Saiga antelope - Knowledge (XXG)

1100: 1304: 390: 124: 1085:, grasslands, and possibly open woodlands, eating several species of plants, including some that are poisonous to other animals. They can cover long distances and swim across rivers, but they avoid steep or rugged areas. The mating season starts in November, when stags fight for the acceptance of females. The winner leads a herd of five to ten females (occasionally up to 50). In springtime, mothers come together in mass to give birth. Two-thirds of births are twins; the remaining third of births are single calves. 3735: 146: 976: 220: 1379:

Recent trends in climate change have increased the aridity of the steppe region, leading an estimated 14% or more of available pastureland to be considered degraded and useless. Concurrently, small steppe rivers dry faster, limiting water resources to large lakes and rivers, which are usually populated by human settlements; high temperatures in the steppe region lead to springtime floods, in which saiga calves can drown.

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lands. Currently, saiga populations' migratory routes pass five countries and different human-made constructions, such as railways, trenches, mining sites, and pipelines. These physical barriers limit movement of the antelopes. Cases of saiga herds being trapped within fenced areas and starving to death have been reported.

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are not uncommon. In the 1980s, several saiga die-offs occurred, and between 2010 and 2014, one occurred every year. The deaths could be linked to calving aggregation, which is when they are most vulnerable. More recent research involving a mass die-off in 2015 indicates warmer weather and attendant

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was heavily populated. The population's size remained high until the second half of the 19th century, when excessive horn export began. The high price and demand for horns drove radical hunting. The number of animals decreased in all regions and the migratory routes shifted southward. Populations in

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Agricultural advancement and human settlements have been shrinking habitat areas of the saigas since the 20th century. Occupants limited saiga's passage to water resources and the winter and summer habitats. The ever-changing face of steppe requires saigas to search for new routes to their habitual

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population in central Kazakhstan, representing more than a third of the global population. By April 2016, the saigas appear to be making a comeback, with an increase of population from 31,000 to 36,000 in the Betpak-Dala area. In April 2021 a survey in Kazakhstan found that the saiga population had

1147:. In more recent years, the saiga has experienced massive regrowth. As of 2022, there is an estimated number of 1.38 million saiga surviving in Kazakhstan, per an April aerial count. As of December 2023, the global saiga antelope population is estimated to number 922,600–988,500 mature individuals. 1046:

The saiga stands 61–81 cm (24–32 in) at the shoulder, and weighs 26–69 kg (57–152 lb). The head-and-body length is typically between 100 and 140 cm (39 and 55 in). A prominent feature of the saiga is the pair of closely spaced, bloated nostrils directed downward. Other

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After a rapid decline, they were nearly completely exterminated in the 1920s, but they were able to recover. By 1950, two million of them were found in the steppes of the USSR. Their population fell drastically following the collapse of the USSR due to uncontrolled hunting and demand for horns in

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Only males possess horns. These horns, thick and slightly translucent, are wax-coloured and show 12 to 20 pronounced rings. With a base diameter of 25–33 mm (0.98–1.30 in), the horns of the Russian saiga measure 28–38 cm (11–15 in) in length; the horns of the Mongolian saiga,

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from as far west as modern-day England and France to as far east as northern Siberia, Alaska, and probably Canada. The antelope gradually entered the Urals, though it did not colonise southern Europe. A 2010 study revealed that a steep decline has occurred in the genetic variability of the saiga

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Saigas are dependent on weather and affected by climate fluctuations to a great extent due to their migratory nature. Harsh winters with strong winds or high snow coverage prevent them from feeding on the underlying grass. Population size usually dramatically decreases after severe cold months.

1158:, an infectious disease that strikes the lungs and intestines, the underlying trigger remains to be identified. In May 2015, what may be the same disease broke out in three northern regions of the country. As of 28 May 2015, more than 120,000 saigas have been confirmed dead in the 1361:, considered to be nutritious and delicious. Numerous recipes for cooking the antelope's meat can be found. Both meat and byproducts are sold in the country and outside of it. About 45–80 dm of skin can be harvested from one individual depending on its age and sex. 1059:

parts are generally white. The hairs, that measure 18–30 mm (0.71–1.18 in) long in summer, can grow as long as 40–70 mm (1.6–2.8 in) in winter. This forms a 12 to 15 cm (4.7 to 5.9 in) long mane on the neck. Two distinct

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shows seasonal changes. In summer, the coat appears yellow to red, fading toward the flanks. The Mongolian saiga can develop a sandy colour. The coat develops a pale, grayish-brown colour in winter, with a hint of brown on the belly and the neck. The

738:). The study noted that the saiga and the springbok could be considerably different from the rest of the antilopines; a 2007 phylogenetic study suggested that the two form a clade sister to the gerenuk. The cladogram below is based on the 2013 study. 588:

regions of Kazakhstan. A portion of the Ustyurt population migrates south to Uzbekistan and occasionally to Turkmenistan in winter. It is regionally extinct in Romania, Ukraine, Moldova, China and southwestern Mongolia. The Mongolian subspecies

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Kock, R. A.; Orynbayev, M.; Robinson, S.; Zuther, S.; Singh, N. J.; Beauvais, W.; Morgan, E. R.; Kerimbayev, A.; Khomenko, S.; Martineau, H. M.; Rystaeva, R.; Omarova, Z.; Wolfs, S.; Hawotte, F.; Radoux, J.; Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2018).

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Kuhl, A.; Balinova, N.; Bykova, E.; Esipov, A.; Arylov, Iu.A.; Lushchekina, A.A.; Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2009). "The role of saiga poaching in rural communities: Linkages between attitudes, socio-economic circumstances and behaviour".

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in London) reported that his colleagues and he had narrowed down the possible culprits. Climate change and stormy spring weather, they said, may have transformed harmless bacteria, carried by the saigas, into lethal pathogens.

1421:. Herd fatality is 100% once infected, with an estimated 40% of the species' total population already dead. More than 120,000 carcasses had been found by late May 2015, while the estimated total population was only 250,000. 1353:

In the period from 1955 to 1989, over 87 thousand tonnes of meat were collected in Kazakhstan by killing more than five million saiga. In 2011, Kazakhstan reaffirmed a ban on hunting saiga and extended this ban until 2021.

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reported in 2022 that, partly due to their conservation efforts, as well as the designation of the Bokey Orda-Ashiozek protected area by the Kazakhstan government, the population had now risen to a peak of 1.32 million.

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Morgan, E.R.; Lundervold, M.; Medley, G.F.; Shaikenov, B.S.; Torgerson, P.R.; Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2006). "Assessing risks of disease transmission between wildlife and livestock: the Saiga antelope as a case study".

1428:, whose symptoms (bloating, mouth foaming, and diarrhea) had been observed in dead saiga antelopes. According to Nurushev, this disease occurred as a result of foraging on a large amount of easily fermenting plants ( 1238:

The fragmented information shows an abundance of saigas on the territory of modern Kazakhstan in the 14th-16th centuries. The migratory routes ranged throughout the country's area, especially the region between the

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In June 2014, Chinese customs at the Kazakh border uncovered 66 cases containing 2,351 saiga antelope horns, estimated to be worth over Y70.5 million (US$ 11 million). In June 2015, E. J. Milner-Gulland (chair of

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Campos, P.F.; Kristensen, T.; Orlando, L.; Sher, A.; Kholodova, M.V.; Gotherstrom, A.; Hofreiter, M.; Drucker, D.G.; Kosintsev, P.; Tikhonov, A.; Baryshnikov, G.F.; Willerslev, E.; Gilbert, M.T.P. (2010).

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can be observed in a year, one in spring from April to May and another in autumn from late September or early October to late November or early December. The tail measures 6–12 cm (2.4–4.7 in).

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Saigas have been a target of hunting since prehistoric ages, when hunting was an essential means to acquire food. Saigas' horns, meat, and skin have commercial value and are exported from Kazakhstan.

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Morgan, E.R.; Shaikenov, B.; Torgerson, P.R.; Medley, G.F.; Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2005). "Helminths of saiga antelopes in Kazakhstan: Implications for conservation and livestock production".

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Neronov, V. M.; Arylova, N. Yu.; Dubinin, M. Yu.; Karimova, T. Yu.; Lushchekina, A. A. (2013). "Current state and prospects of preserving saiga antelope in Northwest Pre-Caspian region".

3116: 1346:, is one of the main ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine that is used as an extract or powder additive to the elixirs, ointments, and drinks. Saiga horn's value is equal to 3377:

Kuhl, A.; Mysterud, A.; Grachev, Iu.A.; Bekenov, A.B.; Ubushaev, B.S.; Lushchekina, A.A.; Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2009). "Monitoring population productivity in the saiga antelope".

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agency which is involved in saiga conservation efforts issued a statement that the mass die-off had ended. By June 2015, no definitive cause for the epizootic had been found.

1468:, was determined to be the cause of death. The bacterium occurs in the antelopes and is normally harmless; the reason for the change in behavior of the bacterium is unknown. 2020: 1475:

is the likely cause of the most recent deaths The change of the bacteria may be attributed to "the response of opportunistic microbes to changing environmental conditions".

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Now, scientists and researchers believe the unusually warm and wet uncontrolled environmental variables caused the bacterium to enter the bloodstream and become septic.

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and can sell for as much as US$ 150. Demand for the horns drives poaching and smuggling, which has wiped out the population in China, where the saiga antelope is a

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Saparov, Abdulla (2014). "Soil Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Current Status, Problems and Solutions". In Mueller, L.; Saparov, A.; Lischeid, G. (eds.).

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Singh, N.J.; Grachev, Iu.A.; Bekenov, A.B.; Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2010). "Saiga antelope calving site selection is increasingly driven by human disturbance".

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Morgan, E.R.; Medley, G.F.; Torgerson, P.R.; Shaikenov, B. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2007). "Parasite transmission in a migratory multiple host system".

