Sailing ship - Knowledge (XXG)

872: 1771: 1682: 1321: 911: 1478: 1387: 883: 897: 1304: 1998:, in which case it might be warped alongside or towed by a tug. Warping involved using a long rope (the warp) between the ship and a fixed point on the shore. This was pulled on by a capstan on shore, or on the ship. This might be a multi-stage process if the route was not simple. If no fixed point was available, a kedge anchor might be taken out in a ship's boat to a suitable point and the ship then pulled up to the kedge. Square rigged vessels could use 1312:

in order to lay out its hull structure, starting with the keel and leading to the ship's ribs. The ribs were pieced together from curved elements, called futtocks and tied in place until the installation of the planking. Typically, planking was caulked with a tar-impregnated yarn made from manila or hemp to make the planking watertight. Starting in the mid-19th century, iron was used first for the hull structure and later for its watertight sheathing.

2289: 1571: 41: 394: 110: 124: 448: 96: 82: 1872: 425: 619: 771: 5287: 1515:. This construction relied heavily on support by a complex array of stays and shrouds. Each stay in either the fore-and-aft or athwartships direction had a corresponding one in the opposite direction providing counter-tension. Fore-and-aft the system of tensioning started with the stays that were anchored in front each mast. Shrouds were tensioned by pairs of 1673:, who occupied the lower decks of the vessel and were responsible for the inner workings of the ship. He additionally named such positions as, boatswains, gunners, carpenters, coopers, painters, tinkers, stewards, cooks and various boys as functions on the man-of-war. 18-19th century ships of the line had a complement as high as 850. 336:—starting in the 15th century—square-rigged, multi-masted vessels were the norm and were guided by navigation techniques that included the magnetic compass and making sightings of the sun and stars that allowed transoceanic voyages. The Age of Sail reached its peak in the 18th and 19th centuries with large, heavily armed 708: 1930:

begins with laying out a route along a chart, which comprises a series of courses between fixes—verifiable locations that confirm the actual track of the ship on the ocean. Once a course has been set, the person at the helm attempts to follow its direction with reference to the compass. The navigator

1154:

began to outpace them economically, due to their ability to keep a schedule regardless of the wind. Steel hulls also replaced iron hulls at around the same time. Even into the twentieth century, sailing ships could hold their own on transoceanic voyages such as Australia to Europe, since they did not

2453:

Yet, no other major topic in Oceanic prehistory has proven so intractable, for almost no remains of offshore boats have been described and seafaring left neither a pre-European record of the structure and rigging of boats, except enigmatically in rock art, nor more than a faint ethnographic trace of

1706:

A sailing ship crew manages the running rigging of each square sail. Each sail has two sheets that control its lower corners, two braces that control the angle of the yard, two clewlines, four buntlines and two reef tackles. All these lines must be manned as the sail is deployed and the yard raised.

1311:

Hull shapes for sailing ships evolved from being relatively short and blunt to being longer and finer at the bow. By the nineteenth century, ships were built with reference to a half model, made from wooden layers that were pinned together. Each layer could be scaled to the actual size of the vessel

1226:

allowed central, automated control of all sails in a manner that obviates the need for sending crew aloft. This was developed in the 1960s in Germany as a low-carbon footprint propulsion alternative for commercial ships. The rig automatically sets and reefs sails; its mast rotates to align the sails

799:

The compass was an addition to the ancient method of navigation based on sightings of the sun and stars. The compass was invented by Chinese. It had been used for navigation in China by the 11th century and was adopted by the Arab traders in the Indian Ocean. The compass spread to Europe by the late

1065:

Clippers were generally built for a specific trade: those in the California trade had to withstand the seas of Cape Horn, whilst Tea Clippers were designed for the lighter and contrary winds of the China Sea. All had fine lines, with a well streamlined hull and carried a large sail area. To get the

1332:

tree. From the 16th century, vessels were often built of a size requiring masts taller and thicker than could be made from single tree trunks. On these larger vessels, to achieve the required height, the masts were built from up to four sections (also called masts), known in order of rising height

958:

were introduced in the 14th century, but did not become common at sea until they could be reloaded quickly enough to be reused in the same battle. The size of a ship required to carry a large number of cannon made oar-based propulsion impossible, and warships came to rely primarily on sails. The

1130:", represented the final evolution of sailing ships at the end of the Age of Sail. They were built to carry bulk cargo for long distances in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They were the largest of merchant sailing ships, with three to five masts and square sails, as well as other 351:

coexisted for much of the 19th century. The steamers of the early part of the century had very poor fuel efficiency and were suitable only for a small number of roles, such as towing sailing ships and providing short route passenger and mail services. Both sailing and steam ships saw large

1493:

to raise the sails and control their ability to draw power from the wind. The running rigging has three main roles, to support the sail structure, to shape the sail and to adjust its angle to the wind. Square-rigged vessels require more controlling lines than fore-and-aft rigged ones.

1782:

must sail a course that is between 60° and 70° away from the wind direction and fore-and aft vessels can typically sail no closer than 45°. To reach a destination, sailing vessels may have to change course and allow the wind to come from the opposite side in a procedure, called

1697:

Key elements of sailing a ship are setting the right amount of sail to generate maximum power without endangering the ship, adjusting the sails to the wind direction on the course sailed, and changing tack to bring the wind from one side of the vessel to the other.

1104:

were developed, which were designed to corrode, instead of the hull fasteners. The practice became widespread on naval vessels, starting in the late 18th century, and on merchant vessels, starting in the early 19th century, until the advent of iron and steel hulls.

1502:

Sailing ships prior to the mid-19th century used wood masts with hemp-fiber standing rigging. As rigs became taller by the end of the 19th century, masts relied more heavily on successive spars, stepped one atop the other to form the whole, from bottom to top: the

317:

to compete with sail on all major routes — and with scheduled sailings that were not affected by the wind direction. However, commercial sailing vessels could still be found working into the 20th century, although in reducing numbers and only in certain trades.

1883:

Early navigational techniques employed observations of the sun, stars, waves and birdlife. In the 15th century, the Chinese were using the magnetic compass to identify direction of travel. By the 16th century in Europe, navigational instruments included the

2363:

The fineness of a ship's hull is best described by considering a rectangular cuboid with the same length, breadth (beam) and depth as the hull of the ship. The more material that you have to carve away to get the shape of the ship's hull, the finer the

732:

from as early as 2nd century CE are believed to have had sailing ships. One of the earliest instances of documented evidence of Indian sailing ship building comes from the mural of three-masted ship in the Ajanta caves that date back to 400-500 CE.

1523:—to pass multiple times between the two and thereby allow tensioning of the shroud. After the mid-19th century square-rigged vessels were equipped with iron wire standing rigging, which was superseded with steel wire in the late 19th century. 1016:

The term "clipper" started to be used in the first quarter of the 19th century. It was applied to sailing vessels designed primarily for speed. Only a small proportion of sailing vessels could properly have the term applied to them.

752:. Dhows were often built with teak planks from India and Southeast Asia, sewn together with coconut husk fiber—no nails were employed. This period also saw the implementation of center-mounted rudders, controlled with a tiller. 800:

12th or early 13th century. Use of the compass for navigation in the Indian Ocean was first mentioned in 1232. The Europeans used a "dry" compass, with a needle on a pivot. The compass card was also a European invention.

507:. Austronesian rigs were distinctive in that they had spars supporting both the upper and lower edges of the sails (and sometimes in between), in contrast to western rigs which only had a spar on the upper edge. 850:

from one side to the other across the wind with difficulty, which made it challenging to avoid shipwrecks when near shores or shoals during storms. Nonetheless, such vessels reached India around Africa with

1092:(which affected ship speed). Since before the common era, a variety of coatings had been applied to hulls to counter this effect, including pitch, wax, tar, oil, sulfur and arsenic. In the mid 18th century 1168:, represented an especially efficient configuration that prolonged the competitiveness of sail against steam in the later part of the 19th century. The largest example of such ships was the five-masted, 1333:

above the decks as the lower, top, topgallant and royal masts. Giving the lower sections sufficient thickness necessitated building them up from separate pieces of wood. Such a section was known as a

2595: 1058:

Other clippers worked on the Australian immigrant routes or, in smaller quantities, in any role where a fast passage secured higher rates of freight or passenger fares. Whilst many clippers were

843:, the carrack was one of the most influential ship designs in history; while ships became more specialized in the following centuries, the basic design remained unchanged throughout this period. 634:

on a vessel that mainly relied on multiple paddlers. Later the mast became a single pole, and paddles were supplanted with oars. Such vessels plied both the Nile and the Mediterranean coast. The

1828:) and the rigging may fail from the wind coming from ahead. The ship may also lose momentum at wind speeds of less than 10 knots (19 km/h). Under these conditions, the choice may be to 921:

Sailing ships became longer and faster over time, with ship-rigged vessels carrying taller masts with more square sails. Other sail plans emerged, as well, that had just fore-and-aft sails (

1820:), pulled to windward to help turn the ship through the eye of the wind. Once the ship has come about, all the sails are adjusted to align properly with the new tack. Because square-rigger 1707:

They use a halyard to raise each yard and its sail; then they pull or ease the braces to set the angle of the yard across the vessel; they pull on sheets to haul lower corners of the sail,

2734:

Pham, Charlotte Minh-Hà L. (2012). "Unit 14: Asian Shipbuilding (Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage)".

2454:

the basic techniques of long-distance sailing, navigation, and seakeeping. That Oceanic seafaring can be discussed at all depends largely, and tenuously, upon its construction by proxy.

600:", measured 400 feet (120 m) in length and 150 feet (46 m) in width, whereas modern research suggests that it was unlikely to have exceeded 70 metres (230 ft) in length. 360:

steam engines made the steamship, by the 1880s, able to compete in the vast majority of trades. Commercial sail still continued into the 20th century, with the last ceasing to trade by

1635:. He contrasted the American crew complement with that of other nations on whose similarly sized ships the crew might number as many as 30. Larger merchant vessels had larger crews. 1398:, appropriate to the size of the sailing craft. Both square-rigged and fore-and-aft rigged vessels have been built with a wide range of configurations for single and multiple masts. 1247:

In the 21st century, due to concern about climate change and the possibility of cost savings, companies explored using wind-power to reduce heavy fuel needs on large containerized

1534:, used to raise and lower the yards, are the primary supporting lines. In addition, square rigs have lines that lift the sail or the yard from which it is suspended that include: 728:

India's maritime history began during the 3rd millennium BCE when inhabitants of the Indus Valley initiated maritime trading contact with Mesopotamia. Indian kingdoms such as the

1990:

without coordinating arrivals with a flooding tide and departures with an ebbing tide. In harbor, a sailing ship stood at anchor, unless it needed to be loaded or unloaded at a

1206:

Coastal top-sail schooners with a crew as small as two managing the sail handling became an efficient way to carry bulk cargo, since only the fore-sails required tending while

811:

and large enough to be stable in heavy seas. It was capable of carrying a large cargo and the provisions needed for very long voyages. Later carracks were square-rigged on the

309:

during the 19th century provided slowly increasing competition for sailing ships — initially only on short routes where high prices could be charged. By the 1880s, ships with

1835:

A fore-and-aft rig permits the wind to flow past the sail, as the craft head through the eye of the wind. Most rigs pivot around a stay or the mast, while this occurs. For a

5319: 4014: 1746:

In strong winds, the crew is directed to reduce the number of sails or, alternatively, the amount of each given sail that is presented to the wind by a process called

1689:

Handling a sailing ship requires management of its sails to power—but not overpower—the ship and navigation to guide the ship, both at sea and in and out of harbors.

