604:
assigned by officersâthat the deserters joined the
Mexican army due to their Catholicism; he said, "I have good reason to believe, in fact in some cases I know, that harsh and unjust treatment by their officers operated far more strongly than any other consideration to produce the deplorable result ," and described how he found the punishments used for "trivial offensives" to be "revolting and disgusting". Another theory some historians hold is that the soldiers were attracted by the incentives offered by the Mexican government: safe passage throughout Mexico for deserters, generous land grants, and the offer of potential military commissions. For poor people coming from famine conditions, economics was often an important incentive.
1349:, an Irishman, started a military academy teaching "the sword exercise", also in Guadalajara. Others were reportedly killed while travelling through Mexico, while others were reduced to living on handouts. A handful are on record as having made use of the land claims promised them by the Mexican government. Americans in Mexico who had been taken prisoner by Mexico or who were common deserters were known to falsely present themselves as members of the Saint Patrick's Battalion; American William W. Carpenter, who found himself in this predicament, stated that: "the reputation of the San Patricio battalion was spread from ocean to ocean, and to that, more than any thing else, do I owe my present safety".
481:
72:
55:
987:
733:
1639:
31:
907:
1270:
1266:. Harney was taunted and jeered by the condemned men. While overseeing the hangings, Harney ordered Francis O'Connor hanged although he had had both legs amputated the previous day. When the army surgeon informed the colonel that the absent soldier had lost both his legs in battle, Harney replied: "Bring the damned son of a bitch out! My order was to hang 30 and by God I'll do it!"
1562:
1180:, regardless of the circumstances. Hanging was reserved only for spies (without uniform) and for "atrocities against civilians", neither of which activities were among the charges brought against any members of the Saint Patrick's Battalion. Although more than 9,000 U.S. soldiers deserted the army during the MexicanâAmerican War, only the
1074:
where the
Mexican government had decamped, with some 50 members serving as a body-guard for the commander-in-chief. The battalion were caught up in the infighting and politicking of Mexico at the time, and were under the patronage of a faction that favored suing for ending of the conflict peacefully.
1000:
used this battle as a chance to settle old scores with U.S. troops: "The large number of officers killed in the affair was ... ascribed to them, as for the gratification of their revenge they aimed at no other objects during the engagement". At some point during the fighting for the convent, two
603:
Another hypothesis is that the members of the Saint
Patrick's Battalion had been unhappy with their treatment in the U.S. Army; this was the conviction of George Ballentine, an Englishman who served in the American army. Ballentine stated that while "there was a portion of truth" in the viewâcommonly
1193:
on Mexico (Riley among them) were sentenced to "... receive 50 lashes on their bare backs, to be branded with the letter 'D' for deserter, and to wear iron yokes around their necks for the duration of the war." This, too, went against the
Articles of War; deserters who left prior to a declaration of
903:
of mankind as a constitutive principle ... liberty is not on the part of those who desire to be lords of the world, robbing properties and territories which do not belong to them and shedding so much blood in order to accomplish their views, views in open war to the principles of our holy religion".
902:
and
Santiago O'Leary heading up the second. Desertion handbills were produced, specially targeting Catholic Irish, French and German immigrants in the invading U.S. army and stating that "You must not fight against a religious people, nor should you be seen in the ranks of those who proclaim slavery
522:
stated that, "The affinities between
Ireland and Mexico go back to the first years of our nation, when our country fought to preserve its national sovereignty... Then, a brave group of Irish soldiers... in a heroic gesture, decided to fight against the foreign ground invasion", and Mexican president
1317:
The
Mexican government described the hangings as "a cruel death or horrible torments, improper in a civilized age, and for a people who aspire to the title of illustrious and humane", and by a writer covering the war as "a refinement of cruelty and ... fiendish". George Ballentine remarked, in his
803:
the
Mexican army possessed, which were positioned on high ground overlooking the battlefield, at the base of a hillside (just below what is now a gravel mine). They were later described as "a strong Mexican battery ... moved ... by dint of extraordinary exertions ... commanded the entire plateau".
3864:
Al conmemorar la gesta heroica del BatallĂłn de San
Patricio honramos la memoria de todos los hombres y de todas las mujeres que han luchado y siguen luchando por construir un mundo mĂĄs justo, mĂĄs incluyente y mĂĄs democrĂĄtico, independientemente de su origen Ă©tnico, su condiciĂłn social, su herencia
1140:
on 26 August. At neither of these trials were the men represented by lawyers nor were transcripts made of the proceedings. This lack of formal legal advice could account for the fact that several of the men claimed that drunkenness had led them to desert (a common defense in military trials at the
1013:
opened fire on them, killing or wounding all but one of the group. Though hopelessly outnumbered and under-equipped, the defenders repelled the attacking U.S. forces with heavy losses until their ammunition ran out and a
Mexican officer raised the white flag of surrender. Officer Patrick Dalton of
1245:, by being thrown "into a mill flume and crushed by the wheel". At the San Ăngel hangings all prisoners were executed without incident except for Patrick Dalton, who, as an American captain described, was "literally choked to death". Dalton had previously voiced concerns regarding his treatment.
960:
A lack of ammunition led the Mexican soldiers in the trenches between the bridgehead and the convent to disband; without ammunition, they had no way to fight back. Santa Anna had ordered half of these soldiers to a different part of the battlefield. When the requested ammunition wagon finally
1480:
are rarely covered in American education; on the rare occasion that they are mentioned, it is pointed out that they were traitors (if holding US citizenship), and small in number. Reasons given for having abandoned the United States included religious sympathy, and pursuit of money and land.
527:
stated "Members of the St. Patrick's Battalion were executed for following their consciences. They were martyred for adhering to the highest ideals... we honor their memory. In the name of the people of Mexico, I salute today the people of Ireland and express my eternal gratitude".
1613:
There are conflicting accounts of the design of the flag of the Saint Patrick's Battalion. No flags or depictions of them are known to have survived to the present day. The only version of the flag known to have survived the war was subsequently lost or stolen from the chapel at
574:
It is believed primary motivations were shared religion with the Mexicans and sympathy for the Mexican cause based on similarities between the situations in Mexico and Ireland. This hypothesis is based on evidence of the number of Irish Catholics in the battalion, the letters of
1161:
One soldier who claimed he was forced to fight by the Mexicans after he was captured by them, and who subsequently refused to do so, was sentenced to death by firing squad instead of hanging, along with another who was found not to have officially joined the Mexican Army.
1099:
was played upon their release. The Saint Patrick's Battalion continued to function as two infantry companies under the command of John Riley, with one unit tasked with sentry duty in Mexico City and the other was stationed in the suburbs of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The
1310:, as one onlooker remarked; "Hands tied, feet tied, their voices still free". At Harney's signal, the carts holding the tied and noosed men pulled away. Harney refused to cut the bodies down, stating that "I was ordered to have them hanged, and have no orders to
807:
They started the battle supporting Mexican infantry by firing on U.S. lines as the Mexicans advanced on them, then later decimating an artillery battery directly opposite them on the battlefield (Washington's 4th Artillery, D Battery). A small number of
925:(20 August 1847) took place about four months after the defeat at Cerro Gordo. Gen. Santa Anna gave a verbal order to "preserve the point at all risk". The San Patricio Companies initially met the attackers outside the walls of the convent at a
1171:
were sentenced to death by hanging: 30 from the Tacubaya trial and 18 from San Ăngel. The rationale was that they had entered Mexican military service following the declaration of war. Execution by hanging was in violation of the contemporary
1050:
James M. Smith suggested a surrender after raising his white handkerchief. Following the U.S. victory, the Americans "ventilat their vocabulary of Saxon expletives, not very "courteously", on Riley and his beautiful disciples of St. Patrick."
