saint Nicholas will place some coins on the
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Santa Claus, last of the Wild Men: the origins and evolution of Saint Nicholas
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Canadian Christmas Traditions: Festive Recipes and Stories From Coast to Coast
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930:) and the tradition of giving gifts are being revived. Also, the tradition of
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living across the world, Saint Nicholas is the most widely celebrated family
26:"Feast of Saint Nicholas" redirects here. For the painting by Jan Steen, see
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2309:"New Year 2024: in which oblast centers decided to put up a Christmas tree"
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Traditionally, in Germany boys dressed as bishops begged alms for the poor.
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On this day, some public organizations hold traditional charity events for
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2194:"Holland's Politically Incorrect Christmas: Santa's Little (Slave) Helper"
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is usually celebrated on a small scale. Many children put a boot called
5331:
5181:
5176:
5081:
5045:
4970:
4939:
3986:
3825:
3765:
3631:
2773:
2239:"Stichting Toverbal - Sundrums, Klozums en andere gemaskerde eilanders"
1632:
1616:
1420:
1412:
1366:
1247:
1138:
1081:
1076:
923:
836:
772:
743:
693:
681:
561:
543:
328:
319:
299:
1727:
celebrate Saint Nicholas Day on a scale similar to the German custom.
5186:
5143:
5133:
4769:
4647:
4143:
4113:
3899:
3845:
3626:
2752:
2531:"Nikolaus (St. Nicholas Day): A beloved holiday tradition in Germany"
1121:
1088:
1041:
939:
751:
705:) is often cited as an example of globalization and Americanisation.
315:
303:
284:
2716:
1501:
The collection of festivities in honor of Saint Nicholas are called
1321:
a corruption of the name of St. Nicholas). He is accompanied by the
961:
collects every chicken and prepares a large program for orphans and
430:
and are held to this day. Saint Nicholas' tomb is said to exude the
664:
assistant. Another option is to hire or ask someone to dress up as
5287:
4985:
3671:
2650:"Alicante Cathedral: a symbol of the Baroque", Barcelo Experiences
2335:"In Kyiv, the country's main Christmas tree shone on Sofia Square"
1682:
1525:
A depiction of Saint Nicholas and his companions visiting children
1520:
1512:
1454:
1293:
1251:
1225:
1204:
1154:
958:
828:
777:
734:
607:
523:
470:
416:
371:
336:
216:
5207:
4871:
3589:
2625:
2561:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Co. pp. 155–59.
2163:"December 6 in Bulgaria is "Nikulden": The Day of Saint Nikolas"
1628:
1346:
943:
449:
399:
386:
Nicholas of Myra, according to Christian tradition, was born in
5291:
3500:
2725:
2456:
Yanukovych asks Azarov for money for the Saint Nicholas estate.
820:, the frightening helper who is out to take away the bad ones.
550:
In Bulgaria, Saint Nicholas Day is celebrated on 6 December as
151:
A depiction of Saint Nicholas with his sack standing next to a
604:
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg and Lower Rhineland (Germany)
34:
2511:"Pourquoi célèbre-t-on la Saint-Nicolas le 6 décembre ?"
21:
Translation of the Relics of Saint Nicholas from Myra to Bari
5545:
3496:
2410:
1864:
Saint Nicholas's Day occurred early in Advent, on December 6
2680:"Our American Holiday: Saint Nicholas Day", Tenement Museum
1067:
Bakeries and home kitchens are hives of activity as spiced
507:(9 December); all these are often collectively called the "
1850:
All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World
1643:
St. Nicholas ("San Nicolás") is the patron of the city of
2721:
862:, the holiday was celebrated on 18–19 December [
816:). In Hungary and Croatia he is often accompanied by the
406:, Nicholas of Myra was imprisoned. He was released after
5440:
Feast of the translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas
1425:
Video "San Nicolò caccia i Krampus a Tarvisio" 6.12.2010
2219:
Volkscultuur. Een inleiding in de Nederlandse ethnology
1592:
1552:
1572:
5323:
5200:
5169:
5116:
5090:
5069:
4948:
4893:
4880:
4678:
4573:
4484:
4315:
4037:
3958:
3869:
3746:
3600:
3413:
3346:
3230:
2942:
2884:
2821:
2761:
1893:
1891:
727:a frightening helper wearing a brown monk's habit.
262:
238:
223:
211:
197:
189:
159:
139:
65:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2021:
1960:
1963:Christmas: Decorations, Feasts, Gifts, Traditions
2660:Meg Kissinger, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel 1999,
2385:Overview of seven charitable initiatives of 2015
633:(French-speaking) on the morning of 6 December.
2717:The History of Santa Claus and Father Christmas
878:are traditionally opened on St. Nicholas Day.
254:); 18/19 December (Eastern Christianity on the
2662:"St. Nick's Day can be a nice little surprise"
2217:Dekker, Roodenburg & Rooijakkers (redd.):
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
1675:, and Saint Nicolas Greek Orthodox Cathedral.
5303:
3512:
2737:
2626:"AAELG - Velhos Nicolinos - Festas Nicolinas"
2611:Cultura e tradição : as Festas Nicolinas
2094:
2092:
2090:
1687:Saint Nicholas Day event held in 1892 by the
1223:) who acts as a counterweight to the ominous
866:5–6 December] until 2023. From this day,
8:
5515:(Feast of the Protection of the Holy Virgin)
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2103:. James Lorimer & Company. p. 237.