1597:. An able seaman was expected to "hand, reef, and steer" (handle the lines and other equipment, reef the sails, and steer the vessel). The crew is organized to stand 5030: 4881: 4752: 4456: 3785: 3617: 3395: 3129: 3013: 2909: 2827: 6622: 4843: 4651: 4494: 4418: 4350: 4047: 3905: 3549: 3167: 2395: 2583: 1816:(bottom corners) of each sail to control the sail's angle to the wind. The procedure is to turn the vessel into the wind with the hind-most fore-and-aft sail (the 1653:, as about 500—including officers, enlisted personnel and 50 Marines. The crew was divided into the starboard and larboard watches. It was also divided into three 4097: 3098: 1047:

lost its monopoly in 1834. The primary cargo was tea, and sailing ships, particularly tea clippers, dominated this long distance route until the development of

4168: 3227: 2692: 3849: 1328:

Until the mid-19th century all vessels' masts were made of wood formed from a single or several pieces of timber which typically consisted of the trunk of a

2657: 5222: 5103: 4785: 1365:— the tallest mast, usually located near the center of the ship with sections: main-mast lower, main topmast, main topgallant mast, royal mast (sometimes) 4523: 4136: 559:

in particular, became associated with Chinese coast-hugging trading ships. Junks in China were constructed from teak with pegs and nails; they featured

1177:, which had a load capacity of 7,800 tonnes. Ships transitioned from all sail to all steam-power from the mid 19th century into the 20th. Five-masted 4346:

A Treatise on Masting Ships and Mast Making: Explaining Their Principles and Practical Operations, the Mode of Forming and Combining Made-masts, Etc

1792:

When tacking, a square-rigged vessel's sails must be presented squarely to the wind and thus impede forward motion as they are swung around via the

2985: 1824:

are more strongly braced from behind than from ahead, tacking is a dangerous procedure in strong winds; the ship may lose forward momentum (become

871: 3433: 1623:, as comprising six to eight common sailors, four specialist crew members (the steward, cook, carpenter and sailmaker), and three officers: the 596:

reportedly sailed to India, Arabia, and southern Africa on a trade and diplomatic mission. Literary lore suggests that his largest vessel, the "

5312: 4714: 2797:

The Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze, A Study in Chinese Nautical Research, Volume I: Introduction; and Craft of the Estuary and Shanghai Area

1770: 5177: 5024: 4951: 3427: 3389: 3299: 2857: 2745: 2446: 1033: 4274:

The Art of Rigging: Containing an Explanation of Terms and Phrases and the Progressive Method of Rigging Expressly Adapted for Sailing Ships

3043: 2529:

Griffiths, Denis (1993). "Chapter 5: Triple Expansion and the First Shipping Revolution". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr. Basil (eds.).

974:—coordinated movements of a fleet of warships to engage a line of ships in the enemy fleet. Carracks with a single cannon deck evolved into 6966: 3197: 1159:

for coal nor fresh water for steam, and they were faster than the early steamers, which usually could barely make 8 knots (15 km/h).

4623: 3265: 2737:

Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific

6615: 4919: 376: 267: 4979: 4250:

The Clipper Ship Era: An Epitome of Famous American and British Clipper Ships, Their Owners, Builders, Commanders, and Crews, 1843–1869

1371:— the aft-most mast. Typically shorter than the fore-mast with sections: mizzen-mast lower, mizzen topmast, and mizzen topgallant mast. 1359:— the mast nearest the bow, or the mast forward of the main-mast with sections: fore-mast lower, fore topmast, and fore topgallant mast 5253: 3074: 2625: 1040:(from east coast USA ports to San Francisco) after gold was discovered in 1848 – the associated ship-building boom lasted until 1854. 5305: 5065: 4913: 4875: 4837: 4746: 4617: 4488: 4450: 4412: 4379: 4327: 4286: 4008: 3973: 3937: 3899: 3821: 3752: 3718: 3690: 3649: 3611: 3584: 3543: 3505: 3351: 3324: 3259: 3161: 3123: 2821: 2566: 2538: 2479: 2424: 1665:, who were stationed aft and tended the mainsail, spanker and manned the various sheets, controlling the position of the sails; the 177:, said to be "ship-rigged" when there are three or more masts. Others carry only fore-and-aft sails on each mast, for instance some 2006:

the anchor - lower the anchor until it touches the bottom so that the dragging anchor gives steerage way in the flow of the tide.

4223: 2616:

Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

1999: 950: 5170:

Seamanship in the Age of Sail: an account of the shiphandling of the sailing man-of-war 1600-1860, based on contemporary sources

740:

was the venue for increasing trade between India and Africa between 1200 and 1500. The vessels employed would be classified as

1681: 297:

was one with a bowsprit and three masts, each of which consists of a lower, top, and topgallant mast. Most sailing ships were

6608: 5127: 4681: 3465: 1150:

between continents. Later examples had steel hulls. Iron-hulled sailing ships were mainly built from the 1870s to 1900, when

658:

developed ships that were powered by square sails, sometimes with oars to supplement their capabilities. Such vessels used a

5071: 4957: 4585: 3943: 3827: 3655: 3511: 3357: 2167:: fore-and-aft rigged sails, with two or more masts, the aftermost mast taller or equal to the height of the forward mast(s) 1255:

wrote that the technology was at an inflection point as it moved from trials and testing towards adoption by the industry.

6502: 4039: 3009: 2901: 2303: 6518: 3966:

Gone – a chronicle of the seafarers & fabulous clipper ships of R & J Craig of Glasgow : Craig's "Counties"

1852: 1762:. Dana spoke of the hardships of sail handling during high wind and rain or with ice covering the ship and its rigging. 1320: 229: 4190: 4089: 646:

brought to prominence by sailing vessels dating to before 1800 BC (Middle Minoan IIB). Between 1000 BC and 400 AD, the

910: 729: 2683: 1251:. By 2023, around 30 ships were using sails or attached kites, with the number expected to grow. The following year, 4545: 4158: 3219: 1477: 792:

Technological advancements that were important to the Age of Discovery in the 15th century were the adoption of the

1229: 3860: 352:

technological improvements over the century. Ultimately the two large stepwise improvements in fuel efficiency of

7257: 5849: 2642: 2502: 579: 6959: 6212: 5291: 4777: 2751: 2145: 1649: 1519:, circular blocks that had the large-diameter line run around them, whilst multiple holes allowed smaller line— 1163: 1119: 1114: 6553: 4515: 4391:

Clerc-Rampal, G. (1913) Mer : la Mer Dans la Nature, la Mer et l'Homme, Paris: Librairie Larousse, p. 213

1960:

Noontime observation of the Sun for noon latitude line for determination the day's run and day's set and drift

4120: 1542:, lifts and leechlines. Bowlines and clew lines shape a square sail. To adjust the angle of the sail to wind 7596: 7586: 7207: 6663: 2507: 1539: 1386: 670: 582: 488: 289:(15th to 17th centuries), when they crossed oceans between continents and around the world. In the European 239: 882: 7793: 7126: 6411: 5816: 3745:

Smart composite coatings and membranes : transport, structural, environmental and energy applications

2313: 1602: 808: 484: 221: 6021: 5915: 4163: 4071:

Sailing Ships and Their Story :the Story of Their Development from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

3248:

Bulliet, Richard W.; Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Headrick, Daniel R.; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (2008).

2974: 1885: 613: 609: 597: 31: 966:

By the middle of the 17th century, warships were carrying increasing numbers of cannon on three decks.

135:

Showing three-masted examples, progressing from square sails on each to all fore-and-aft sails on each.

3417: 2930:

Church, Sally K. (2005). "Zheng He: an investigation into the plausibility of 450-ft treasure ships".

1036:. Larger clippers, usually ship or barque rigged and with a different hull design, were built for the 677:

propelled by a single, square sail, when practical, and oars, when necessary. A related craft was the

7758: 7591: 7325: 6568: 2324: 1944: 1900:

and compass. By the time of the Age of Exploration these tools were being used in combination with a

1844: 1037: 967: 856: 528:

people"). They were booked by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims for passage to Southern India and Sri Lanka.

468: 409: 205: 35: 5226:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 880–970, see pages 881 to 887. 4706: 1661:, whose station was forward and whose job was to tend the fore-yard, anchors and forward sails; the 1424:, which are mounted on other stays (typically wire cable) that support other masts from the bow aft. 7746: 7468: 7360: 6952: 6758: 6718: 6589: 6523: 6161: 5991: 5257: 2318: 1774:

Diagram contrasting course made good to windward by tacking a schooner versus a square-rigged ship.

1235: 1199: 1048: 896: 635: 4075: 2079:: a large, primarily square-rigged, armed cargo carrier of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 7643: 6923: 6918: 6888: 6843: 6773: 6708: 6249: 6202: 5646: 5591: 3092: 3035: 2955: 2947: 2882: 2228: 1624: 1559: 1097: 1044: 917:

became favored for some coast-wise commerce after 1850—they enabled a small crew to handle sails.

860: 775: 560: 525: 3998: 4319: 3251:

The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Brief Edition, Volume I: To 1550: A Global History

3189: 1931:

notes the time and speed at each fix to estimate the arrival at the next fix, a process called

982:—designed for engaging the enemy in a line of battle. One side of a ship was expected to shoot 978:

with as many as two full cannon decks, which evolved into the man-of-war, and further into the

7753: 7266: 7052: 6788: 6783: 6733: 6728: 6426: 6197: 6120: 5413: 5173: 5133: 5123: 5061: 5020: 5014: 4947: 4909: 4871: 4865: 4833: 4800: 4742: 4736: 4687: 4677: 4613: 4607: 4484: 4446: 4440: 4408: 4375: 4323: 4282: 4198: 4128: 4004: 3979: 3969: 3933: 3895: 3817: 3777: 3758: 3748: 3714: 3686: 3645: 3607: 3601: 3580: 3539: 3501: 3471: 3461: 3423: 3385: 3379: 3347: 3320: 3295: 3255: 3249: 3157: 3119: 3113: 3080: 3070: 2853: 2817: 2811: 2741: 2621: 2562: 2534: 2475: 2442: 2420: 2003: 1917: 1785: 1207: 1021: 983: 847: 61: 40: 4903: 4827: 4645: 4478: 4402: 4344: 3889: 3533: 3151: 2515: 2389: 1982:

Given the limited maneuverability of sailing ships, it could be difficult to enter and leave

7716: 7679: 7581: 7541: 7524: 7519: 7501: 7232: 7032: 6768: 6693: 6217: 6166: 6090: 6075: 5487: 5388: 5357: 5352: 5054:

Johnston, Andrew K.; Connor, Roger D.; Stephens, Carlene E.; Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2015-06-02).

4990: 4278: 3115:

Routledge Revivals: Trade, Travel and Exploration in the Middle Ages (2000): An Encyclopedia

2939: 2294: 2259: 2183: 1936: 1927: 1893: 1832:—to turn the ship away from the wind and around 240° onto the next tack (60° off the wind). 1558:(bottom corners) of a sail to control the sail's angle to the wind. Sheets run aft, whereas 1288: 1169: 1093: 1075: 1059: 979: 890: 719: 496: 337: 333: 294: 286: 174: 166: 1669:, who were stationed midships and had menial duties attending the livestock, etc.; and the 1570: 1303: 7691: 7674: 7638: 7563: 7453: 7419: 7404: 7345: 7340: 7302: 7282: 7237: 7166: 6853: 6658: 6497: 6477: 6472: 6360: 6290: 5930: 5774: 5716: 5691: 5616: 5267: 5241: 4812: 2288: 2253: 2101:: vessels used by the Vikings, with a single mast and square sail, also propelled by oars. 1813: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1606: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1292: 1172: 901: 784: 393: 380: 314: 6873: 4248: 3683:

British and American Clippers: A Comparison of their Design, Construction and Performance

2715: 5235: 5152: 4069: 693:, a pole that fitted into the lower corner of the sail, when sailing close to the wind. 7731: 7621: 7478: 7463: 7438: 7430: 7374: 7355: 7252: 7131: 6979: 6863: 6823: 6743: 6703: 6543: 6441: 6421: 6270: 5869: 5791: 5734: 5502: 5492: 5383: 5261: 5097: 3288: 1932: 1905: 1821: 1817: 1805: 1618: 1547: 1465: 1276: 1190: 1101: 971: 651: 533: 516: 480: 476: 429: 405: 401: 384: 217: 209: 150: 1096:

was developed as a defense against such bottom fouling. After coping with problems of

109: 7787: 7606: 7397: 7272: 7202: 7083: 6446: 6431: 6370: 6350: 6239: 6060: 6050: 5996: 5482: 5217: 5092: 4312: 3457:

Over the edge of the world : Magellan's terrifying circumnavigation of the globe

2959: 2467: 2247: 2092: 1685:

Sailing ship at sea, rolling and heeled over from the force of the wind on its sails.