4429:
1625:
In all my letter, I forgot to tell you under what banner we fought so bravely. It was that glorious Emblem of native rights, that being the banner which should have floated over our native Soil many years ago, it was St. Patrick, the
751:
proved their artillery skills by causing the deaths of many American soldiers, and they are credited with defeating two to three separate assaults into the heart of the city. Among their targets were companies led by such officers as
3740:
Travels and adventures in Mexico : in the course of journeys of upward of 2500 miles, performed on foot; giving an account of the manners and customs of the people, and the agricultural and mineral resources of that
5096:
1230:
took place at three separate locations on three separate dates; 16 were executed on 10 September 1847 at San Ăngel, four were executed the following day at the village of Mixcoac on 11 September, and 30 were hanged at
1075:
New units were later made up of the free survivors of the battle of Churubusco and a roughly equal number of fresh deserters from the U.S. Army. Following the war, the Mexican Government insisted in a clause of the
1525:, the Mexican government gave a commemorative statue to the Irish government in perpetual thanks for the bravery, honor and sacrifice of the Saint Patrick's Battalion. The statue was erected in the town of
591:
against Irish Catholic immigrants. Catholic churches had been similarly defaced by the American military in Mexico during the war. Additionally, both the Mexicans and the Irish were subjected to racism and
1486:
Preferring to fight with the Catholic Mexicans against the Protestant Americans, the San Patricios were the only group of deserters in American history to band together in the service of a foreign enemy.
1429:
was renamed for one day to Metro San Patricio, on 17 March 2015, to commemorate Saint Patrick's day and the Saint Patrick's Battalion. This was the first time a metro had been renamed in such a manner.
863:
rode out the day in a costly artillery duel with several American batteries, which killed and injured roughly one third of them. General Francisco Mejia's Battle Report for Buena Vista described the
571:
as well as religious ideological convictions, the incentive of higher wages and land grants starting at 320 acres (1.3 km) offered by Mexico, and viewing the U.S. invasion of Mexico as unjust.
5111:
929:, which was about 500 yards (457 m) from a fortified convent. A battery of three to five heavy cannons were used from this position to hold off the American advance along with support from
822:
with the express purpose of capturing the 4th's cannons once the crews had been dealt with. As the division got close enough they charged the artillery battery, bayoneting whoever remained and
5106:
4311:
756:, many of whose soldiers would end up in their own ranks later in the war. Their tenacity, however, did not affect the Mexican commanders' decision to capitulate and abandon the position.
567:
soldiers and senior officers, brutal military discipline and dislike of service in the U.S. military, being forced to attend Protestant church services and being unable to practice their
1320:"he desertion of our soldiers to the Mexican army ... were still numerous, in spite of the fearful example of the executions at Churubusco, also served to inspire that party with hope."
714:, is known to be inaccurate) going on to join the U.S. Army in Michigan in September 1845. He deserted in Matamoros in April 1846. Upon meeting Mexican forces he was initially given the
492:
in 1959: "In memory of the Irish soldiers of the heroic St. Patrick's Battalion, martyrs who gave their lives to the Mexican cause in the United States' unjust invasion of 1847"
5076:
5061:
1358:
is memorialised on two separate days; 12 September, the generally accepted anniversary of the executions of those battalion members captured by the U.S. Army, and 17 March,
1676:
On the other side is a painting ... made to represent St. Patrick, in his left hand a key and in his right a crook or staff resting upon a serpent. Underneath is painted
1510:
at a ceremony in Mexico City's San Jacinto Plaza. This is where the U.S. Army conducted the first 16 hangings after the men were convicted of desertion at court martial.
5051:
1752:
Whatever the case, in 1997 a reproduction military flag was created by the Clifden and Connemara Heritage Group. Another was created the following year for the MGM film
1771:
Some writers suggest that the Saint Patrick's Battalion might have used different banners (as an artillery unit, as an infantry company, and as a reconstructed unit).
2146:
655:(Legion of Foreigners); the men who would later make up the core of the Saint Patrick's battalion. Meanwhile, deserters were abandoning General Taylor's army on the
607:
Mexican author JosĂ© RaĂșl Conseco noted that many Irish lived in northern Texas, and were forced to move south due to regional insecurity. Mainly Irish settlers from
5101:
1129:
captured by the U.S. Army were treated and punished as traitors for desertion in time of war. Seventy-two men were immediately charged with desertion by the Army.
3799:
5036:
1690:... a beautiful green silk banner waved over their heads; on it glittered a silver cross and a golden harp, embroidered by the hands of the fair nuns of
1141:
time that sometimes led to lighter sentences), and others described how they were forced to join the Mexican Army in some form or another. The majority of the
953:, most of whom were veterans (many having served in the armies of the United Kingdom and various German states), the supporting Mexican battalions were simply
1060:
were killed, 85 taken prisoner (including a wounded John Riley, Captain O'Leary, and Anaya); about 85 escaped with retreating Mexican forces. Some 60% of the
536:
The great majority of those men who formed Saint Patrick's Battalion were recent immigrants who had arrived at northeastern U.S. ports. They were part of the
1463:
414:
to switch sides and offered incentives to foreigners who would enlist in its army, including being granted citizenship, being paid higher wages and generous
1521:
In 2004, at an official ceremony attended by numerous international dignitaries, including directors Lance and Jason Hool and several actors from the film
1462:. This resulted in the U.S. Army's admitting its denial of the matter. The U.S. Congress ordered the army to turn over its records on the battalion to the
549:
587:. Catholic immigrants were regularly met with discrimination from their Protestant peers, sentiments which sometimes boiled over into events such as the
443:
2141:
1764:' history. A third version embodying the description of the San Luis PotosĂ flag was made for the Irish Society of Chicago, which hung it in the city's
1565:
2156:
1024:
to order his men to fight on, with their bare hands if necessary. American Private Ballentine reported that when the Mexicans attempted to raise the
969:" muskets, and they made up only a fraction of the defending forces. Further hampering Mexican efforts, a stray spark from an artillery piece firing
5091:
4971:
3873:
1434:
973:
at the on-coming U.S. troops caused the just-arrived ammunition to explode and set fire to several men, including Captain O'Leary and Gen. Anaya. A
1407:: The only bagpipe band in Mexico is named after the battalion, and based at the former Convent of Churubusco in Mexico City, which now houses the
1214:
In all, 50 Saint Patrick's Battalion members were officially executed by the U.S. Army, all but two by hanging. Collectively, this was the largest
4323:
2038:
as John Reily, Riely, Reilly, O'Reily and O'Reilly. His name is given as Juan Reyle, Reley, Reely and Reiley in Mexican army documents written in
552:. The U.S. Army often recruited the Irish and other immigrants into military service shortly or sometimes immediately after arrival in America in
4363:
4895:
TenĂan una insignia blanca, en la que se encontraban los escudos de Irlanda y Mexico, y el nombre de su capitĂĄn, John O'Reilly bordado en verde.
4775:
1691:
1742:
They had a white flag/standard, on which were found the shields of Ireland and Mexico, and the name of their captain, John O'Reilly [
1443:
was brought up by his opponents to sway Irish American voters. The U.S. Army long denied the existence of the Saint Patrick's Battalion, as a
3845:
3312:
3205:
2713:
2538:
2503:
2437:
2404:
2384:
2305:
2235:
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580:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
2095:
1646:
in its 18th to 19th century design, showing the "Maid of Erin" as the harp's pillar, her wing forming the harp's neck, and the inscription
1408:
938:
848:
439:
435:
399:
4998:
3971:
5001:
627:
4944:
4844:
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4649:
4641:
4626:
4603:
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4531:
4397:
4244:
4134:
4126:
4051:
3783:
2518:
1947:
431:
427:
423:
419:
5116:
5066:
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4728:
4510:
2131:
711:
59:
4992:
1262:, at the precise moment that the flag of the U.S. replaced the flag of Mexico atop the citadel. This order was carried out by Col.