1898:Keshen, Jeff; St-Onge, Nicole J. M. (2001).
874:. Thus, in the cities and towns of Ukraine,
786:, Ukraine, showing St. Nicholas and children
2707:St. Nicholas Center: Who is Saint Nicholas?
1925:
1923:
1902:. University of Ottawa Press. p. 266.
1623:, the feast is celebrated according to the
1517:Celebration of Slavic cakes, grain and wine
5310:
5296:
5288:
4890:
3519:
3505:
3497:
2812:
2744:
2730:
2722:
2608:Freitas, Nadina Manuela Rodrigues (2013).
1829:Burton-Edwards, Taylor (28 October 2015).
1490:has festivities directed to St. Nicholas (
547:eggs). Fish may be eaten on certain days.
515:'s Day (30 November), a week ahead of the
145:
136:
1246:regions), St. Nicholas is accompanied by
794:traditionally but more commonly known as
731:Eastern Central Europe and Eastern Europe
503:(5 December), and the following feast of
390:in Asia Minor. He is said to have made a
125:Learn how and when to remove this message
2124:Ousterhout, Robert G. (26 August 2019).
2024:Peoples of Europe: Lithuania-Netherlands
1279:
1787:
1494:), and it has been like that since the
1002:company, with the financial support of
364:rather than Saint Nicholas Day itself.
2435:Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України
1801:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
542:. Since Nikoljdan always falls in the
404:Diocletianic Persecution of Christians
4849:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
2099:DeeAnn, Mandryk (15 September 2013).
1447:) is the patron saint of the town of
1242:In Austria, Bavaria and South-Tyrol (
926:, the image of St. Nicholas (Sviatyi
853:calendar reform in Ukrainian churches
808:leaves candies and gifts (Hungarian:
668:and deliver the presents personally.
394:to Egypt to study theology under the
7:
3469:
3247:Bereitet die Wege, bereitet die Bahn
2069:"Saint of the day: Nicholas of Myra"
1649:Co-Cathedral of St. Nicholas of Bari
1419:) Saint Nicholas comes to chase the
766:) who visits on Saint Nicholas day (
63:adding citations to reliable sources
3333:Wir sagen euch an den lieben Advent
3214:Hark, a Thrilling Voice Is Sounding
3071:Lo! He comes with clouds descending
2398:«Стати Святим Миколаєм» на ресурсі
1159:St. Nicholas and his companions in
398:after which he was consecrated the
19:Not to be confused with the day of
3092:Macht weit die Pforten in der Welt
2192:Lindsey, Daryl (5 December 2008).
1880:. G.P. Putman's Sons. p. 58.
1463:, one of the 8 festivities of the
948:Mykolai will not forget about you!
14:
2851:Davidic dynasty in Bible prophecy
754:) brings joy to children in 2010.
5270:
5269:
4725:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
4620:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
3479:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3172:Sei uns willkommen, Herre Christ
3120:Der Morgenstern ist aufgedrungen
2989:Come, thou Redeemer of the earth
2694:
2315:(in Ukrainian). 14 December 2023
1876:McKnight, George Harley (1917).
1745:
1384:, Bari (Terlizzi and Molfetta),
1203:is often also accompanied by an
1006:, released the film directed by
894:
885:
835:) corresponding to the Austrian
283:; it falls within the season of
39:
3318:Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme
3255:Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben
3221:Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme
3186:There is no rose of such virtue
2366:(in Ukrainian). 5 December 2023
1668:Escalier Saint-Nicolas des Arts
1392:and in the eastern part of the
1345:) is the patron of the city of
1147:is the companion of the Saint.
530:, celebrated as the feast day (
448:In the 11th century, Christian
50:needs additional citations for
4705:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
4634:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
4017:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
3796:Legend of the Christmas Spider
3160:Of the Father's Heart Begotten
3146:O Heiland, reiß die Himmel auf
3010:Come, Thou Long Expected Jesus
2834:Christian messianic prophecies
1534:
1:
4656:Christmas television specials
4555:The New Oxford Book of Carols
3642:Annunciation to the shepherds
3376:The New Oxford Book of Carols
3326:Wachet! betet! betet! wachet!
3099:Maria durch ein Dornwald ging
823:In Slovenia, Saint Nikolaus (
804:) in Romania) and in Ukraine
298:In the European countries of
23:which is celebrated on 9 May.
16:Feast day of Nicholas of Myra
4710:Christmas and holiday season
3288:Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
3280:Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
3272:Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
3127:Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
2545:Video Krampuslauf Lienz 2010
2262:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
1831:"A Saint Nicholas Day Feast"
1080:like his German counterpart
1019:The Adventures of S Nicholas
762:) and in Croatia, Nikolaus (
5520:Saturday of Saint Demetrius
5483:Feast of the Prophet Elijah
3207:Vi tänder ett ljus i advent
3200:Savior of the Nations, Come
3113:Mit Ernst, o Menschenkinder
3106:Meine Seele, dank und singe
3057:Jesus Christ the Apple Tree
2583:"| | Whatsonwhen"
2411:Миколай про тебе не забуде.