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Lanoë, F.B.; Péan, S.; Yanevich, A. (2015). "Saiga antelope hunting in Crimea at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition: the site of Buran-Kaya III Layer 4".

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that were dated back to seventh to fifth century BC. Moreover, saiga bones were found among the remains of other wild animals near the human settlements.

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The Betpak-Dala saiga population in central Kazakhstan, which saw the most deaths, increased from 31,000 after the epidemic to 36,000 by April 2016.

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Singh, N.J.; Grachev, Iu.A.; Bekenov, A.B.; Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2010). "Tracking greenery in Central Asia: The migration of the saiga antelope".

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Kholodova, M.V.; Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Easton, A.J.; Amgalan, L.; Arylov, Iu.; Bekenov, A.; Grachev, Iu.A.; Lushchekina, A.A.; Ryder, O. (2006).

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Jürgensen, Jonathan; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Stuart, Anthony J.; Schneider, Matthias; Buuveibaatar, Bayarbaatar; Bocherens, Hervé (March 2017).

2631: 2286: 2227: 1938: 1886: 1861: 1827: 1782: 1596: 1111:, are known for their extensive migrations across the steppes that allow them to escape natural calamities. Saigas are highly vulnerable to 8667: 2903:

Novel Measurement and Assessment Tools for Monitoring and Management of Land and Water Resources in Agricultural Landscapes of Central Asia

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Robinson, S.; Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2003). "Political change and factors limiting numbers of wild and domestic ungulates in Kazakhstan".

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Owen-Smith, N. (2008). "The comparative population dynamics of browsing and grazing ungulates". In Gordon, I.J.; Prins, H.H.T. (eds.).

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Systema Naturae: per Regna tria Natura, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis

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Bekenov, A. B.; Grachev, Iu. A.; Milner-Gulland, E. J. (1998). "The ecology and management of the Saiga antelope in Kazakhstan".

1350:, whose trade was banned in 1993. Cornu Antelopis is thought to be a cheaper substitute of rare rhino horn in most TCM recipes. 3615:

Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Bukreeva, O.M.; Coulson, T.N.; Lushchekina, A.A.; Kholodova, M.V.; Bekenov, A.B.; Grachev, Iu.A. (2003).

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Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Kholodova, M.V.; Bekenov, A.B.; Bukreeva, O.M.; Grachev, Iu.A.; Amgalan, L.; Lushchekina, A.A. (2001).

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Nadachowski, A.; Lipecki, G.; Ratajczak, Urszula; Stefaniak, K.; Wojtal, P. (2016). "Dispersal events of the saiga antelope (

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risen from an estimated 334,000 to 842,000. The population increase was partially attributed to the government crackdown on

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In the mid-2010s, the populations declined enormously – as much as 95% in 15 years. This led the saiga to be classified as

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Kuhl, A.; Mysterud, A.; Erdnenov, G.I.; Lushchekina, A.A.; Grachev, Iu. A.; Bekenov, A.B.; Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2007).

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facial features include the dark markings on the cheeks and the nose, and the 7–12 cm (2.8–4.7 in) long ears.

2153: 389: 8457: 8288: 1328: 8358: 1760: 8657: 8647: 8627: 4209: 3781: 2114:"Diet and habitat of the saiga antelope during the late Quaternary using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios" 24: 8475: 8371: 7186: 4131: 4122: 2617: 2981: 2813: 2488: 1452: 132: 6973: 1955: 1929:

Marcot, J.D. (2007). "Molecular phylogeny of terrestrial artiodactyls". In Prothero, D.R.; Foss, S.E. (eds.).

1742:. Vol. t.1, pt. 1 (Regnum animale) (1766) (12th ed.). Impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 97. 123: 8594: 3226:"Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation, Restoration and Sustainable Use of the Saiga Antelope ( 219: 8622: 7622: 7135: 7015: 4911: 4571: 4052: 2690:

The Illegal Wildlife Trade: Inside the World of Poachers, Smugglers and Traders (Studies of Organized Crime)

2328: 1815: 1756: 711: 2524: 2368: 8215: 4673: 4379: 4298: 1882:"A revised phylogeny of Antilopini (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) using combined mitochondrial and nuclear genes" 1472: 1402: 1277: 669: 475: 145: 8293: 8280: 8637: 8632: 8509: 5078: 4307: 4191: 3774: 1460: 1273: 1209: 1140: 1035: 341: 7823: 6853: 2154:"Ancient DNA sequences point to a large loss of mitochondrial genetic diversity in the saiga antelope ( 975: 8327: 8262: 8130: 7896: 7887: 7832: 7457: 7421: 7394: 6802: 6793: 6238: 6229: 4595: 4454: 4397: 4343: 3558: 3497: 3446:"The big spenders of the steppe: sex-specific maternal allocation and twinning in the saiga antelope" 3424: 3386: 3357: 3297: 3283:"Conserving a moving target: planning protection for a migratory species as its distribution changes" 3155: 2749: 2497: 2172: 2125: 2086: 2043: 1993: 1895: 1655: 541: 3091: 2657:

Antelopes: Part 4 – North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia: Global Survey and Regional Action Plans

2486:) in Central Europe in response to the climatic fluctuations in MIS 2 and the early part of MIS 1". 2417: 1731: 1481:

In late 2016, a large loss of the population happened in Mongolia. The etiology was confirmed to be

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Fossils of saiga, concentrated mainly in central and northern Eurasia, date to as early as the late

8253: 8076: 7778: 7769: 7517: 7385: 7358: 7294: 6955: 6835: 6784: 4463: 4370: 3961: 3740: 1256:, encouraged the hunting of this species, as its horn was presented as an alternative to that of a 1253: 1185: 984: 167: 3519:"Mitochondrial DNA variation and population structure of the Critically Endangered saiga antelope 3144:"Saigas on the brink: Multidisciplinary analysis of the factors influencing mass mortality events" 1984:

Baryshnikov, G.; Tikhonov, A. (1994). "Notes on skulls of Pleistocene Saiga of Northern Eurasia".

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that was "between the deer and ram in size" and was wrongly believed to drink through its nose.

8514: 8410: 3726: 2278: 1026:. The morphology of saiga does not seem to have changed significantly since prehistoric times. 8496: 8301: 7796: 7787: 7475: 7403: 7331: 7162: 7144: 6997: 5947: 5342: 5333: 5185: 5087: 4866: 4833: 4776: 4646: 4173: 4034: 3638: 3595: 3475: 3181: 2914: 2661: 2655: 2627: 2621: 2282: 2223: 2188: 1934: 1911: 1857: 1823: 1788: 1778: 1608: 1228: 1108: 703: 2740:

Milner-Gulland, E. J. (1994). "A Population Model for the Management of the Saiga Antelope".

2715: 8501: 8190: 7944: 7935: 7814: 7655: 7646: 7439: 7111: 7102: 7050: 7041: 6889: 6862: 6775: 6555: 6163: 5589: 5580: 5570: 5543: 5264: 5133: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4098: 4089: 4025: 3952: 3943: 3700: 3667: 3628: 3587: 3566: 3534: 3505: 3465: 3457: 3432: 3394: 3365: 3328: 3305: 3171: 3163: 2906: 2905:. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer International Publishing. pp. 61–73. 2881: 2757: 2599: 2505: 2270: 2180: 2133: 2094: 2051: 2001: 1903: 1772: 1663: 1613: 1482: 1397: 685: 573: 495: 318: 136: 8436: 8483: 7920: 7911: 7859: 7850: 7631: 6488: 6479: 5956: 5552: 4604: 4514: 4352: 4164: 4043: 4016: 4007: 1843: 1425: 1358: 1347: 1331:) said: "Antipoaching needs to be a top priority for the Russian and Kazakh governments." 696: 673: 654: 624: 602: 581: 537: 533: 182: 28: 3734: 3562: 3501: 3428: 3390: 3361: 3301: 3159: 2753: 2501: 2443: 2176: 2129: 2090: 2047: 1997: 1899: 1659: 8366: 8353: 8267: 8120: 8058: 7688: 7679: 7204: 7153: 7006: 6844: 6546: 6368: 6359: 5914: 5881: 5863: 5351: 5161: 5036: 4875: 3863: 3835: 3470: 3445: 3176: 3143: 2702: 1933:(Illustrated ed.). Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 4–18. 1441: 1418: 1401:

humidity led bacteria common in saiga antelopes to move into the bloodstream and cause

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Milner-Gulland; Kholodova; Bekenov; Bukreeva; Grachev; Amgalan; Lushchekina (2001).

2137: 1675: 680:. Subsequent authors were not certain about the relationship between the two, until 8554: 8306: 8139: 8108: 7998: 7670: 7484: 7412: 7285: 7228: 7219: 6937: 6871: 6633: 6591: 6506: 6317: 6037: 6028: 5890: 5821: 5710: 5701: 5443: 5212: 4893: 4848: 4815: 4586: 4478: 4445: 4361: 3650: 2948: 1811: 1514: 1212:. By the classical age, they were apparently considered a characteristic animal of 1193: 1154:

of Kazakhstan were found dead. Although the deaths are currently being ascribed to

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In May 2015, uncommonly large numbers of saigas began to die from a mysterious

7367: 7267: 7092: 6684: 6106: 6088: 5839: 5534: 5519: 5510: 5477: 5254: 5060: 4977: 4968: 4743: 4734: 4613: 4538: 4079: 3900: 3766: 3751: 3671: 3539: 3518: 2306: 2098: 2005: 1667: 1510: 1257: 1244: 1093: 1078: 995: 699: 631: 94: 59: 8238: 657:, it is sometimes treated as an independent species, or as subspecies of the 8568: 8340: 8067: 7988: 7841: 7712: 7703: 7177: 6751: 6742: 6727: 6718: 6582: 6154: 5938: 5872: 5758: 5273: 5069: 4758: 4682: 4562: 4113: 3998: 3988: 3882: 3873: 3117:"Why 220,000 saiga antelope died suddenly in Kazakhstan in 2015 - CBC Radio" 2964:"Endangered saiga antelope mysteriously dying in vast numbers in Kazakhstan" 1792: 1414: 1308: 980: 890: 800: 723: 692: 549: 231: 99: 8034: 3642: 3599: 3479: 3461: 3185: 3167: 2843: 2192: 1915: 397:

Reconstructed range (white) and current distribution of the two subspecies

3199: 2021:"Quaternary skulls of the saiga antelope from Eastern Europe and Siberia: 8548: 8488: 8232: 7976: 7604: 7276: 6988: 6826: 6766: 6431: 6130: 5662: 5607: 5495: 5324: 4800: 4791: 4767: 4655: 4529: 4279: 4155: 3851: 3829: 3817: 3745: 2447: 1465: 1448: 1437: 1393: 1164: 1061: 1023: 849: 677: 569: 561: 545: 529: 251: 89: 84: 69: 64: 54: 20: 688:

is closer to the Caprinae while the saiga is closer to the Antilopinae.

