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soon took control. His force would set up outside villages, feeding themselves by extorting passing peasants until the village accepted Samory's authority, then they moved on. Their first serious obstacle was the fortified village of Tere, defended by Sere Brema's governor in the region. Samory failed both to capture it and to bribe the governor, Dianka, into switching sides. Still, he managed to capture all of the Toron region either by force or diplomacy, building alliances with the powerful Konate family of Gbodou and the leaders of
493:
275:. He went to Madina to exchange himself for his mother, and served seven years as a warrior for the Cissé. In their service he learned to handle firearms, the arts of war and discipline, and converted to Islam. Brave and intelligent, he moved quickly up the ranks. Sere Bourlaye died in 1859. Soon afterwards Sere Brahima, who succeeded him, freed Samory and his mother, and they returned to Sanankoro. According to tradition, he remained "seven years, seven months, seven days" before leaving with his mother.
983:
period, however, African intellectuals began to rehabilitate Toure's memory. He became a hero and rallying cry for anti-colonial parties in Guinea and Mali, but was also used by their opponents. Since independence, Samory Toure has been generally remembered as a hero and martyr of
African resistance to European colonialism. In some communities in southern Mali that suffered brutal repression under his rule, however, he is remembered as a tyrant.
675:. As the siege dragged on, anyone living near the road to Bissandougou was forced into service as porters or had their food appropriated by the soldiers. When a rumor began that Samory himself was dead, another massive rebellion broke out. By the end of the 1888 rainy season, he was forced to abandon the siege. His starving, desperate troops again brutally sacked Wassoulou, massacring any rebels they found.
42:
852:, however, until February 1895, and its arrival sparked a popular resistance movement. Monteil stumbled onto the sofas on March 2, to the surprise of both sides; in a battle on the 14th, the French were forced to retreat and abandon Kong, which pledged fealty to Samory in April. He would enjoy nearly two years to consolidate his new empire without significant French intervention.
797:
689:
In
February 1889 Samory and the French signed yet another treaty, this time at Niako, that pushed colonial control further south. The Almamy was in a relatively weak position after the debacle at Sikasso, and the French were still focused on Segou. They soon broke some of the verbal promises that had
544:
traditional frontal charges became a slaughter when faced with the latest French weaponry, but Samory quickly pivoted by adopting effective guerilla tactics and hit-and-run cavalry attacks. They harassed the French back to the Niger. This victory won Toure a reputation as the
African leader who could
457:
While Samory had been conquering in the north of his empire in the years 1875-8, Sere Brema Cissé's nephew
Morlaye had pushed into the Sankaran region, exploiting Samory's relative lack of influence there but attacking some of his allies. The situation now reached a head, and diplomatic outreach came
461:
While marching to confront
Morlaye, Samory passed through Kankan and asked the Kaba to contribute troops. With the Cissés being fellow Muslims as well as relative by marriage, and feeling sidelined in the alliance, they refused, breaking the accord of Tintioule. Samory left his brother Keme Brema to
982:
In the first decades of colonial domination in southern Mali and northeastern Guinea, the French framed their conquest as having delivered the locals from the violence and insecurity of the Samory years, and therefore that the communities owed their lives and allegiance to them. During the interwar
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region. With famine and instability widespread, when Samory's forces started forcing conversion to Islam and destroying local sacred sites in 1885, the populace rebelled. Rebels massacred sofa garrisons at
Siondougou and Fulala. Samory sent Keme Brema to deal with the situation, and he brutally put
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had many war bands that were indistuinguishable from bandits. Unable to settle into a peaceful life, Samory joined one of these groups but, with his reputation as a warrior, came into conflict with the incumbent leader. After being whipped for insubordination, he left for another band of which he
913:
Knowing this setback would prompt an aggressive
British response, the French again sent Braulot, at the head of an armed column, to try to acquire Bouna by negotiation. Saranken Mori initially accepted. But when Braulot arrived at Bouna, he was killed and his column destroyed outside the city on
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arrived in Kankan in
January 1892 and led a small, well-supplied force of picked men on an attack on Bissandougou. The sofas fought defensive battles at the Soumbe and Diamanko creeks the 11th and 12th, taking heavy casualties but doing serious damage to the French and nearly capturing the enemy
633:
As the
Wassoulou region came back under his control, Samory looked to shore up his northern flank. On March 23, 1887, he signed the treaty of Bissandougou with the French. The terms were similar to the treaty signed the year before, although he did accept a French protectorate that Samory saw as
879:
merchants' commerce with the coast, dominated by the French, had slowed since their absorption into the
Wassoulou empire. When Samory, looking to push further east into the Gold Coast to secure new sources of guns, retreated rather than fight a French force, they sought to take advantage of his
649:
and a cavalry wing. In 1887 Samori could field 30,000 to 35,000 infantry and about 3,000 cavalry, in regular squadrons of 50 each. There was also a reserve, one out of every ten men from every village, such that each of the empire's 10 provinces could furnish 10,000 men. The elite troops were
300:
Samory's 1873 capture of Bissandougou represented a declaration of war against Nantenin Famoudou Kourouma, pagan king of Saboudou, who kept his capital at Worokoro. Samori was beaten in their first battle and fell back into the heart of his lands. The night before battle beneath the walls of
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conquered new territory to the east to use as a strategic reserve, and men with flintlocks served as the home guard or internal security. With this system, Samory could fall back into territory already conquered and organized, leaving no food for the French, for the next seven years.