3738:
3729:
The Mexican War, by an English Soldier: Comprising Incidents and Adventures in the United States and Mexico with the American Army
1662:
The banner is of green silk, and on one side is a harp, surmounted by the Mexican coat of arms, with a scroll on which is painted
1106:
were officially mustered out of Mexican military service in 1848; some members were alleged to have been involved in an abortive
407:
5086:
5071:
5056:
4854:
4825:
4690:
4491:
4470:
4352:
4344:
4300:
4180:
4157:
3913:
3820:
1329:
Those who survived either made lives for themselves in Mexico or returned to their home nations such as Ireland. Some former
898:
and consisted of volunteers from many European countries, commanded by Col. Francisco R. Moreno, with Riley in charge of 1st
870:
321:. It served as an artillery unit for much of the war, and despite later being formally designated as an infantry unit of two
788:
622:
Irish expatriates had a long tradition of serving as mercenaries in the military forces of Catholic countries, including in
1314:
them". Harney was subsequently promoted to brigadier general, which rank he held while the U.S. Army occupied Mexico City.
869:' as "worthy of the most consummate praise because the men fought with daring bravery." Several Irishmen were awarded the
851:
to "take that damned battery". In this task they failed, and, badly bloodied, were forced to retreat. At about 1 p.m. the
512:
were traitors, fighting in an unjust attempt by Mexico to reconquer Texas. Successive Mexican presidents have praised the
4595:
4462:
3905:
3812:
1896:
1387:
480:
2285:
559:
Numerous theories have been proposed as to their motives for desertion, including cultural alienation, mistreatment of
4911:
1076:
588:
2067:
799:
on 23 February, the Patricios became engaged with U.S. forces. They were assigned the three heaviestâ18 and 24 poundâ
579:, and the field entries of senior officers. Irish immigrants had been faced with animosity both as a result of their
1306:
to deny the Americans the honor of capturing it. In a final act of defiance, the men about to be hanged cheered the
4779:
4019:
3949:
2136:
1418:
1287:
The U.S. flag appeared on the flagpole at 9.30 a.m. Legend has it that the Mexican flag had been taken by a cadet,
1176:, which stipulated that the penalty for desertion and/or defecting to the enemy during a time of war was death by
5020:
5007:
4389:
2287:
The Vanguard of the Atlantic World: Creating Modernity, Nation, and Democracy in Nineteenth-Century Latin America
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497:
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instead received all three punishments, a fate that once again was given to no other deserters during the war.
699:
623:
4014:
675:, is attributed with convincing a large number of German soldiers to defect from the U.S. occupying forces in
612:
4433:
1627:
1241:
was murdered by American soldiers when he was recognised among the prisoners of war in the aftermath of the
1186:(who unlike almost all other deserters had also fought against the United States) were punished by hanging.
1089:
issued General Orders 116 on 1 June 1848 stating that; "The prisoners confined at the Citadel, known as the
1021:
899:
857:
covered a Mexican retreat as a disordered mass of infantry sought refuge during a lull in the fighting. The
322:
2126:
2116:
1828:
1686:
Two other eye-witness accounts of the flag exist, both from American soldiers. The first describes it as:
1655:
1582:
1362:. Numerous schools, churches and other landmarks in Mexico take their name from the battalion, including:
1359:
1086:
715:
403:
252:
210:
694:
by the Mexicans because of their ruddy, sun-burnt complexions and red hair color. They were commanded by
2059:
1455:
1259:
1067:
1035:
974:
792:
782:
672:
200:
195:
4888:
2063:
410:. The Mexican government printed propaganda in different languages to entice immigrants serving in the
1932:
1802:
1586:
1574:
1530:
922:
914:
741:
defended the city of Monterrey with artillery fire from its citadel, indicated here with the key "F".
695:
682:
The first major engagement of the Saint Patrick's Battalion, as a recognised Mexican unit, was as an
584:
576:
336:
318:
248:
205:
1573:
The battalion has inspired numerous responses: it is the name of an supporters's association of the
832:
free to haul away two six-pound cannons. These cannons would later be used by Mexican forces at the
5011:
2659:, p. 197: "The battalion was formed as an artillery company and fought at Matamoros and Monterrey".
2075:
1467:
833:
815:
687:
660:
644:
608:
568:
564:
519:
190:
185:
3944:
3924:
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2071:
1226:
appears to have been the largest execution by hanging at a single event.) En masse executions for
4762:
4721:
The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History, Volume 1
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1964:
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1721:] and his company of deserters bearing aloft in high disgrace the holy banner of St. Patrick.
1699:
1303:
1280:
1223:
1190:
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grew in number, by some estimates reaching an enlistment of over 700 men. Forces re-assembled at
648:
541:
411:
314:
4739:
4255:
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2151:
1390:: On Thursday, 28 October 2002 the LVII Mexican Congress held a ceremony where the inscription "
1299:
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by the Mexican government for their conduct in that battle, and many received field promotions.
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A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the MexicanâAmerican War
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1911:
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Despite their excellent performance in a number of engagements as artillery, the much-reduced
819:
683:
664:
597:
242:
2647:, "The first significant battle for the San Patricios was at Monterrey on 21 September 1846".
2427:
2396:
894:, as well as a cavalry unit, in mid-1847 by personal order of Santa Anna. It was renamed the
4754:
4437:
3769:
2526:
2392:
2291:
2039:
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1340:
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either offered no defense or their defenses were not recorded. Wealthy Mexicans came to the
726:
616:
340:
332:
274:
4521:
2008:
as well as piping. The trousers were sky-blue with red piping. Officers wore black or blue
331:
participated in many of the bloodiest battles during the American invasion of Mexico, with
5024:
4776:"On St. Patrick's Day, Mexico remembers the Irishmen who fought for Mexico against the US"
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4278:
2079:
1643:
1501:
1459:
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732:
524:
391:
375:
4547:
3833:
The other side; or, notes for the history of the war between Mexico and the United States
3727:
2042:. Regardless of other variant spellings, the name was SeĂĄn Ă Raghailligh in the original
1258:
were to be executed at Chapultepec in full view of the two armies while they fought the
1153:' defence at the trials, and members of Mexico's first families visited them in prison.
2043:
1836:
1807:
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American officers led fifteen men against a point in the Mexican defenses, and mistook
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3848:(in Spanish). Presidency of the Republic of Mexico. 12 September 1997. Archived from
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1110:, while historians have said the group was disbanded because of Mexican budget cuts.
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371:
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290:
140:
129:
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30:
5037:"Irish Immigrants Deserted US Army in the Mexican American War" accessed 3 May 2020
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2001:
1842:
1765:
1534:
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1307:
1288:
1177:
1096:
703:
553:
383:
347:
325:, the battalion continued to operate artillery pieces throughout the conflict. The
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245:
77:
4407:
McCornack, Richard (1958). "The San Patricio Deserters in the Mexican War, 1847".
4276:
Hopkins, G. T. (September 1913). "The San Patricio Battalion in the Mexican War".
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were killed or captured in the engagement. The survivors were reformed before the
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of the British Army, who possibly arrived in Canada in 1843 whilst serving in the
485:
3773:
1433:
In the U.S., the memory of the battalion has been different. In Winfield Scott's
1293:
626:. In the decades leading up to the Mexican-American War many Irish fought in the
4813:
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1875:
A Flag to Fly: Based on True Story of the St. Patrick's Battalion in Mexico 1847
1848:
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An image displaying both the Irish and Mexican versions of the joint issue stamp
1515:
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1336:
1232:
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302:
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Mermann-Jozwiak, Elisabeth (Fall 2001). "An interview with Montserrat Fontes".
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and privates wore dark-blue cloth barracks caps, with red tassels similar to a
1269:
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2429:
Missionaries of Republicanism: A Religious History of the Mexican-American War
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John Riley, who left an account of the battalion, noted the flag in a letter:
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The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States
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A radically different version of the flag was described in a Mexican source:
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prisoners held by the Americans were to be left in Mexico, and Major General
4837:
Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S./Mexican War
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Army of Manifest Destiny: The American Soldier in the Mexican War, 1846â1848
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2013:
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87:
4085:
1599:
have been remembered as a symbol of international solidarity with Mexico.
1352:
The men have continued to be honored and revered as heroes in Mexico. The
957:(the term 'National Guard' is also used) who had been untested by battle.