8589: 8581: 8384: 8181: 8016: 7877: 7736: 7126: 6913: 6904: 6817: 6703: 6694: 6666: 6422: 6326: 6290: 6205: 6201: 6172: 6097: 5785: 5658: 5619: 5203: 5120: 5026: 4289: 4239: 3934: 3063:"More Than Half of Entire Species of Saigas Gone in Mysterious Die-Off" 2986: 2769: 2252:"134,000 saiga antelope dead in two weeks. What is the probable cause?" 1625: 1429: 1213: 1150:

In May 2010, an estimated 12,000 of the 26,000 saiga population in the

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studies in the 1990s revealed that though morphologically similar, the

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Chinese medicine. At one point, some conservation groups, such as the

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from the Pleistocene of Eurasia and Alaska have been named, including

19:"Saiga" redirects here. For the shotgun named after the antelope, see 8397: 8275: 8025: 7594: 7499: 7322: 7312: 6928: 6440: 6280: 6262: 6253: 6139: 6061: 6013: 6004: 5462: 5453: 5388: 5379: 5369: 5291: 4824: 4637: 4487: 3823: 3811: 3730: 1433: 1231:

settlements. Illustrations of saiga antelopes can be found among the

1217: 1201: 1181: 1082: 1019: 832: 261: 241: 8209: 3633: 3616: 2821: 2761: 2222:(Third ed.). New York: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 2217–2218. 1617: 8345: 3200:"Peste Des Petits Ruminants – Mongolia (03): (Hovd) Saiga Antelope" 1495:

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

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Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

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Biologist Murat Nurushev suggested that the cause might be acute

8332: 7195: 6525: 6413: 6395: 6052: 5905: 5309: 5176: 4992: 4266: 4227: 2944:"Why Did Two-Thirds of These Weird Antelope Suddenly Drop Dead?" 1168: 1112: 8213: 8105: 7973: 7579: 6662: 6197: 5654: 5116: 4262: 3848: 3770: 2660:. International Union for Conservation of Nature. p. 164. 1822:. Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 157. 1092:

Herd of saiga antelope gathered at the water's edge in western

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Considerable evidence shows the importance of the antelope to

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however, reach a maximum length of 22 cm (8.7 in).

2393:. United Nations Environment Programme. 2015. Archived from 510: 504: 2784:"Kazakhstan extends Saiga antelope hunting ban until 2021" 2391:"Catastrophic Collapse of Saiga Antelopes in Central Asia" 1272:) is found in a small area in western Mongolia around the 1501:

was concluded and came into effect on 24 September 2006.

507: 2369:"Saiga Antelope Death Toll in Kazakhstan Reaches 85,000" 1248:

Ukraine were driven to extirpation in the 18th century.

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and the establishment of conservation areas. UK charity

3024:"Свою версию гибели сайгаков выдвинул академик Нурушев" 1034:

since the late Pleistocene-Holocene, probably due to a

1852:. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. pp. 2623:

No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species

2444:"Critically endangered antelope saiga makes comeback" 501: 2654:

Mallon, David P.; Kingswood, Steven Charles (2001).

548:

in the southwest into Mongolia in the northeast and

8538: 8222: 8180: 8152: 8128: 8119: 8047: 7996: 7987: 7933: 7909: 7885: 7876: 7758: 7725: 7701: 7668: 7644: 7602: 7593: 7539: 7497: 7320: 7311: 7265: 7241: 7217: 7175: 7124: 7100: 7091: 7063: 7039: 7032: 6986: 6926: 6902: 6815: 6764: 6740: 6716: 6692: 6683: 6613: 6514: 6505: 6477: 6453: 6348: 6288: 6279: 6251: 6227: 6218: 6152: 6128: 6050: 6026: 6002: 5978: 5927: 5903: 5852: 5747: 5723: 5699: 5675: 5630: 5618: 5606: 5578: 5569: 5532: 5508: 5475: 5451: 5442: 5414: 5405: 5377: 5368: 5322: 5262: 5253: 5225: 5174: 5141: 5132: 5058: 5024: 4990: 4966: 4942: 4846: 4813: 4789: 4756: 4732: 4708: 4699: 4635: 4584: 4560: 4527: 4476: 4443: 4419: 4287: 4278: 4238: 4226: 4153: 4111: 4087: 4078: 3996: 3987: 3932: 3908: 3899: 3871: 3862: 1880:Bärmann, E.V.; Rössner, G.E.; Wörheide, G. (2013). 498: 3752:"IFAW Russia – Saiga antelopes are rare creatures" 3092:"Saiga Population Grows After Mysterious Epidemic" 2814:"ОХОТНИЧЬЯ КУХНЯ. САЙГАК. Рецепты БЛЮД ИЗ САЙГАКА" 2418:"Saiga Population Grows After Mysterious Epidemic" 2215: 1022:) date back to the transition from Pleistocene to 3689:"Dramatic declines in saiga antelope populations" 2870:"Dramatic declines in saiga antelope populations" 2343:"Mystery over mass antelope deaths in Kazakhstan" 1029:Before the Holocene, the saiga ranged across the 3617:"Reproductive collapse in saiga antelope harems" 1440:, and mixed wet, green grass). In May 2015, the 1698:Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered 1180:The saiga was not present in Europe during the 2371:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 22 May 2015 1307:Examples of saiga horn products seized by the 3782: 3018: 3016: 2844:"Казахстан обвинили в дезориентации сайгаков" 2305:. Saiga Conservation Alliance. Archived from 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 8: 3727:saiga-antelope/saiga-tatarica Saiga antelope 2553:. Алма-Ата, КазССР: Наука. pp. 11, 238. 2303:"Welcome to the Saiga Conservation Alliance" 1447:At a scientific meeting in November 2015 in 2626:. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 210. 1545:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2023). 1077:Saigas form very large herds that graze in 8210: 8125: 8116: 8102: 7993: 7984: 7970: 7882: 7599: 7590: 7576: 7317: 7097: 7036: 6689: 6680: 6659: 6511: 6285: 6224: 6215: 6194: 5672: 5651: 5575: 5448: 5411: 5374: 5259: 5138: 5129: 5113: 4705: 4284: 4275: 4259: 4084: 3993: 3905: 3868: 3859: 3845: 3789: 3775: 3767: 3733: 3281:Singh, N.J.; Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2011). 1499:Saiga Antelope Memorandum of Understanding 1451:, Uzbekistan, Dr. Richard A. Kock (of the 1315:The horn of the saiga antelope is used in 714:) and colleagues showed that the saiga is 388: 176: 144: 122: 35: 3704: 3632: 3538: 3469: 3309: 3175: 2885: 1875: 1873: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 710:data in 2013, Eva Verena Bärmann (of the 2551:Древняя культура Центрального Казахстана 1806: 1804: 1802: 3235:. Convention on Migratory Species. 2011 1526: 1220:'s description of an animal called the 423: 3762:from the original on 21 December 2021. 1751: 1749: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 8618:IUCN Red List near threatened species 3722:CMS Saiga Memorandum of Understanding 3085: 3083: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2564:В. А. Фадеев; А. А. Слудский (1982). 2277:. Berlin, Germany: Springer. p. 1887:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 623:and is the sole living member of the 7: 8595:83FA53FD-D6BD-403C-9A1D-6EE9B4115055 8372:6a3f42a1-c760-4f8f-bc0e-3b7dd37891b9 3746:WWF species profile: Saiga antelope 3003:"Kazakhstan's econological mystery" 2273:The ecology of browsing and grazing 2218:International Wildlife Encyclopedia 1556:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 883: 824: 776: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 593:) occurs only in western Mongolia. 3450:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2525:"Book VII, Chapter 4, Paragraph 8" 676:Saigini under the same subfamily, 564:. Today, the dominant subspecies ( 14: 2604:10.1046/j.1365-2907.1998.281024.x 2079:Journal of Archaeological Science 1956:"Late Pleistocene Saiga antelope 668:In 1945, American paleontologist 3706:10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00202.x 3399:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00260.x 3333:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00671.x 3311:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01905.x 2970:. Associated Press. 25 May 2015. 2887:10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00202.x 2250:Nicholls, Henry (12 June 2015). 2185:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04826.x 540:, spanning the foothills of the 494: 218: 4141:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 3510:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.09.002 3255:"Western saiga (Russian saiga)" 2214:Burton, M.; Burton, R. (2002). 2138:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.01.022 4930:Central American red brocket ( 1849:Wildlife of the Tibetan steppe 998:). Several species of extinct 155:Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve 1: 1931:The Evolution of Artiodactyls 1216:, judging from the historian 664:; it is confined to Mongolia. 552:in the southeast. During the 536:inhabited a vast area of the 5637:Large subfamily listed below 5625:Large subfamily listed below 5613:Large subfamily listed below 3580:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 3571:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.012 3437:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.009 3370:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.026 3001:Taylor, Adam (29 May 2015). 2523:Strabo (25 September 2012). 2510:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.068 2056:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.040 1702:Zoological Society of London 1317:traditional Chinese medicine 1115:. Juveniles are targeted by 8668:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4132:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 4123:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 3321:Diversity and Distributions 2911:10.1007/978-3-319-01017-5_2 1908:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.015 1329:Saiga Conservation Alliance 8684: 3592:10.7589/0090-3558-41.1.149 3290:Journal of Applied Ecology 2742:Journal of Applied Ecology 2568:. Алма-Ата, КазССР: Наука. 2118:Quaternary Science Reviews 1493:Under the auspices of the 1357:Saiga meat is compared to 1103:Fawn hidden in the grasses 560:from the British Isles to 25:Saiga semi-automatic rifle 18: 8663:Mammals described in 1766 8115: 8101: 8068:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 8059:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 7983: 7969: 7623:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 7589: 7575: 6679: 6658: 6214: 6193: 5671: 5650: 5128: 5112: 4912:Amazonian brown brocket ( 4274: 4258: 4245:Large family listed below 4233:Large family listed below 4210:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 3858: 3844: 3806: 3540:10.1017/S0030605306000135 3030:(in Russian). 24 May 2015 2099:10.1016/j.jas.2014.12.012 2006:10.1080/10292389409380478 1668:10.1134/S2079096113020078 1321:class I protected species 979:Saiga antelope skull and 945: 903: 888: 881: 846: 829: 822: 798: 781: 774: 767: 760: 753: 746: 619:. It was reclassified as 416: 409: 396: 387: 371: 366: 347: 340: 215:Scientific classification 213: 196: 174: 165: 152: 143: 130: 121: 38: 6309:Domestic water buffalo ( 4674:Central Asian red deer ( 4299:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 2489:Quaternary International 2158:) since the Pleistocene" 2036:Quaternary International 1690:"Saiga/mongolian Saiga ( 1453:Royal Veterinary College 1417:illness suspected to be 1383:Mass epizootic mortality 1135:Distribution and habitat 983:mount on display at the 133:Stepnoi Nature Sanctuary 8643:Mammals of Central Asia 7187:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 6974:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 5079:Yucatan brown brocket ( 4308:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 4192:Philippine mouse-deer ( 3672:10.1023/A:1022834224257 3551:Biological Conservation 3417:Biological Conservation 3350:Biological Conservation 2788:Silk Road Intelligencer 2688:van Uhm, D. P. (2016). 1278:Mankhan Nature Reserves 712:University of Cambridge 672:classified both in the 556:, it ranged across the 399:Saiga tatarica tatarica 27:. For the surname, see 7897:White-lipped peccary ( 7833:Philippine warty pig ( 7458:Yellow-backed duiker ( 7422:Black-fronted duiker ( 7395:White-bellied duiker ( 7016:Przewalski's gazelle ( 6239:Four-horned antelope ( 5037:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 4596:Visayan spotted deer ( 4455:European fallow deer ( 4398:Northern red muntjac ( 4344:Southern red muntjac ( 3462:10.1098/rspb.2007.0038 3168:10.1126/sciadv.aao2314 2790:. 2011. Archived from 2705:(Chinese) 23 June 2014 2703:新疆霍尔果斯海关破获一起羚羊角走私案天山网 2442:Briggs, Helen (2021). 2029:— One species or two?" 2019:Ratajczak, U. (2016). 1954:Currant, A.P. (1987). 1771:; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 1595:Sokolov, V.E. (1974). 1473:Hemorrhagic septicemia 1403:hemorrhagic septicemia 1312: 1300: 1292:Stuffed saiga herd at 1104: 1096: 987: 728:Antidorcas marsupialis 670:George Gaylord Simpson 597:Taxonomy and phylogeny 8510:Paleobiology Database 8077:Wild Bactrian camel ( 7779:Bornean bearded pig ( 7770:Palawan bearded pig ( 7359:White-legged duiker ( 6785:Red-fronted gazelle ( 4464:Persian fallow deer ( 4380:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 4053:Himalayan musk deer ( 3962:Reticulated giraffe ( 3049:Saiga mystery disease 2692:. New York: Springer. 1461:Pasteurella multocida 1342:Saiga horn, known as 1306: 1294:The Museum of Zoology 1291: 1268:The Mongolian saiga ( 1210:Northwest Territories 1188:, it ranged from the 1141:critically endangered 1102: 1091: 1073:Ecology and behaviour 1036:population bottleneck 978: 691:In a revision of the 576:of Russia and in the 544:in the northwest and 23:. For the rifle, see 8367:Fauna Europaea (new) 8164:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 7824:Oliver's warty pig ( 7449:Red-flanked duiker ( 6854:Erlanger's gazelle ( 6574:Harnessed bushbuck ( 6300:Wild water buffalo ( 5777:East Caucasian tur ( 5768:West Caucasian tur ( 4921:Little red brocket ( 4389:Truong Son muntjac ( 4201:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 4183:Greater mouse-deer ( 4062:Siberian musk deer ( 3490:Ecological Modelling 1563:: e.T19832A233712210 1509:Currently, only the 1374:Climatic variability 653:: also known as the 542:Carpathian Mountains 8653:Mammals of Mongolia 7797:Celebes warty pig ( 7788:Visayan warty pig ( 7404:Red forest duiker ( 7136:Günther's dik-dik ( 6998:Mongolian gazelle ( 6803:Heuglin's gazelle ( 6794:Thomson's gazelle ( 5948:Long-tailed goral ( 5343:Mountain reedbuck ( 5334:Southern reedbuck ( 5186:East African oryx ( 5088:White-tailed deer ( 4867:Small red brocket ( 4834:South Andean deer ( 4777:Siberian roe deer ( 4768:European roe deer ( 4605:Philippine sambar ( 4572:Père David's deer ( 4174:Lesser mouse-deer ( 4035:Kashmir musk deer ( 3563:2006BCons.131..244M 3502:2007EcMod.200..511M 3456:(1615): 1293–1299. 