62:
513:
44:
899:
which break off very easily and cleanly at the base with an audible crack. Broken twigs and branches can take root readily, enabling the species to colonise new areas as broken twigs fall into waterways and can be carried some distance downstream. It is particularly adept at colonising new riverside
1523:
Zenni, Rafael D.; Ziller, Sílvia R.; da Rosa, Clarissa A.; Sühs, Rafael B.; Puechagut, Patricia B.; Marterer, Beloni T. P.; Heringer, Gustavo; de Matos, Ana
Carolina L.; Bueno, Marina L.; Almeida, Jonathan W.; Silva, Carlos H. T.; Legracie-Júnior, José Renato; Chapla, Tatiani E. (2024).
607:, which grows rapidly to 10–20 m (33–66 ft) (rarely to 29 m (95 ft)) tall, with a trunk up to 1 m (3.3 ft) diameter, often multi-trunked, and an irregular, often leaning crown. The
692:" for the hybrid, with the pure species requiring a new name. After discussion, the decision was made by the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants in 2009 to reject the first proposal and conserve "
1566:
Griffiths, J; Armstrong, H; Innes, R; Terry, J (January 2018). "Can aerial herbicide application control Grey Willow (Salix cinerea L.) and stimulate native plant recovery in New
Zealand wetlands?".
994:'s native plant species diversity by forming monospecific stands. As only the male plant is present in New Zealand no fruit is formed unless hybridised. Species spread is facilitated by stem
637:, with male and female catkins on separate trees; the male catkins are 4–6 cm long, the female catkins are also 4–6 cm long, with the individual flowers having either one or two
641:. In late spring fruit capsules release numerous small cotton-tufted seeds. They are easily distributed by wind and moving water, and germinate immediately after soil contact.
947:, very easily propagated by cuttings. It is a vigorous tree commonly reaching 20–25 m (66–82 ft) tall, with leaves up to 15 cm long. It is a female clone.
1663:"Aerial glyphosate application reduces grey willow (Salix cinerea) canopy cover, increases light availability, and stimulates kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) growth"
1928:
618:
are bright green, 9–15 cm long and 1.5–3 cm wide, with a finely serrated margin; they are very finely hairy at first in spring, but soon become hairless.
737:
is very variable, with forms linking both parents. Some formally named varieties include the following. As of August 2021, none were accepted at this rank by
1993:
1470:
sites include: CN, CO, ID, IL, IN, IO, MA, MI, MN, MO, NB, ND, NJ, OH, OR, NH, NM, NV, NY, PA, RI, SD, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, and WY. (USFS & invasive.org)
895:
The plant is commonly called crack willow or brittle willow because it is highly susceptible to wind, ice and snow damage. The name also derives from the
1879:
1954:
1892:
2075:
1176:
2197:
2192:
1200:
1104:
1080:
2177:
1915:
1601:
1417:
1226:
2172:
2111:
2054:
1959:
1980:
995:
2202:
1941:
1801:
1778:
2116:
987:
738:
1998:
2187:
2182:
2167:
1449:
61:
1866:
1871:
1845:
1840:
1736:
1806:
886:– Bedford willow; female tree with long narrow leaves having somewhat uneven teeth; of cultivated origin
182:
1897:
1034:
656:" in 1753. It was later discovered that Linnaeus was actually describing a species he had also called
2008:
1827:
1697:
1480:
1129:
1858:
1722:
999:
1972:
2134:
2126:
1853:
1495:
1390:
1355:
210:
56:
2080:
1933:
2029:
1814:
1643:
1583:
1545:
1408:
1196:
1172:
1100:
1076:
2034:
1907:
1717:
1674:
1635:
1575:
1537:
1503:
1382:
1347:
1271:
963:
696:" for the hybrid. Irina V. Belyaeva then described the previously unnamed parent species as
2016:
920:
658:
634:
99:
998:
which are carried via waterways and nearby adult individuals. Control and management for
2067:
1334:
Christensen, Knud I. & Jonsell, Bengt (2005). "(1698) Proposal to conserve the name
2162:
2062:
1706:
1627:
1525:
1436:
1373:
Brummitt, R.K. (2009). "Report of the
Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 60".
1297:
742:
706:
for the hybrid. The lectotype was shown by molecular evidence to be the hybrid between
703:
677:
86:
2156:
1496:"Invasion by a non-native willow (Salix × rubens) in Brazilian subtropical highlands"
975:
940:
649:
608:
558:
517:
202:
1605:
2139:
1819:
979:
698:
575:
570:
554:
135:
20:
1770:
512:
43:
1783:
2103:
1985:
1967:
1626:
Becker, Laise Orsi; Sühs, Rafael
Barbizan; Dechoum, Michele de Sá (2023-12-07).