1835:The United Methodist Church
1597:) is the patron saint day (
1593:
1573:
1553:
1313:, St. Nicholas is known as
1131:is also accompanied by the
1112:, but the character of the
986:Hutsulshchyna National Park
916:, dedicated to St. Nicholas
800:in Hungary or Moș Nicolae (
28:The Feast of Saint Nicholas
5602:
5528:(Feast of Saint Demetrius)
5493:Apple Feast of the Saviour
5488:Honey Feast of the Saviour
3622:Adoration of the Shepherds
3296:This Is the Record of John
3239:Ärgre dich, o Seele, nicht
3153:O How Shall I Receive Thee
3024:Es ist ein Ros entsprungen
2585:(in Dutch). Archived from
2476:"Adventures of S Nicholas"
2167:All Bulgaria Virtual Guide
1934:. Quest Books. p. 2.
1848:Johnston, Ruth A. (2011).
1795:Marzec, Robert P. (2004).
1475:
1415:. Instead, in Val Canale (
1411:Saint Nicholas comes with
1101:countryside of Montbéliard
847:In Ukraine, St. Nicholas (
618:
615:in the Netherlands in 2007
424:St. Nicholas Church, Demre
379:
25:
18:
5543:
5445:Ascension of Jesus Christ
5400:Feast of the Annunciation
5265:
4866:WWE Tribute to the Troops
4627:A Visit from St. Nicholas
4548:The Oxford Book of Carols
4124:Feast of the Seven Fishes
3687:Massacre of the Innocents
3536:
3454:
3369:The Oxford Book of Carols
3303:Unser lieben Frauen Traum
3179:Singet fröhlich im Advent
3050:In das Warten dieser Welt
2958:Advent är mörker och kyla
2810:
2712:Biography of St. Nicholas
2557:Siefker, Phyllis (1997).
1900:Ottawa – making a Capital
1852:. ABC-CLIO. p. 342.
1582:
1562:
1542:
1509:Orthodox Slavic countries
1435:In Suhuan, St. Nicholas (
1137:. In the Flemish town of
568:for those with the names
522:In Serbia, and among the
350:, as well as the British
144:
5498:Nut Feast of the Saviour
5393:Forty Martyrs of Sebaste
4668:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
3397:Hymns Ancient and Modern
3231:Cantatas and other music
3193:Tochter Zion, freue dich
3139:O Come, O Come, Emmanuel
2667:24 December 2008 at the
2339:Українська правда _Життя
2243:www.stichtingtoverbal.nl
2002:(in European Portuguese)
1725:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1633:Eastern Orthodox fasting
1286:Pörtschach am Wörthersee
870:start preparing for the
708:On the Frisian islands (
441:Nicholas of Myra is the
287:. It is celebrated as a
4830:Small Business Saturday
4700:Black Friday (shopping)
4695:Black Friday (partying)
4189:Nine Lessons and Carols
4119:Events and celebrations
3486:Christianity portal
3338:List of Advent cantatas
3078:Long Ago, Prophets Knew
3064:Kündet allen in der Not
2130:Oxford University Press
1798:The Mid-Atlantic Region
1625:Eastern Orthodox Church
1459:People celebrating the
912:with a denomination of
827:) is accompanied by an
648:in the Netherlands and
457:Traditions by continent
277:Feast of Saint Nicholas
5550:
5508:Nativity of the Virgin
5435:George's Day in Spring
4474:Post-War United States
3362:The New English Hymnal
2982:Bereden väg för Herran
2614:(masterThesis thesis).
1930:Carus, Louise (2002).
1761:Christmas gift-bringer
1691:
1689:Saint Nicholas Society
1526:
1518:
1468:
1440:
1306:
1289:
1164:
1151:Western Central Europe
1106:is accompanied by the
978:Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
787:
758:In Slovenia, Miklavž (
755:
723:is accompanied by the
676:' ("Black Petes") or "
616:
476:
428:Basilica di San Nicola
377:
281:Saint Nicholas of Myra
5549:
5355:Vigil of the Epiphany
4523:Hit singles in the US
4518:Hit singles in the UK
4079:Carols by Candlelight
4007:Santa Claus' daughter
3615:Adoration of the Magi
3421:Anglican church music
3036:The Holly and the Ivy
3003:The Cherry-Tree Carol
2996:Conditor alme siderum
2907:Hanging of the greens
2871:Saint Joseph's dreams
2032:. 2002. p. 343.
1959:Baird, David (2005).
