581:
437:
57:
44:
1177:
565:
1189:
374:
is native in
Eurasia and North Africa. Historically, it was well known in Italy, Sicily, and Spain. In modern Europe, it is also found on the Atlantic coasts of France and Portugal and on the Black Sea coast. It has become naturalized along the Pacific coast of North America, and there is concern
470:
The biochemical processes within the cells of halophytes are typically as sensitive to sodium as are the processes in glycophytes. Sodium ions from a plant's soil or irrigation water are toxic primarily because they interfere with biochemical processes within a plant's cells that require
454:
It is surprising to find a higher concentration of sodium than of potassium in plant tissues; the former element is usually toxic, and the latter element is essential, to the metabolic processes of plants. Thus, most plants, and especially most crop plants, are
432:
can be irrigated with sea water, which contains about 40 g/L of dissolved sodium chloride and other salts. When these sodium-rich plants are burned, the carbon dioxide that is produced presumably reacts with this sodium to form sodium carbonate.
532:) from the ashes of hardwood trees. Because halophytes must also have potassium ions in their tissues, even the best soda ash derived from them also contains some potash (potassium carbonate), as was known by the 19th century.
495:". The vacuole of a plant cell can occupy 80% of the cell's volume; most of a halophyte plant cell's sodium can be sequestered in the vacuole, leaving the rest of the cell with a tolerable ratio of sodium to potassium ions.
1075:
Resources of the
Southern Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical, and Agricultural. Being also a Medical Botany of the Confederate States; with Practical Information on the Useful Properties of the Trees, Plants, and
428:
occurs if the plant is grown in highly saline soils (i.e. in soils with a high concentration of sodium chloride), so that the plant's tissues contain a fairly high concentration of sodium ions.
667:
extracts enough sodium from the soil to improve the growth of the crop plant, and better crop yields result despite the competition of the two plants for the remaining minerals from the soil.
359:
This annual, succulent plant can grow into small shrubs up to 0.7 m tall (sometimes called subshrubs). It has fleshy green leaves with either green or red stems. The tiny flowers develop from
608:(or friar's beard) is the most common of the Italian names. This plant is not a summer green and should be started early indoors or in autumn. The seed is notorious for poor
1594:
524:" from the ashes (extracted with water), and the resulting solution is boiled dry to obtain the finished soda ash product. A very similar process is used to obtain
1659:
467:" that tolerate much more saline soils than do glycophytes, and that can thrive with much larger densities of sodium in their tissues than can glycophytes.
441:
282:
soda ash", and the nature of this ingredient was kept secret. Spain had an enormous 18th-century industry that produced soda ash from the saltworts (
1532:
1311:
1620:
1545:
723:
319:
is still cultivated as a vegetable that enjoys considerable popularity in Greece, Italy and with gourmets around the world. In Greek it is called
1711:
240:(a salt-tolerant plant) that typically grows in coastal regions and can be irrigated with salt water. The plant was previously classified as
535:
Plants were a very important source of soda ash until the early 19th century. In the 18th century, Spain had an enormous industry producing
1841:
806:
549:
of
Scotland, and one estimate is that 100,000 people were occupied with "kelping" during the summer months. The commercialization of the
304:" to indicate its relationship to "soda". Before "soda" was somewhat synonymous (in U.S. English) with soft drinks, the word referred to
624:
is harvested in bunches when small, or cropped regularly to encourage new growth when mature. It is most commonly boiled and eaten as a
1483:
628:; the recommendation is to cook it in boiling water until the leaves soften, and to serve while some bite (crunch) remains (much like
1836:
1101:
920:
896:
867:
842:
759:
545:
had a large 18th-century industry producing soda ash from kelp; this industry was so lucrative that it led to overpopulation in the
1831:
1783:
681:
1581:
1337:
1181:
859:
1625:
716:
1352:
1646:
1826:
1607:
1724:
1664:
1360:
1023:
1002:
Glenn, Edward P., Brown, J. Jed, and
Blumwald, Eduardo (1999). "Salt Tolerance and Crop Potential of Halophytes,"
663:"biodesalinating companion plant" for crops such as tomatoes and peppers when they are grown in saline soils. The
580:
1811:
632:). It can also be eaten raw; it is said to taste "grassy and slightly salty with a pleasant, crunchy texture".