3429:2009BCons.142.1442K 3391:2009AnCon..12..355K 3379:Animal Conservation 3362:2010BCons.143.1770S 3302:2011JApEc..48...35S 3160:2018SciA....4.2314K 3090:Yin, Steph (2016). 3061:Zimmer, C. (2015). 3007:The Washington Post 2824:on 21 November 2014 2754:1994JApEc..31...25M 2566:Сайгак в Казахстане 2502:2016QuInt.420..357N 2177:2010MolEc..19.4863C 2130:2017QSRv..160..150J 2091:2015JArSc..54..270L 2048:2016QuInt.420..329R 1998:1994HBio....8..209B 1900:2013MolPE..67..484B 1660:2013ArEco...3...57N 1409:2015–2016 epizootic 1388:1980 to 2015 events 1254:World Wildlife Fund 1186:last glacial period 985:Museum of Osteology 736:Litocranius walleri 448:Linnaeus, 1766 168:Conservation status 16:Species of antelope 7945:Collared peccary ( 7815:Flores warty pig ( 7656:Giant forest hog ( 7518:Maxwell's duiker ( 7440:Ruwenzori duiker ( 7386:Jentink's duiker ( 7295:Sharpe's grysbok ( 7051:Tibetan antelope ( 6956:Bright's gazelle ( 6890:Goitered gazelle ( 6863:Mountain gazelle ( 6836:Cuvier's gazelle ( 6776:Mongalla gazelle ( 6164:Pyrenean chamois ( 5590:Tibetan antelope ( 5544:Black wildebeest ( 4371:Reeves's muntjac ( 4335:Sumatran muntjac ( 4326:Gongshan muntjac ( 4099:Water chevrotain ( 4026:Alpine musk deer ( 3953:Southern giraffe ( 3944:Northern giraffe ( 3096:The New York Times 3067:The New York Times 2422:The New York Times 1986:Historical Biology 1313: 1301: 1109:Mongolian gazelles 1105: 1097: 988: 528:, is a species of 456:Forster, 1768 45:Pleistocene–Recent 8658:Mammals of Russia 8648:Mammals of Europe 8628:Antelopes of Asia 8605: 8604: 8497:Open Tree of Life 8216:Taxon identifiers 8207: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8176: 8175: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8088: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7921:Chacoan peccary ( 7872: 7871: 7860:Javan warty pig ( 7851:Timor warty pig ( 7658:H. meinertzhageni 7632:Togian babirusa ( 7571: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7527:Walter's duiker ( 7467:Abbott's duiker ( 7431:Ogilby's duiker ( 7377:Harvey's duiker ( 7341:Brooke's duiker ( 7307: 7306: 7087: 7086: 7028: 7027: 6965:Peter's gazelle ( 6947:Grant's gazelle ( 6881:Speke's gazelle ( 6654: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6531: 6501: 6500: 6489:African buffalo ( 6320:B. depressicornis 6275: 6274: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6184: 5957:Himalayan goral ( 5779:C. cylindricornis 5646: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5602: 5601: 5565: 5564: 5553:Blue wildebeest ( 5487:Common tsessebe ( 5438: 5437: 5401: 5400: 5364: 5363: 5276:K. ellipsiprymnus 5249: 5248: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5048:P. mephistophiles 5004:P. mephistophiles 4695: 4694: 4391:M. truongsonensis 4353:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 4254: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4222: 4221: 4165:Java mouse-deer ( 4074: 4073: 4044:Black musk deer ( 4017:Dwarf musk deer ( 4008:Anhui musk deer ( 3983: 3982: 3946:G. camelopardalis 3895: 3894: 3741:Ultimate Ungulate 2942:Yong, Ed (2018). 2633:978-0-06-055804-8 2288:978-3-540-72422-3 2229:978-0-7614-7282-7 2165:Molecular Ecology 1940:978-0-8018-8735-2 1863:978-0-226-73652-5 1829:978-1-4214-0093-8 1820:Ungulate Taxonomy 1784:978-0-8018-8221-0 1609:Mammalian Species 1365:Physical barriers 1229:Andronovo culture 1107:Saigas, like the 967: 966: 958: 957: 934: 933: 925: 924: 916: 915: 870: 869: 861: 860: 811: 810: 652: 643: 568:) only occurs in 486: 485: 479: 468: 457: 449: 441: 440:Pallas, 1766 437:Antilope scythica 433: 322: 208: 191: 8675: 8598: 8597: 8585: 8584: 8572: 8571: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8531: 8530: 8518: 8517: 8505: 8504: 8492: 8491: 8479: 8478: 8466: 8465: 8453: 8452: 8440: 8439: 8427: 8426: 8414: 8413: 8401: 8400: 8388: 8387: 8375: 8374: 8362: 8361: 8349: 8348: 8336: 8335: 8323: 8322: 8310: 8309: 8297: 8296: 8284: 8283: 8271: 8270: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8243: 8242: 8241: 8211: 8126: 8117: 8103: 7994: 7985: 7971: 7883: 7689:Common warthog ( 7680:Desert warthog ( 7600: 7591: 7577: 7476:Weyns's duiker ( 7350:Peters' duiker ( 7332:Aders's duiker ( 7318: 7205:Royal antelope ( 7163:Salt's dik-dik ( 7154:Silver dik-dik ( 7145:Kirk's dik-dik ( 7098: 7075:Saiga antelope ( 7037: 6976:N. soemmerringii 6845:Dorcas gazelle ( 6690: 6681: 6674: 6660: 6547:Mountain nyala ( 6530: 6529: 6521: 6512: 6467:P. nghetinhensis 6369:European bison ( 6360:American bison ( 6286: 6225: 6216: 6209: 6195: 6071:Domestic sheep ( 5915:Himalayan tahr ( 5882:Mainland serow ( 5864:Japanese serow ( 5673: 5666: 5652: 5576: 5449: 5412: 5375: 5352:Bohor reedbuck ( 5260: 5239:A. nasomaculatus 5162:Sable antelope ( 5139: 5130: 5123: 5114: 4876:Merida brocket ( 4706: 4647:Thorold's deer ( 4499:A. calamianensis 4382:M. rooseveltorum 4328:M. gongshanensis 4285: 4276: 4269: 4260: 4085: 3994: 3973:G. tippelskirchi 3906: 3869: 3860: 3846: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3768: 3763: 3737: 3710: 3708: 3683: 3654: 3636: 3611: 3574: 3544: 3542: 3513: 3496:(3–4): 511–520. 3483: 3473: 3440: 3423:(7): 1442–1449. 3410: 3373: 3356:(7): 1770–1779. 3344: 3315: 3313: 3287: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3234: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3148:Science Advances 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3020: 3011: 3010: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2820:. Archived from 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2720:programs.wcs.org 2716:"Saiga Antelope" 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2587: 2570: 2569: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2416:Yin, S. (2016). 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2276: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2247: 2234: 2233: 2221: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2162: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2033: 2016: 2010: 2009: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1967:UBSS Proceedings 1964: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1877: 1868: 1867: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1808: 1797: 1796: 1753: 1744: 1743: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1704:. Archived from 1686: 1680: 1679: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1635:on 4 March 2016. 1634: 1628:. Archived from 1605: 1592: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1542: 1398:mass mortalities 884: 825: 777: 770: 763: 756: 749: 742: 702:on the basis of 686:Tibetan antelope 650: 642:(Linnaeus, 1766) 641: 634:are recognised: 614:12th edition of 574:Astrakhan Oblast 517: 516: 513: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 474: 463: 455: 447: 439: 428: 392: 353: 333:S. tatarica 317: 223: 222: 202: 185: 180: 179: 153:A female at the 148: 137:Astrakhan Oblast 126: 116: 46: 42:Temporal range: 36: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8593: 8588: 8580: 8575: 8567: 8562: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8534: 8526: 8521: 8513: 8508: 8500: 8495: 8487: 8484:Observation.org 8482: 8474: 8469: 8461: 8456: 8448: 8443: 8435: 8430: 8422: 8417: 8409: 8404: 8396: 8391: 8383: 8378: 8370: 8365: 8357: 8352: 8344: 8339: 8331: 8326: 8318: 8313: 8305: 8300: 8292: 8287: 8279: 8274: 8266: 8261: 8252: 8251: 8246: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8218: 8208: 8195: 8172: 8148: 8111: 8085: 8043: 7979: 7953: 7929: 7905: 7868: 7835:S. philippensis 7772:S. ahoenobarbus 7754: 7746:Red river hog ( 7721: 7697: 7664: 7640: 7614:Buru babirusa ( 7585: 7559: 7551:Common duiker ( 7535: 7493: 7303: 7261: 7237: 7213: 7171: 7120: 7083: 7059: 7024: 7009:P. picticaudata 6982: 6922: 6898: 6892:G. subgutturosa 6811: 6760: 6736: 6712: 6675: 6664: 6642: 6609: 6601:Cape bushbuck ( 6594:T. strepsiceros 6523: 6522: 6520: 6497: 6473: 6449: 6344: 6336:Mountain anoa ( 6271: 6265:B. tragocamelus 6247: 6241:T. quadricornis 6210: 6199: 6181: 6148: 6124: 6080:Bighorn sheep ( 6046: 6022: 5998: 5990:Mountain goat ( 5974: 5966:Chinese goral ( 5923: 5899: 5884:C. sumatraensis 5848: 5831:Siberian ibex ( 5795:Domestic goat ( 5743: 5719: 5695: 5687:Barbary sheep ( 5667: 5656: 5638: 5626: 5614: 5598: 5561: 5528: 5504: 5471: 5434: 5397: 5360: 5318: 5245: 5221: 5195:Scimitar oryx ( 5170: 5153:Roan antelope ( 5124: 5118: 5096: 5054: 5046:Northern pudu ( 5020: 5012:Southern pudu ( 5002:Northern pudu ( 4986: 4962: 4938: 4903:Pygmy brocket ( 4885:Dwarf brocket ( 4842: 4809: 4785: 4752: 4728: 4691: 4631: 4580: 4556: 4523: 4497:Calamian deer ( 4472: 4466:D. mesopotamica 4439: 4415: 4409:M. vuquangensis 4407:Giant muntjac ( 4317:Fea's muntjac ( 4270: 4264: 4246: 4234: 4218: 4149: 4107: 4070: 4028:M. chrysogaster 3979: 3971:Masai giraffe ( 3928: 3891: 3854: 3840: 3802: 3795: 3758:. 3 July 2012. 3750: 3718: 3713: 3686: 3657: 3634:10.1038/422135a 3614: 3577: 3547: 3516: 3487: 3443: 3413: 3376: 3347: 3318: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3274:Further reading 3271: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3154:(1): eaao2314. 3140: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3022: 3021: 3014: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2968:The Independent 2962: 2961: 2957: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2921: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2794:on 29 July 2011 2782: 2781: 2777: 2762:10.2307/2404596 2739: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2589: 2588: 2573: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2397:on 4 March 2016 2389: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2249: 2248: 2237: 2230: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2171:(22): 4863–75. 2160: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2042:(28): 329–347. 2031: 2018: 2017: 2013: 1992:(1–4): 209–34. 1983: 1982: 1978: 1962: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1941: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1810: 1809: 1800: 1785: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1648:Arid Ecosystems 1645: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1618:10.2307/3503906 1603: 1594: 1593: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1544: 1543: 1528: 1523: 1507: 1491: 1485:in early 2017. 