1932:The Real St. Nicholas
1713:Fredericksburg, Texas
1686:
1619:period preceding the
1524:
1516:
1458:
1297:
1283:
1167:In Northern Germany,
1158:
781:
738:
611:
474:
432:Oil of Saint Nicholas
408:Constantine the Great
375:
215:placing shoes in the
5579:December observances
5478:Feast of Saint Peter
4815:Santa's Candy Castle
4139:Google Santa Tracker
3043:Hosianna, Davids son
2703:at Wikimedia Commons
1969:Lagardère Publishing
1705:Teutopolis, Illinois
1697:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1673:Saint Nicolas Garden
1407:Like in Austria, in
1402:Fiera di San Niccolò
1372:In the provinces of
1305:, Switzerland (2009)
1046:French Low Countries
942:. So, every year in
932:caring for the needy
629:(Dutch-speaking) or
248:Eastern Christianity
244:Western Christianity
74:"Saint Nicholas Day"
59:improve this article
4820:Santa Claus Village
4735:Christmas Mountains
4641:Journey of the Magi
3647:Baptism of the Lord
2976:Angelus ad virginem
2225:, 2000: pp. 213–14
2000:www.cm-guimaraes.pt
1753:Christianity portal
1701:Evansville, Indiana
1394:Province of Treviso
1351:Festa di San Nicola
1126:Franconian Lorraine
650:Slecht Weer Vandaag
5551:
5537:Saint Nicholas Day
4930:Twelve-dish supper
4780:Jews and Christmas
4730:Christmas Lectures
4459:American Civil War
4194:NORAD Tracks Santa
3570:Saint Nicholas Day
3390:The English Hymnal
3347:Music publications
3085:Macht hoch die Tür
2856:Genealogy of Jesus
2804:Saint Nicholas Day
2701:Saint Nicholas Day
2533:. 6 December 2022.
2519:. 6 December 2016.
2461:2010-12-20 at the
2416:2022-02-27 at the
2390:2015-12-22 at the
2287:www.vaticannews.va
2221:, Uitgeverij SUN,
2030:Marshall Cavendish
1996:"Festas Nicolinas"
1692:
1651:is located there.
1527:
1519:
1469:
1307:
1290:
1284:Krampus parade in
1165:
872:Christmas holidays
788:
756:
617:
477:
378:
275:, also called the
273:Saint Nicholas Day
233:service of worship
140:Saint Nicholas Day
5556:
5555:
5379:(Cheesefare Week)
5365:Festival of Veles
5350:Vigil of Vasiliev
5285:
5284:
5261:
5260:
4925:Thirteen desserts
4845:Virginia O'Hanlon
4690:Advent Conspiracy
4604:Films (Christmas,
4596:A Christmas Carol
4541:Carols for Choirs
4084:Cavalcade of Magi
4064:Boar's Head Feast
3733:Star of Bethlehem
3704:Nativity of Jesus
3692:flight into Egypt
3577:St. Stephen's Day
3494:
3493:
3355:Carols for Choirs
3030:Gabriel's Message
2951:Adam lay ybounden
2912:Christmas markets
2699:Media related to
2465:Українська правда
2289:. 7 February 2023
2139:978-0-19-005840-1
2110:978-1-4594-0560-8
2075:. 6 December 2022
1859:978-0-313-36462-4
1591:
1571:
1551:
1486:only the city of
1363:Rito delle nubili
1161:Haunzenbergersöll
982:Viktor Yanukovych
973:Viktor Yushchenko
968:On June 6, 2006,
270:
269:
172:Eastern Orthodoxy
135:
134:
127:
109:
5591:
5458:Trinity Saturday
5312:
5305:
5298:
5289:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5108:Redcurrant sauce
4897:
4891:
4886:
4860:Winter festivals
4610:Christmas horror
4577:
4488:
4319:
4174:Meals and feasts
4094:Christmas jumper
4041:
4012:Santa's reindeer
3964:
3910:Father Christmas
3874:
3831:Santa's workshop
3752:
3714:in later culture
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3530:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3498:
3484:
3483:
3472:
3471:
3462:
3461:
2866:John the Baptist
2816:
2755:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2698:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2658:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2630:www.nicolinos.pt
2622:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2589:on 27 March 2012
2579:
2573:
2572:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2507:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2472:
2466:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2427:
2421:
2408:
2402:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2364:www.ukrinform.ua
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2169:. Archived from
2159:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2096:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2065:
2044:
2043:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1966:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1792:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1723:, Missouri; and
1709:Cincinnati, Ohio
1596:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1531:Serbian Cyrillic
1443:, less commonly
1396:, St. Nicholas (
1194:Father Christmas
1173:Nikolaus-Stiefel
1163:, Bavaria (1986)
1027:
1016:
1001:
956:
946:, the campaign "
904:A commemorative
898:
889:
861:
662:
631:la Saint-Nicolas
627:Sinterklaasfeest
410:promulgated the
352:Father Christmas
160:Observed by
149:
137:
130:
123:
119:
116:
110:
108:
67:
43:
35:
5601:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5541:
5532:Kuzminki autumn
5383:Slavic carnival
5319:
5318:Slavic holidays
5316:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5257:
5223:Pickled herring
5196:
5165:
5112:
5103:Cranberry sauce
5086:
5065:
5041:Red velvet cake
5026:Poppy seed roll
4944:
4895:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4855:White Christmas
4745:Christmas truce
4740:Christmas seals
4720:Christmas creep
4682:
4680:
4674:
4575:
4569:
4486:
4480:
4317:
4311:
4164:Lord of Misrule
4099:Christmas Peace
4049:Advent calendar
4039:
4033:
3982:Knecht Ruprecht
3962:
3960:
3954:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3667:Herod the Great
3602:
3596:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3495:
3490:
3478:
3450:
3446:Liturgical year
3409:
3404:The Hymnal 1982
3342:
3226:
2943:Songs and hymns
2938:
2892:Advent calendar
2880:
2817:
2808:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2669:Wayback Machine
2659:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2509:
2508:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2463:Wayback Machine
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2418:Wayback Machine
2409:
2405:
2396:Ольги Перехрест
2392:Wayback Machine
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2132:. p. 251.