1508:
971:
1639:
1541:
1171:(4th ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk: C & M Floristics. p. 348.
668:
612:
581:
145:
1759:
1647:
1587:
1549:
1494:
Sühs, Rafael
Barbizan; Dechoum, Michele de Sá; Ziller, Silvia Renate (2020).
2093:
2044:
1003:
967:
601:
1946:
1679:
1662:
2088:
1793:
1753:
966:
in various parts of the world, including: all states and territories in
924:
112:
2021:
1394:
1359:
1884:
1386:
1275:
991:
944:
1579:
1351:
983:
638:
630:
626:
622:
562:
550:
546:
155:
125:
1730:
1213:
901:
821:– male and female trees known; leaves with even, well spaced teeth
566:
521:
511:
73:
1920:
990:, which means it cannot be sold or distributed. It can replace a
904:. It also spreads by root suckers, expanding into pure 'groves'.
896:
615:
604:
1832:
1734:
662:. At least since the 1920s, botanists applied Linnaeus's name "
1707:
Center for
Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health—Invasive.org
807:– male tree with relatively wide leaves; of cultivated origin
19:"Crack willow" redirects here. For Eastern crack willow, see
1526:"Invasive non-native species in Brazil: an updated overview"
1296:
Kuzovkina, Yulia A. & Belyaeva, Irina V. (July 2018).
611:
is dark grey-brown, coarsely fissured in older trees. The
585:, and is very variable, with forms linking both parents.
1628:"Understanding willow invasion in subtropical highlands"
782:
by Plants of the World Online and by
Belyaeva, but to
939:) is by far the most common clone of crack willow in
745:
suggested some would be better treated as cultivars.
1743:
1602:"Crack willow | MPI Biosecurity New Zealand"
1073:Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland
666:" both to a pure species and to its hybrid with
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
680:for the pure species, with the hybrid called "
1329:
1327:
8:
1313:. Fact Sheet No 2. University of Connecticut
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
741:, being treated as synonyms of the species.
1193:Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles
1091:
1089:
1731:
1437:Invasive.org Salix fragilis (crack willow)
561:, usually found growing beside rivers and
42:
27:
1678:
1661:Griffiths, James; McAlpine, Kate (2017).
1507:
1254:Belyaeva, Irina (2009). "Nomenclature of
1500:Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1568:Ecological Management & Restoration
1015:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
652:first described a willow species as "
1561:
1559:
1338:with a conserved type (Salicaceae)".
1067:
1065:
1063:
986:. In New Zealand it is listed on the
962:has escaped cultivation to become an
217:
7:
2117:5fb7ab52-b016-4f58-93c6-6333c17131f8
2009:72702ba7-b2bd-4f67-8a7a-4aea79ae6dfc
688:". The alternative was to conserve "
1698:USFS—United States Forest Service:
1418:The International Plant Names Index
1227:The International Plant Names Index
1130:USFS—United States Forest Service:
629:in early spring, and pollinated by
714:, the name of which is written as
14:
672:. In 2005, it was proposed that "
573:channels. It is a hybrid between
919:is cultivated as a fast-growing
60:
1667:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1169:New Flora of the British Isles
1:
1195:8th ed., vol. 4. John Murray
1481:"Plant an indigenous garden"
1049:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2198:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1509:10.1016/j.pecon.2020.09.001
1097:Trees of Britain and Europe
722:to show its hybrid status.
600:is a medium-sized to large
2219:
1640:10.1007/s10530-023-03206-0
1542:10.1007/s10530-024-03302-9
1462:U.S. states with invasive
1047:Plants of the World Online
988:National Pest Plant Accord
739:Plants of the World Online
18:
1159:Stace, Clive A. (2019). "
545:, is a hybrid species of
216:
209:
188:
181:
57:Scientific classification
55:
50:
41:
30:
2193:Plants described in 1753
974:; the upper half of the
537:, with the common names
2178:Garden plants of Europe
1075:. BSBI Handbook No. 4.
900:sandbanks formed after
287:Tausch ex W.D.J.Koch
1680:10.20417/nzjecol.41.22
1258:L. and a new species,
1095:Rushforth, K. (1999).
1071:Meikle, R. D. (1984).
525:
2173:Flora of Western Asia
515:
1702:— "Weed of the Week"
1632:Biological Invasions
1530:Biological Invasions
1439:. accessed 1.13.2013
1191:Bean, W. J. (1980).
1136:. accessed 1.13.2013
1134:— "Weed of the Week"
1002:projects often uses
927:'Russelliana' (syn.