4065:
2099:
1817:
1726:
1631:
1444:
1133:
947:
companies serving as an example to the supporting battalions. Unlike the
888:
796:
707:
506:
were heroes who came to their aid in an hour of need. For Americans, the
367:
257:
91:
4225:
2783:
941:. Several U.S. charges towards the bridgehead were thrown off, with the
484:
Commemorative plaque placed at the San Jacinto Plaza in the district of
4766:
4459:
Shamrock and Sword, The Saint Patrick's Battalion in the USâMexican War
4449:
1526:
1511:
1448:
1227:
1195:
1039:
954:
800:
723:
659:. Riley and "a company of 48 Irishmen" manned Mexican artillery at the
611:, had previously sided with Mexican forces against Texan rebels at the
545:
351:
5018:
Martin Paredes, "BatallĂłn de San Patricio: the Irish Heroes of Mexico"
5017:
3994:"Beneath an Emerald Green Flag: The Story of Irish Soldiers in Mexico"
787:
They then marched northward after joining a larger force commanded by
1544:
965:
cartridges were compatible with none but the San Patricio Companies "
962:
4995:, Embassy of Ireland Mexico, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
4758:
4441:
3547:
1470:
cancelled the U.S. distribution of a film depicting the battalion,
4420:
1915:, feature film directed by Lance Hool, written by Milton S. Gelman
1268:
1219:
1043:
985:
905:
791:
sent from Mexico City, the "liberating army of the North". At the
731:
479:
35:
Reconstruction of the battalion's flag as described by John Riley.
4719:
Tucker, Spencer; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta, eds. (2013).
1779:
A number of musical works have covered the battalion, including:
1189:
Those soldiers who had left military service before the official
983:
was called when the threat of being outflanked proved too great.
5030:
4503:
The Fighting Irish: The Story of the Extraordinary Irish Soldier
3874:"Mexico City renames Metro Station after St Patrick for one day"
2366:
2364:
2009:
2005:
990:
A depiction of George Ballentine, an eyewitness of the battalion
823:
297:. Consisting of between 175 and several hundred mostly European
4885:
Diccionario PorrĂșa de historia, biografĂa y geografĂa de MĂ©xico
3807:
Kendall, George Wilkins (1999). Cress, Lawrence Delbert (ed.).
2519:"Religion and race: The U.S.-Mexican War and Mexican Americans"
773:
and they had their distinct green silk flag embroidered there.
4919:
4043:
Agent of Destiny: The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott
1744:
1730:
1717:
4937:
America on the World Stage: A Global Approach to U.S. History
4683:
The Rogue's March: John Riley and the St. Patrick's Battalion
16:
Battalion in the Mexican Army during the MexicanâAmerican War
5033:, Website of leading author on the Saint Patrick's battalion
5027:, Website of leading author on the Saint Patrick's battalion
3060:
3058:
1393:
Defensores de la Patria 1846â1848 y BatallĂłn de San Patricio
1366:
Monterrey: The street in front of the Irish School is named
418:. U.S. Army regiments which had members defect included the
4904:
The United States in Latin America: A Historical Dictionary
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
1504:
commemorated the 150th anniversary of the execution of the
1447:
and an attempt to discourage other deserters. In 1915, an
4912:"The Chieftains And Ry Cooder Tell 'San Patricio' History"
4152:] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Ediciones Leega / Jucar.
4106:"The St. Patricio Battalion: The Irish Soldiers of Mexico"
2385:"Religion, Anti-Catholicism, and the Mexican-American War"
2094:
Monterrey is here spelled "Monterey" as it appears in the
1400:
1046:
through the halls and rooms inside the convent, U.S. Army
663:, which took place concurrently to the two other battles.
5097:
Military units and formations of the MexicanâAmerican War
4483:
Bound for the Rio Grande; the Mexican Struggle, 1845â1850
2725:
2723:
1956:, TG4 (Ireland) documentary, directed by Kieran Concannon
3099:
3097:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2941:
2939:
2926:
2924:
2667:
2665:
843:, referring to the Saint Patrick's Battalion, ordered a
4212:
Hogan, Michael (1997). "The Irish Soldiers of Mexico".
2973:
2971:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2201:
2199:
1715:
Among the mighty host we passed was O'Reilly [
1658:, an American journalist covering the war with Mexico:
1537:
in honor of Riley every year on 12 September. In 2014,
1375:
Mexico City: The street in front of the Santa MarĂa de
1054:
Gen. Anaya stated in his written battle report that 35
4615:
America, Amerikkka: Elect Nation and Imperial Violence
4239:. Guadalajara, Mexico: Fondo Editorial Universitario.
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2174:
2172:
1981:, novel by Andrea Ferraris, published by Fantagraphics
1518:
commemorative postage stamps to mark the anniversary.
4883:
Garibay, Ăngel MarĂa; Teixidor, Felipe, eds. (1971).
4169:
Mexicanos: A history of Mexicans in the United States
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
339:
proved to be about the severest battle fought in the
5112:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1848
2899:
2897:
2895:
2568:
2566:
2564:
1318:
account of his American military service in Mexico,
4740:"The Battalion of Saint Patrick in the Mexican War"
1554:
236:
226:
221:
173:
147:
135:
125:
111:
97:
83:
65:
48:
40:
23:
4638:Baring the Iron Hand: Discipline in the Union Army
4587:
4564:
3972:"A Reminder of a Conflict That Faded into History"
2656:
556:with promises of salaries and land after the war.
5107:Military units and formations established in 1846
4590:Why We Fought: America's Wars in Film and History
4256:"Los San Patricios: The Irish Soldiers of Mexico"
3508:
3457:
690:of 21 September 1846. Popularly they were called
4322:(5). UE International Solidarity. Archived from
4312:"Students Seek To Have Expulsion Order Annulled"
795:(known as the battle of Angostura in Mexico) in
4820:(1st ed.). New York: Seven Stories Press.
4086:"Three flags for the BatallĂłn de San Patricio?"
3619:
2370:
2320:
1935:, published by Blue River Press of Indianapolis
1740:
1713:
1688:
1660:
1623:
1484:
643:Present in the Mexican Army for the battles of
600:and treated as inferior to American nativists.
317:, the battalion was formed and led by Irishman
4993:Commemoration of the Saint Patrickâs Battalion
4855:"Mexican-Irish hero to be honoured in Clifden"
4796:San Patricio Soldiers: Mexico's Foreign Legion
3880:. Irish Government News Service. 17 March 2015
3775:Personal memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, Volume I
1974:, novel by Pino Cacucci, published by Grijalbo
1967:, published by Cinco Puntos Press, El Paso, TX
1132:Two separate courts-martial were held, one at
5008:The San Patricios: the Irish Heroes of Mexico
4939:. University of Illinois Press. p. 145.
4893:
4567:Looking for Jimmy: A Search for Irish America
4192:"Bagpipers honor Irish who fought for Mexico"
3862:
3846:"CL Aniversario del batallĂłn de San patricio"
1759:
1677:
1663:
1594:
1505:
1494:Looking for Jimmy: A Search for Irish America
1438:
1412:
1401:
1391:
1367:
1353:
1344:
1330:
1274:
1253:
1236:
1218:in United States history. (The hanging of 38
1181:
1166:
1148:
1142:
1124:
1101:
1090:
1080:
1061:
1055:
1029:
1015:
1008:
1002:
995:
948:
942:
882:
864:
858:
852:
827:
809:
764:
746:
736:
513:
507:
501:
467:
326:
8:
4964:"The San Patricio Battalion: A Bibliography"
4015:"Tragic Story of the San Patricio Battalion"
3631:
2432:. Oxford University Press. pp. 68â148.
1403:Banda de Gaitas del Batallon de San Patricio
5077:Irish-American history and culture in Texas
5062:History of Catholicism in the United States
4887:. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Mexico City:
2770:
2248:
2147:List of battles of the MexicanâAmerican War
1669:
1542:
1435:1852 run for President of the United States
1095:prisoners, will be immediately discharged"â
1070:some two weeks later and were stationed at
1007:members for friendly U.S. army troops; the
624:European countries after the Williamite War
550:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
406:. Only a few members of the battalion were
4999:Freedom Denied: the St Patrick's Battalion
4364:"Mexican-Irish historical link celebrated"
4108:. Society for Irish Latin American Studies
4084:Ferrigan III, James J. (8 February 2000).