1729:
1365:
1207:" Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 3 November 2006.
1193:
1851:
1846:
1509:
56:
1514:
1501:
882:
1816:
1496:
1426:
1251:
170:
1550:
1788:
699:
1457:
1138:
1821:
617:
529:
233:
1638:
1770:
1716:
1373:
245:
192:
51:
967:
817:
1599:
1436:
1289:
821:
807:"From the barrilla to the Solvay factory in Torrelavega: The Manufacture of Saltwort in Spain,"
436:
1685:
1444:
1298:
1097:
916:
892:
887:, from "Amaranthaceae" chapter, in: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+.
863:
838:
813:
755:
644:
487:
has a molecular transport mechanism that sequesters sodium ions into a compartment within the
1752:
1047:
Tester, Mark and
Davenport, Romola (2003). "Na Tolerance and Na Transport in Higher Plants,"
267:
substances that are crucial in glassmaking and soapmaking. The famed clarity of 16th-century
1690:
1573:
1146:
1057:
1031:
1007:
954:
787:
676:
414:
376:
289:
561:) brought an end to the era of farming for soda ash in the first half of the 19th century.
1762:
1672:
625:
550:
406:
94:
351:
has the mineral sharpness of spinach, it tastes livelier, full of the energy of spring."
1703:
1142:
1698:
1229:
660:
275:
117:
81:
43:
379:
in
California's salt marshes. It is also reported to be naturalized in South America.
1805:
558:
546:
360:
344:
203:
127:
1200:
1079:
974:(Newsletter of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council), Vol. 6, No. 4 (Fall 1998).
1775:
1449:
1378:
1303:
908:
504:
476:
297:
293:
147:
137:
1416:
1151:
1118:
417:, with which the term "soda ash" is now nearly synonymous. The processed ashes of
1274:
1651:
1633:
1558:
1324:
1283:
609:
1405:
1176:
1011:
521:
488:
464:
456:
1488:
1211:
1612:
1470:
988:
629:
554:
513:
480:
472:
392:
268:
237:
17:
810:
Antilia: The
Spanish Journal of History of Natural Sciences and Technology,
791:
1742:
1677:
1188:
564:
232:
is a small (to 0.7 m tall), annual, succulent shrub that is native to the
1737:
1399:
1268:
1061:
613:
542:
509:
388:
309:
283:
260:
252:
107:
1524:
944:, University of California, Berkeley). Entry retrieved 13 December 2006.
937:
1537:
1316:
984:
537:
520:, a type of seaweed. The sodium carbonate, which is water-soluble, is "
492:
447:
220:
1329:
541:(one type of plant-derived soda ash) from saltwort plants. Similarly,
401:
can be refined to make a product called soda ash, which is one of the
1563:
1035:
648:. The harvested leaves of the two species have a similar appearance.
616:. Though the plant is often grown in saltwater-irrigated land in the
525:
402:
301:
279:
264:
1245:
1586:
1475:
1342:
579:
563:
435:
68:
1048:
913:
Atlas Florae
Europaeae: Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe
517:
410:
1462:
1249:
1226:, Universite Aix-Marseille, France. Retrieved 30 November 2006.
955:
Exotic Pest Plants of
Greatest Ecological Concern in California
463:, and the other plants that were cultivated for soda ash, are "
1022:
Xiong, Liming and Zhu, Jian-Kang (2002). (30 September 2002) "
941:
413:, and many other products. The principal active ingredient is
1117:
Colla, G.; Rouphael, Y.; Fallovo, C.; Cardarelli, M. (2006).
600:
is commonly used in
English to refer to the edible leaves of
1078:(Evans and Cogswell, Charleston), p. 133. Online version at
983:
Barker, T. C., Dickinson, R., and Hardie, D. W. F. (1956).
985:"The Origins of the Synthetic Alkali Industry in Britain,"
347:
has written that "Spinach is the closest taste, but while
424:
A high concentration of sodium carbonate in the ashes of
251:
The plant has great historical importance as a source of
940:(Specimen Management for California Herbaria) database (
891:
12+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol. 4, pp. 399–402.
450:. Sodium is sequestered in vacuoles by halophyte cells.
363:
that grow out of the base of the leaves near the stem.
288:
in Spanish). Soda ash is now known to be predominantly
1239:
881:
Robertson, Kenneth R. and Clemants, Steven E. (1997).