2123:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2047:
2040:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1942:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1910:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1681:
1662:
1657:
1641:
1594:Sviatyy Mykolay
1511:
1480:
1474:
1433:
1339:
1244:Austro-Bavarian
1232:Knecht Ruprecht
1185:Knecht Ruprecht
1176:(Nikolaus boot)
1153:
1034:
1021:
1010:
995:
950:
920:
919:
918:
917:
901:
900:
899:
891:
890:
876:Christmas trees
855:
845:
806:Sviatyi Mykolay
802:Sfântul Nicolae
784:Christmas stamp
733:
660:
623:
606:
469:
464:
459:
415:his daughters'
384:
370:
293:church services
155:
131:
120:
114:
111:
68:
66:
56:
44:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5587:
5586:
5584:Saint Nicholas
5581:
5576:
5571:
5561:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5516:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5425:
5423:Red Hill's Day
5420:
5415:
5408:
5403:
5396:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
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5325:
5321:
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5292:
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5280:
5279:
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5255:
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5204:
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5198:
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5189:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5154:Smoking Bishop
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
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5079:
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5064:
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5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4945:
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4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4888:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4842:
4837:
4835:Super Saturday
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4765:Giving Tuesday
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4715:Christmas club
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4653:
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4651:
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4637:
4630:
4623:
4613:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4592:
4581:
4579:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:Piae Cantiones
4558:
4551:
4544:
4534:
4528:Music charts (
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4492:
4490:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4451:
4446:
4441:
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4431:
4426:
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4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
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4386:
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4376:
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4370:
4369:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3997:Père Fouettard
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3963:Saint Nicholas
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3915:Grandpa Indian
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3883:Saint Nicholas
3879:
3877:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3821:Old Man Winter
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:Miner's figure
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:Kallikantzaros
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3721:Nativity scene
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3556:Children's Day
3552:
3545:
3542:Blue Christmas
3537:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3476:
3466:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:Lutheran hymns
3428:
3426:Catholic music
3423:
3417:
3415:
3414:Related topics
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3383:Piae Cantiones
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Stir-up Sunday
2921:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Gaudete Sunday
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2690:
2689:External links
2687:
2684:
2683:
2672:
2653:
2642:
2617:
2600:
2574:
2567:
2549:
2536:
2522:
2493:
2482:(in Ukrainian)
2467:
2448:
2437:(in Ukrainian)
2422:
2420:Офіційний сайт
2403:
2377:
2351:
2326:
2300:
2274:
2248:
2230:
2210:
2198:Spiegel Online
2184:
2173:on 13 May 2008
2154:
2145:
2138:
2116:
2109:
2086:
2045:
2038:
2013:
1987:
1977:
1951:
1940:
1919:
1908:
1887:
1868:
1858:
1840:
1821:
1811:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1740:
1737:
1680:
1677:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1640:
1637:
1613:Saint Nicholas
1609:Serb tradition
1583:Cвятий Миколай
1510:
1507:
1476:Main article:
1473:
1470:
1432:
1429:
1359:Saint Nicholas
1341:St. Nicholas (
1338:
1335:
1311:Swiss folklore
1299:Nikolaus-Umzug
1190:Weihnachtsmann
1169:Sankt Nikolaus
1152:
1149:
1114:Père Fouettard
1109:Père Fouettard
1033:
1030:
993:Big Hand Films
903:
902:
893:
892:
884:
883:
882:
881:
880:
844:
841:
732:
729:
710:Waddeneilanden
678:Père Fouettard
619:Main article:
605:
602:
499:(4 December),
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
412:Edict of Milan
400:Bishop of Myra
396:Desert Fathers
382:Saint Nicholas
380:Main article:
369:
368:Saint Nicholas
366:
268:
267:
264:
260:
259:
242:5/6 December (
240:
236:
235:
225:
221:
220:
219:before bedtime
213:
209:
208:
206:Saint Nicholas
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
161:
157:
156:
153:Nativity Scene
150:
142:
141:
133:
132:
47:
45:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5597:
5596:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5548:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5301:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5278:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:Meat and fish
5199:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5139:Hot chocolate
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:Ugly sweaters
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:Controversies
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4677:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4585:In literature
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4454:United States
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:Moravian star
4182:
4180:
4179:Midnight Mass
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:Candle arches
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4059:Advent wreath
4057:
4055:
4054:Advent candle
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:Companions of
3957:
3951:
3948:
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3928:
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3901:
3898:
3896:
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3873:Gift-bringers
3868:
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3859:
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3772:
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3764:
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3759:
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3756:
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3745:
3739:
3738:Twelfth Night
3736:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
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3700:
3699:Nativity Fast
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
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3660:
3658:
3657:Christmastide
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:Angel Gabriel
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3610:Biblical Magi
3608:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3563:Christmas Eve
3560:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3517:
3515:
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3487:
3482:
3477:
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3467:
3465:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Christmastide
3439:
3437:
3436:Carol service
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3401:
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3380:
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3359:
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3331:
3329:
3327:
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3319:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3297:
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3291:
3289:
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3258:
3256:
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3250:
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3222:
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3215:
3211:
3208:
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3190:
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3147:
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3136:
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3131:
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3110:
3107:
3103:
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3096:
3093:
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3086:
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3079:
3075:
3072:
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3065:
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3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:Det är advent
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2934:Moravian star
2932:
2930:
2929:Advent wreath
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Advent candle
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2876:Tree of Jesse
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
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2845:
2842:
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2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
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2820:
2815:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:Christmas Eve
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Advent Sunday
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
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2702:
2697:
2693:
2692:
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2681:
2676:
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2670:
2666:
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2654:
2651:
2646:
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2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2601:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2568:0-7864-0246-6
2564:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
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2481:
2477:
2471:
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2460:
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2436:
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2426:
2423:
2419:
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2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
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2381:
2378:
2365:
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2355:
2352:
2340:
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2330:
2327:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2039:9780761473848
2035:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1978:9781840727173
1974:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1941:9780835608138
1937:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:9780776605210
1905:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1812:9780313329548
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1776:Advent wreath
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1733:Christmas Day
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1685:
1679:North America
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1580:
1575:
1574:Nikola Zimniy
1569:
1563:Никола Зимний
1560:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1532:
1523:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
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1471:
1466:
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1457:
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1430:
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1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1331:Christchindli
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:Krampus Night
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:Saint Nicolas
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:Saint Nicolas
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1071:biscuits and
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:Franche-Comté
1051:
1048:, the French
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:Saint Nicolas
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1005:
999:
994:
991:In 2018, the
989:
987:
983:
979:
974:
971:
966:
964:
960:
954:
949:
945:
941:
936:
933:
929:
925:
915:
911:
907:
897:
888:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
859:
854:
850:
842:
840:
838:
834:
831:and a devil (
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:
793:
785:
780:
776:
774:
769:
765:
761:
760:Sveti Miklavž
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
706:
704:
698:
695:
689:
686:
683:
679:
675:
674:Zwarte Pieten
671:
667:
663:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
622:
614:
610:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:
548:
545:
541:
540:
535:
534:
529:
525:
520:
518:
517:Nikolobárbara
514:
510:
509:Nikolobárbara
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
473:
466:
461:
456:
454:
451:
446:
444:
443:patron hallow
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
413:
409:
405:
402:. During the
401:
397:
393:
389:
383:
374:
367:
365:
363:
362:Christmas Day
359:
358:
353:
349:
346:The American
344:
342:
338:
334:
333:United States
330:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
148:
143:
138:
129:
126:
118:
115:December 2018
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76: –
75:
71:
70:Find sources:
64:
60:
54:
53:
48:This article
46:
42:
37:
36:
33:
29:
22:
5569:Saints' days
5536:
5518:
5472:Kupala Night
5470:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5427:
5410:
5398:
5369:
5337:
5330:
5213:Gefilte fish
5161:Ponche crema
4996:Melomakarono
4864:
4755:Cyber Monday
4660:
4625:
4594:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4536:Music books
4529:
4367:Nazi Germany
4259:
4255:Secret Santa
4242:
4129:Flying Santa
3836:Tió de Nadal
3786:Korvatunturi
3637:Annunciation
3603:Christianity
3584:Sol Invictus
3568:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3166:Rorate Caeli
2968:
2803:
2675:
2656:
2645:
2633:. Retrieved
2629:
2620:
2610:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:the original
2577:
2558:
2552:
2539:
2525:
2514:
2484:. Retrieved
2479:
2470:
2451:
2439:. Retrieved
2434:
2425:
2406:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2363:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2338:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:Слово і Діло
2312:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2286:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2261:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2218:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2171:the original
2166:
2157:
2148:
2125:
2119:
2100:
2077:. Retrieved
2023:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1999:
1990:
1982:
1962:
1954:
1945:
1931:
1913:
1899:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1849:
1843:
1824:
1816:
1797:
1790:
1729:
1719:, Virginia;
1717:Newport News
1693:
1666:
1663:
1642:
1604:
1598:
1528:
1500:
1491:
1481:
1460:
1444:
1434:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1371:
1362:
1355:Festa a mare
1354:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1326:
1322:
1317:(like Dutch
1314:
1308:
1298:
1291:
1274:
1268:Eastern Rite
1264:St. Nicholas
1260:Krampusnacht
1259:
1255:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1142:
1132:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1086:
1072:
1066:
1037:
1036:Even though
1035:
990:
967:
937:
927:
921:
848:
846:
832:
824:
822:
817:
813:
812:, Romanian:
809:
805:
801:
795:
792:Szent Miklós
791:
789:
767:
764:Sveti Nikola
763:
759:
757:
724:
720:
714:
709:
707:
702:
699:
690:
687:
669:
665:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
635:
630:
626:
624:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
557:
551:
549:
537:
531:
528:patron saint
521:
516:
508:
489:patron saint
482:
478:
447:
440:
421:
385:
355:
345:
297:
276:
272:
271:
256:Old Calendar
252:New Calendar
212:Celebrations
198:Significance
121:
112:
102:
95:
88:
81:
69:
57:Please help
52:verification
49:
32:
5465:Trinity Day
5418:Bright Week
5406:Palm Sunday
5228:Roast goose
5149:Mulled wine
5129:Champurrado
5124:Apple cider
5098:Bread sauce
5051:Szaloncukor
5031:Pumpkin pie
4981:Gingerbread
4935:Smörgåsbord
4576:Other media
4414:Philippines
4404:New Zealand
4287:Twelve Days
4244:Räuchermann
4199:Nutcrackers
4149:Las Posadas
4109:Decorations
4089:Christingle
4029:Zwarte Piet
4024:Snegurochka
3945:Sinterklaas
3895:Santa Claus
3310:Virga Jesse
3133:O Antiphons
2964:Advent song
2902:Christingle
2829:Fall of man
2635:25 December
2480:usfa.gov.ua
2370:13 December
2344:13 December
2319:13 December
2245:(in Dutch).