4000:. Society for Irish Latin American Studies
3992:Connaughton, Michael G. (September 2005).
3798:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3472:
3349:
3270:
3234:
3064:
2915:
2584:
2355:
937:. The Americans were under the command of
544:and extremely poor economic conditions in
3548:Presidency of the Republic of Mexico 1997
3409:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3325:
3246:
3230:
3139:
3103:
3076:
2608:
2295:
2290:. Duke University Press. pp. 64â80.
2205:
2157:List of military units named after people
1906:, documentary film directed by Jason Hool
1020:tore the white flag down, prompting Gen.
496:For those Mexicans who had fought in the
5052:Expatriate military units and formations
4972:Society for Irish Latin American Studies
4550:. Clifden and Connemara Heritage Society
3809:Dispatches from the Mexican-American War
3421:
3311:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHogan1998 (
3204:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHogan1998 (
2712:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHogan1998 (
2502:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHogan1998 (
2389:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
2234:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHogan1998 (
2000:The coats were Turkish-blue with yellow
1637:
472:are honored in both Mexico and Ireland.
350:immigrants, the battalion also included
4818:A People's History of the United States
3762:My Confession: Recollections of a Rogue
3703:
3695:
3683:
3667:
3655:
3583:
3571:
3484:
3294:
3175:
3163:
3088:
2886:
2843:
2831:
2758:
2729:
2671:
2632:
2383:Pinheiro, John C. (26 September 2017),
2343:
2271:
2217:
2168:
2142:John Murphy (Saint Patrick's Battalion)
913:'s monastery at the height of the 1847
500:and for generations to come after, the
5102:19th-century prisoner of war massacres
4066:"Inglorious Tale from the Mexican War"
3791:
3699:
3679:
3607:
3595:
3433:
3258:
3127:
3115:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2962:
2945:
2930:
2867:
2855:
2819:
2695:
2644:
2596:
2461:
2397:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.395
2190:
1551:
1302:, who leapt with it to his death from
20:
4839:. University of Massachusetts Press.
4310:Leahy, Dan; et al. (June 2002).
3559:
3535:
3523:
3496:
3445:
3306:
3218:
3199:
2977:
2903:
2746:
2707:
2683:
2620:
2572:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2229:
2178:
2106:, also in the MexicanâAmerican War).
1591:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
7:
4774:Woolf, Christopher (17 March 2015).
4254:Hogan, Michael (15 September 2006).
4027:(4). American Heritage Publishing Co
3957:(7). American Heritage Publishing Co
3732:. New York: W. A. Townsend & Co.
3397:
3337:
3282:
3187:
3151:
2807:
2284:Sanders, James E. (3 October 2014).
2096:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant
1414:Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones
698:, an Irish artilleryman and veteran
548:, which was at the time part of the
5002:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
4546:Paredes, MartĂn (4 December 2010).
3643:
1529:, Connemara, Ireland, where leader
1034:shot and killed them. After brutal
706:(the assertion that he served as a
628:South American wars of independence
4642:Northern Illinois University Press
4613:Radford Ruether, Rosemary (2007).
4532:Texas State Historical Association
4520:Nordstrom, Pat (18 January 2008).
4127:University of North Carolina Press
3943:Callaghan, James (November 1995).
1835:"St Patrick's Brave Brigade" â by
1665:Libertad por la Republica Mexicana
1417:). The band was inducted into the
14:
4738:Wallace, Edward S (Summer 1950).
4316:Mexican Labor News & Analysis
4104:Fogarty, James (September 2005).
3788:– via Digital Scanning Inc.
2132:Irish Brigade (Spanish Civil War)
1783:"Saint Patrick's Battalion" â by
1668:. Under the harp is the motto of
1396:" was inscribed in gold letters.
1194:war were supposed to be branded,
877:Re-organization and final battles
712:66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot
305:, including numerous men who had
4906:, vol. S, 2008, p. 311
4571:. New York: The Overlook Press.
4046:. University of Oklahoma Press.
3970:Cave, Damien (30 October 2013).
3865:cultural y su filosofĂa de vida.
2657:Tucker, Arnold & Wiener 2013
1758:, a romanticised version of the
1560:
887:were ordered to muster a larger
70:
53:
29:
5092:Mexican people of Irish descent
4362:Looby, David (13 August 2015).
4190:Hawley, Chris (10 March 2008).
4090:FOTW Flags of the World website
4040:Eisenhower, John S. D. (1999).
3830:Ramsey, Albert C., ed. (1850).
2358:, pp. 34â35 & 281â282.
1549:in Clifden in honor of Reilly.
1409:Museum of Foreign Interventions
1028:two more times, members of the
826:the rest, leaving the attached
745:At the battle of Monterrey the
639:Formation and early engagements
4345:University of Notre Dame Press
3923:Boyer, Sandy (19 March 2010).
3764:. New York: Harper & Bros.
3737:Carpenter, William W. (1851).
2089:
2053:
1995:
1841:"St Patrick's Battalion" â by
1386:The Wall of Honor in Mexico's
839:In frustration U.S. Commander
289:unit which fought against the
1:
4835:Wagenen, Michael Van (2012).
4685:. Washington, DC: Brassey's.
4013:Downey, Fairfax (June 1955).
3744:. New York: Harper & Bros
2761:, pp. 150 & 172â173.
1500:In 1997, President of Mexico
1372:(Battalion of Saint Patrick).
1335:found work at the arsenal in
1202:sentenced to hard labor. The
1136:on 23 August, and another at
398:were in the ranks, including
101:
4596:University Press of Kentucky
4548:"The Irish Heroes of Mexico"
4463:University of Oklahoma Press
4457:Miller, Robert Ryal (1989).
4382:McCaffery, James M. (1994).
4167:Gonzales, Manuel G. (2000).
4146:La guerra contra los gringos
3906:University of Nebraska Press
3813:University of Oklahoma Press
2784:"The San Patricio Battalion"
1897:Los Angeles Times Book Prize
1816:"San Patricio Brigade" â by
1533:was born. Clifden flies the
759:Following the engagement at
390:soldiers, most of whom were
281:), later reorganized as the
4150:The war against the gringos
3925:"Defying a war of conquest"
3778:. Scituate, Massachusetts.
3726:Ballentine, George (1860).
3620:Garibay & Teixidor 1971
2517:Hendrickson, Brett (2021),
2029:
2023:
1972:El BatallĂłn de San Patricio
1942:, novel by Michael Fallaw.
1794:"St Patricks Battalion" by
1748:] embroidered in green.
1581:. The unit was evoked in a
1077:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
896:Foreign Legion of Patricios
789:Antonio LĂłpez de Santa Anna
589:Philadelphia nativist riots
283:Foreign Legion of Patricios
5135:
4935:Dickson, Ted, ed. (2008).
4816:; Arnove, Anthony (2004).
4780:Public Radio International
4681:Stevens, Peter F. (1999).
4673:The War with Mexico, vol 2
4670:Smith, Justin H. (1919b).
4662:The War with Mexico, vol 1
4659:Smith, Justin H. (1919a).
4586:Rollins, Peter C. (2008).
4291:Howes, Kelly King (2003).
4020:American Heritage Magazine
3950:American Heritage Magazine
2523:Mexican American Religions
2426:Pinheiro, John C. (2014).
2137:Irish Brigade (Union Army)
1606:
1419:Irish America Hall of Fame
931:Los Independencia BatallĂłn
780:
634:Service as a military unit
4390:New York University Press
4144:FrĂas, Heriberto (1984).
2297:10.1215/9780822376132-004
2098:(Not to be confused with
1961:Country of the Bad Wolfes
1929:Saint Patrick's Battalion
1884:, directed by Mark R. Day
1868:Saint Patrick's Battalion
1847:"The San Patricios" â by
1559:
1222:at the conclusion of the
917:, painted by James Walker
271:Saint Patrick's Battalion
28:
24:Saint Patrick's Battalion
5117:United States war crimes
5067:Irish diaspora in Mexico
4962:Murray, Edmundo (2006).