1401:

Types of sail that can be part of a sail plan can be broadly classed by how they are

1341:. Starting in the second half of the 19th century, masts were made of iron or steel. 1267:

that is adapted to the purpose of the vessel and the ability of the crew; each has a

852: 643: 627: 453: 341: 298: 201: 197: 5297: 5212: 2813:

A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500

1957:

Morning Sun observation to determine compass error by azimuth observation of the Sun

181:. Still others employ a combination of square and fore-and-aft sails, including the 123: 7721: 7669: 7664: 7648: 7616: 7330: 7242: 7141: 7110: 7057: 7001: 6808: 6738: 6538: 6416: 6375: 6325: 6229: 6171: 6131: 5976: 5956: 5449: 5423: 5207: 4272: 3455: 2329: 2064: 1598: 1182: 991: 737: 655: 592:(1368–1644) saw the use of junks as long-distance trading vessels. Chinese Admiral 589: 575: 544: 447: 417: 271: 243: 225: 5676: 2472:

Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century

1337:, as opposed to sections formed from single pieces of timber, which were known as 571:. These ships became the basis for the development of Chinese warships during the 285:

European sailing ships with predominantly square rigs became prevalent during the

5055: 4941: 4579: 3927: 3811: 3639: 3574: 3495: 3341: 689:, using primarily sail power. The windward edge of the sail was stiffened with a 7310: 7161: 7017: 6883: 6858: 6753: 6748: 6723: 6643: 6558: 6533: 6451: 6345: 6300: 6295: 6244: 6176: 6136: 6080: 5864: 5854: 5839: 5796: 5786: 5769: 5754: 5641: 5621: 5517: 5462: 5378: 5347: 4307: 2206: 2116: 2110: 2088: 2082: 1632: 1587: 1583: 1445: 1435: 1268: 1156: 1025: 934: 548: 511: 388: 290: 275: 186: 49: 2268:: a Mediterranean warship adapted from a galley, with three lateen-rigged masts 1963:

Afternoon sun line to determine compass error by azimuth observation of the Sun

1344:

For ships with square sails the principal masts, given their standard names in

95: 7763: 7571: 7536: 7458: 7384: 7277: 7067: 7042: 7027: 7022: 6828: 6763: 6688: 6678: 6436: 6385: 6305: 6254: 6181: 6151: 6001: 5940: 5935: 5879: 5844: 5806: 5681: 5631: 5472: 5438: 5433: 5398: 5362: 5019:. Dover language guides (Reprint ed.). Courier Corporation. p. 351. 2943: 2284: 2222: 2141: 2126: 2052: 1779: 1628: 1345: 1248: 1123: 1052: 986:

against an enemy ship at close range. In the 18th century, the small and fast

960: 926: 876: 832: 820: 682: 631: 626:

Sailing ships in the Mediterranean region date back to at least 3000 BC, when

529: 504: 492: 487:

at around 3000 to 1500 BC. From Taiwan, they rapidly colonized the islands of

441: 190: 162: 17: 5137: 5107:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 765–767. 4480:

Handbook of Offshore Cruising: The Dream and Reality of Modern Ocean Cruising

4202: 4132: 3983: 3762: 3084: 1210:

and steam-driven machinery was often available for raising the sails and the

1043:

Clippers were built for trade between the United Kingdom and China after the

846:

Ships of this era were only able to sail approximately 70° into the wind and

510:

Large Austronesian trading ships with as many as four sails were recorded by

301:, but the Age of Sail also saw the development of large fleets of well-armed 7726: 7633: 7576: 7514: 7473: 7409: 7350: 7315: 7292: 7262: 7176: 7171: 7088: 6928: 6898: 6838: 6833: 6648: 6492: 6487: 6320: 6234: 6224: 6156: 6016: 5744: 5601: 5566: 5532: 5271: 5263:

Last days of mast & sail : An Essay in Nautical Comparative Anatomy

5245: 4691: 3475: 2334: 2085:: a lug-rigged Chinese ship, which included many types, models and variants. 2015: 2002:(of the sails) to manoeuvre in a tideway, or control could be maintained by 1921: 1889: 1871: 1847:

sheet is tightened as the new leeward sheet to allow the sail to draw wind.

1657:, bands of crew responsible for setting sails on the three masts; a band of 1457: 1264: 1151: 1131: 1127: 828: 686: 647: 537: 500: 472: 437: 424: 413: 357: 353: 348: 310: 306: 213: 154: 81: 6944: 2740:. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok, Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education. 1162:

The four-masted, iron-hulled ship, introduced in 1875 with the full-rigged

618: 6600: 5286: 4159:"New technology uses good old-fashioned wind to power giant cargo vessels" 3743:

Telegdi, J.; Trif, L.; Romanski, L. (2016). Montemor, Maria Fatima (ed.).

3384:. Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion. Vol. 1. p. 177. 3290:

The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World

770: 153:

to harness the power of wind and propel the vessel. There is a variety of

7711: 7706: 7601: 7551: 7546: 7529: 7448: 7392: 7335: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7181: 7156: 7136: 7093: 7047: 7037: 6908: 6848: 6818: 6793: 6698: 6668: 6365: 6355: 6141: 6126: 6111: 6106: 6055: 5971: 5889: 5874: 5824: 5724: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5541: 5507: 5418: 5403: 5393: 4553: 2308: 2250:: small naval vessel, fore-and-aft rigged, single mast with two headsails 2241: 2216: 2212: 2164: 2098: 1940: 1913: 1901: 1897: 1848: 1793: 1609:

each had personal experience aboard sailing vessels of the 19th century.

1453: 1431: 1421: 1417: 1085: 1081: 999: 922: 914: 836: 816: 812: 712: 674: 593: 556: 178: 5154:

Ocean Life in the Old Sailing Ship Days: From Forecastle to Quarter-deck

4374:

pp. 15, 19–22, 36–37, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1992.

2951: 2886: 2496: 2020:

These are examples of sailing ships; some terms have multiple meanings:

7736: 7696: 7628: 7611: 7509: 7492: 7443: 7414: 7320: 7287: 7247: 7186: 6983: 6813: 6798: 6778: 6713: 6380: 6330: 6310: 6207: 6116: 6085: 6065: 6011: 6006: 5981: 5966: 5920: 5910: 5834: 5764: 5651: 5606: 5596: 5576: 5561: 5546: 5477: 5333: 5329: 5240:(3rd ed.). London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts. 5201: 2720:. London, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 2643:"Kunlun and Kunlun Slaves as Buddhists in the Eyes of the Tang Chinese" 2135: 2120: 2076: 2046: 2040: 2034: 1974:, which measures the distance of the celestial body above the horizon. 1971: 1909: 1879:

is used to measure the elevation of celestial bodies above the horizon.

1876: 1840: 1644: 1531: 1516: 1449: 1430:— Fore-and-aft sails directly attached to the mast at the luff include 1329: 1272: 1223: 1011: 987: 975: 955: 946: 887: 840: 804: 793: 779: 765: 761: 715: 690: 536:

ships with various configurations of tanja sails are also found in the

302: 4905:

HMS Victory Pocket Manual 1805: Admiral Nelson's Flagship At Trafalgar

1863:, the sail may be partially lowered to bring it to the opposite side. 7741: 7701: 7151: 7062: 6913: 6903: 6868: 6653: 6573: 6548: 6406: 6340: 6335: 6146: 6070: 5961: 5925: 5884: 5829: 5779: 5759: 5749: 5611: 5581: 5551: 5457: 5428: 5408: 3850:"The introduction of copper sheathing into the Royal Navy, 1779–1786" 2200: 2196: 2104: 2043:: three or four masted ship, square-rigged forward, lateen-rigged aft 1983: 1860: 1856: 1461: 1211: 1135: 1066:

best of this, a skilled and determined master was needed in command.

995: 930: 748:. During this interval such vessels grew in capacity from 100 to 400 745: 722: 666: 659: 572: 568: 564: 274:

dates from at least 1500 BC. Later developments in Asia produced the

182: 45: 2735: 2620:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. 2209:: at least three masts with all but the foremost fore-and-aft rigged 2191:

Mixture of masts with square sails and masts with fore-and-aft sails

5118:

Turpin, Edward A.; MacEwen, William A.; Hayler, William B. (1965).

5057:

Time and Navigation: The Untold Story of Getting from Here to There

4778:"Tall ship sail handling – Ocean Navigator – January/February 2003" 3419:

Mutiny and Its Bounty: Leadership Lessons from the Age of Discovery

2073:: a Dutch oceangoing merchant vessel, rigged similarly to a galleon 1601:—the oversight of the ship for a period—typically four hours each. 1080:

During the Age of Sail, ships' hulls were under frequent attack by

282:—vessels that incorporated features unknown in Europe at the time. 7768: 7684: 6933: 6893: 6683: 6673: 6528: 6482: 6456: 6315: 6034: 5986: 5894: 5859: 5801: 5729: 5686: 5626: 5556: 5512: 5497: 3010:"From River to Sea: Evidence for Ancient Egyptian Seafaring Ships" 2437:

Atholl Anderson (2018). Cochrane, Ethan E; Hunt, Terry L. (eds.).

2265: 2130: 2070: 1908:, and a lookout to identify potential hazards. Later, an accurate 1870: 1843:

sheet is released as the craft heads through the wind and the old

1769: 1680: 1569: 1535: 1476: 1385: 1349: 1319: 1302: 1186: 1143: 1139: 1029: 909: 895: 881: 870: 824: 769: 749: 706: 678: 639: 617: 446: 423: 392: 39: 34:. "Sailing vessel" redirects here. For sail-powered vehicles, see 2067:: large tradeship used by ancient Indonesian and Malaysian people 1307:

Hull form lines, lengthwise and in cross-section from a 1781 plan

1197:, and could be manned by a crew of 48, compared with four-masted 6975: 6878: 6803: 6563: 6390: 5739: 5636: 5586: 5571: 5522: 5467: 3343:

To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails

2973:

Ling, Xue (2022-07-12). Li, Ma; Limin, Wu; Xiuling, Pei (eds.).

2180:: two masts, square rigged (may have a spanker on the aftermost) 2177: 2058: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1579: 1381: 1284: 1280: 1194: 1089: 741: 707: 702: 433: 397: 327: 279: 170: 158: 146: 6948: 6604: 5301: 5196:

Graham, Gerald S. "The Ascendancy of the Sailing Ship 1850–85".

4121:"In Shipping, a Push to Slash Emissions by Harnessing the Wind" 2113:: in the Atlantic, a small oceangoing ship with a narrow stern. 1935:. For coast-wise navigation, sightings from known landmarks or 1731:) taut when close hauled. When furling the sail, the crew uses 208:

developed maritime technologies that included the fore-and-aft

7146: 5096: 4404:

Sailing Boats from Around the World: The Classic 1906 Treatise

2559:

Sail's Last Century : the Merchant Sailing Ship 1830-1930

1836: 1481:

Square sail edges and corners (top). Running rigging (bottom).

1413: 1147: 196:

Early sailing ships were used for river and coastal waters in

2552: 2550: 2119:: a brig carrying a square mainsail and often a spanker on a 1778:

Sailing vessels cannot sail directly into the wind. Instead,

2975:"郑和大号宝船到底有多大？ (How big was Zheng He's large treasure ship?)" 2875:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

2873:

Wade, Geoff (2005). "The Zheng He Voyages: A Reassessment".