2079:15 December
2006:25 December
1655:Middle East
1600:Krsna Slava
1529:Nikoljdan (
1496:Middle Ages
1492:São Nicolau
1409:South Tyrol
1398:San Niccolò
1386:South Tyrol
1319:Sinterklaas
1144:Zwarte Piet
1099:and in the
1069:gingerbread
1022: [
1011: [
1008:Semen Horov
996: [
951: [
856: [
703:de Kerstman
670:Sinterklaas
666:Sinterklaas
659:Sinterklaas
654:Sinterklaas
638:Sinterklaas
621:Sinterklaas
613:Sinterklaas
524:Serb people
497:St. Barbara
357:Sinterklaas
348:Santa Claus
325:Netherlands
224:Observances
176:Lutheranism
168:Catholicism
164:Anglicanism
5563:Categories
5513:Pokrov day
5451:Green Week
5389:Sfințișori
5377:Maslenitsa
5324:Feast days
4956:Candy cane
4905:Joulupöytä
4805:Pikkujoulu
4469:New Mexico
4318:By country
4292:Wassailing
4233:Poinsettia
4040:Traditions
3992:Mrs. Claus
3972:Belsnickel
3925:Julemanden
3920:Joulupukki
3851:Wenceslaus
3816:North Pole
3781:Jack Frost
3771:Christkind
3726:Neapolitan
3549:Boxing Day
3312:(Bruckner)
3257:, BWV 147a
3241:, BWV 186a
2970:Adventstid
2885:Traditions
2839:Isaiah 9:6
2822:Narratives
2799:Magnificat
2784:Ember days
2593:6 December
2227:(in Dutch)
2177:8 February
1782:References
1771:Stutenkerl
1766:Christkind
1445:San Niklaw
1441:San Nikola
1343:San Nicola
1329:, but the
1327:Samichlaus
1315:Samichlaus
1199:In Poland
1134:Christkind
965:children.
914:5 hryvnias
868:Ukrainians
717:Luxembourg
513:St. Andrew
501:St. Savvas
493:Greek Navy
392:pilgrimage
227:Attending
85:newspapers
5526:Mitrovdan
5429:Radonitsa
5360:Candlemas
5345:Christmas
5243:Tourtière
5233:Romeritos
5170:Dumplings
5117:Beverages
5021:Pecan pie
5011:Panettone
5006:Pampushka
5001:Mince pie
4976:Fruitcake
4920:Réveillon
4800:NFL games
4795:NBA games
4790:In August
4760:Economics
4530:Billboard
4384:Indonesia
4327:Australia
4302:Yule goat
4277:Stockings
4211:Ornaments
3940:Père Noël
3935:Olentzero
3930:Noel Baba
3905:Ded Moroz
3861:Yule Lads
3801:Mari Lwyd
3652:Bethlehem
3529:Christmas
3320:, BWV 140
3262:Handel's
3249:, BWV 132
2844:Isaiah 53
2794:Hail Mary
2516:Le Figaro
2400:Захід.net
2394:в статті
2203:16 August
1721:St. Louis
1621:Christmas
1605:Krsno ime
1588:romanized
1579:Ukrainian
1568:romanized
1548:romanized
1539:Bulgarian
1503:Nicolinas
1488:Guimarães
1478:Nicolinas
1465:Nicolinas
1421:krampuses
1413:krampuses
1323:Schmutzli
1271:vestments
1181:eine Rute
1004:Derzhkino
970:President
768:Nikolinje
748:Vojvodina
721:Kleeschen
539:Nikoljdan
485:St. Basil
312:Nicolinas
308:Guimarães
289:Christian
263:Frequency
231:or other
202:Feast day
193:Christian
180:Methodism
5371:Pre-Lent
5276:Category
5247:meat pie
5238:Stuffing
5192:Varenyky
5061:Yule log
5036:Qurabiya
4910:Julebord
4883:Food and
4810:SantaCon
4775:El Gordo
4662:Yule Log
4434:Scotland
4347:Ethiopia
4332:Colombia
4307:Yule log
4261:Spanbaum
4238:Pyramids
4104:Crackers
4002:Sack Man
3888:folklore
3856:Yule cat
3761:Badalisc
3751:folklore
3662:Epiphany
3464:Category
3290:, BWV 62
3282:, BWV 61
3266:(Part I)
2861:John 1:1
2665:Archived
2459:Archived
2414:Archived
2388:Archived
2256:RFE/RL.