1131:
New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science
1030:
American Society of Plant Biologists, Rockville, MD.
638:
is sometimes confused with a plant known in Japan as
1026:," in Somerville, C. R. and Meyerowitz, E. M., eds,
502:, soda ash has also been produced from the ashes of
315:
While the era of farming for soda ash is long past,
1389:
1258:
1123:
as a companion plant to improve greenhouse pepper (
459:", and suffer damage when planted in saline soils.
1080:http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/porcher/porcher.html
915:(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), p. 78.
1222:) from Bouches du Rhône region of France. From
856:The Jepson manual: higher plants of California,
383:Soda ash and the biology of sodium accumulation
642:(land seaweed), which is actually the species
553:for synthesizing sodium carbonate (from salt,
8:
323:, while in Italian its common names include
1224:Banque de données Botaniques et Ecologiques
993:, Vol. 23, No. 90. (May 1956), pp. 158–171.
1246:
446:. The large pink region in each cell is a
42:
31:
1150:
750:Clow, Archibald and Clow, Nan L. (1952).
421:contain as much as 30% sodium carbonate.
877:
875:
746:
744:
742:
740:
255:, which was extracted from the ashes of
889:Flora of North America North of Mexico.
835:Bella Tuscany: The Sweet Life of Italy,
801:
799:
724:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
692:
612:at about 30 to 40% standard, much like
1127:) performance under saline conditions"
1096:. The Crowood Press Ltd. p. 247.
953:California Exotic Pest Plant Council,
754:(Ayer Co Pub, June 1952), pp. 65–90.
397:The ashes obtained by the burning of
7:
858:James C. Hickman, editor (Berkeley:
1004:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,
620:, it will grow without salt water.
942:The University and Jepson Herbaria
25:
805:Pérez, Joaquín Fernández (1998).
296:isolated a metallic element from
1730:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:167079-1
1366:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:167375-1
1187:
1175:
475:, which is a chemically similar
55:
1073:Porcher, Francis Peyre (1863).
775:and the Aesthetics of Venetian
706:Fourr. (retrieved 5 March 2024)
263:plants. Soda ash is one of the
932:"County-Level Distribution of
860:University of California Press
405:materials essential to making
1:
1242:). Retrieved 7 December 2006.
1152:10.1080/01140671.2006.9514418
1082:(retrieved 28 November 2006).
1006:Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 227–255.
592:Cultivation and culinary uses
278:depended upon the purity of "
226:oppositeleaf Russian thistle,
1094:Organic Vegetable Production
854:Jepson, Willis Linn (1993).
587:cooked with onions and bacon
440:Cells of the boatlily plant
300:; he named the new element "
1842:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
911:and Suominen, Juha (1989).
820:. Archived at WebCite from
682:Hyperaccumulators table – 3
659:has also been studied as a
1868:
1092:Lennartson, Margi (2005).
700:Plants of the World Online
386:
343:). Of its culinary value,
1012:10.1080/07352689991309207
781:Journal of Design History
312:plants, and to soda ash.
198:
191:
176:
169:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
1837:Plants described in 1753
1832:Phytoremediation plants
833:Mayes, Frances (2000).
677:Phytoremediation plants
479:element. The cell of a
1212:gallery of photographs
588:
577:
451:
1028:The Arabidopsis Book.
966:Baye, Peter (1998). "
771:Turner, Guy (1999). "
583:
567:
439:
1196:at Wikimedia Commons
968:More on Salsola soda
792:10.1093/jdh/12.2.111
786:No. 2, pp. 111–122.
752:Chemical Revolution,
244:, now regarded as a
1240:http://www.pfaf.org
1236:Plants for a Future
1234:listing at website
1201:PLANTS Profile for
1143:2006NZJCH..34..283C
837:(Broadway), p. 15.
618:Mediterranean Basin
530:potassium carbonate
234:Mediterranean Basin
1827:Industrial history
1062:10.1093/aob/mcg058
589:
578:
568:Freshly harvested
452:
1799:
1798:
1686:Open Tree of Life
1252:Taxon identifiers
1192:Media related to
862:, 1993), p. 514.
822:this original URL
812:Vol. IV, Art. 1.