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territory. Roads became quagmires during the rainy season, and dysentery struck the army, devastating the men and killing Kebe Brema among other important leaders. Meanwhile, the French, far from acting as allies, had built a fort at Siguiri and were blocking all trade with the
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began making overtures to Toure. The French, eager to possess this key strategic town on the Niger, rushed a force to establish a fort there on February 1, 1883. Kebe Brema, Samori's brother, led a force to Bamako to lure the French out of their defenses. They fought two
379:, which fell after a 9 month siege and joined the Samory's alliance. With this victory, Kouroussa's chief Karinkan-Oulen Doumbouya was left with no allies and agreed to submit, with Samory confirming him in his position. He continued on to the capital of Joma (Dioma),
743:, also called Kabassarana. The empire was put on a war footing, collecting metal to melt into bullets, stocking granaries, recruiting soldiers etc. While the best-armed troops resisted the French using French-made repeater rifles, those armed with the bolt-action
955:, and on December 22, 1898, was condemned to exile, despite his wish to return to southern Guinea. His wife Saranken Konate, who had often ruled as regent during his absences from Bissandougou, refused to accompany him. Emotionally devastated, he was taken to
292:, and taking the village of Faranfina by a ruse. This first expansionist phase, lasting from 1866 to 1873, saw Samory's army and influence grow dramatically as members of his mother's Camara clan and numerous other volunteers were attracted by his success.
540:, where Kaba was sheltering, was now a French protectorate. Unimpressed, Toure sacked the town on February 21, 1882. A French relief column arrived too late, but pursued the Wassoulou army, which turned and fought at Samaya on the 26th. The
395:
region, which would eventually give its name to his entire empire despite the fact that it was rather peripheral to it. During this series of campaigns he arrested and beheaded Jamoro Adjigbe Diakite for conspiring with the enemy.
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to launch a concentrated assault against Toure. He soon was forced to migrate once again, this time towards Liberia. Hoping to live off the land while marching, a combination of the unfamiliar mountainous territory of western
344:, sent commissioners to Touré in Bissandougou. Karamo Mori Kaba asked for an alliance against his pagan neighbors, particularly the Condé clan based in Gbérédou. This Samory accepted, sealing the pact with a meeting at
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artillery, but could not save the once-again abandoned city. The French kept chasing Samori's army south, facing ambushes, guerilla warfare, and scorched earth the whole way, installing garrisons at Bissandougou and
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was one of the most well-developed defensive systems in West Africa at the time, and Samory had no artillery. His supply lines relied on porters to bring food and ammunition from Bissandougou through still-hostile
259:
Toure was a troublesome youth, leading a group of local boys who would steal fruit from fields. To put him on a better path, his father bought him some merchandise and sent him off to become a merchant trading
783:
and the rest of the western- and southernmost parts of the empire surrendered, and the French looked to rebuild profitable colonies in the wartorn lands rather than push further. Samory Toure's empire in the
583:, Toure counter-attacked. Dividing his army into three mobile columns, he worked his way around the French lines of communication and quickly forced them to withdraw. Already embroiled in conflict with
301:
Bissandougou, Samory went to negotiate with Jamoro Adjigbe Diakite, one of Kourouma's most powerful lieutenants. "I believe that you are wrong to fight against your brother Muslim," he said. "You are
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besiege Kankan while he marched to face the Cissé. He captured Morlaye at Sirinkoro, and then defeated the army sent to rescue him. Soon he had trapped Sere Brema in Worokoro, which soon fell.
595:, and Samory's control of Bure and the Manding region. As part of the agreement, Samory's eldest son and heir Djaoulen-Karamo was sent on a diplomatic/fact finding/goodwill mission to France.
760:. At another council at Frankonedou on May 9, 1892, Samory and his allies decided to rebase the empire in Kabadougou, devastating each area before evacuating it to delay French pursuit.
880:
weakness by intercepting arms caravans and opening channels to invite the French back. When the discontent eventually broke into open revolt, Samory destroyed the city on May 23, 1897.
312:
The next morning, Diakite's troops fired on Samory's without having loaded bullets into their guns, then turned and helped route Kourouma, who was captured and beheaded. Samory was now
591:, the French were compelled to negotiate the Treaty of Kenieba Koura, signed on March 28, 1886. This pact recognized French hegemony over the left bank of the Niger as far upstream as
309:(Muslim of Mande), and one Muslim can't fight against his brother Muslim. I brought you a few cola for you to stop this war." With that, he gave Diakite a large bribe to switch sides.