1723:Plants for a Future
1299:Name change alert:
1000:habitat restoration
702:, and designated a
2203:Plant nothospecies
1387:10.1002/tax.581028
1276:10.1002/tax.584021
868:(Schrank) P.D.Sell
557:. It is native to
526:
368: monspeliensis
2150:
2149:
2030:Open Tree of Life
1737:Taxon identifiers
1580:10.1111/emr.12299
1178:978-1-5272-2630-2
885:
869:
853:
837:
806:
773:
762:
559:riparian habitats
510:
509:
504:
492:
480:
468:
467:Tausch ex Opiz
456:
444:
432:
428: persicifolia
420:
408:
396:
384:
372:
360:
348:
336:
324:
320: fragilissima
312:
300:
288:
276:
264:
252:
240:
228:
2210:
2188:Ornamental trees
2183:Flora of Ukraine
2143:
2142:
2130:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2107:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2070:
2058:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1986:NBNSYS0000003861
1976:
1975:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1949:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1874:
1862:
1861:
1859:Salix x fragilis
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1732:
1727:
1718:"Salix fragilis"
1685:
1684:
1682:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1604:. Archived from
1598:
1592:
1591:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1536:(8): 2397–2405.
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:"Salix fragilis"
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1352:10.2307/25065400
1331:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1293:
1280:
1279:
1270:(4): 1344–1348.
1251:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1210:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1156:
1137:
1127:
1108:
1093:
1084:
1069:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1031:
964:invasive species
951:Invasive species
884:(Sm.) W.D.J.Koch
883:
867:
851:
835:
804:
774:) – assigned to
771:
760:
625:are produced in
518:riparian habitat
502:
499:
490:
487:
478:
475:
466:
463:
454:
452: russelliana
451:
442:
439:
430:
427:
418:
415:
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394:
391:
382:
379:
370:
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346:
343:
334:
331:
322:
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298:
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283:
274:
271:
262:
260: chlorocarpa
259:
250:
247:
238:
235:
226:
223:
198:
195:
173:
65:
64:
46:
35:
28:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2168:Trees of Europe
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2017:Observation.org
2015:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1739:
1716:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1295:
1294:
1283:
1262:(Salicaceae)".
1253:
1252:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1158:
1157:
1140:
1128:
1111:
1094:
1087:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1033:
1032:
1017:
1012:
953:
921:ornamental tree
910:
893:
728:
659:Salix pentandra
647:
591:
500: russeliana
497:
485:
473:
461:
449:
437:
425:
413:
401:
389:
377:
365:
353:
344: gracilenta
341:
332: fragillima
329:
317:
305:
293:
281:
269:
257:
245:
233:
221:
205:
200:
193:
190:
177:
171:
59:
33:
24:
17:
16:Species of tree
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11:
5:
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2214:
2206:
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2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:wfo-0000928469
2131:
2121:
2108:
2098:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2049:
2045:Salix_fragilis
2039:
2026:
2013:
2003:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1902:
1889:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1788:
1775:
1765:
1749:
1747:
1745:Salix fragilis
1741:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1714:
1711:photos gallery
1704:
1700:Salix fragilis
1693:
1692:External links
1690:
1687:
1686:
1653:
1618:
1593:
1555:
1515:
1502:(3): 203–209.
1486:
1472:
1455:
1441:
1429:
1400:
1381:(1): 280–292.
1365:
1346:(2): 555–556.
1336:Salix fragilis
1323:
1281:
1256:Salix fragilis
1239:
1205:
1184:
1177:
1138:
1132:Salix fragilis
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805:Ser. ex Gaudin
791:
743:Clive A. Stace
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724:
712:S. euxina
694:Salix fragilis
690:Salix fragilis
674:Salix fragilis
664:Salix fragilis
654:Salix fragilis
646:
643:
590:
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543:brittle willow
508:
507:
506:
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493:
481:
469:
464: sanguinea
457:
445:
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421:
409:
404: palustris
397:
392: neotricha
385:
373:
361:
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337:
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313:
308: fragilior
301:
296: excelsior
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272: decipiens
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1608:on 2016-04-14
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1459:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1413:I.V.Belyaeva"
1412:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
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187:
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183:Binomial name
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29:
26:
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1610:. Retrieved
1606:the original
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1416:
1411:Salix euxina
1410:
1403:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1315:. Retrieved
1306:
1302:
1298:
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708:S. alba
707:
699:Salix euxina
697:
693:
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681:
676:" should be
673:
667:
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593:
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576:Salix euxina
574:
571:water meadow
555:Western Asia
542:
539:crack willow
538:
533:
529:
528:
527:
495:
483:
476: viridis
471:
459:
447:
435:
431:Schleich.
423:
416: pendula
411:
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380: montana
375:
363:
351:
339:
327:
315:
303:
291:
284: excelsa
279:
267:
255:
243:
239:(L.) Raf.