1426:ruminal tympany 1411: 1390: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1348:rhinoceros horn 1344:Cornu Antelopis 1337: 1286: 1270:S. t. mongolica 1266: 1264:Mongolian saiga 1178: 1137: 1075: 1044: 1042:Characteristics 1012:S. binagadensis 973: 968: 959: 935: 926: 917: 871: 862: 812: 655:Mongolian saiga 648:S. t. mongolica 616:Systema Naturae 612:in 1766 in the 603:scientific name 599: 591:S. t. mongolica 538:Eurasian steppe 497: 493: 482: 422: 421: 403:S. t. mongolica 380:S. t. mongolica 362: 355: 349: 336: 316: 217: 209: 192: 183:Near Threatened 181: 177: 170: 117: 115: 114: 113: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 44: 43: 40: 32: 29:Saiga (surname) 17: 12: 11: 5: 8681: 8679: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8623:True antelopes 8620: 8610: 8609: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8586: 8573: 8560: 8544: 8542: 8540:Capra tatarica 8536: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8519: 8506: 8493: 8480: 8467: 8454: 8441: 8428: 8415: 8402: 8389: 8376: 8363: 8354:Fauna Europaea 8350: 8337: 8324: 8320:saiga-tatarica 8311: 8298: 8285: 8281:saiga-tatarica 8272: 8268:Saiga_tatarica 8259: 8254:Saiga tatarica 8244: 8228: 8226: 8224:Saiga tatarica 8220: 8219: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8186: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8166:C. liberiensis 8160: 8158: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8146: 8140:Hippopotamus ( 8136: 8134: 8123: 8121:Hippopotamidae 8113: 8112: 8106: 8099: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8074: 8070:C. dromedarius 8065: 8055: 8053: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8032: 8023: 8014: 8004: 8002: 7991: 7981: 7980: 7974: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7857: 7853:S. timoriensis 7848: 7839: 7830: 7821: 7812: 7806:Domestic pig ( 7803: 7794: 7785: 7776: 7766: 7764: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7752: 7743: 7733: 7731: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7709: 7707: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7686: 7682:P. aethiopicus 7676: 7674: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7652: 7650: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7634:B. togeanensis 7629: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7597: 7587: 7586: 7580: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7547: 7545: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7524: 7515: 7505: 7503: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7485:Zebra duiker ( 7482: 7473: 7464: 7460:C. silvicultor 7455: 7446: 7437: 7428: 7419: 7413:Black duiker ( 7410: 7401: 7397:C. leucogaster 7392: 7383: 7374: 7365: 7356: 7347: 7338: 7328: 7326: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7292: 7286:Cape grysbok ( 7283: 7273: 7271: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7229:Klipspringer ( 7225: 7223: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7202: 7193: 7183: 7181: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7160: 7156:M. piacentinii 7151: 7142: 7132: 7130: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7081: 7071: 7069: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7047: 7045: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7018:P. przewalskii 7013: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6971: 6962: 6953: 6944: 6938:Dama gazelle ( 6934: 6932: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6910: 6908: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6887: 6878: 6872:Rhim gazelle ( 6869: 6860: 6851: 6842: 6833: 6823: 6821: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6800: 6791: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6730:A. marsupialis 6724: 6722: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6687: 6677: 6676: 6663: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6634:Common eland ( 6631: 6621: 6619: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6598: 6592:Greater kudu ( 6589: 6580: 6571: 6562: 6553: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6438: 6429: 6420: 6411: 6405:Domestic yak ( 6402: 6393: 6384: 6375: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6333: 6329:B. mindorensis 6324: 6318:Lowland anoa ( 6315: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6222: 6212: 6211: 6198: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6170: 6160: 6158: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6038:Nilgiri tahr ( 6034: 6032: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6010: 6008: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5891:Taiwan serow ( 5888: 5879: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5837: 5828: 5822:Iberian ibex ( 5819: 5810: 5801: 5792: 5783: 5774: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5711:Arabian tahr ( 5707: 5705: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5683: 5681: 5669: 5668: 5655: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5349: 5345:R. fulvorufula 5340: 5330: 5328: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5307: 5298: 5289: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5213:Arabian oryx ( 5210: 5201: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5136: 5126: 5125: 5117: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5090:O. virginianus 5085: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5009: 4998: 4996: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4956:O. bezoarticus 4950: 4948: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4896:M. gouazoubira 4894:Gray brocket ( 4891: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4649:C. albirostris 4643: 4641: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4512: 4503: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4433:E. cephalophus 4427: 4425: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4362:Leaf muntjac ( 4359: 4355:M. puhoatensis 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4282: 4272: 4271: 4263: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4212:T. williamsoni 4207: 4198: 4189: 4180: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4064:M. moschiferus 4059: 4055:M. leucogaster 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4019:M. berezovskii 4014: 4004: 4002: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3866: 3864:Antilocapridae 3856: 3855: 3849: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3836:Laurasiatheria 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3724: 3717: 3716:External links 3714: 3712: 3711: 3699:(4): 340–345. 3684: 3655: 3612: 3586:(1): 149–162. 3575: 3557:(2): 244–254. 3545: 3521:Saiga tatarica 3514: 3485: 3441: 3411: 3385:(4): 355–363. 3374: 3345: 3327:(4): 663–675. 3316: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3257:. Zootierliste 3246: 3217: 3191: 3133: 3108: 3079: 3053: 3041: 3012: 2993: 2990:. 27 May 2015. 2973: 2955: 2934: 2919: 2893: 2880:(4): 340–345. 2860: 2835: 2805: 2775: 2732: 2707: 2695: 2680: 2667:978-2831705941 2666: 2646: 2632: 2609: 2571: 2556: 2541: 2515: 2484:Saiga tatarica 2474: 2460: 2434: 2408: 2382: 2360: 2334: 2320: 2309:on 22 May 2013 2294: 2287: 2261: 2235: 2228: 2206: 2156:Saiga tatarica 2143: 2104: 2069: 2027:Saiga tatarica 2023:Saiga borealis 2011: 1976: 1958:Saiga tatarica 1946: 1939: 1921: 1869: 1862: 1844:Schaller, G.B. 1835: 1828: 1798: 1783: 1763:Saiga tatarica 1745: 1734:Capra tatarica 1719: 1708:on 30 May 2008 1692:Saiga tatarica 1681: 1638: 1599:Saiga tatarica 1574: 1549:Saiga tatarica 1525: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1506: 1503: 1490: 1487: 1442:United Nations 1419:pasteurellosis 1410: 1407: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1336: 1333: 1298:St. Petersburg 1285: 1282: 1265: 1262: 1233:cave paintings 1177: 1174: 1156:pasteurellosis 1136: 1133: 1074: 1071: 1043: 1040: 1031:mammoth steppe 972: 969: 965: 964: 961: 960: 956: 955: 952: 951: 944: 941: 940: 937: 936: 932: 931: 928: 927: 923: 922: 919: 918: 914: 913: 910: 909: 902: 899: 898: 895: 894: 887: 882: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 868: 867: 864: 863: 859: 858: 855: 854: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837: 828: 823: 821: 818: 817: 814: 813: 809: 808: 805: 804: 797: 794: 793: 790: 789: 780: 775: 773: 768: 766: 761: 759: 754: 752: 747: 745: 740: 722:formed by the 666: 665: 662:Saiga borealis 651:Bannikov, 1946 645: 639:S. t. tatarica 621:Saiga tatarica 608:was coined by 606:Capra tatarica 598: 595: 566:S. t. tatarica 558:mammoth steppe 521:Saiga tatarica 490:saiga antelope 484: 483: 481: 480: 469: 458: 450: 445:Capra tatarica 442: 434: 426:Antilope saiga 419: 418: 417: 414: 413: 407: 406: 394: 393: 385: 384: 383: 382: 377: 375:S. t. tatarica 369: 368: 364: 363: 356: 351:Saiga tatarica 345: 344: 338: 337: 330: 328: 324: 323: 309: 305: 304: 299: 295: 294: 289: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 264: 259: 255: 254: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 211: 210: 197: 194: 193: 175: 172: 171: 166: 163: 162: 159:Kakhovka Raion 150: 149: 141: 140: 131:A male at the 128: 127: 119: 118: 110: 109: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 47: 41: 39:Saiga antelope 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8680: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8565: 8561: 8556: 8550: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8529: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8264: 8260: 8255: 8249: 8245: 8240: 8234: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8212: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8169: 8167: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8145: 8143: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8100: 8082: 8080: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8061:C. bactrianus 8057: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8040: 8038: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7950: 7948: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7926: 7924: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7902: 7900: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7865: 7863: 7862:S. verrucosus 7858: 7856: 7854: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7808:S. domesticus 7804: 7802: 7800: 7799:S. celebensis 7795: 7793: 7791: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7751: 7749: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7728:Potamochoerus 7724: 7718: 7716: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7694: 7692: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7661: 7659: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7637: 7635: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7625:B. celebensis 7621: 7619: 7617: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7574: 