2618:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

2321:—describing the transition between an old and new technology 2023: 5211: 3112:

Friedman, John Block; Figg, Kristen Mossler (2017-07-05).

1789:, when the wind comes across the bow during the maneuver. 1020:

Early examples were the schooners and brigantines, called

3711:

The Tea Clippers, Their History and Development 1833-1875

2779:

The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World

1966:

Star observations at evening twilight for a celestial fix

1954:

Star observations at morning twilight for a celestial fix

1084:(which affected the structural strength of timbers), and 4989:, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–23, archived from 4707:"Square sail handling – Ocean Navigator – May/June 2014" 3576:

Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation 1793–1815

2531:

The Advent of Steam - The Merchant Steamship before 1900

2199:, or "bark": at least three masts, fore-and-aft rigged 1758:, to pull the sail up and secure it with lines, called 807:

was the most capable European ocean-going ship. It was

4277:. Dover Maritime Series. Courier Corporation. p. 2799:. Shanghai: Order of the Inspector General of Customs. 169:

sails. Some ships carry square sails on each mast—the

4946:(Revised ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 224. 4609:

The Vital Spark: The British Coastal Trade, 1700–1930

2852:. Jakarta: Suluh Nuswantara Bakti. pp. 128–129. 2262:: the largest warship in European navies, ship-rigged 1750:. To pull the sail up, seamen on the yardarm pull on 994:—too small to stand in the line of battle—evolved to 4407:. Dover Maritime. Courier Corporation. p. 576. 2816:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 216. 1562:

are used to haul the clew of a square sail forward.

1024:, used for blockade running or as privateers in the 970:

evolved to bring each ship's firepower to bear in a

788:, which completed the first global circumnavigation. 7657: 7562: 7500: 7491: 7428: 7382: 7373: 7301: 7195: 7119: 7106: 7076: 7010: 6997: 6582: 6511: 6465: 6399: 6283: 6263: 6190: 6099: 6043: 5949: 5903: 5815: 5715: 5700: 5531: 5447: 5371: 5340: 3997:Sutherland, Jonathan; Canwell, Diane (2007-07-07). 3883: 3881: 1582:of a sailing ship is divided between officers (the 5016:An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language 4311: 3287: 2682: 2495: 1062:rigged, the definition is not limited to any rig. 4445:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 352. 3704: 3702: 3676: 3674: 3672: 2790: 2788: 2468:"Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road" 2394:. Vol. 1. Cassell and Company. p. 760. 2049:: a merchant ship designed specifically for speed 1939:may be used to establish fixes, a process called 1711:, out to yard below. Under way, the crew manages 467:Early sea-going sailing vessels were used by the 305:. The many steps of technological development of 3494:Anderson, Romola; Anderson, R. C. (2003-09-01). 2419:pp. 6–7, Transportation Trails, Polo, IL, 1994. 2186:: three or more masts, all of them square rigged 2146:merchant sailing ship with an iron or steel hull 1739:to haul up the middle of sail up; when lowered, 5049: 5047: 4581:Two Years Before the Mast: A Personal Narrative 3816:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 131. 3381:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1850 2533:. Conway Maritime Press Ltd. pp. 106–126. 2417:Square Riggers in the United States and Canada, 2055:: plank-built, one-masted, square-rigged vessel 1855:to the opposite side. On certain rigs, such as 1796:through the wind as controlled by the vessel's 1546:are used to adjust the fore and aft angle of a 1243:21st century and contemporary experimental sail 622:Roman ship with sails, oars, and a steering oar 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 3813:Ships' Fastenings: From Sewn Boat to Steamship 1643:Melville described the crew complement of the 1617:Dana described the crew of the merchant brig, 1287:to power the ship; the masts are supported by 6960: 6616: 5313: 4647:White-jacket; Or, The World in the Man-of-war 3378:Diffie, Bailey W.; Winius, George D. (1977). 2772: 2770: 2768: 2557:Gardiner, Robert J; Greenhill, Basil (1993). 2256:: a ship-rigged warship with a single gundeck 1448:and such fore-and-aft quadrilateral sails as 875:1798 sea battle between a French and British 547:started building the first Chinese seafaring 8: 3641:French Warships in the Age of Sail 1626–1786 2354:Freight: the price paid for carrying a cargo 2225:: two masts, with the foremast square-rigged 2061:: a lateen-rigged merchant or fishing vessel 1723:, to manage the size and angle of the sail; 3747:. Cambridge, UK: Elsevier. pp. 130–1. 3638:Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen S. (2017). 3606:. Cambridge University Press. p. 216. 3603:Archaeology and the Social History of Ships 1324:Diagram of rigging on a square-rigged ship. 540:temple, dating back to the 8th century CE. 7497: 7379: 7116: 7007: 6967: 6953: 6945: 6623: 6609: 6601: 5712: 5320: 5306: 5298: 5122:. Cambridge, Md.: Cornell Maritime Press. 3538:. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 123–82. 3097:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2439:The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania 1804:—adjusting the fore and aft angle of each 803:At the beginning of the 15th century, the 5228:I. History to the Invention of Steamships 3929:Men and Ships Around Cape Horn, 1616–1939 3685:. London: Conway Maritime Press Limited. 3416:Murphy, Patrick J.; Coye, Ray W. (2013). 3319:. New York: Lyons Press. pp. 77–79. 3220:"Ajanta: Boat from right wall of Cave II" 2474:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. 2138:: Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe 2016:Sail-plan § Types of sailing vessels 1904:to measure speed, a lead line to measure 563:compartments and acquired center-mounted 3891:Chapman Great Sailing Ships of the World 2037:: small maneuverable ship, lateen rigged 1444:— Sails attached to a spar include both 906:was the largest sailing ship ever built. 665:Starting in the 8th century in Denmark, 551:, which adopted several features of the 4477:Howard, Jim; Doane, Charles J. (2000). 4302: 4300: 4298: 3042:. Archaeological Institute of America. 2729: 2727: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2347: 2095:ship, designed for use in Arctic waters 839:at the stem. As the predecessor of the 220:hull configurations, which enabled the 4808: 4798: 4741:. New York: Routledge. pp. reef. 4349:. London: Whittaker. pp. 216–30. 4224:"Designing and Building a Wooden Ship" 4033: 4031: 3968:. Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson. 3532:Kingston, William H. G. (2014-12-29). 3090: 2107:: Indonesia's traditional sailing ship 1851:are often self-tending and slide on a 630:used a bipod mast to support a single 428:A carved stone relief panel showing a 4771: 4769: 4584:. Houghton, Mifflin. pp. 11–13. 4573: 4571: 4100:from the original on 14 November 2018 3805: 3803: 3788:from the original on October 27, 2023 3568: 3566: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3294:. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press. 3118:. Taylor & Francis. p. 322. 2902:"A Brief History Of The Chinese Junk" 2588:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 2441:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2388:Quiller-Couch, Arthur Thomas (1895). 7: 4483:. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 468. 3535:How Britannia came to Rule the Waves 3254:. Cengage Learning. pp. 352–3. 2516:participating institution membership 2244:: lightly armed, fast sailing vessel 578:, and were used in the unsuccessful 4171:from the original on 9 October 2023 3733:McKee, A. in Bass (ed.) 1972, p.235 3497:A Short History of the Sailing Ship 3046:from the original on 31 August 2021 2717:The Outriggers of Indonesian Canoes 2684:"A strange kind of dream come true" 1727:pull the leading edge of the sail ( 1412:— Sails attached to stays, include 662:as a rudder to control direction. 457:with a center-mounted rudder post, 377:Austronesian maritime trade network 5120:Merchant Marine officers' handbook 4980:"The Lateen Sail in World History" 4040:"Sailing at the touch of a button" 3460:(1st ed.). New York: Morrow. 2681:Grice, Elizabeth (17 March 2004). 1227:with the wind. The sailing yachts 1051:coincided with the opening of the 514:(206 BC – 220 AD) scholars as the 48:—a three-masted sailing ship with 25: 5172:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 4676:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 4550:The British Horological Institute 4068:Chatterton, Edward Keble (1915). 3713:. Conway Maritime Press Limited. 3644:. Pen & Sword Books Limited. 2561:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 2159:All masts have fore-and-aft sails 1947:on a daily schedule, as follows: 1460:and such triangular sails as the 998:trade, scout for enemy ships and 963:emerged during the 16th century. 491:, then sailed further onwards to 5285: 4157:Neuman, Scott (5 October 2023). 4096:. Boat International Media Ltd. 3600:Gould, Richard A. (2011-04-29). 3065:Magnússon, Magnús (2016-10-06). 2287: 2029:Defined by general configuration 1912:became standard for determining 951:Naval tactics in the Age of Sail 642:may have been the world's first 432:(Austronesian) from 8th century 145:is a sea-going vessel that uses 122: 108: 94: 80: 6992:including limited use, outdated 5074:from the original on 2023-10-27 5033:from the original on 2023-10-27 4960:from the original on 2023-10-27 4922:from the original on 2023-10-27 4884:from the original on 2023-10-27 4846:from the original on 2023-10-27 4788:from the original on 2019-06-23 4755:from the original on 2023-10-27 4717:from the original on 2019-06-23 4705:Queeney, Tim (April 25, 2014). 4654:from the original on 2023-10-27 4626:from the original on 2023-10-27 4588:from the original on 2023-10-27 4526:from the original on 2019-06-24 4516:"Seamanship – Oxford Reference" 4497:from the original on 2023-10-27 4459:from the original on 2023-10-27 4421:from the original on 2023-10-27 4401:Folkard, Henry Coleman (2012). 4353:from the original on 2023-10-27 4247:Clark, Arthur Hamilton (1912). 4139:from the original on 2023-10-09 4050:from the original on 2017-12-04 4017:from the original on 2023-10-27 4000:Container Ships and Oil Tankers 3946:from the original on 2023-10-27 3908:from the original on 2023-10-27 3830:from the original on 2023-10-27 3778:"On copper and other sheathing" 3658:from the original on 2023-10-27 3620:from the original on 2023-10-27 3552:from the original on 2023-10-27 3514:from the original on 2023-10-27 3436:from the original on 2019-05-26 3398:from the original on 2023-10-27 3360:from the original on 2023-10-27 3268:from the original on 2023-10-27 3230:from the original on 2022-12-05 3200:from the original on 2022-12-05 3188:Pamulaparthy, Sweekar Bhushan. 3170:from the original on 2023-10-27 3132:from the original on 2023-10-27 3016:from the original on 2022-08-17 2991:from the original on 2023-05-22 2912:from the original on 2019-06-02 2830:from the original on 2023-10-27 2810:Hall, Kenneth R. (2010-12-28). 2754:from the original on 2023-07-11 2695:from the original on 2022-01-12 2663:from the original on 2023-01-18 2598:from the original on 2019-06-08 2398:from the original on 2023-10-27 1970:Fixes were taken with a marine 371:South China Sea and Austronesia 228:. This expansion originated in 27:Large wind-powered water vessel 4606:Armstrong, John (2017-12-01). 4546:"Workshop Hints: Ship's Bells" 4372:Seamanship in the Age of Sail, 2900:Gao, Sally (16 October 2016). 2848:Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011). 2781:. New York: Random House, LLC. 1951:Continuous dead reckoning plot 1916:and was used with an accurate 1291:and the sails are adjusted by 947:Warship § The Age of Sail 311:triple-expansion steam engines 1: 4902:Goodwin, Peter (2018-01-25). 4439:zu Mondfeld, Wolfram (2005). 4318:. New York: Viking. pp. 2304:List of large sailing vessels 1943:. At sea, sailing ships used 1034:illegally transporting slaves 1028:and afterwards for smuggling 886:A late-19th-century American 859:, and around the world under 796:and advances in ship design. 458: 361: 260: 253: 246: 232: 6519:Bristol Channel pilot cutter 4870:. AuthorHouse. p. 138. 4578:Dana, Richard Henry (1895). 4271:Biddlecombe, George (1990). 4119:Buckley, Cara (2023-10-03). 3709:MacGregor, David R. (1983). 2795:Worcester, G. R. G. (1947). 1574:Seamen aloft, stowing a sail 1394:Each rig is configured in a 1352:(front to back) order, are: 925:), or a mixture of the two ( 543:By the 10th century AD, the 5266:. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 5234:Boyd, John M'Neill (1857). 5060:. Smithsonian Institution. 4864:Findlay, Gordon D. (2005). 4829:Royce's Sailing Illustrated 4612:. Oxford University Press. 3888:Schäuffelen, Otmar (2005). 3681:MacGregor, David R (1993). 3454:Bergreen, Laurence (2003). 2982:扬子晚报 (Yangtze Evening News) 2850:Majapahit Peradaban Maritim 2172:All masts have square sails 1978:Entering and leaving harbor 1203:, which has a crew of 257. 7810: 5157:. Little, Brown, & Co. 4826:Royce, Patrick M. (1997). 4776:Editor (January 1, 2003). 4191:"A new age of sail begins" 3810:Mccarthy, Michael (2005). 3194:World History Encyclopedia 2466:Bellina, Bérénice (2014). 2013: 1586:and his subordinates) and 1379: 1112: 1073: 1009: 944: 823:. They had a high rounded 759: 700: 607: 408:, an example of a typical 374: 325: 238:BC and propagated through 29: 7258:Spritsail (square-rigged) 6990: 6639: 5237:A manual for naval cadets 5200:9#1 1956, pp. 74–88 5151:Whidden, John D. (1912). 5013:Skeat, Walter W. (2013). 4908:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4650:. Harper. pp. 14–8. 4644:Melville, Herman (1850). 4094:www.boatinternational.com 3422:. Yale University Press. 3346:. Naval Institute Press. 3317:The History of Shipwrecks 2944:10.1179/mon.2005.53.1.001 2582:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). 2503:Oxford English Dictionary 1489:to support the masts and 1263:Every sailing ship has a 1222:In the 20th century, the 1120:Iron-hulled sailing ships 1100:of metal hull fasteners, 1049:fuel efficient steamships 819:and lateen-rigged on the 580:Mongol invasions of Japan 6213:Iron-hulled sailing ship 5198:Economic History Review, 4987:Journal of World History 4832:. ProStar Publications. 4038:Staff (April 13, 2009). 3036:"First Minoan Shipwreck" 2215:: a ship or brig with a 1735:, haul up the clews and 1550:of a square sail, while 1416:, which are attached to 1122:, often referred to as " 1115:Iron-hulled sailing ship 604:Mediterranean and Baltic 524:(崑崙舶, lit. "ship of the 268:maritime trading network 224:into the islands of the 52:on the first two masts ( 6664:Apparent wind indicator 6022:Square-rigged caravel ( 5223:Encyclopædia Britannica 5104:Encyclopædia Britannica 4978:Campbell, I.C. (1995), 4738:The Language of Sailing 4735:Mayne, Richard (2000). 4520:www.oxfordreference.com 4228:Penobscot Marine Museum 4074:. Lippincott. pp. 3932:. Barker. p. 338. 3500:. Courier Corporation. 3069:. Stroud . p. 90. 2777:Paine, Lincoln (2013). 2508:Oxford University Press 1986:with the presence of a 489:Maritime Southeast Asia 7157:Mainsail (Bermuda rig) 7127:Asymmetrical spinnaker 5254:Moore, Sir Alan Hilary 5168:Harland, John (1984). 4782:www.oceannavigator.com 4711:www.oceannavigator.com 4672:Lavery, Brian (1983). 4522:. p. Seamanship. 4343:Fincham, John (1843). 4314:The Price of Admiralty 3964:Cumming, Bill (2009). 3926:Randier, Jean (1968). 