596:The Italian name
276:Murano and Venice
210:
209:
16:(Redirected from
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1180:Data related to
1179:
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1071:
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1050:Annals of Botany
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652:Phytoremediation
415:sodium carbonate
290:sodium carbonate
219:opposite-leaved
182:
60:
59:
46:
32:
27:Species of plant
21:
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1125:Capsicum annuum
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957:, October 1999.
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626:leafy vegetable
594:
551:Leblanc process
516:plants, and of
498:In addition to
407:soda-lime glass
395:
385:
369:
357:
292:. In 1807, Sir
187:
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165:
162:S. inermis
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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11:
5:
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1852:Flora of Malta
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1184:at Wikispecies
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1170:External links
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1137:(4): 283–290.
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1024:Salt Tolerance
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661:bioremediation
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606:barba di frate
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443:Rhoeo discolor
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361:inflorescences
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333:liscari sativa
325:barba di frate
230:barilla plant,
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1182:Soda inermis
1156:. Retrieved
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719:Salsola soda
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138:Salsoloideae
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18:Salsola soda
1704:kew-2481437
1634:NatureServe
1559:iNaturalist
1325:iNaturalist
1284:Wikispecies
1158:28 November
1056:: 503-527.
610:germination
512:plant), of
457:glycophytes
355:Description
134:Subfamily:
95:Angiosperms
1822:Halophytes
1806:Categories
1699:Plant List
1424:Calflora:
1210:Excellent
688:References
522:lixiviated
491:called a "
489:plant cell
465:halophytes
387:See also:
375:about its
308:and other
259:and other
236:. It is a
1515:200006933
1502:200006933
1434:Cal-IPC:
1275:Q54932224
989:Economica
818:1136-2049
777:Cristallo
640:okahijiki
555:limestone
514:glasswort
508:(another
481:halophyte
473:potassium
393:Halophyte
280:Levantine
270:cristallo
238:halophyte
156:Species:
65:Kingdom:
1738:Tropicos
1639:2.154293
1600:10593794
1587:167079-1
1406:Q2713171
1400:Wikidata
1343:167375-1
1269:Wikidata
1119:"Use of
936:," from
671:See also
630:samphire
614:rosemary
543:Scotland
528:(mainly
510:saltwort
483:such as
389:Soda ash
341:lischeri
335:(short:
310:saltwort
285:barrilla
261:saltwort
253:soda ash
221:saltwort
193:Synonyms
124:Family:
108:Eudicots
1789:1432713
1753:4959733
1743:7200650
1538:3083956
1317:3758349
1139:Bibcode
1076:Shrubs,
622:S. soda
602:S. soda
598:agretti
585:Agretti
574:S. soda
570:agretti
538:barilla
505:S. kali
500:S. soda
493:vacuole
485:S. soda
461:S. soda
448:vacuole
430:S. soda
426:S. soda
419:S. soda
399:S. soda
349:agretti
329:agretti
317:S. soda
246:synonym
144:Genus:
114:Order:
69:Plantae
1750:uBio:
1712:PLANTS
1691:406789
1678:145066
1665:355939
1626:504989
1613:116868
1525:SALSOD
1522:FoIO:
1489:168053
1463:485330
1417:131833
1414:APDB:
1330:776949
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938:SMASCH
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729:19 May
557:, and
526:potash
403:alkali
337:lischi
331:, and
321:almyra
302:sodium
265:alkali
217:, the
1784:WoRMS
1760:WoI:
1717:SASO3
1595:IRMNG
1574:18769
1571:IPA:
1564:78960
1551:32815
1484:EUNIS
1476:SASSO
1450:6XFLJ
1350:PFI:
1304:6YTQ3
274:from
272:glass
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
1763:1564
1725:POWO
1660:NCBI
1621:ITIS
1582:IPNI
1546:GRIN
1533:GBIF
1471:EPPO
1427:7295
1361:POWO
1338:IPNI
1312:GBIF
1160:2006
1098:ISBN
917:ISBN
893:ISBN
864:ISBN
839:ISBN
814:ISSN
779:,"
756:ISBN
731:2007
518:kelp
411:soap
391:and
149:Soda
1771:WFO
1647:NBN
1608:ISC
1510:FoC
1497:FNA
1458:EoL
1445:CoL
1374:WFO
1353:519
1299:CoL
1214:of
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