7556: 7554: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7532: 7530: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7509:Blue duiker ( 7507: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7490: 7488: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7424:C. nigrifrons 7420: 7418: 7416: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7406:C. natalensis 7402: 7400: 7398: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7352:C. callipygus 7348: 7346: 7344: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7300: 7298: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7279:R. campestris 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7234: 7232: 7231:O. oreotragus 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7208: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6979: 6977: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6919: 6917: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6895: 6893: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6874:G. leptoceros 6870: 6868: 6866: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6808: 6806: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6778:E. albonotata 6774: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6757: 6755: 6754:A. cervicapra 6750: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6709: 6707: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6657: 6639: 6637: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6625:Giant eland ( 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6606: 6604: 6603:T. sylvaticus 6599: 6597: 6595: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6565:Lesser kudu ( 6563: 6561: 6559: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6527: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6470: 6468: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6446: 6444: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6380:B. domesticus 6378:Bali cattle ( 6376: 6374: 6372: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6341: 6339: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6268: 6266: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6192: 6178: 6176: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6145: 6143: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6082:O. canadensis 6078: 6076: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6043: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6029:Nilgiritragus 6025: 6019: 6017: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5992:O. americanus 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5917:H. jemlahicus 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5845: 5843: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5813:Nubian ibex ( 5811: 5809: 5807: 5804:Alpine ibex ( 5802: 5800: 5798: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5649: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571:Pantholopinae 5568: 5558: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5525: 5523: 5522:A. buselaphus 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5499: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5426:Grey rhebok ( 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5370:Aepycerotinae 5367: 5357: 5355: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5301:Nile lechwe ( 5299: 5297: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5134:Hippotraginae 5131: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5111: 5093: 5091: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5051: 5049: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4981: 4980:B. dichotomus 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4954:Pampas deer ( 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4914:M. nemorivaga 4910: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4858:Red brocket ( 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4839: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4827:H. antisensis 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4806: 4804: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4723: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4667:C. canadensis 4663: 4661: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4616:R. timorensis 4612: 4610: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4574:E. davidianus 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4541:R. duvaucelii 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4506:Bawean deer ( 4504: 4502: 4500: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4434: 4431:Tufted deer ( 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4364:M. putaoensis 4360: 4358: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4310:M. crinifrons 4306: 4304: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4261: 4257: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4203:T. versicolor 4199: 4197: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4146: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4010:M. anhuiensis 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3964:G. reticulata 3960: 3958: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3800: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660:Human Ecology 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3627:(6928): 135. 3626: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3231: 3229: 3221: 3218: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3134: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3054: 3051:; 29 May 2015 3050: 3045: 3042: 3029: 3028:Informburo.kz 3025: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009:. Worldviews. 3008: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2920:9783319010168 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2861: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2733: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2691: 2684: 2681: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2647: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592:Mammal Review 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2545: 2542: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2478: 2475: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2157: 2147: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1959: 1950: 1947: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1894:(2): 484–93. 1893: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1639: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1602: 1600: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1520: 1518: 1517:keep saigas. 1516: 1512: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1373: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1204:and Canada's 1203: 1199: 1198:Bering Strait 1195: 1191: 1190:British Isles 1187: 1184:. During the 1183: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1145:IUCN Red List 1142: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1125:golden eagles 1122: 1121:steppe eagles 1118: 1114: 1110: 1101: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 986: 982: 977: 970: 963: 962: 954: 953: 950: 949: 943: 942: 939: 938: 930: 929: 921: 920: 912: 911: 908: 907: 901: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 886: 885: 879: 878: 875: 874: 866: 865: 857: 856: 853: 852: 851: 844: 843: 840: 839: 836: 835: 834: 827: 826: 820: 819: 816: 815: 807: 806: 803: 802: 796: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 786: 779: 778: 772: 771: 765: 764: 758: 757: 751: 750: 744: 743: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 708:mitochondrial 705: 701: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 663: 660: 656: 649: 646: 640: 637: 636: 635: 633: 629: 626: 622: 618: 617: 611: 610:Carl Linnaeus 607: 604: 596: 594: 592: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 532:which during 531: 527: 523: 522: 515: 491: 477: 473: 472:Ibex imberbis 470: 466: 462: 459: 454: 451: 446: 443: 438: 435: 431: 427: 424: 415: 412: 408: 404: 400: 395: 391: 386: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 370: 365: 360: 354: 352: 346: 343: 342:Binomial name 339: 335: 334: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 314: 310: 307: 306: 303: 300: 297: 296: 293: 290: 287: 286: 283: 280: 277: 276: 273: 270: 267: 266: 263: 260: 257: 256: 253: 250: 247: 246: 243: 240: 237: 236: 233: 230: 227: 226: 221: 216: 212: 206: 200: 195: 189: 184: 173: 169: 164: 160: 156: 151: 147: 142: 138: 134: 129: 125: 120: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 8638:Desert fauna 8633:EDGE species 8539: 8223: 8165: 8153: 8142:H. amphibius 8141: 8131:Hippopotamus 8129: 8109:Whippomorpha 8078: 8069: 8060: 8048: 8036: 8027: 8018: 8009: 7997: 7946: 7934: 7922: 7910: 7898: 7886: 7861: 7852: 7843: 7834: 7825: 7816: 7807: 7798: 7790:S. cebifrons 7789: 7780: 7771: 7759: 7747: 7738: 7726: 7714: 7702: 7691:P. africanus 7690: 7681: 7671:Phacochoerus 7669: 7657: 7645: 7633: 7624: 7616:B. babyrussa 7615: 7603: 7552: 7540: 7528: 7520:P. maxwellii 7519: 7511:P. monticola 7510: 7498: 7486: 7477: 7468: 7459: 7451:C. rufilatus 7450: 7441: 7432: 7423: 7414: 7405: 7396: 7387: 7378: 7369: 7368:Bay duiker ( 7361:C. crusalbum 7360: 7351: 7342: 7333: 7321: 7313:Cephalophini 7296: 7288:R. melanotis 7287: 7278: 7266: 7254: 7242: 7230: 7218: 7206: 7198:N. moschatus 7197: 7188: 7176: 7164: 7155: 7146: 7138:M. guentheri 7137: 7125: 7114:D. megalotis 7113: 7101: 7076: 7074: 7065: 7064: 7053:P. hodgsonii 7052: 7040: 7017: 7008: 7000:P. gutturosa 6999: 6987: 6975: 6966: 6957: 6948: 6939: 6927: 6915: 6903: 6891: 6882: 6873: 6864: 6856:G. erlangeri 6855: 6846: 6837: 6829:G. bennettii 6828: 6816: 6804: 6796:E. thomsonii 6795: 6787:E. rufifrons 6786: 6777: 6765: 6753: 6741: 6729: 6717: 6705: 6693: 6635: 6627:T. derbianus 6626: 6614: 6602: 6593: 6584: 6575: 6566: 6558:T. eurycerus 6557: 6548: 6539: 6515: 6507:Tragelaphini 6490: 6478: 6466: 6454: 6442: 6433: 6425:B. javanicus 6424: 6415: 6407:B. grunniens 6406: 6397: 6389:B. frontalis 6388: 6379: 6370: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6328: 6319: 6310: 6301: 6289: 6264: 6252: 6240: 6228: 6175:R. rupicapra 6174: 6166:R. pyrenaica 6165: 6153: 6141: 6129: 6117: 6108: 6107:Snow sheep ( 6099: 6090: 6089:Dall sheep ( 6081: 6072: 6063: 6051: 6040:N. hylocrius 6039: 6027: 6016:O. moschatus 6015: 6003: 5991: 5979: 5967: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5928: 5916: 5904: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5865: 5853: 5841: 5840:Walia ibex ( 5832: 5824:C. pyrenaica 5823: 5814: 5805: 5796: 5788:C. falconeri 5787: 5778: 5769: 5760: 5748: 5737:B. taxicolor 5736: 5724: 5712: 5700: 5688: 5676: 5592:P. hodgsonii 5591: 5579: 5554: 5545: 5535:Connochaetes 5533: 5521: 5520:Hartebeest ( 5509: 5497: 5488: 5476: 5464: 5452: 5444:Alcelaphinae 5428:P. capreolus 5427: 5415: 5390: 5378: 5353: 5344: 5336:R. arundinum 5335: 5323: 5311: 5303:K. megaceros 5302: 5293: 5284: 5275: 5263: 5238: 5226: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5175: 5163: 5154: 5142: 5089: 5080: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5038: 5025: 5013: 5003: 4991: 4979: 4978:Marsh deer ( 4967: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4922: 4913: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4860:M. americana 4859: 4847: 4835: 4826: 4816:Hippocamelus 4814: 4802: 4790: 4778: 4770:C. capreolus 4769: 4757: 4745: 4744:Water deer ( 4733: 4721: 4709: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4636: 4624: 4615: 4607:R. mariannus 4606: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4548:Eld's deer ( 4540: 4539:Barasingha ( 4528: 4516: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4477: 4465: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4400:M. vaginalis 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4301:M. atherodes 4300: 4288: 4211: 4202: 4194:T. nigricans 4193: 4184: 4175: 4167:T. javanicus 4166: 4154: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4112: 4101:H. aquaticus 4100: 4088: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 3997: 3972: 3963: 3954: 3945: 3933: 3922:O. johnstoni 3921: 3909: 3885:A. americana 3884: 3872: 3834:Superorder: 3828:Infraclass: 3799:Artiodactyla 3755: 3696: 3692: 3663: 3659: 3624: 3620: 3583: 3579: 3554: 3550: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3493: 3489: 3453: 3449: 3420: 3416: 3382: 3378: 3353: 3349: 3324: 3320: 3296:(1): 35–46. 