231:
219:
191:
189:
169:
168:
156:
136:Malpighiales
119:
106:
93:
80:
31:
25:
21:Salix euxina
2068:kew-5000691
1968:NatureServe
972:New Zealand
937:russelliana
908:Cultivation
881:russelliana
633:. They are
589:Description
440: rubens
383:J.Forbes
371:J.Forbes
359:J.Forbes
356: lyonii
244:Salix alba
232:Psatherips
100:Angiosperms
2157:Categories
2124:WisFlora:
2063:Plant List
1612:2013-04-22
1424:2021-08-07
1317:2021-08-07
1233:2021-08-07
1099:. Collins
1053:2021-08-07
1010:References
1004:herbicides
761:W.D.J.Koch
669:Salix alba
613:lanceolate
582:Salix alba
549:native to
443:Schrank
146:Salicaceae
2094:100372115
1872:200005838
1846:200005838
1648:1387-3547
1588:1442-7001
1550:1387-3547
1260:S. euxina
968:Australia
849:polyandra
769:decipiens
758:decipiens
726:Varieties
704:lectotype
678:conserved
639:nectaries
635:dioecious
602:deciduous
565:, and in
524:, Germany
347:Tausch
275:Hoffm.
164:Species:
70:Kingdom:
2112:VicFlora
2101:VASCAN:
2089:Tropicos
2042:PalDat:
1973:2.150152
1934:11328392
1791:BioLib:
1754:Wikidata
1468:fragilis
1395:27756843
1360:25065400
1305:fragilis
1220:fragilis
1165:fragilis
1041:fragilis
960:fragilis
933:fragilis
925:cultivar
917:fragilis
877:fragilis
861:fragilis
845:fragilis
829:fragilis
819:fragilis
815:fragilis
798:fragilis
790:by Stace
780:fragilis
754:fragilis
735:fragilis
720:fragilis
645:Taxonomy
598:fragilis
534:fragilis
395:Goerz
335:Schur
263:Schur
248:elyensis
220:Oisodix
211:Synonyms
170:S.
142:Family:
113:Eudicots
1921:59775-3
1885:5372829
1760:Q157518
1222:L."
1043:L."
992:habitat
945:Ireland
891:Ecology
802:furcata
718:×
631:insects
627:catkins
623:flowers
567:marshes
563:streams
491:Lej.
419:Ser.
407:Host
323:Host
311:Host
299:Host
227:Raf.
152:Genus:
132:Order:
74:Plantae
51:Leaves
2076:PLANTS
2035:895191
2006:NZOR:
1833:584245
1807:254552
1771:153358
1768:APDB:
1646:
1586:
1548:
1393:
1358:
1307:L.
1199:
1175:
1103:
1079:
984:Brazil
923:. The
902:floods
865:rubens
836:Spenn.
833:glauca
788:euxina
786:
772:Hoffm.
686:rubens
616:leaves
551:Europe
547:willow
496:Vimen
484:Salix
479:Fr.
472:Salix
460:Salix
455:Sm.
448:Salix
436:Salix
424:Salix
412:Salix
400:Salix
388:Salix
376:Salix
364:Salix
352:Salix
340:Salix
328:Salix
316:Salix
304:Salix
292:Salix
280:Salix
268:Salix
256:Salix
192:Salix
126:Rosids
32:Salix
2163:Salix
2127:16748
2052:PFI:
1999:77063
1960:22535
1947:48577
1929:IRMNG
1908:11590
1905:IPA:
1898:32711
1854:FoAO2
1820:79C4X
1794:38931
1784:59805
1673:(2).
1391:JSTOR
1375:Taxon
1356:JSTOR
1340:Taxon
1311:(PDF)
1301:Salix
1264:Taxon
1216:Salix
1037:Salix
956:Salix
943:and
935:var.
913:Salix
897:twigs
879:var.
863:var.
852:Wimm.
847:var.
831:var.
817:var.
800:var.
756:var.
716:Salix
682:Salix
594:Salix
530:Salix
522:Hesse
157:Salix
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
2104:9106
2081:SAFR
2022:7395
1994:NCBI
1955:ITIS
1916:IPNI
1893:GRIN
1880:GBIF
1802:BOLD
1779:APNI
1644:ISSN
1584:ISSN
1546:ISSN
1197:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1077:ISBN
982:and
710:and
621:The
609:bark
605:tree
579:and
569:and
553:and
541:and
246:var.
2135:WFO
2055:185
1981:NBN
1942:ISC
1867:FoC
1841:FNA
1828:EoL
1815:CoL
1675:doi
1636:doi
1576:doi
1538:doi
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1167:".
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516:In
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