729:
was additionally hospitalized 12 times during his service, several of which were mental examinations. Army officers initially cited the reason for the attack as insanity. Captain Wayne Owens of an Ogden POW camp was assigned to investigate the incident. In contrast to the initial conclusion of the army officers, Owens concluded that
Bertucci was sane and should be court-martialed. Owens's superiors, however, claimed that Owens had no authority to judge the sanity of a man. Owens responded that a man is sane until proven insane. Owens scrapped his initial report, but still recommended that Bertucci be court-martialed. Owens claimed there was no evidence that Bertucci had been drinking or was unfit for duty and as a result, the act was calculated and of murderous intent. Some disagreed with Owens's claim; some telegrams showed sympathy for Bertucci and the massacre. Major Stanley L. Richter of the Prisoner of War Operations in United States Army Provost Marshal General's office reported that, after receiving an initial report of the investigation, there was a possibility of court-martialing Bertucci. However, Bertucci had been evaluated for several weeks at Bushnell Army Hospital in
757:
and "Down in the Valley". American soldiers made sure no Nazi songs were sung. A second service was held for
Friedrich Ritter who died in the hospital July 14. There were significant delays in notifying family members about the dead prisoners, and legal obstacles made it difficult for family members to receive financial compensation from the deaths. The wounded soldiers were sent back to Germany when they were deemed healthy enough for the journey. A German agreement with the U.S. government prevented wounded prisoners from getting American compensation from their injuries, and they were only entitled to the same benefits offered for German veterans. A statue called the German War Memorial has been placed at the cemetery. In 1988, the
633:
reportedly taken into custody without any resistance. Despite his drinking prior to the incident, he was not found to be intoxicated upon arrest. Guards kept a close watch for prisoner retaliation, but there was none. Six of the
Germans were killed outright, two later died in Salina's hospital, one died in an army hospital, and nineteen others were wounded. There was reportedly not enough room in the hospital so many prisoners were treated on the hospital lawn. One of the prisoners was "nearly cut in half" by the machine gun fire, although he managed to survive for six hours. It was said that "blood flowed out the front door" of the hospital.
68:
584:
facility. Unlike many other
American prison camps, which were built in isolated areas, Camp Salina was located within the small town of Salina, at the eastern end of Main Street. The Germans had been sent there to help with the harvest of sugar beets and other produce, and, according to Pat Bagley of
728:
Immediately following the attack, Bertucci was placed under guard at Ninth
Service Command headquarters at Fort Douglas. His army record revealed that he had been punished for three offenses: once for being absent from his post, once for refusing to go on guard duty, and once for missing a train. He
715:
Although there were rumors that
Bertucci committed the murders in order to avenge the death of a loved one in Europe, his mother confirmed this was false. She did, however, tell reporters that she believed his actions were due to an appendectomy he received five years prior to the massacre. She told
756:
had been banned and there was no new German flag available at that time. Each casket was adorned with two wreaths made from roses, gardenias, and carnations. Fifteen prisoners from Salina attended the memorial. A seventeen-member choir from the Ogden camp sang "Song from the Monks", "Good
Comrade",
619:
On the night of July 7, 1945, Bertucci was out drinking; he drank several glasses of beer. He stopped at a café on Main Street to have some coffee and to speak with a waitress, telling her "something exciting is going to happen tonight", before reporting for guard duty back at the camp. After the
532:
on the tower and fired at the tents of the sleeping prisoners. After the massacre, he revealed his motivation was that, "he had hated
Germans, so he had killed Germans." Six Germans were immediately killed, two died in Salina's hospital, one died in an army hospital, and nineteen were wounded.
610:
with an artillery unit, Bertucci seemed to be incapable of being promoted and also had a "discipline problem". According to later testimony, he was unsatisfied with his tour and said that he felt "cheated" out of his chance to kill
Germans. He was also quoted as saying, "Someday I will get my
632:
With three trigger pulls, the firing lasted about fifteen seconds, long enough to fire 250 rounds of ammunition. Lt. Albert I. Cornell demanded
Bertucci come down from the tower. He refused because, "some of them are still alive". After another guard was sent to bring him down, Bertucci was
540:. Wounded prisoners were sent back to Germany after they were healthy enough to travel. After the massacre, Bertucci was taken into custody with minimal resistance. He was evaluated for a few weeks, before doctors determined that he was "mentally unbalanced". Military officers forwent a
628:
that was mounted at the position, and opened fire on the tents of sleeping Germans. Moving the gun back and forth, Bertucci hit thirty of the forty-three tents before being removed from the tower by another soldier. Bertucci was quoted to have said "Get more ammo! I'm not done yet!"