3573:Lavery, Brian (2012). 3150:Norman, Vesey (2010). 2641:Kang, Heejung (2015). 2470:. In Guy, John (ed.). 2314:Sailing ship accidents 1880: 1775: 1686: 1603:Richard Henry Dana Jr. 1575: 1482: 1405:to the sailing craft: 1391: 1325: 1308: 1098:galvanic deterioration 918: 907: 893: 879: 789: 725: 623: 485:Austronesian Expansion 464: 444: 421: 342:merchant sailing ships 222:Austronesian expansion 68: 7228:Mainsail (square rig) 6554:Pinnace (ship's boat) 5916:Chinese treasure ship 4940:Jobson, Gary (2008). 4867:My Hand on the Tiller 4253:. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 4164:National Public Radio 3286:Merson, John (1990). 3190:"Ancient Indian Ship" 2714:Haddon, A.C. (1920). 2014:Further information: 1874: 1773: 1684: 1573: 1480: 1390:Different sail types. 1389: 1323: 1306: 945:Further information: 913: 899: 885: 874: 773: 710: 701:Further information: 621: 614:Ships of ancient Rome 610:Ancient Egyptian navy 608:Further information: 450: 427: 396: 326:Further information: 240:Island Southeast Asia 43: 32:Der Kommissar (album) 6569:Thames sailing barge 6400:Recreational vessels 5294:at Wikimedia Commons 4943:Sailing Fundamentals 4674:The ship of the line 4442:Historic Ship Models 3776:Hay (May 15, 1863). 3315:Konstam, A. (2002). 3153:The Medieval Soldier 3040:Archaeology Magazine 2391:The Story of the Sea 2325:Sailing ship tactics 2154:Defined by sail plan 1945:celestial navigation 1808:around the mast—and 857:Christopher Columbus 855:, the Americas with 469:Austronesian peoples 259:AD, and New Zealand 206:Austronesian peoples 157:that propel sailing 36:Wind-powered vehicle 6590:Nautical operations 6524:Floating restaurant 6412:Ljungström sailboat 5992:Full-rigged pinnace 4161:. Morning Edition. 3340:Block, Leo (2003). 2506:(Online ed.). 2319:Sailing ship effect 2144:: (informal) large 2000:backing and filling 1743:support each yard. 1485:Sailing ships have 1088:and various marine 703:Dhow § History 636:Minoan civilization 471:. The invention of 410:Austronesian vessel 332:By the time of the 328:Ship § History 5707:and other vessels 5701:Naval and merchant 4811:has generic name ( 4125:The New York Times 4003:. Gareth Stevens. 3866:on 8 December 2017 3034:Bonn-Muller, Eti. 2881:(1 (288)): 37–58. 2229:Hermaphrodite brig 2129:: a large sailing 2127:Sailing superyacht 1881: 1776: 1687: 1576: 1483: 1434:quadrilateral and 1392: 1326: 1309: 1102:sacrificial anodes 1045:East India Company 1022:Baltimore clippers 919: 908: 894: 880: 861:Ferdinand Magellan 790: 776:Ferdinand Magellan 756:Global exploration 726: 681:, which plied the 624: 532:of large Javanese 465: 445: 422: 69: 62:fore-and-aft sails 30:For the song, see 7781: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7487: 7486: 7369: 7368: 7102: 7101: 6942: 6941: 6598: 6597: 6427:Sailing hydrofoil 6279: 6278: 6198:Blackwall frigate 6121:Baltimore Clipper 5290:Media related to 5179:978-1-8448-6309-9 5026:978-0-486-31765-6 4953:978-1-4391-3678-2 4044:Low-Tech Magazine 3848:Knight, R. J. B. 3429:978-0-300-17028-3 3391:978-0-8166-0850-8 3301:978-0-87951-397-9 3156:. Pen and Sword. 2859:978-602-9346-00-8 2747:978-92-9223-414-0 2514:(Subscription or 2448:978-0-19-992507-0 2277: 2276: 2091:: small, Russian 1937:navigational aids 1438:triangular sails. 1165:County of Peebles 440:and fore-and-aft 16:(Redirected from 7801: 7520:Running backstay 7498: 7380: 7117: 7008: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6946: 6719:Carpenter's walk 6625: 6618: 6611: 6602: 6167:Ship of the line 6091:Ship of the line 5713: 5709:(by origin date) 5488:Full-rigged ship 5389:Fore-and-aft rig 5358:Age of Discovery 5353:Maritime history 5322: 5315: 5308: 5299: 5289: 5275: 5258:Nance, R. Morton 5249: 5230: 5215: 5184: 5183: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5051: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4995: 4984: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4804: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4552:. Archived from 4541: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4383: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4317: 4304: 4293: 4292: 4268: 4255: 4254: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4035: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3894:. Hearst Books. 3885: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3865: 3859:. Archived from 3854: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3807: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3678: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3570: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3491: 3480: 3479: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3441: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3293: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3096: 3088: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3012:. 24 June 2021. 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2979: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2932:Monumenta Serica 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2774: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2686: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2662: 2647: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2584:"Outrigger Ages" 2579: 2573: 2572: 2554: 2545: 2544: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2511: 2499: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2434: 2428: 2415:Parker, Dana T. 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2385: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2297: 2295:Transport portal 2292: 2291: 2260:Ship of the line 2236:Military vessels 2184:Full-rigged ship 2024: 1928:Passage planning 1812:attached to the 1659:sheet-anchor men 1498:Standing rigging 1487:standing rigging 1289:standing rigging 1239:employ the rig. 1185:for driving the 1170:full-rigged ship 1094:copper sheathing 1076:Copper sheathing 1070:Copper sheathing 1038:California trade 980:ship of the line 900:The five-masted 794:magnetic compass 497:Island Melanesia 463: 460: 436:, depicted with 366: 363: 358:triple-expansion 334:Age of Discovery 295:full-rigged ship 287:Age of Discovery 265: 262: 258: 255: 251: 248: 237: 234: 175:full-rigged ship 126: 112: 98: 87:Full-rigged ship 84: 21: 7809: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7773: 7653: 7558: 7483: 7424: 7420:Pelican striker 7405:Dolphin striker 7365: 7297: 7191: 7108: 7098: 7072: 6999: 6993: 6986: 6973: 6943: 6938: 6854:Quarter gallery 6659:Anchor windlass 6635: 6629: 6599: 6594: 6578: 6507: 6461: 6395: 6284:Fishing vessels 6275: 6259: 6186: 6095: 6039: 5945: 5899: 5811: 5775:Tessarakonteres 5708: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5617:Outrigger canoe 5527: 5443: 5367: 5336: 5326: 5282: 5252: 5233: 5206: 5193: 5191:Further reading 5188: 5187: 5180: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5130: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5098:"Sextant" 5091: 5090: 5086: 5077: 5075: 5068: 5053: 5052: 5045: 5036: 5034: 5027: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4963: 4961: 4954: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4925: 4923: 4916: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4887: 4885: 4878: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4849: 4847: 4840: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4807: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4775: 4774: 4767: 4758: 4756: 4749: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4720: 4718: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4684: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4657: 4655: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4629: 4627: 4620: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4591: 4589: 4577: 4576: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4556:on 12 June 2011 4543: 4542: 4538: 4529: 4527: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4500: 4498: 4491: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4462: 4460: 4453: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4424: 4422: 4415: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4370:Harland, John. 4369: 4365: 4356: 4354: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4306: 4305: 4296: 4289: 4270: 4269: 4258: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4207: 4205: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4142: 4140: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4053: 4051: 4037: 4036: 4029: 4020: 4018: 4011: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3976: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3949: 3947: 3940: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3911: 3909: 3902: 3887: 3886: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3857:rogerknight.org 3852: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3833: 3831: 3824: 3809: 3808: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3784:. London: 276. 3775: 3774: 3770: 3755: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3708: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3680: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3659: 3652: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3614: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3555: 3553: 3546: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3508: 3493: 3492: 3483: 3468: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3439: 3437: 3430: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3401: 3399: 3392: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3361: 3354: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3271: 3269: 3262: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3218:Wright, Colin. 3217: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3201: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3171: 3164: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3133: 3126: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3089: 3077: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3019: 3017: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2831: 2824: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2793: 2786: 2776: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2755: 2748: 2733: 2732: 2725: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2601: 2599: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2541: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2449: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2414: 2410: 2401: 2399: 2387: 2386: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2293: 2286: 2283: 2278: 2018: 2012: 1980: 1869: 1826:caught in stays 1798:running rigging 1768: 1704: 1695: 1679: 1641: 1615: 1613:Merchant vessel 1607:Herman Melville 1568: 1529: 1527:Running rigging 1513:topgallant mast 1500: 1491:running rigging 1475: 1384: 1378: 1318: 1301: 1293:running rigging 1279:to hold up the 1261: 1245: 1220: 1134:. They carried 1117: 1111: 1078: 1072: 1014: 1008: 953: 943: 869: 768: 760:Main articles: 758: 705: 699: 616: 606: 481:crab claw sails 461: 391: 381:Lashed-lug boat 375:Main articles: 373: 364: 330: 324: 315:fuel efficiency 263: 256: 249: 235: 139: 138: 137: 136: 132: 131: 130: 127: 118: 117: 116: 113: 104: 103: 102: 99: 90: 89: 88: 85: 76: 75: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7807: 7805: 7797: 7796: 7786: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7739: 7734: 7732:Roller furling 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7619: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7539: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7506: 7504: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7464:Spinnaker pole 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7435: 7433: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7389: 7387: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7356:Spreader patch 7353: 7348: 7343: 7341:Reefing points 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7307: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7123: 7121: 7114: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7005: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6949: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6809:Keel (Canting) 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6620: 6613: 6605: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6544:Norfolk wherry 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6442:Trailer sailer 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6422:Pocket cruiser 6419: 6414: 6409: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6271:Montagu whaler 6267: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5819: 5817:Post-classical 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5735:Borobudur ship 5732: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5710: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5493:Jackass-barque 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5414:Ljungström rig 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5281: 5280:External links 5278: 5277: 5276: 5250: 5231: 5218:Chisholm, Hugh 5204: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5160: 5143: 5128: 5110: 5095:, ed. (1911). 5093:Chisholm, Hugh 5084: 5066: 5043: 5025: 5005: 4970: 4952: 4932: 4914: 4894: 4876: 4856: 4838: 4818: 4765: 4747: 4727: 4697: 4682: 4664: 4636: 4618: 4598: 4567: 4536: 4507: 4489: 4469: 4451: 4431: 4413: 4393: 4384: 4363: 4335: 4328: 4294: 4287: 4256: 4239: 4222:Staff (2012). 4214: 4182: 4149: 4111: 4081: 4060: 4027: 4009: 3989: 3974: 3956: 3938: 3918: 3900: 3877: 3840: 3822: 3799: 3768: 3753: 3735: 3726: 3719: 3698: 3691: 3668: 3650: 3630: 3612: 3592: 3585: 3562: 3544: 3524: 3506: 3481: 3466: 3446: 3428: 3408: 3390: 3370: 3352: 3332: 3325: 3307: 3300: 3278: 3260: 3240: 3210: 3180: 3162: 3142: 3124: 3104: 3076:978-0750980777 3075: 3057: 3026: 3001: 2965: 2922: 2892: 2865: 2858: 2840: 2822: 2802: 2784: 2764: 2746: 2723: 2706: 2673: 2633: 2627:978-0415100540 2626: 2608: 2594:(2): 130–140. 