3293: 3289: 3259:. 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Retrieved 2307:the original 2297: 2272: 2264: 2256:The Guardian 2255: 2217: 2209: 2168: 2164: 2155: 2146: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2039: 2035: 2026: 2022: 2014: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1970: 1966: 1957: 1949: 1930: 1924: 1891: 1885: 1848: 1838: 1819: 1773: 1769:Wilson, D.E. 1762: 1739: 1733: 1728:Linnaeus, C. 1722: 1710:. Retrieved 1706:the original 1697: 1691: 1684: 1654:(2): 57–64. 1651: 1647: 1641: 1630:the original 1607: 1598: 1565:. Retrieved 1560: 1554: 1548: 1515:Askania-Nova 1508: 1505:In captivity 1492: 1489:Conservation 1480: 1477: 1470: 1459: 1458: 1446: 1423: 1412: 1391: 1377: 1368: 1356: 1352: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1325: 1314: 1269: 1267: 1250: 1237: 1226: 1221: 1194:Central Asia 1179: 1176:Former range 1149: 1138: 1106: 1076: 1067: 1049: 1045: 1028: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994:(nearly 0.1 989: 947: 946: 904: 889: 848: 847: 831: 830: 799: 783: 782: 735: 727: 690: 682:phylogenetic 667: 661: 647: 638: 627: 620: 615: 605: 600: 590: 565: 525: 520: 519: 489: 487: 476:S. G. Gmelin 471: 460: 452: 444: 436: 425: 402: 401:(green) and 398: 379: 374: 350: 348: 332: 331: 312: 311: 272:Artiodactyla 33: 8393:iNaturalist 8248:Wikispecies 8019:L. guanicoe 7878:Tayassuidae 7842:Wild boar ( 7781:S. barbatus 7739:P. larvatus 7715:P. salvania 7713:Pygmy hog ( 7647:Hylochoerus 7500:Philantomba 7388:C. jentinki 7370:C. dorsalis 7323:Cephalophus 7207:N. pygmaeus 7165:M. saltiana 7103:Dorcatragus 7077:S. tatarica 6967:N. petersii 6905:Litocranius 6805:E. tilonura 6752:Blackbuck ( 6728:Springbok ( 6671:Antilopinae 6669:(subfamily 6616:Taurotragus 6583:Sitatunga ( 6576:T. scriptus 6567:T. imberbis 6524:(including 6517:Tragelaphus 6338:B. quarlesi 6220:Boselaphini 6204:(subfamily 6109:O. nivicola 5950:N. caudatus 5939:Red goral ( 5930:Naemorhedus 5893:C. swinhoei 5873:Red serow ( 5855:Capricornis 5833:C. sibirica 5770:C. caucasia 5761:C. aegagrus 5759:Wild goat ( 5713:A. jayakari 5702:Arabitragus 5661:(subfamily 5632:Antilopinae 5555:C. taurinus 5498:D. pygargus 5391:A. melampus 5312:K. vardonii 5274:Waterbuck ( 5215:O. leucoryx 5144:Hippotragus 5072:O. hemionus 5070:Mule deer ( 4969:Blastocerus 4878:M. bricenii 4836:H. bisulcus 4803:R. tarandus 4779:C. pygargus 4701:Capreolinae 4683:Sika deer ( 4625:R. unicolor 4614:Rusa deer ( 4517:A. porcinus 4337:M. montanus 4134:M. kathygre 3883:Pronghorn ( 3874:Antilocapra 3729:media from 3533:: 103–107. 3261:28 November 3239:19 December 3204:ProMED-mail 2798:19 December 2673:19 December 2639:19 December 2598:(1): 1–52. 2534:19 December 2496:: 357–362. 2353:19 December 2313:19 December 2124:: 150–161. 1973:(1): 74–80. 1712:19 December 1612:(38): 1–4. 1567:11 December 1483:goat plague 1245:Ural Rivers 1160:Betpak-Dala 1152:Ural region 1079:semideserts 1004:S. borealis 992:Pleistocene 659:Pleistocene 586:Betpak-Dala 554:Pleistocene 467:, 1816 461:Cemas colus 453:Capra sayga 432:, 1766 367:Subspecies 292:Antilopinae 288:Subfamily: 201:Appendix II 8612:Categories 8555:Q122271287 8155:Choeropsis 8037:L. vicugna 7923:C. wagneri 7826:S. oliveri 7817:S. heureni 7553:S. grimmia 7542:Sylvicapra 7529:P. walteri 7442:C. rubidis 7433:C. ogilbyi 7379:C. harveyi 7343:C. brookei 7297:R. sharpei 7277:Steenbok ( 7268:Raphicerus 7220:Oreotragus 7093:Neotragini 7042:Pantholops 6958:N. notatus 6916:L. walleri 6865:G. gazella 6838:G. cuvieri 6827:Chinkara ( 6719:Antidorcas 6706:A. clarkei 6695:Ammodorcas 6685:Antilopini 6585:T. spekeii 6549:T. buxtoni 6540:T. angasii 6432:Wild yak ( 6416:B. indicus 6371:B. bonasus 6311:B. bubalis 6254:Boselaphus 6230:Tetracerus 6100:O. gmelini 5968:N. griseus 5941:N. baileyi 5906:Hemitragus 5875:C. rubidus 5866:C. crispus 5815:C. nubiana 5678:Ammotragus 5581:Pantholops 5511:Alcelaphus 5496:Bontebok ( 5489:D. lunatus 5478:Damaliscus 5465:B. hunteri 5354:R. redunca 5255:Reduncinae 5206:O. gazella 5155:H. equinus 5081:O. pandora 5061:Odocoileus 4945:Ozotoceros 4801:Reindeer ( 4746:H. inermis 4735:Hydropotes 4658:C. elaphus 4656:Red deer ( 4598:R. alfredi 4515:Hog deer ( 4373:M. reevesi 4346:M. muntjak 4176:T. kanchil 4143:M. meminna 4090:Hyemoschus 4080:Tragulidae 4037:M. cupreus 3955:G. giraffa 3901:Giraffidae 3852:Ruminantia 3666:: 87–110. 3072:3 February 1960:on Mendip" 1812:Groves, C. 1521:References 1511:Almaty Zoo 1311:government 1258:rhinoceros 1094:Kazakhstan 730:) and the 700:Antilopini 632:subspecies 161:, Ukraine 8107:Suborder 8017:Guanaco ( 7989:Camelidae 7975:Suborder 7947:D. tajacu 7936:Dicotyles 7912:Catagonus 7899:T. pecari 7844:S. scrofa 7748:P. porcus 7737:Bushpig ( 7605:Babyrousa 7581:Suborder 7478:C. weynsi 7469:C. spadix 7334:C. adersi 7255:O. ourebi 7189:N. batesi 7178:Neotragus 7147:M. kirkii 6949:N. granti 6914:Gerenuk ( 6883:G. spekei 6847:G. dorcas 6704:Dibatag ( 6491:S. caffer 6456:Pseudoryx 6443:B. taurus 6423:Banteng ( 6398:B. gaurus 6327:Tamaraw ( 6173:Chamois ( 6155:Rupicapra 6142:P. nayaur 6118:O. vignei 6098:Mouflon ( 5797:C. hircus 5786:Markhor ( 5689:A. lervia 5454:Beatragus 5380:Aepyceros 5204:Gemsbok ( 5197:O. dammah 5039:P. carlae 4932:M. temama 4923:M. rufina 4887:M. chunyi 4869:M. bororo 4759:Capreolus 4685:C. nippon 4676:C. hanglu 4563:Elaphurus 4508:A. kuhlii 4422:Elaphodus 4290:Muntiacus 4125:M. indica 4114:Moschiola 4046:M. fuscus 3989:Moschidae 3850:Suborder 3810:Kingdom: 2818:Supercook 2618:Ellis, R. 2529:Geography 2201:205363165 2085:: 270–8. 2064:131699605 1816:Grubb, P. 1761:"Species 1757:Grubb, P. 1466:bacterium 1438:sainfoins 1415:epizootic 1394:ungulates 1309:Hong Kong 1008:S. prisca 981:taxidermy 971:Evolution 891:Springbok 801:Blackbuck 724:springbok 693:phylogeny 550:Dzungaria 534:antiquity 327:Species: 238:Kingdom: 232:Eukaryota 139:, Russia 8549:Wikidata 8523:Species+ 8463:14200666 8411:11113630 8233:Wikidata 8079:C. ferus 8035:Vicuña ( 8028:L. pacos 8026:Alpaca ( 8010:L. glama 7977:Tylopoda 7487:C. zebra 7415:C. niger 6989:Procapra 6767:Eudorcas 6743:Antilope 6480:Syncerus 6441:Cattle ( 6434:B. mutus 6362:B. bison 6302:B. arnee 6263:Nilgai ( 6140:Bharal ( 6131:Pseudois 6091:O. dalli 6073:O. aries 6064:O. ammon 6062:Argali ( 6014:Muskox ( 5981:Oreamnos 5959:N. goral 5842:C. walie 5726:Budorcas 5663:Caprinae 5608:Caprinae 5463:Hirola ( 5407:Peleinae 5389:Impala ( 5294:K. leche 5292:Lechwe ( 5188:O. beisa 5164:H. niger 4825:Taruca ( 4792:Rangifer 4722:A. alces 4623:Sambar ( 4550:R. eldii 4530:Rucervus 4488:Chital ( 4280:Cervinae 4267:Cervidae 4228:Cervidae 4156:Tragulus 3830:Eutheria 3824:Mammalia 3818:Chordata 3816:Phylum: 3812:Animalia 3760:Archived 3680:67810286 3643:12634775 3608:22806238 3600:15827221 3480:17341456 3407:86008409 3341:83904273 3186:29376120 3126:19 April 2929:55229757 2848:lenta.ru 2620:(2004). 2448:BBC News 2427:19 April 2401:5 August 2347:BBC News 2193:20874761 1916:23485920 1846:(1998). 1818:(2011). 1793:62265494 1759:(2005). 1730:(1766). 1676:18451816 1449:Tashkent 1196:and the 1192:through 1165:poaching 1024:Holocene 1016:S. ricei 850:Eudorcas 678:Caprinae 570:Kalmykia 562:Beringia 546:Caucasus 530:antelope 411:Synonyms 359:Linnaeus 278:Family: 262:Mammalia 252:Chordata 248:Phylum: 242:Animalia 228:Domain: 188:IUCN 3.1 21:Saiga-12 8590:ZooBank 8582:4409365 8450:1006176 8385:2441067 8333:1038782 8239:Q126683 8191:Cetacea 8182:Cetacea 8050:Camelus 8008:Llama ( 7888:Tayassu 7704:Porcula 7253:Oribi ( 7244:Ourebia 7127:Madoqua 7112:Beira ( 7033:Saigini 6940:N. dama 6818:Gazella 6667:Bovidae 6665:Family 6636:T. oryx 6556:Bongo ( 6538:Nyala ( 6465:Saola ( 6387:Gayal ( 6291:Bubalus 6206:Bovinae 6202:Bovidae 6200:Family 6116:Urial ( 5806:C. ibex 5735:Takin ( 5659:Bovidae 5657:Family 5620:Bovinae 5546:C. gnou 5325:Redunca 5237:Addax ( 5121:Bovidae 5119:Family 5027:Pudella 5014:P. pudu 4905:M. nana 4720:Moose ( 4490:A. axis 4457:D. dama 4319:M. feae 4265:Family 4240:Bovidae 4185:T. napu 3999:Moschus 3935:Giraffa 3920:Okapi ( 3822:Class: 3801:species 3797:Extant 3756:YouTube 3651:4409236 3559:Bibcode 3498:Bibcode 3471:2176182 3425:Bibcode 3387:Bibcode 3358:Bibcode 3298:Bibcode 3210:9 March 3177:5777396 3156:Bibcode 3101:26 June 2987:Reuters 2770:2404596 2750:Bibcode 2498:Bibcode 2173:Bibcode 2126:Bibcode 2087:Bibcode 2044:Bibcode 2025:versus 1994:Bibcode 1896:Bibcode 1656:Bibcode 1626:3503906 1430:alfalfa 1335:Hunting 1284:Threats 1214:Scythia 1143:on the 1083:steppes 1057:ventral 906:Gerenuk 785:Gazella 732:gerenuk 718:to the 704:nuclear 695:of the 582:Ustyurt 405:(red). 361:, 1766) 308:Genus: 302:Saigini 298:Tribe: 282:Bovidae 268:Order: 258:Class: 203: ( 186: ( 111:↓ 8502:274566 8424:625120 8359:305251 8346:SAIGTA 8294:462623 8276:ARKive 7595:Suidae 7196:Suni ( 6929:Nanger 6414:Zebu ( 6396:Gaur ( 6281:Bovini 6005:Ovibos 5310:Puku ( 5285:K. kob 4849:Mazama 4638:Cervus 3911:Okapia 3731:ARKive 3678: 3649: 3641: 3621:Nature 3606: 3598: 3478: 3468: 3405: 3339: 3206:. 2017 3184: 3174: 3121:cbc.ca 3034:1 June 2927: 2917: 2768: 2664: 2630: 2453:4 July 2375:25 May 2349:. 2010 2285: 2226: 2199: 2191: 2062: 1937: 1914: 1860: 1826: 1791: 1781: 1674: 1624: 1497:, the 1434:clover 1274:Sharga 1218:Strabo 1202:Alaska 1182:Eemian 1129:ravens 1127:, and 1113:wolves 1062:moults 1020:Crimea 833:Nanger 716:sister 630:. 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