80:
1461:
690:
reported, "Clarence V Bertucci was under mental observation today after admitting that he sprayed gun bullets on a group of war prisoners while they slept, killing eight and wounding 19 because he 'just didn't like Germans'." An article from the
575:
that were distributed across several camps. Camp Salina was a small, temporary branch camp to accommodate overflow prisoners in Fort Douglas in Salt Lake City. It was occupied from 1944 to 1945 by about 250 Germans, most of whom were from the
611:
Germans; I will get my turn." Apart from overtly expressing his hatred of Germans, Bertucci did not show any indications of what he was planning to do in the days before the massacre. He was 23 years old at the time of the massacre.
2232:
1454:
2292:
2141:
1447:
768:
On November 12, 2016, a museum on the site of Camp Salina was opened to the public. The Utah prisoner of war massacre is known as the largest killing of enemy prisoners in the United States during World War II.
2257:
527:
Clarence V. Bertucci, who was on active duty in the camp. After a night out, Bertucci returned to camp around midnight to assume his night duty at the guard tower. Bertucci subsequently loaded the .30-caliber
710:
Ninth Service Command officers admitted that Bertucci's record already showed two courts-martial, one in England. His own calm explanation seemed a little too simple: he had hated Germans, so he had killed
2272:
247:
580:. It was a simple complex: forty-three tents with wooden floors, an officer's quarters, and three guard towers around the perimeter. Before it became a prisoner of war camp, Camp Salina was a
1105:
1067:
548:
in New York for an undisclosed amount of time. The Midnight Massacre is remembered for being "the worst massacre at a POW camp in U.S. history". A museum was opened at Camp Salina in 2016.
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2153:
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40:
1848:
2197:
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Soldiers unfit for front line service, such as those with behavioral problems, were typically assigned to guard duty at the camp. Private Clarence V. Bertucci was born in
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240:
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335:
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1661:
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2107:
1768:
838:
1701:
1290:
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2075:
1840:
788:
783:
1709:
1261:
1257:
1249:
481:
2137:
1626:
1470:
105:
2217:
2019:
1653:
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2115:
1760:
1364:
1146:
2011:
1505:
1396:
876:
1425:
693:
35:
1220:
1033:
2242:
1995:
1824:
309:
257:
55:
2003:
1645:
1204:
285:
720:, "something must have happened to him as a result of the spinal injection, otherwise he would never have shot those men."
1939:
508:
1352:
2277:
1915:
1540:
1325:
648:
98:
2099:
2043:
1963:
1808:
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379:
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297:
184:
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1591:
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347:
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1792:
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1196:
966:
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reported that Bertucci showed no remorse about the shooting at a hearing conducted shortly after the massacre.
399:
1439:
1136:
1004:
620:
midnight changing of the guard, Bertucci waited for the previous watch to go to bed, before he climbed up the
1421:
752:
on July 12. They were dressed in khaki American uniforms, but there were no flags on the caskets because the
2267:
2212:
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278:
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819:
67:
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753:
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Friedrich Ritter (b. 13 November 1896) died of his wounds five days later, age 48, wife Berta Ritter.
512:
465:
1138:
We Were Each Other's Prisoners: An Oral History of World War II American and German Prisoners of War
1888:
1677:
1113:
765:, the German national day of mourning, and two of the prisoners who were wounded in 1945 attended.
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1947:
1923:
1856:
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1955:
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292:
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1971:
1816:
1736:
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686:
568:
426:
416:
342:
155:
2027:
1987:
1152:
702:
499:
17:
737:, Bertucci was found to be insane by a panel of military officials, and hospitalized in
1907:
888:
762:
524:
2171:
1228:
1041:
734:
541:
438:
352:
167:
31:
79:
1979:
1599:
1424:, includes compilation of historical documents describing the shooting. Located in
577:
564:
516:
90:
59:
1190:
1068:"Uniquely Utah: New museum will preserve story of German POW massacre in Salina"
621:
599:
595:
1800:
1357:
Behind Barbed Wire: An Encyclopedia of Concentration and Prisoner-of-War Camps
965:(M.A. thesis). Texas State University-San Marcos. pp. 1–2. Archived from
1329:
120:
107:
674:
641:
171:
1156:
225:
959:
American Soldiers and POW Killing in the European Theater of World War II
821:
Time capsule/1945: a history of the year condensed from the pages of Time
1326:"Tragedy Finds Resting Place in Fort Douglas: The Daily Utah Chronicle"
923:
607:
733:. Doctors concluded that he was "mentally unbalanced". Foregoing a
745:, for an undisclosed amount of time. He died on December 2, 1969.