4794:Wunn, Dennis J. (1984).
4702:The United States at War
4522:"San Patricio Battalion"
4480:Meltzer, Milton (1974).
4236:Irish Soldiers of Mexico
4173:Indiana University Press
3902:The Mexican War, 1846â48
3682:, pp. 38 & 71;
2068:Daniel Florencio O'Leary
2016:, also with red piping.
1979:The Battle of Churubusco
1609:List of flags of Ireland
1369:BatallĂłn de San Patricio
1355:BatallĂłn de San Patricio
1243:Battle of Molino del Rey
977:behind the walls of the
700:non-commissioned officer
569:Catholic religion freely
279:BatallĂłn de San Patricio
4798:. Texas Western Press.
4700:Super, John C. (1992).
4636:Ramold, Steven (2010).
4434:Oxford University Press
4233:Hogan, Michael (2011).
3900:Bauer, K. Jack (1992).
2531:10.4324/9780429285516-5
1904:St. Patrick's Battalion
1711:The second notes only:
1437:, his treatment of the
1114:Aftermath of Churubusco
814:were dispatched with a
120:Los Colorados Valientes
5087:Irish-American culture
5072:Irish-American history
5057:Historical negationism
4894:
4676:. New York: Macmillan.
4665:. New York: Macmillan.
3863:
2916:Zinn & Arnove 2004
2127:Irish Brigade (France)
2117:69th New York Infantry
1924:, novel by Jeff Shaara
1760:
1750:
1736:
1709:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1656:George Wilkins Kendall
1651:
1636:
1595:
1543:
1506:
1489:
1451:was initiated by U.S.
1439:
1425:San Patricio station:
1413:
1402:
1392:
1383:("the Irish martyrs").
1368:
1354:
1345:
1331:
1284:
1275:
1254:
1237:
1182:
1167:
1165:Most of the convicted
1149:
1143:
1125:
1102:
1091:
1087:William Orlando Butler
1081:
1062:
1056:
1030:
1016:
1009:
1003:
996:
991:
980:convento de Churubusco
949:
943:
918:
883:
865:
859:
853:
828:
810:
765:
747:
742:
737:
514:
508:
502:
493:
476:Historical perspective
468:
404:Southern United States
346:Composed primarily of
327:
278:
211:Battle for Mexico City
4563:Quinn, Peter (2007).
4341:Ireland After History
4339:Lloyd, David (2000).
2060:1st Venezuelan Rifles
1822:"San Patricios" â by
1700:Samuel E. Chamberlain
1641:
1607:Further information:
1456:William Henry Coleman
1272:
1260:Battle of Chapultepec
1235:on 13 September. One
1068:Battle of Mexico City
989:
909:
793:Battle of Buena Vista
783:Battle of Buena Vista
735:
673:Battle of Cerro Gordo
671:and a Captain at the
653:LegiĂłn de Extranjeros
613:Battle of LipantitlĂĄn
598:racist pseudo-science
483:
396:native-born Americans
260:Prisciliano Almitrano
201:Battle of Cerro Gordo
196:Battle of Buena Vista
107:(at maximum strength)
4501:Newark, Tim (2012).
4461:. Norman, Oklahoma:
4293:Mexican American war
2371:Radford Ruether 2007
2321:Mermann-Jozwiak 2001
2034:Variably spelled in
1933:James Alexander Thom
1729:cavalryman (Mexican
1587:Subcomandante Marcos
1577:team Club Deportivo
1575:association football
1273:The mass hanging of
939:Col. William Hoffman
923:Battle of Churubusco
915:Battle of Churubusco
498:MexicanâAmerican War
295:MexicanâAmerican War
206:Battle of Churubusco
181:MexicanâAmerican War
5023:23 May 2010 at the
5012:Library of Congress
4486:. New York: Knopf.
4121:Foos, Paul (2002).
3945:"The San Patricios"
3929:socialistworker.org
3758:Chamberlain, Samuel
3670:, pp. 230â232.
3562:, pp. 252â253.
3487:, pp. 300â301.
3376:, pp. 207â208.
3261:, pp. 93, 105.
3178:, pp. 290â291.
2918:, pp. 157â158.
2220:, pp. 283â284.
2193:, pp. 188â192.
1877:, by Chris Matthews
1650:("Ireland forever")
1634:upon a green field.
1583:Saint Patrick's Day
1388:Chamber of Deputies
1381:MĂĄrtires Irlandeses
1360:Saint Patrick's Day
1079:that the remaining
935:Los Bravos BatallĂłn
834:Battle of Contreras
688:Battle of Monterrey
661:Siege of Fort Texas
609:San Patricio, Texas
520:Vicente Fox Quesada
232:Francisco R. Moreno
191:Battle of Monterrey
186:Siege of Fort Texas
3977:The New York Times
2587:, p. 281â282.
2104:Battle of Monterey
2064:Bernardo O'Higgins
1965:James Carlos Blake
1893:James Carlos Blake
1889:In the Rogue Blood
1853:"John Riley" â by
1652:
1379:convent was named
1304:Chapultepec Castle
1285:
1281:Samuel Chamberlain
1279:, as portrayed by
1224:Dakota War of 1862
1191:declaration of war
992:
919:
743:
649:Resaca de la Palma
542:Great Irish Famine
540:then escaping the
494:
412:United States Army
315:United States Army
5031:Dr. Michael Hogan
4863:. 6 November 2014
4860:Galway Advertiser
4527:Handbook of Texas
4064:(February 1993).
3894:Secondary sources
3878:MerrionStreet.com
3770:Grant, Ulysses S.
3632:Ferrigan III 2000
3510:Galway Advertiser
3459:MerrionStreet.com
3424:, pp. 86â87.
2540:978-0-429-28551-6
2439:978-0-19-994867-3
2406:978-0-19-934037-8
2346:, pp. 91â92.
2307:978-0-8223-7613-2
1921:Gone for Soldiers
1882:The San Patricios
1870:, by Carl Krueger
1861:Films and fiction
1855:Paul McKenna Band
1766:Union League Club
1733:), name unknown,
1571:
1570:
1464:National Archives
1248:By order of Gen.
961:arrived, the 9 œ
820:Manuel Lombardini
684:artillery battery
665:Martin Tritschler
264:
263:
255:Santiago O'Leary
229:the Regiment
116:Los San Patricios
5124:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4950:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4907:
4899:
4897:
4891:. p. 3146.
4889:Editorial PorrĂșa
4877:Tertiary sources
4872:
4870:
4868:
4850:
4831:
4809:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4770:
4747:Military Affairs
4744:
4734:
4715:
4696:
4677:
4666:
4655:
4632:
4609:
4593:
4582:
4570:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4516:
4497:
4476:
4453:
4414:
4403:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4358:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4306:
4287:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4250:
4229:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4186:
4163:
4140:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4057:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3919:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3869:
3867:
3859:
3857:
3841:
3826:
3803:
3797:
3789:
3765:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3733:
3707:
3693:
3687:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2966:
2960:
2949:
2943:
2934:
2928:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2890:
2884:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2780:
2774:
2771:Chamberlain 1853
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2733:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2444:
2443:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2252:
2249:Connaughton 2005
2246:
2240:
2239:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2093:
2076:Morgan O'Connell
2057:
2033:
2027:
2004:and crimson-red
1999:
1763:
1734:
1707:
1681:
1675:
1667:
1598:
1564:
1563:
1552:
1548:
1509:
1496:
1442:
1416:
1405:
1395:
1371:
1357:
1348:
1334:
1297:
1278:
1257:
1240:
1185:
1170:
1152:
1146:
1128:
1105:
1094:
1084:
1065:
1059:
1033:
1019:
1012:
1006:
999:
952:
946:
886:
868:
862:
856:
831:
813:
768:
750:
740:
727:Pedro de Ampudia
617:Texan Revolution
517:
511:
505:
471:
341:valley of Mexico
335:remarking that "
333:Ulysses S. Grant
330:
168:
163:
158:
153:
106:
103:
76:
74:
73:
58:
57:
56:
33:
21:
5134:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5082:Irish regiments
5042:
5041:
5025:Wayback Machine
4989:
4976:
4974:
4961:
4958:
4956:Further reading
4953:
4947:
4934:
4925:
4923:
4910:
4902:
4882:
4879:
4866:
4864:
4853:
4847:
4834:
4828:
4812:
4806:
4793:
4784:
4782:
4773:
4759:10.2307/1982456
4742:
4737:
4731:
4718:
4712:
4704:. Salem Press.