2574: 2567: 2546: 2539: 2521: 2487: 2480: 2458: 2447: 2429: 2408: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2356: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2233: 2232: 2231:: a brigantine 2226: 2220: 2210: 2204: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2169: 2168: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2139: 2133: 2124: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2022: 2011: 2008: 1979: 1976: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1933:dead reckoning 1910:marine sextant 1868: 1865: 1780:square-riggers 1767: 1764: 1754:, attached to 1703: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1678: 1675: 1640: 1637: 1614: 1611: 1567: 1564: 1554:attach to the 1528: 1525: 1499: 1496: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1439: 1425: 1380:Main article: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1317: 1314: 1300: 1297: 1260: 1257: 1244: 1241: 1230:Maltese Falcon 1219: 1216: 1113:Main article: 1110: 1107: 1074:Main article: 1071: 1068: 1010:Main article: 1007: 1004: 1002:enemy coasts. 972:line of battle 942: 939: 868: 865: 757: 754: 711:A traditional 698: 695: 669:were building 605: 602: 430:Borobudur ship 406:crab claw sail 402:outrigger boat 385:Outrigger boat 372: 369: 323: 320: 210:crab-claw sail 134: 133: 128: 121: 120: 119: 114: 107: 106: 105: 100: 93: 92: 91: 86: 79: 78: 77: 73: 72: 71: 70: 26: 24: 18:Sailing vessel 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7806: 7795: 7794:Sailing ships 7792: 7791: 7789: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7427: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7398:sprit topmast 7396: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7105: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6965: 6963: 6958: 6956: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6894:Stern or poop 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6626: 6621: 6619: 6614: 6612: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466:Special terms 6464: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6432:Sailing yacht 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6061:East Indiaman 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6051:Bermuda sloop 6049: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5705: 5704:sailing ships 5699: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5323: 5318: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5293: 5292:Sailing ships 5288: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5208:Watts, Philip 5205: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5161: 5156: 5155: 5147: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5111: 5106: 5105: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5085: 5073: 5069: 5067:9781588344922 5063: 5059: 5058: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5006: 4996:on 2016-08-04 4992: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4971: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4936: 4933: 4921: 4917: 4915:9781472834072 4911: 4907: 4906: 4898: 4895: 4883: 4879: 4877:9781456793500 4873: 4869: 4868: 4860: 4857: 4845: 4841: 4839:9780911284072 4835: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4819: 4814: 4802: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4754: 4750: 4748:9781135965655 4744: 4740: 4739: 4731: 4728: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4665: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4640: 4637: 4625: 4621: 4619:9781786948960 4615: 4611: 4610: 4602: 4599: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4537: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4496: 4492: 4490:9781574090932 4486: 4482: 4481: 4473: 4470: 4458: 4454: 4452:9781402721861 4448: 4444: 4443: 4435: 4432: 4420: 4416: 4414:9780486311340 4410: 4406: 4405: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4380:0-87021-955-3 4377: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4329:0-670-81416-4 4325: 4321: 4316: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4288:9780486263434 4284: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4243: 4240: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4215: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4195:The Economist 4192: 4186: 4183: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4150: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4112: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4090:"Black Pearl" 4085: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4064: 4061: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4016: 4012: 4010:9780836883770 4006: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3975:9781849270137 3971: 3967: 3960: 3957: 3945: 3941: 3939:9780213764760 3935: 3931: 3930: 3922: 3919: 3907: 3903: 3901:9781588163844 3897: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3829: 3825: 3823:9781603446211 3819: 3815: 3814: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3754:9781782422952 3750: 3746: 3739: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3722: 3720:0-85177-256-0 3716: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3692:0-85177-588-8 3688: 3684: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3657: 3653: 3651:9781473893535 3647: 3643: 3642: 3634: 3631: 3619: 3615: 3613:9781139498166 3609: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3586:9781844861750 3582: 3578: 3577: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3551: 3547: 3545:9783845711935 3541: 3537: 3536: 3528: 3525: 3513: 3509: 3507:9780486429885 3503: 3499: 3498: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3450: 3447: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3412: 3409: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3371: 3359: 3355: 3353:9781557502094 3349: 3345: 3344: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3326:1-58574-620-7 3322: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3282: 3279: 3267: 3263: 3261:9780618992386 3257: 3253: 3252: 3244: 3241: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3211: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3181: 3169: 3165: 3163:9781783031368 3159: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3143: 3131: 3127: 3125:9781351661324 3121: 3117: 3116: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3058: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3027: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2923: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2829: 2825: 2823:9780742567627 2819: 2815: 2814: 2806: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2707: 2694: 2690: 2689:The Telegraph 2685: 2677: 2674: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2629: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2609: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2568:0-85177-565-9 2564: 2560: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2540:0-85177-563-2 2536: 2532: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2498: 2491: 2488: 2483: 2481:9781588395245 2477: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2425:0-933449-19-4 2422: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2093:clinker-built 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1923: 1920:to calculate 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1878: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1781: 1772: 1766:Changing tack 1765: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1756:reef cringles 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1701: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1683: 1677:Ship handling 1676: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1650:United States 1646: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1572: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1388: 1383: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1322: 1315: 1313: 1305: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1283:that use the 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1253:The Economist 1250: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1005: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 968:Naval tactics 964: 962: 957: 952: 948: 940: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 916: 912: 905: 904: 898: 892: 889: 884: 878: 873: 866: 864: 862: 858: 854: 853:Vasco da Gama 849: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 797: 795: 787: 786: 781: 777: 772: 767: 763: 755: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 731: 724: 721: 717: 714: 709: 704: 696: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 673:-constructed 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644:thalassocracy 641: 637: 633: 629: 620: 615: 611: 603: 601: 599: 598:Treasure Ship 595: 591: 586: 584: 581: 577: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 518: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 456: 455: 451:Chinese junk 449: 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 390: 386: 382: 378: 370: 368: 359: 355: 350: 345: 343: 339: 335: 329: 321: 319: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 245: 241: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 202:Mediterranean 199: 198:Ancient Egypt 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 163:square-rigged 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 125: 111: 97: 83: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 7722:Parrel beads 7670:Belaying pin 7665:Baggywrinkle 7649:Topping lift 7111:sailing rigs 7033:Fore-and-aft 7002:jury rigging 6874:Ship's wheel 6739:Companionway 6633:sailing ship 6632: 6539:Norfolk punt 6417:Mast aft rig 6326:Herring buss 6250:West Country 6172:Sloop-of-war 6027: 6023: 5957:Crommesteven 5703: 5450:sailing rigs 5424:Mast aft rig 5372:Sailing rigs 5332:vessels and 5262: 5236: 5227: 5221: 5213:"Ship" 5197: 5169: 5163: 5153: 5146: 5119: 5113: 5102: 5087: 5076:. Retrieved 5056: 5035:. Retrieved 5015: 5008: 4998:, retrieved 4991:the original 4986: 4973: 4962:. Retrieved 4942: 4935: 4924:. Retrieved 4904: 4897: 4886:. Retrieved 4866: 4859: 4848:. Retrieved 4828: 4821: 4790:. Retrieved 4781: 4757:. Retrieved 4737: 4730: 4719:. Retrieved 4710: 4700: 4673: 4667: 4656:. Retrieved 4646: 4639: 4628:. Retrieved 4608: 4601: 4590:. Retrieved 4580: 4558:. Retrieved 4554:the original 4549: 4539: 4528:. Retrieved 4519: 4510: 4499:. Retrieved 4479: 4472: 4461:. Retrieved 4441: 4434: 4423:. Retrieved 4403: 4396: 4387: 4371: 4366: 4355:. Retrieved 4345: 4338: 4313: 4308:Keegan, John 4273: 4249: 4242: 4231:. Retrieved 4227: 4217: 4206:. Retrieved 4194: 4185: 4173:. Retrieved 4162: 4152: 4141:. Retrieved 4124: 4114: 4102:. Retrieved 4093: 4084: 4070: 4063: 4052:. Retrieved 4043: 4019:. Retrieved 3999: 3992: 3965: 3959: 3948:. Retrieved 3928: 3921: 3910:. Retrieved 3890: 3868:. Retrieved 3861:the original 3856: 3843: 3832:. Retrieved 3812: 3790:. Retrieved 3782:The Engineer 3781: 3771: 3744: 3738: 3729: 3710: 3682: 3660:. Retrieved 3640: 3633: 3622:. Retrieved 3602: 3595: 3575: 3554:. Retrieved 3534: 3527: 3516:. Retrieved 3496: 3456: 3449: 3438:. Retrieved 3418: 3411: 3400:. Retrieved 3380: 3373: 3362:. Retrieved 3342: 3335: 3316: 3310: 3289: 3281: 3270:. Retrieved 3250: 3243: 3232:. Retrieved 3223: 3213: 3202:. Retrieved 3193: 3183: 3172:. Retrieved 3152: 3145: 3134:. Retrieved 3114: 3107: 3066: 3060: 3048:. Retrieved 3039: 3029: 3018:. Retrieved 3004: 2993:. Retrieved 2981: 2968: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2914:. Retrieved 2906:Culture Trip 2905: 2895: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2849: 2843: 2832:. Retrieved 2812: 2805: 2796: 2778: 2756:. Retrieved 2736: 2716: 2709: 2697:. Retrieved 2688: 2676: 2665:. Retrieved 2656:(1): 27–52. 2653: 2649: 2636: 2617: 2611: 2600:. Retrieved 2591: 2587: 2577: 2558: 2530: 2524: 2501: 2490: 2471: 2461: 2452: 2438: 2432: 2416: 2411: 2400:. Retrieved 2390: 2359: 2350: 2330:Shipbuilding 2271: 2235: 2234: 2190: 2189: 2171: 2170: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2028: 2027: 2019: 1981: 1969: 1926: 1882: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1791: 1784: 1777: 1759: 1755: 1752:reef tackles 1751: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1717:haul leeches 1716: 1713:reef tackles 1712: 1708: 1705: 1702:Setting sail 1696: 1688: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1619: 1616: 1594: 1591: 1577: 1530: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1446:square sails 1441: 1427: 1409: 1402: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1327: 1310: 1262: 1252: 1246: 1234: 1228: 1221: 1218:1950 to 2000 1205: 1200:Kruzenshtern 1198: 1178: 1173: 1164: 1161: 1118: 1109:1850 to 1900 1079: 1064: 1057: 1042: 1019: 1015: 992:sloop-of-war 965: 954: 935:barquentines 920: 902: 867:1700 to 1850 845: 809:carvel-built 802: 798: 791: 783: 738:Indian Ocean 735: 727: 720:fore-and-aft 697:Indian Ocean 664: 660:steering oar 625: 590:Ming dynasty 587: 576:Yuan dynasty 552: 545:Song dynasty 542: 521: 515: 509: 483:enabled the 466: 452: 418:fore-and-aft 347:Sailing and 346: 331: 284: 272:Indo-Pacific 244:Near Oceania 226:Indo-Pacific 195: 167:fore-and-aft 161:, employing 143:sailing ship 142: 140: 65: 57: 53: 50:square sails 7120:Three-sided 6859:Quarterdeck 6749:Daggerboard 6744:Crow's nest 6724:Centreboard 6694:Bow or prow 6644:Aftercastle 6631:Parts of a 6534:Mersey flat 6512:Other types 6301:Barca-longa 6203:Down Easter 5840:Bomb vessel 5792:K'un-lun po 5770:Quadriremes 5755:Penteconter 5642:Quadrimaran 5463:Barquentine 5379:Bermuda rig 5348:Age of Sail 4809:|last= 4544:Tony Gray. 3870:28 December 3067:The Vikings 2650:Kemanusiaan 2219:mizzen sail 2207:Barquentine 2136:Waʻa kaulua 1918:chronometer 1894:cross staff 1875:The marine 1760:reef points 1721:reef points 1663:after guard 1633:second mate 1432:gaff-rigged 1369:Mizzen-mast 1249:cargo ships 1236:Black Pearl 1183:steam power 1124:windjammers 1026:War of 1812 927:brigantines 827:with large 774:Replica of 746:lateen rigs 648:Phoenicians 632:square sail 553:K'un-lun po 530:Bas reliefs 522:K'un-lun po 512:Han dynasty 462: 1848 442:tanja sails 389:Junk (ship) 365: 1960 349:steam ships 338:battleships 299:merchantmen 291:Age of Sail 264: 1200 252:BC, Hawaii 250: 1500 242:, reaching 236: 3000 187:barquentine 149:mounted on 115:Barquentine 7764:Turnbuckle 7692:Clevis pin 7658:Components 7592:Cunningham 7572:Boomkicker 7537:Stay mouse 7459:Crosstrees 7303:Components 7283:Topgallant 7278:Tanja sail 7196:Four-sided 7053:Ljungström 6829:Orlop deck 6764:Forecastle 6759:Figurehead 6689:Boom brake 6679:Bilgeboard 6498:Treenailed 6478:Lashed lug 6473:Inflatable 6452:Windsurfer 6437:Sportsboat 6386:Well smack 6255:Windjammer 6182:Trincadour 6152:Padewakang 6002:Man-of-war 5941:Trabaccolo 5880:Malangbang 5682:Vaka katea 5632:Pentamaran 5473:Brigantine 5434:Square rig 5429:Pinisi rig 5409:Lateen rig 5399:Gunter rig 5363:Navigation 5129:087033056X 5078:2019-06-24 5037:2019-06-24 5000:2017-06-16 4964:2019-06-24 4926:2019-07-03 4888:2019-06-24 4850:2019-06-24 4792:2019-06-23 4759:2019-06-24 4721:2019-06-23 4683:0851772528 4658:2019-06-23 4630:2019-06-23 4592:2019-06-23 4530:2019-06-24 4501:2019-06-22 4463:2019-06-22 4425:2019-06-22 4357:2019-06-22 4233:2019-06-22 4208:2024-05-21 4143:2023-10-09 4104:11 October 4054:2019-06-20 4021:2019-06-20 3950:2019-06-20 3912:2019-06-20 3834:2019-06-29 3662:2019-06-20 3624:2019-06-20 3579:. Conway. 