2233:
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
552:
1443:
761:
funded the refurbishment of the statue. A ceremony was held on
229:
920:"History Matters: Few know of World War II massacre in Salina"
523:
were murdered and nineteen prisoners were wounded by American
606:
in 1940. After five years of service, including one tour to
2293:
World War II prisoner of war massacres by the United States
661:
Georg Liske (b. 16 August 1913), age 31, wife Antonie Liske
624:
nearest to the officer's quarters, loaded the .30-caliber
2258:
Military history of the United States during World War II
1320:
1318:
1316:
794:
Military history of the United States during World War II
536:
The victims were buried with full military honors at the
598:
on September 14, 1921. He dropped out of school in the
2273:
Prisoners who died in United States military detention
1192:
Splinters of a Nation: German Prisoners of War in Utah
1106:"Crazed Guard Machinegunned German POWs in Utah Camp"
748:
The victims were buried with full military honors at
511:
at midnight on July 8, 1945, at a German and Italian
670:
Fritz Stockmann (b. 23 January 1921), age 24, single
1899:
1728:
1637:
1610:
1575:
1516:
1497:
1478:
214:
206:
198:
190:
177:
161:
150:
136:
97:
86:
48:
1389:"Shooting adds tragedy to history of POWs in Utah"
1395:. Deseret News Publishing Company. Archived from
27:Mass shooting of German POWs in the United States
591:, were well-behaved and friendly to the locals.
667:Adolf Paul (b. 5 February 1917), age 28, single
1066:Tanner, Todd; Green, Mark (October 23, 2016).
1040:. AP. July 10, 1945. p. 3. Archived from
664:Hans Meyer (b. 29 August 1920), age 24, single
1455:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
673:Walter Vogel (b. 17 December 1912), Rossach,
241:
8:
1359:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 282.
1297:. August 23, 1945. p. 7. Archived from
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
799:United States home front during World War II
779:List of rampage killers in the United States
2198:Anti-German sentiment in the United States
1462:
1448:
1440:
833:
831:
551:It is also the deadliest mass shooting in
544:on account of insanity and he was sent to
248:
234:
226:
66:
45:
870:
868:
866:
864:
2228:German people who died in prison custody
2188:1945 mass shootings in the United States
1285:
1283:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
1964:Wilkes-Barre & Jenkins Township, PA
1104:Benedict, Howard S. (January 2, 1955).
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
810:
1291:"Nazi Slayer Will Be Sent to Hospital"
2238:July 1945 events in the United States
1061:
1059:
1001:"The Utah POW Massacre – Providentia"
784:Allied war crimes during World War II
7:
1422:Collection on Salina, Utah, MSS 3119
1038:The Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune
2138:mass shootings in the United States
1471:Mass shootings in the United States
1355:. In Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed.).
956:Harris, Justin M. (December 2009).
2283:United States Army in World War II
647:Ernst Fuchs (b. 19 January 1921),
640:Otto Bross (b. 16 November 1919),
25:
2193:1945 murders in the United States
877:"The P.O.W. Camp at Salina, Utah"
567:, Utah was home to around 15,000
2203:American Theater of World War II
1426:L. Tom Perry Special Collections
1387:Van Leer, Twila (July 4, 1995).
694:Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune
654:Gottfried Gaag (b. 3 June 1916,
78:
2288:War crimes in the United States
2178:1945 in international relations
1351:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2018).
845:. July 23, 1945. Archived from
2253:Massacres in the United States
1256:. AP. July 10, 1945. pp.
1250:"German Killer Observed Today"
1034:"Unrepentant in Mass Killings"
700:A July 23, 1945, article from
1:
2223:German people murdered abroad
1276:– via NewspaperArchive.
818:Luce, Henry Robinson (1968).
509:end of World War II in Europe
495:Utah prisoner of war massacre
449:Utah prisoner of war massacre
49:Utah prisoner of war massacre
1353:"U.S. POW Camps (1941-1948)"
1112:. p. 8A. Archived from
1295:The Ogden Standard-Examiner
1189:Powell, Allan Kent (1989).