2223:Nijmegen
1739:See also
1645:Alicante
1554:Nikulden
1543:Никулден
1535:Никољдан
1484:Portugal
1472:Portugal
1461:Pinheiro
1449:Siġġiewi
1390:Trentino
1303:Fribourg
1118:Ardennes
1093:Lorraine
1062:Lorraine
1050:Ardennes
963:disabled
818:Krampusz
814:nuielușă
725:Houseker
642:Schimmel
594:Nikoleta
582:Nikolina
566:name day
553:Nikulden
505:St. Anne
184:Reformed
5503:Dożynki
5339:Bozhich
5332:Kolyada
5182:Pierogi
5177:Hallaca
5082:Borscht
5046:Stollen
5016:Pavlova
4991:Makówki
4971:Cozonac
4940:Wigilia
4825:Scrooge
4785:In July
4683:society
4615:Poetry
4449:Ukraine
4424:Romania
4389:Ireland
4379:Iceland
4374:Hungary
4362:Germany
4352:Finland
4342:England
4337:Denmark
4297:Windows
4228:Piñatas
4216:Parades
4169:Markets
4154:Letters
4144:Hampers
3987:Krampus
3826:Perchta
3766:Caganer
3474:Commons
3328:BWV 70a
3264:Messiah
2774:Angelus
2762:Liturgy
2486:12 June
2441:12 June
2293:12 June
2267:12 June
2073:Angelus
1660:Lebanon
1617:fasting
1590::
1570::
1559:Russian
1550::
1437:Maltese
1382:Belluno
1374:Trieste
1367:Sassari
1248:Krampus
1201:Mikołaj
1139:Dunkirk
1124:and in
1097:Argonne
1082:Krampus
1077:brioche
1073:mannala
1058:Argonne
940:orphans
928:Mykolai
924:Ukraine
908:of the
849:Mykolai
843:Ukraine
837:Krampus
833:parkelj
825:Miklavž
810:virgács
797:Mikulás
773:Krampus
740:Mikulás
694:slavery
682:Moorish
646:Amerigo
574:Nikolay
562:incense
544:fasting
491:of the
467:Balkans
417:dowries
329:Belgium
320:Ukraine
300:Germany
250:on the
99:scholar
5574:Advent
5412:Easter
5253:Turkey
5187:Tamale
5144:Kissel
5134:Eggnog
5091:Sauces
5077:Menudo
5056:Turrón
4966:Cookie
4949:Sweets
4915:Kūčios
4896:Dinner
4770:Grinch
4681:modern
4648:Tomten
4607:Santa,
4590:novels
4508:Operas
4496:Carols
4464:Hawaii
4444:Sweden
4439:Serbia
4429:Russia
4419:Poland
4409:Norway
4399:Mexico
4357:France
4272:Stamps
4267:Szopka
4159:Lights
4114:Didukh
3950:Others
3900:Befana
3846:Vertep
3709:in art
3677:Joseph
3627:Advent
3274:(Böhm)
2754:Advent
2565:
2136:
2107:
2036:
1975:
1938:
1906:
1856:
1809:
1647:. The
1357:). As
1288:(2013)
1122:Alsace
1089:Alsace
1056:, the
1044:, the
1042:Alsace
1032:France
752:Serbia
570:Nikola
558:ribnik
462:Europe
436:prayer
316:Poland
310:, the
304:Poland
285:Advent
266:annual
101:
94:
87:
80:
72:
4986:Kutia
4885:drink
4513:Songs
4487:Music
4394:Italy
4250:Seals
4204:dolls
4134:Gifts
4074:Cards
3977:Elves
3841:Turoń
3811:Nisse
3776:Grýla
3672:Jesus
1639:Spain
1631:(see
1611:) of
1603:, or
1431:Malta
1417:Udine
1378:Udine
1337:Italy
1275:ruten
1252:Chort
1237:czart
1226:devil
1221:anhel
1217:anioł
1213:anjel
1209:anděl
1205:angel
1120:. In
1026:]
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1000:]
959:Plast
955:]
860:]
829:angel
782:2006
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590:Nenka
578:Kolyo
536:) of
533:Slava
388:Patar
341:soles
337:foyer
217:foyer
106:JSTOR
92:books
5208:Carp
5070:Soup
4961:Cake
4872:Xmas
4501:list
4282:Tree
4221:list
3682:Mary
3591:Yule
2917:List
2637:2023
2595:2012
2563:ISBN
2488:2023
2443:2023
2372:2023
2346:2023
2321:2023
2295:2023
2269:2023
2205:2015
2179:2014
2134:ISBN
2105:ISBN
2081:2022
2034:ISBN
2008:2023
1973:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1883:day.
1854:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1629:fish
1607:, a
1347:Bari
1060:and
944:Lviv
906:coin
864:O.S.
744:Ečka
598:Nina
596:and
586:Neno
450:nuns
327:and
318:and
302:and
246:and
239:Date
229:Mass
190:Type
78:news
5218:Ham
3748:In
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1635:).
1482:In
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1301:in
1258:or
1229:or
1087:In
1075:(a
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