4699:
4693:
4680:
4669:
4658:
4652:
4635:
4629:
4612:
4606:
4585:
4579:
4562:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4536:
4534:
4519:
4513:
4505:. Hachette UK.
4500:
4494:
4479:
4473:
4456:
4442:10.2307/3185561
4417:
4410:The Irish Sword
4406:
4400:
4381:
4372:
4370:
4361:
4355:
4338:
4329:
4327:
4326:on 2 April 2015
4309:
4303:
4290:
4279:Cavalry Journal
4275:
4266:
4264:
4253:
4247:
4232:
4214:History Ireland
4211:
4202:
4200:
4189:
4183:
4166:
4160:
4143:
4137:
4120:
4111:
4109:
4103:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4072:
4060:
4054:
4039:
4030:
4028:
4012:
4003:
4001:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3969:
3960:
3958:
3942:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3916:
3899:
3896:
3883:
3881:
3872:
3855:
3853:
3852:on 2 April 2015
3844:
3829:
3823:
3806:
3790:
3786:
3768:
3756:
3747:
3745:
3736:
3725:
3722:
3720:Primary sources
3716:
3711:
3710:
3694:
3690:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3622:, p. 3146.
3618:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3507:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3473:Eisenhower 1999
3471:
3467:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3350:Ballentine 1860
3348:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3271:Eisenhower 1999
3269:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3235:Eisenhower 1999
3233:, p. 196;
3229:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3065:Ballentine 1860
3063:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2952:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2893:
2885:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2788:the medal hound
2782:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2736:
2728:
2721:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2585:Ballentine 1860
2583:
2579:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2541:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2447:
2440:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2362:
2356:Ballentine 1860
2354:
2350:
2342:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2113:
2108:
2088:
2080:William Lamport
2052:
2028:
2022:
1994:
1988:
1954:Saol John Riley
1863:
1777:
1735:
1725:
1708:
1698:
1692:San Luis PotosĂ
1644:green harp flag
1611:
1605:
1561:
1502:Ernesto Zedillo
1498:
1491:
1460:Frank L. Greene
1327:
1291:
1212:
1174:Articles of War
1159:
1121:
1116:
879:
785:
779:
771:San Luis PotosĂ
641:
636:
534:
525:Ernesto Zedillo
478:
400:fugitive slaves
267:
256:
251:
238:
228:
227:Colonel of
217:
166:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
151:
118:
104:
71:
69:
54:
52:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5015:
5005:
4996:
4988:
4987:External links
4985:
4984:
4983:
4968:irlandeses.org
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:978-0252075520
4945:
4932:
4922:. 7 March 2010
4908:
4900:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4851:
4846:978-1558499300
4845:
4832:
4826:
4810:
4804:
4791:
4771:
4735:
4729:
4716:
4711:978-1587652363
4710:
4697:
4691:
4678:
4667:
4656:
4651:978-0875804088
4650:
4633:
4628:978-1845531584
4627:
4610:
4605:978-0813191911
4604:
4583:
4578:978-1590200230
4577:
4560:
4543:
4517:
4511:
4498:
4492:
4477:
4471:
4454:
4415:
4413:. Vol. 3.
4404:
4399:978-0814755051
4398:
4379:
4368:Independent.ie
4359:
4353:
4336:
4307:
4301:
4288:
4273:
4251:
4246:978-9687846002
4245:
4230:
4209:
4187:
4181:
4164:
4158:
4141:
4136:978-0807854051
4135:
4118:
4101:
4081:
4058:
4053:978-0806131283
4052:
4037:
4010:
3998:irlandeses.org
3989:
3967:
3940:
3920:
3914:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3870:
3842:
3827:
3821:
3804:
3785:978-1582181899
3784:
3766:
3754:
3734:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:, p. 293.
3702:, p. 26;
3698:, p. 85;
3688:
3686:, p. 231.
3672:
3660:
3658:, p. 145.
3648:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3588:
3586:, p. 350.
3576:
3574:, p. 285.
3564:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3501:
3489:
3477:
3475:, p. 329.
3465:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3412:, p. 135.
3410:Carpenter 1851
3402:
3400:, p. 111.
3390:
3388:, p. 201.
3386:Carpenter 1851
3378:
3374:Carpenter 1851
3366:
3364:, p. 212.
3362:Carpenter 1851
3354:
3352:, p. 281.
3342:
3330:
3328:, p. 197.
3326:McCaffery 1994
3318:
3309:, p. 287.
3299:
3297:, p. 275.
3287:
3275:
3273:, p. 297.
3263:
3251:
3249:, p. 181.
3247:McCaffery 1994
3239:
3237:, p. 297.
3231:McCaffery 1994
3223:
3221:, p. 173.
3211:
3192:
3190:, p. 112.
3180:
3168:
3166:, p. 286.
3156:
3154:, p. 110.
3144:
3142:, p. 102.
3140:Carpenter 1851
3132:
3120:
3118:, p. 299.
3108:
3104:Nordstrom 2008
3093:
3091:, p. 197.
3081:
3079:, p. 179.
3077:McCaffery 1994
3069:
3067:, p. 256.
3054:
3052:, p. 296.
3042:
3040:, p. 295.
3030:
3028:, p. 116.
3018:
3016:, p. 286.
3006:
3004:, p. 114.
2994:
2992:, p. 115.
2982:
2980:, p. 114.
2967:
2965:, p. 111.
2950:
2948:, p. 284.
2935:
2933:, p. 283.
2920:
2908:
2891:
2872:
2870:, p. 395.
2860:
2858:, p. 393.
2848:
2846:, p. 193.
2836:
2834:, p. 195.
2824:
2822:, p. 391.
2812:
2800:
2775:
2773:, p. 226.
2763:
2751:
2749:, p. 181.
2734:
2732:, p. 280.
2719:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2635:, p. 291.
2625:
2623:, p. 136.
2613:
2611:, p. 255.
2609:McCornack 1958
2601:
2589:
2577:
2560:
2539:
2509:
2500:, p. 152.
2490:
2488:, p. 104.
2478:
2466:
2445:
2438:
2418:
2405:
2375:
2360:
2348:
2325:
2323:, p. 150.
2313:
2306:
2276:
2253:
2241:
2232:, p. 223.
2222:
2210:
2206:Callaghan 1995
2195:
2183:
2181:, p. 115.
2167:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2109:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1957:
1950:
1948:978-1436385084
1936:
1925:
1916:
1912:One Man's Hero
1907:
1900:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1837:Damien Dempsey
1833:
1829:State of Grace
1820:
1814:
1808:The Chieftains
1798:
1792:
1776:
1773:
1755:One Man's Hero
1723:
1696:
1672:Erin go Bragh!
1604:
1601:
1569:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1555:External image
1523:One Man's Hero
1516:jointly issued
1492:âPeter Quinn,
1483:
1473:One Man's Hero
1431:
1430:
1423:
1397:
1384:
1373:
1326:
1323:
1264:William Harney
1250:Winfield Scott
1216:mass execution
1211:
1208:
1158:
1155:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1038:fighting with
1036:close-quarters
878:
875:
841:Zachary Taylor
781:Main article:
778:
775:
677:Puebla, Puebla
669:German Mexican
640:
637:
635:
632:
581:Catholic faith
538:Irish diaspora
533:
530:
477:
474:
265:
262:
261:
240:
234:
233:
230:
224:
223:
219:
218:
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108:
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80:
67:
63:
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50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5130:
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5110:
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5098:
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5058:
5055:
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5050:
5049:
5047:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4805:0-87404-150-3
4801:
4797:
4792:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4730:9781851098538
4726:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4549:
4544:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4512:9781780335117
4508:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4274:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4107:
4102:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4038:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3610:, p. 52.