1141:. Basic Books. p. 65.
1110:The Ogden Standard-Examiner
885:Northern Arizona University
582:Civilian Conservation Corps
2309:
1135:Carlson, Lewis H. (1998).
839:"Midnight Massacre – Time"
626:M1917 Browning machine gun
530:M1917 Browning machine gun
185:M1917 Browning machine gun
2218:Deaths by firearm in Utah
2134:
1710:Pennsylvania Turnpike, PA
789:List of massacres in Utah
649:Kirchberg, Rhein-Hunsrück
482:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
455:Central and South America
267:
77:
65:
53:
18:Salina, Utah POW massacre
2263:Military history of Utah
2028:Springfield Township, PA
1434:Brigham Young University
1197:University of Utah Press
310:Estevan Point Lighthouse
1473:in the 1980s and before
1221:"Fort Douglas Cemetery"
881:Intermountain Histories
521:German prisoners of war
507:) took place after the
259:American Theater (WWII)
36:Infobox civilian attack
2243:Mass shootings in Utah
739:Mason General Hospital
713:
602:, and then joined the
546:Mason General Hospital
272:Battle of the Atlantic
121:38.95767°N 111.84777°W
41:considered for merging
2036:Miami-Dade County, FL
1686:Readmond Township, MI
1430:Harold B. Lee Library
926:on September 26, 2011
875:Flanders, Christian.
750:Fort Douglas Cemetery
708:
538:Fort Douglas Cemetery
219:Anti-German sentiment
1399:on November 29, 2018
1231:on November 19, 2018
754:Flag of Nazi Germany
513:prisoner-of-war camp
422:Fire balloon attacks
210:Clarence V. Bertucci
126:38.95767; -111.84777
2278:Sevier County, Utah
743:Brentwood, New York
656:Nordrhein-Westfalen
434:Great Papago Escape
117: /
72:Camp Salina in 2018
1980:Grayson County, TX
1670:Clinton County, PA
1195:. Salt Lake City:
824:. Time-Life Books.
731:Brigham City, Utah
636:The victims were:
604:United States Army
385:Lordsburg killings
2248:Massacres in 1945
2208:Conflicts in 1945
2165:
2164:
2100:Winston-Salem, NC
1948:Grand Prairie, TX
1865:San Francisco, CA
1619:Wichita Falls, TX
1225:www.gentracer.org
972:on April 28, 2023
891:on April 21, 2023
849:on April 18, 2023
677:, wife Emma Vogel
658:), age 29, single
588:Salt Lake Tribune
505:Midnight Massacre
490:
489:
390:Lookout Air Raids
328:Point Maisonnette
293:Angler POW escape
224:
223:
16:(Redirected from
2300:
2142:1980s and before
2140:by time period (
2127:
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2111:
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2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
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2047:
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2031:
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2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
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1951:
1943:
1935:
1932:Washington, D.C.
1927:
1919:
1916:Daingerfield, TX
1911:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1809:Washington, D.C.
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
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1756:
1748:
1740:
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1702:Westernville, NY
1697:
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1665:
1657:
1649:
1630:
1627:Washington, D.C.