3556:2019-06-20 3518:2019-06-20 3467:0066211735 3440:2019-06-23 3402:2019-06-20 3364:2019-06-20 3272:2019-06-20 3234:2022-12-06 3204:2022-12-06 3174:2019-07-10 3136:2019-07-10 3020:2022-08-17 2995:2022-11-06 2916:2019-06-02 2834:2019-06-20 2758:2022-05-08 2699:3 November 2667:2019-09-29 2602:2019-09-26 2518:required.) 2402:2017-07-25 2372:References 2223:Brigantine 2217:lug-rigged 2142:Windjammer 1867:Navigation 1839:, the old 1693:Under sail 1629:first mate 1505:lower mast 1464:, and the 1458:spritsails 1339:pole masts 1152:steamships 1132:sail plans 1128:tall ships 1053:Suez Canal 984:broadsides 961:man-of-war 877:man-of-war 833:forecastle 821:mizzenmast 723:lateen rig 687:North Seas 561:watertight 534:outriggers 505:Madagascar 493:Micronesia 477:outriggers 473:catamarans 438:outriggers 414:outriggers 307:steamships 257: 900 191:brigantine 155:sail plans 74:Sail plans 66:mizzenmast 7759:Traveller 7747:gooseneck 7727:Ring bolt 7634:Preventer 7597:Clewlines 7587:Buntlines 7577:Boom vang 7515:Lazy jack 7410:Jackstaff 7361:Tell-tale 7351:Sailcloth 7316:Bolt rope 7293:Watersail 7263:Spritsail 7233:Moonraker 7218:Junk sail 7208:Fisherman 7177:Spinnaker 7172:Screecher 7132:Crab claw 7089:Turbosail 7084:Rotorsail 6929:Whipstaff 6899:Sternpost 6889:Starboard 6839:Poop deck 6834:Outrigger 6649:Afterdeck 6493:Tall ship 6321:Gableboat 6235:Leti leti 6225:Janggolan 6157:Post ship 6028:de armada 6017:Speronara 5745:Fire ship 5677:Va'a-tele 5602:Kora kora 5567:Catamaran 5533:Multihull 5439:Tanja rig 5384:Crab claw 5341:Overviews 5328:Types of 5272:26571876M 5246:23468580M 5138:228950964 4203:0013-0613 4175:9 October 4133:0362-4331 3984:491200437 3763:928714218 3224:www.bl.uk 3093:cite book 3085:972948057 3050:31 August 2960:161434221 2335:Tall ship 1922:longitude 1906:soundings 1890:astrolabe 1849:Mainsails 1830:wear ship 1737:buntlines 1733:clewlines 1647:warship, 1540:buntlines 1466:crab claw 1442:To a spar 1428:To a mast 1422:staysails 1418:forestays 1410:To a stay 1396:sail plan 1363:Main-mast 1357:Fore-mast 1335:made mast 1265:sail plan 1157:bunkerage 1086:barnacles 1055:in 1869. 923:schooners 915:Schooners 829:aftcastle 713:Maldivian 675:longships 628:Egyptians 538:Borobudur 517:kunlun bo 501:Polynesia 400:voyaging 356:and then 218:outrigger 214:catamaran 212:and with 179:schooners 7788:Category 7712:Footrope 7707:Fairlead 7602:Downhaul 7552:forestay 7547:backstay 7530:ratlines 7502:Standing 7469:Spreader 7393:Bowsprit 7336:Jackline 7273:Studding 7267:Optimist 7238:Ringtail 7223:Lug sail 7213:Foresail 7182:Staysail 7167:Ringtail 7137:Gennaker 7094:Wingsail 7058:Mast-aft 6909:Taffrail 6849:Porthole 6819:Leeboard 6794:Jackline 6699:Bowsprit 6669:Beakhead 6447:Wharrams 6366:Sixareen 6361:Nordland 6356:Patorani 6142:Gundalow 6127:Gallivat 6112:Chialoup 6107:Bilander 6056:Corvette 5972:Galleass 5931:Lancaran 5890:Tongkang 5875:Longship 5825:Balinger 5725:Balangay 5672:Ungalawa 5667:Trimaran 5662:Tongiaki 5657:Tipairua 5508:Schooner 5404:Junk rig 5394:Gaff rig 5260:(1925). 5210:(1911). 5072:Archived 5031:Archived 4958:Archived 4920:Archived 4882:Archived 4844:Archived 4801:cite web 4786:Archived 4753:Archived 4715:Archived 4692:10361880 4652:Archived 4624:Archived 4586:Archived 4524:Archived 4495:Archived 4457:Archived 4419:Archived 4351:Archived 4310:(1989). 4169:Archived 4137:Archived 4098:Archived 4048:Archived 4015:Archived 3944:Archived 3906:Archived 3828:Archived 3792:June 29, 3786:Archived 3656:Archived 3618:Archived 3550:Archived 3512:Archived 3476:52047431 3434:Archived 3396:Archived 3358:Archived 3266:Archived 3228:Archived 3198:Archived 3168:Archived 3130:Archived 3044:Archived 3014:Archived 2986:Archived 2952:40727457 2938:: 1–43. 2910:Archived 2887:41493537 2828:Archived 2752:Archived 2693:Archived 2658:Archived 2596:Archived 2396:Archived 2309:Sailboat 2281:See also 2242:Corvette 2213:Bilander 2165:Schooner 2099:Longship 2010:Examples 2004:drudging 1941:pilotage 1914:latitude 1898:dividers 1886:quadrant 1853:traveler 1845:windward 1800:, using 1794:yardarms 1725:bowlines 1667:waisters 1631:and the 1592:ordinary 1532:Halyards 1517:deadeyes 1509:top mast 1450:lug rigs 1403:attached 1259:Features 1179:Preussen 1174:Preussen 1155:require 1082:shipworm 1006:Clippers 1000:blockade 976:galleons 959:sailing 941:Warships 903:Preussen 837:bowsprit 817:mainmast 813:foremast 785:Victoria 594:Zheng He 583:and Java 557:junk rig 354:compound 313:had the 303:warships 266:AD. The 200:and the 129:Schooner 7754:Trapeze 7737:Shackle 7697:Deadeye 7629:Outhaul 7612:Halyard 7564:Running 7510:Bobstay 7493:Rigging 7444:Boomkin 7415:Jibboom 7326:Emblems 7321:Cringle 7288:Topsail 7253:Spanker 7248:Skysail 7187:Trysail 7023:B&R 7018:Bermuda 7011:Textile 6984:rigging 6924:Transom 6799:Jibboom 6779:Gunwale 6774:Gangway 6734:Cockpit 6714:Cathead 6709:Capstan 6583:Related 6381:Tartane 6331:Jangada 6311:Felucca 6306:Falkuša 6264:20th c. 6218:Warship 6208:Golekan 6191:19th c. 6117:Clipper 6100:18th c. 6086:Polacca 6066:Frigate 6044:17th c. 6012:Patache 6007:Manchua 5982:Flyboat 5967:Galleon 5950:16th c. 5921:Caravel 5911:Carrack 5904:15th c. 5870:Kondura 5835:Birlinn 5765:Trireme 5717:Ancient 5652:Tepukei 5607:Lakatoi 5597:Karakoa 5577:Guilalo 5562:Camakau 5547:Amatasi 5535:vessels 5503:Mistico 5478:Catboat 5419:Lug rig 5330:sailing 5220:(ed.). 4560:12 June 2254:Frigate 2121:trysail 2077:Galleon 2047:Clipper 2041:Carrack 2035:Caravel 1972:sextant 1877:sextant 1861:luggers 1857:lateens 1841:leeward 1818:spanker 1806:yardarm 1786:tacking 1748:reefing 1671:holders 1645:frigate 1639:Warship 1625:captain 1620:Pilgrim 1584:captain 1521:lanyard 1473:Rigging 1436:Bermuda 1330:conifer 1273:rigging 1224:DynaRig 1208:tacking 1187:winches 1012:Clipper 988:frigate 956:Cannons 931:barques 888:clipper 841:galleon 805:carrack 780:carrack 766:Caravel 762:Carrack 730:Kalinga 718:with a 716:Baghlah 691:beitass 671:clinker 667:Vikings 569:rudders 565:tillers 404:with a 322:History 270:in the 64:on the 7742:Swivel 7717:Gasket 7702:Earing 7622:throat 7582:Braces 7525:Shroud 7311:Batten 7203:Course 7162:Raffee 7152:Lateen 7107:Sails 7068:Square 7063:Pinisi 7043:Gunter 6914:Tiller 6904:Strake 6869:Rudder 6814:Kelson 6729:Chains 6654:Anchor 6574:Wherry 6549:Pausik 6407:Dinghy 6351:Mayang 6346:Masula 6341:Lugger 6336:Jukung 6240:Palari 6162:74-gun 6147:Lanong 6071:Galeas 5997:Lorcha 5962:Galiot 5926:Ghurab 5885:Shitik 5830:Benawa 5780:Dromon 5760:Bireme 5750:Galley 5612:Lanong 5582:Jukung 5552:Baurua 5483:Cutter 5458:Barque 5270: 5244: 5202:online 5176: 5136: 5126: 5064: 5023: 4950: 4912: 4874: 4836: 4745: 4690: 4680: 4616: 4487: 4449: 4411: 4378: 4326: 4285: 4201: 4131: 4007: 3982: 3972: 3936: 3898: 3820: 3761: 3751: 3717: 3689: 3648: 3610: 3583: 3542: 3504: 3474: 3464: 3426: 3388: 3350: 3323: 3298: 3258: 3160: 3122: 3083: 3073: 2958: 2950: 2885: 2856: 2820: 2744: 2624: 2565: 2537: 2497:"ship" 2478: 2445: 2423: 2364:lines. 2272: 2248:Cutter 2201:mizzen 2197:Barque 2105:Pinisi 1984:harbor 1888:, the 1810:sheets 1802:braces 1627:, the 1588:seamen 1552:sheets 1544:braces 1536:brails 1511:, and 1462:lateen 1212:anchor 1191:hoists 1136:lumber 1126:" or " 996:convoy 949:, and 848:tacked 750:tonnes 683:Baltic 656:Romans 652:Greeks 573:Mongol 555:. The 526:Kunlun 503:, and 479:, and 454:Keying 416:and a 398:Fijian 387:, and 230:Taiwan 204:. The 189:, and 183:barque 101:Barque 60:) and 46:barque 7769:Winch 7685:bitts 7680:Cleat 7675:Block 7639:Sheet 7542:Stays 7474:Sprit 7454:Truck 7375:Spars 7346:Roach 7331:Draft 7243:Royal 7142:Genoa 7077:Other 6998:Rigs 6980:spars 6976:Sails 6934:Winch 6769:Frame 6704:Cable 6684:Bitts 6674:Bilge 6529:Fusta 6483:Razee 6457:Yacht 6376:Smack 6371:Sgoth 6316:Fifie 6291:Bagan 6245:Tamar 6230:Lambo 6132:Garay 6035:Xebec 6024:round 5987:Fluyt 5977:Ghali 5895:Zabra 5860:Knarr 5802:Mtepe 5730:Boita 5687:Vinta 5647:Takia 5627:Paraw 5592:Kalia 5557:Bigiw 5542:ʻalia 5513:Sloop 5498:Ketch 5216:. In 4994:(PDF) 4983:(PDF) 3864:(PDF) 3853:(PDF) 2989:(PDF) 2978:(PDF) 2956:S2CID 2948:JSTOR 2883:JSTOR 2661:(PDF) 2646:(PDF) 2512: 2342:Notes 2266:Xebec 2131:yacht 2071:Fluyt 2065:Djong 1822:masts 1814:clews 1741:lifts 1729:leech 1709:clews 1599:watch 1595:hands 1560:tacks 1556:clews 1376:Sails 1350:stern 1316:Masts 1281:sails 1277:masts 1195:pumps 1181:used 1144:grain 1140:guano 1090:weeds 1030:opium 825:stern 744:with 742:dhows 679:knarr 640:Crete 549:junks 412:with 159:ships 151:masts 147:sails 7644:Tack 7617:peak 7479:Yard 7449:Gaff 7439:Boom 7431:mast 7048:Junk 7038:Gaff 6982:and 6884:Stem 6879:Skeg 6844:Port 6824:Mast 6804:Keel 6789:Hull 6784:Head 6754:Deck 6564:Scow 6559:Pram 6503:ULDB 6488:Sewn 6391:Yoal 6296:Bago 6177:Toop 6137:Grab 6081:Pink 6076:Koff 5865:Koch 5855:Jong 5850:Hulk 5797:Lepa 5787:Junk 5740:Dhow 5637:Proa 5622:Pahi 5587:Kaep 5572:Drua 5523:Yawl 5518:Snow 5468:Brig 5334:rigs 5174:ISBN 5134:OCLC 5124:ISBN 5062:ISBN 5021:ISBN 4948:ISBN 4910:ISBN 4872:ISBN 4834:ISBN 4813:help 4743:ISBN 4688:OCLC 4678:ISBN 4614:ISBN 4562:2011 4485:ISBN 4447:ISBN 4409:ISBN 4376:ISBN 4324:ISBN 4283:ISBN 4199:ISSN 4177:2023 4129:ISSN 4106:2018 4005:ISBN 3980:OCLC 3970:ISBN 3934:ISBN 3896:ISBN 3872:2017 3818:ISBN 3794:2019 3759:OCLC 3749:ISBN 3715:ISBN 3687:ISBN 3646:ISBN 3608:ISBN 3581:ISBN 3540:ISBN 3502:ISBN 3472:OCLC 3462:ISBN 3424:ISBN 3386:ISBN 3348:ISBN 3321:ISBN 3296:ISBN 3256:ISBN 3158:ISBN 3120:ISBN 3099:link 3081:OCLC 3071:ISBN 3052:2021 2854:ISBN 2818:ISBN 2742:ISBN 2701:2015 2622:ISBN 2563:ISBN 2535:ISBN 2476:ISBN 2443:ISBN 2421:ISBN 2203:mast 2178:Brig 2123:mast 2117:Snow 2111:Pink 2089:Koch 2083:Junk 2059:Dhow 1996:pier 1992:dock 1988:tide 1859:and 1655:tops 1605:and 1580:crew 1578:The 1566:Crew 1548:yard 1456:and 1454:junk 1420:and 1414:jibs 1382:Sail 1299:Hull 1285:wind 1275:and 1269:hull 1233:and 1193:and 1060:ship 990:and 933:and 891:ship 835:and 815:and 764:and 736:The 685:and 654:and 612:and 588:The 567:and 434:Java 420:sail 340:and 293:, a 280:dhow 278:and 276:junk 216:and 173:and 171:brig 58:main 56:and 54:fore 7607:Guy 7429:On 7385:bow 7383:On 7147:Jib 7028:Cat 6919:Top 6864:Rib 6026:or 5936:Hoy 5845:Cog 5807:Uru 5448:By 4320:278 4076:298 2940:doi 2053:Cog 1994:or 1902:log 1837:jib 1590:or 1348:to 1346:bow 1148:ore 1146:or 1032:or 937:). 778:'s 638:of 520:or 165:or 7790:: 6978:, 5692:Wa 5268:OL 5256:; 5242:OL 5132:. 5101:. 5070:. 5046:^ 5029:. 4985:, 4956:. 4918:. 4880:. 4842:. 4805:: 4803:}} 4799:{{ 4784:. 4780:. 4768:^ 4751:. 4713:. 4709:. 4686:. 4622:. 4570:^ 4548:. 4518:. 4493:. 4455:. 4417:. 4322:. 4297:^ 4281:. 4279:13 4259:^ 4226:. 4197:. 4193:. 4167:. 4135:. 4127:. 4123:. 4092:. 4046:. 4042:. 4030:^ 4013:. 3978:. 3942:. 3904:. 3880:^ 3855:. 3826:. 3802:^ 3780:. 3757:. 3701:^ 3671:^ 3654:. 3616:. 3565:^ 3548:. 3510:. 3484:^ 3470:. 3432:. 3394:. 3356:. 3264:. 3226:. 3222:. 3196:. 3192:. 3166:. 3128:. 3095:}} 3091:{{ 3079:. 3038:. 2984:. 2980:. 2954:. 2946:. 2936:53 2934:. 2908:. 2904:. 2879:78 2877:. 2826:. 2787:^ 2767:^ 2750:. 2726:^ 2691:. 2687:. 2654:22 2652:. 2648:. 2592:83 2590:. 2586:. 2549:^ 2500:. 2451:. 2380:^ 1924:. 1896:, 1892:, 1719:, 1715:, 1538:, 1507:, 1452:, 1295:. 1271:, 1214:. 1189:, 1142:, 1138:, 929:, 863:. 831:, 782:, 650:, 585:. 499:, 495:, 475:, 459:c. 383:, 379:, 367:. 362:c. 344:. 261:c. 254:c. 247:c. 233:c. 193:. 185:, 141:A 44:A 7269:) 7265:( 7113:) 7109:( 7004:) 7000:( 6968:e 6961:t 6954:v 6624:e 6617:t 6610:v 6123:) 6119:( 6030:) 5321:e 5314:t 5307:v 5274:. 5248:. 5182:. 5140:. 5081:. 5040:. 4967:. 4929:. 4891:. 4853:. 4815:) 4795:. 4762:. 4724:. 4694:. 4661:. 4633:. 4595:. 4564:. 4533:. 4504:. 4466:. 4428:. 4382:. 4360:. 4332:. 4291:. 4236:. 4211:. 4179:. 4146:. 4108:. 4078:. 4057:. 4024:. 3986:. 3953:. 3915:. 3874:. 3837:. 3796:. 3765:. 3723:. 3695:. 3665:. 3627:. 3589:. 3559:. 3521:. 3478:. 3443:. 3405:. 3367:. 3329:. 3304:. 3275:. 3237:. 3207:. 3177:. 3139:. 3101:) 3087:. 3054:. 3023:. 2998:. 2962:. 2942:: 2919:. 2889:. 2862:. 2837:. 2761:. 2703:. 2670:. 2630:. 2605:. 2571:. 2543:. 2510:. 2484:. 2427:. 2405:. 1468:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index