3609:
3604:
3601:
3598:, p. 38.
3597:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3499:, p. 49.
3498:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3422:Gonzales 2000
3418:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3285:, p. 14.
3284:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3202:, p. 19.
3201:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3130:, p. 89.
3129:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2710:, p. 42.
2709:
2704:
2701:
2698:, p. 27.
2697:
2692:
2689:
2686:, p. 42.
2685:
2680:
2677:
2674:, p. 85.
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2599:, p. 39.
2598:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2525:, Routledge,
2524:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2419:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2373:, p. 81.
2372:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:Juan O'DonojĂș
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:See articles
2056:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1806:" â album by
1805:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1761:San Patricios
1757:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1704:My Confession
1701:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1654:According to
1649:
1648:Erin go Bragh
1645:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:San Patricios
1592:
1588:
1585:message from
1584:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:San Patricios
1503:
1497:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1478:San Patricios
1475:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1440:San Patricios
1436:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1343:. One former
1342:
1338:
1333:
1332:San Patricios
1324:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1276:San Patricios
1271:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1255:San Patricios
1251:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1204:San Patricios
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1183:San Patricios
1179:
1175:
1169:
1168:San Patricios
1163:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:San Patricios
1145:
1144:San Patricios
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1126:San Patricios
1118:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1108:military coup
1104:
1103:San Patricios
1098:
1097:Rogue's March
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1063:San Patricios
1058:
1057:San Patricios
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1031:San Patricios
1027:
1023:
1018:
1017:San Patricios
1011:
1010:San Patricios
1005:
998:
997:San Patricios
988:
984:
982:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
958:
956:
951:
950:San Patricios
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
916:
912:
908:
904:
901:
897:
893:
890:
885:
884:San Patricios
876:
874:
872:
867:
866:San Patricios
861:
860:San Patricios
855:
854:San Patricios
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
830:
829:San Patricios
825:
821:
818:commanded by
817:
812:
811:San Patricios
805:
802:
798:
794:
790:
784:
776:
774:
772:
767:
766:San Patricios
762:
757:
755:
754:Braxton Bragg
749:
748:San Patricios
739:
738:San Patricios
734:
730:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:Los Colorados
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
638:
633:
631:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
601:
599:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
572:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
531:
529:
526:
521:
516:
515:San Patricios
510:
509:San Patricios
504:
503:San Patricios
499:
491:
487:
482:
475:
473:
470:
469:San Patricios
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:4th Artillery
429:
428:3rd Artillery
425:
424:2nd Artillery
421:
420:1st Artillery
417:
413:
409:
408:U.S. citizens
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
329:
328:San Patricios
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:United States
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
266:Military unit
259:
254:
250:
247:
244:
241:
235:
231:
225:
220:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
179:
178:
176:
172:
150:
146:
143:
142:
141:Erin go bragh
138:
134:
131:
130:Saint Patrick
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
68:
64:
61:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4975:. Retrieved
4967:
4936:
4924:. Retrieved
4915:
4903:
4892:
4884:
4865:. Retrieved
4858:
4836:
4817:
4814:Zinn, Howard
4795:
4783:. Retrieved
4753:(2): 84â91.
4750:
4746:
4723:. ABC-CLIO.
4720:
4701:
4682:
4672:
4661:
4637:
4614:
4589:
4566:
4552:. Retrieved
4535:. Retrieved
4525:
4502:
4482:
4458:
4425:
4419:
4408:
4384:
4371:. Retrieved
4367:
4340:
4328:. Retrieved
4324:the original
4319:
4315:
4292:
4283:
4277:
4265:. Retrieved
4259:
4235:
4220:(4): 39â43.
4217:
4213:
4201:. Retrieved
4195:
4168:
4149:
4145:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4093:. Retrieved
4089:
4073:. Retrieved
4069:
4062:Fast, Howard
4042:
4029:. Retrieved
4024:
4018:
4002:. Retrieved
3997:
3981:. Retrieved
3975:
3959:. Retrieved
3954:
3948:
3932:. Retrieved
3928:
3901:
3882:. Retrieved
3877:
3861:
3854:. Retrieved
3850:the original
3836:. New York:
3832:
3808:
3774:
3761:
3746:. Retrieved
3739:
3728:
3704:Stevens 1999
3696:Wallace 1950
3691:
3684:Stevens 1999
3675:
3668:Wagenen 2012
3663:
3656:Dickson 2008
3651:
3639:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3591:
3584:Kendall 1999
3579:
3572:Stevens 1999
3567:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3492:
3485:Stevens 1999
3480:
3468:
3458:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3333:
3321:
3302:
3295:Stevens 1999
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3226:
3214:
3195:
3183:
3176:Stevens 1999
3171:
3164:Stevens 1999
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3089:Meltzer 1974
3084:
3072:
3045:
3033:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2911:
2887:Paredes 2010
2863:
2851:
2844:Stevens 1999
2839:
2832:Stevens 1999
2827:
2815:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2787:
2778:
2766:
2759:Stevens 1999
2754:
2730:Hopkins 1913
2703:
2691:
2679:
2672:Wallace 1950
2652:
2640:
2633:Stevens 1999
2628:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2552:, retrieved
2522:
2512:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2428:
2421:
2410:, retrieved
2388:
2378:
2351:
2344:Rollins 2008
2316:
2286:
2279:
2272:Fogarty 2005
2244:
2225:
2218:Hopkins 1913
2213:
2186:
2152:Niños Héroes
2122:Fenian raids
2090:
2085:
2084:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:Irish Gaelic
2030:
2024:
2019:
2018:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1971:
1960:
1953:
1940:Just like me
1939:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1903:
1899:for Fiction,
1895:, winner of
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1843:David Rovics
1827:
1803:San Patricio
1801:
1788:
1778:
1770:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1689:
1685:
1679:San Patricio
1661:
1653:
1647:
1628:Harp of Erin
1624:
1620:
1612:
1572:
1535:Mexican flag
1522:
1520:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1432:
1427:Metro Zapata
1399:
1380:
1351:
1346:San Patricio
1328:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1308:Mexican flag
1300:Niños Héroes
1289:Juan Escutia
1286:
1247:
1238:San Patricio
1213:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1178:firing squad
1164:
1160:
1131:
1122:
1092:San Patricio
1082:San Patricio
1053:
1004:San Patricio
993:
979:
959:
944:San Patricio
934:
930:
927:tĂȘte-de-pont
920:
895:
880:
849:1st Dragoons
838:
806:
786:
758:
744:
704:British Army
691:
681:
652:
642:
621:
606:
602:
573:
563:soldiers by
558:
554:coffin ships
535:
495:
464:8th Infantry
460:7th Infantry
456:6th Infantry
452:5th Infantry
448:4th Infantry
444:3rd Infantry
440:2nd Infantry
436:2nd Dragoons
345:
287:Mexican Army
282:
270:
268:
154:Turkish Blue
139:
119:
115:
78:Mexican Army
18:
4436:: 145â161.
4070:trussel.com
3700:Miller 1989
3680:Miller 1989
3608:Miller 1989
3596:Miller 1989
3434:Hawley 2008
3259:Miller 1989
3128:Miller 1989
3116:Ramsey 1850
3050:Ramsey 1850
3038:Ramsey 1850
3026:Smith 1919b
3014:Ramsey 1850
3002:Smith 1919b
2990:Smith 1919b
2963:Smith 1919b
2946:Ramsey 1850
2931:Ramsey 1850
2868:Smith 1919a
2856:Smith 1919a
2820:Smith 1919a
2696:Miller 1989
2645:Newark 2012
2597:Ramold 2010
2554:18 February
2462:Downey 1955
2412:18 February
2191:Miller 1989
1963:, novel by
1931:, novel by
1849:The Fenians
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