1622:
1603:
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1341:
1339:
1337:
1332:on July 20, 2013
1328:. Archived from
1322:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1301:on July 27, 2020
1287:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1264:. Archived from
1254:Piqua Daily Call
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1227:. Archived from
1217:
1211:
1210:
1186:
1161:
1160:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
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1101:
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1083:
1074:. Archived from
1063:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1044:on July 27, 2020
1030:
1017:
1016:
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1007:on June 19, 2013
1003:. Archived from
997:
982:
981:
979:
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964:
953:
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922:. Archived from
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896:
887:. Archived from
872:
859:
858:
856:
854:
835:
826:
825:
815:
759:German Air Force
687:Piqua Daily Call
651:, age 24, single
644:, age 25, single
573:German prisoners
363:California ships
348:Aleutian islands
343:Machita incident
262:
260:
250:
243:
236:
227:
156:prisoners of war
142:12:00 midnight (
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82:
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56:American Theater
46:
21:
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2168:
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2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
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2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1988:Los Angeles, CA
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1841:Los Angeles, CA
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1801:New Orleans, LA
1799:
1793:St. Croix, USVI
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
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1563:
1555:
1549:Kansas City, MO
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1523:
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1493:
1487:Greencastle, PA
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1271:
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1268:on May 25, 2023
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1119:
1117:
1116:on July 2, 2022
1103:
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1079:
1078:on July 2, 2022
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93:, United States
73:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2306:
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2280:
2275:
2270:
2268:Murder in Utah
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
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2240:
2235:
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2215:
2213:Crimes in Utah
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2124:Louisville, KY
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2016:
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1996:Brooklyn, NY
1833:Hamilton, OH
1737:Valencia, CA
1583:
1565:Kelayres, PA
1403:November 28,
1401:. Retrieved
1397:the original
1393:Deseret News
1392:
1382:
1372:November 28,
1370:. Retrieved
1356:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:the original
1305:November 30,
1303:. Retrieved
1299:the original
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1046:. Retrieved
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444:Point Judith
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380:Fort Stevens
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91:Salina, Utah
60:World War II
54:Part of the
34:
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2052:Oakland, CA
1972:Seattle, WA
1777:Detroit, MI
1753:Jackson, MS
1541:Belfast, ME
1506:Chicago, IL
1336:December 6,
1272:December 6,
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1082:December 7,
1011:December 6,
930:December 6,
895:December 7,
853:December 6,
622:guard tower
600:sixth grade
596:New Orleans
461:River Plate
417:Fort Lawton
368:Los Angeles
315:Bowmanville
303:Bell Island
207:Perpetrator
182:.30 caliber
163:Attack type
124: /
112:111°50′52″W
99:Coordinates
30:‹ The
2172:Categories
2060:Shelby, NC
2044:Edmond, OK
2004:Dallas, TX
1873:Boston, MA
1769:Dallas, TX
1654:Austin, TX
1646:Orcutt, CA
1600:Camden, NJ
1584:Salina, UT
1235:2020-07-27
1206:0874803306
805:References
559:Background
109:38°57′28″N
1956:Miami, FL
1940:Salem, OR
1908:Norco, CA
1825:Olean, NY
1621:(1950–51)
724:Aftermath
675:Franconia
642:Pforzheim
555:history.
374:Pastorius
279:Caribbean
172:War crime
39:is being
2136:Part of
1745:Kent, OH
1662:Mesa, AZ
1157:1000228M
773:See also
711:Germans.
706:stated,
615:Massacre
87:Location
43:. ›
32:template
1592:Georgia
608:England
569:Italian
563:During
525:private
519:. Nine
474:Pelikan
467:Bolívar
406:Pelikan
358:Ellwood
321:Kiebitz
199:Injured
178:Weapons
154:German
2126:(1989)
2118:(1989)
2110:(1988)
2102:(1988)
2094:(1988)
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2078:(1987)
2070:(1987)
2062:(1987)
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2046:(1986)
2038:(1986)
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2022:(1984)
2014:(1984)
2006:(1984)
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1974:(1983)
1966:(1982)
1958:(1982)
1950:(1982)
1942:(1981)
1934:(1981)
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1891:(1979)
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1803:(1973)
1795:(1972)
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1763:(1970)
1755:(1970)
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1739:(1970)
1720:(1969)
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1656:(1966)
1648:(1965)
1629:(1954)
1602:(1949)
1594:(1946)
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1567:(1934)
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1551:(1933)
1543:(1933)
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1527:(1932)
1508:(1929)
1489:(1764)
1363:
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1155:
1145:
1072:Fox 13
428:Elster
286:Canada
215:Motive
191:Deaths
151:Target
2158:2020s
2154:2010s
2150:2000s
2146:1990s
1900:1980s
1729:1970s
1638:1960s
1611:1950s
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1479:1760s
970:(PDF)
963:(PDF)
1405:2018
1374:2018
1361:ISBN
1338:2012
1307:2018
1274:2012
1201:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1122:2018
1084:2018
1050:2018
1013:2012
978:2018
932:2012
897:2018
855:2012
843:Time
716:the
703:Time
684:The
585:the
571:and
553:Utah
500:Time
493:The
137:Date
741:in
515:in
503:as
144:MST
58:of
2174::
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1315:^
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1223:.
1199:.
1165:^
1153:OL
1151:.
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1021:^
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883:.
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830:^
202:19
2160:)
1463:e
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980:.
934:.
899:.
857:.
249:e
242:t
235:v
194:9
146:)
20:)
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