473:
who had also revolted against Samory failed and the city was captured. Daye Kaba, who commanded the garrison of the suburb of Karfamoria, managed to escape to Keniera and later to
898:
came south from the Niger bend to attempt to negotiate another protectorate but was rebuffed, as Toure wanted only to live apart from the French. In April 1897, British Governor
860:
Samory's sofa forces has been depleted by war and the wholesale migration east. His defeat of Babemba Traore at Kaloua in September 1894, however, boosted his prestige among the
481:. His family was removed from power in Kankan, whose inhabitants were spared a sack but forced to pay a large indemnity in gold. With this great trading center secure, the
728:
848:'s visit in 1892, and the colonial leaders sought to formalize this relationship by putting together a column led by Col. Monteil in August 1894. The force did not leave
1832:
939:, hostile locals, and colonial attacks turned the campaign into a disaster. Thousands died of starvation. Using information from sofa deserters, the French captain
709:, rendering all the previous treaties moot. He expected to subdue Samory in a few weeks with a lightning campaign. Knowing his fortifications could not stop French
1751:
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During this period the army was well equipped with modern firearms and boasted a complex structure of permanent units. It was divided into an infantry wing of
607:
in 1879, in July 1884 he convened a council to officially proclaim Islam as the state religion, crack down on animist practices, and formally take the title of
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been made at Niako relative to the return of fugitives and rebels. In another blow, the British had stopped selling breechloading guns in accordance with the
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of Kenedougou, the Bambara country again rose in revolt in 1894, blocking Samory's access to Sahelian horses. He moved his base out of Kabadougou toward the
383:; one of Toure's griots was from there, managed to negotiate their peaceful submission. After the treaty of Dielibakoro Samory looked to the gold fields of
902:
of the Gold Coast tried to intimidate Saranken Mori, Samory's son and the commander in the region, into abandoning Bouna. When this failed, a force of the
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1323:
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1018:(A Hyena with an Empty Stomach, 1988) dramatizes Samori Ture's signing of the 1886 Treaty of Kéniéba-Koura, which granted the left bank of the
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1812:
1639:
1362:
654:, which local blacksmiths had learned to repair and even build from scratch, but not in the quantities necessary to supply the entire army.
1807:
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was now gone, but he still commanded some 12000 infantry, 2000 cavalry, and had a moving retinue of some 120,000 people as he pushed east.
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stand up to the invading toubab, massively boosting his prestige and recruitment, as well as providing a blueprint for future engagements.
432:
1386:
1817:
1066:
974:, was known as the 'dry guillotine' due to the death rate among prisoners. He died there of pneumonia on June 2, 1900, at 4:45 pm.
1748:
Unwritten Testimonies of the African Past. Proceedings of the International Symposium held in OjrzanĂłw n. Warsaw on 07-08 November 1989
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changed traditional West African patterns of warfare and heightened the severity of conflicts, increasing the number of fatalities.
348:. As part of this holy alliance, Samory deepened his knowledge of Islam studying with a Mauritanian teacher named Sidiki Cherif.
725:, but Toure had left little worth taking. They set up a garrison in Kankan, where they reinstalled Daye Kaba as a puppet ruler.
1802:
691:
1797:
713:, Toure began a war of manoeuvre and scorched earth. Despite victories against isolated French columns (for example at
638:. With the French now supposed allies, he turned his full force against Kenedougou, beginning a siege of their capital
1746:
Piłaszewicz, Stanisław. 1991. On the Veracity of Oral Tradition as a Historical Source: – the Case of Samori Ture. In
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During the first months of 1893 the French, although unable to corner Toure's armies in Guinea, did manage to capture
717:
in September 1891), he failed to push the French from the core of his kingdom. Archinard had little trouble capturing
203:, he organized his empire and justified its expansion with Islamic principles. Toure resisted French colonial rule in
739:
Samory organized a great assembly in August 1891 in Missamaghana, inviting his son in law Mangbe-Amadou Toure of the
1750:
ed. by S. Piłaszewicz and E. Rzewuski, (Orientalia Varsoviensia 2). Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
1743:
A fourth volume of maps published in Paris in 1990. Monumental work of history perhaps unique in African literature.
1822:
752:
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extended through the territory of present-day Guinea and southern Mali, from what is now Sierra Leone to northern
1074:
906:
under Henderson marched on the town but were defeated at Dokita, then later routed and Henderson was captured at
903:
533:
564:. While the British did not want to risk angering the French, they allowed Toure to buy large numbers of modern
391:(Balimana), then crossing the Milo river and where many of the local chiefs joined the alliance. He subdued the
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clan and Samory's mother was captured by the prince Sere Brahima, whose older brother Sere Bourlaye was king in
1837:
1046:
1078:
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After clearing the immediate environs of Kankan, Samory and the Kaba launched a successful 10-month siege of
1634:. Vol. VI: Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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987:
604:
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traditions and consists of two recordings that recount Ture's anti-colonial resistance and nation-building.
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The prison camp where Samory Toure spent his last years, the small island of Missanga in the middle of the
630:
down the rebellion. By the end of the 1887 dry season, the last holdouts had been starved into submission.
1011:
931:
899:
554:
412:
1772:
1459:
1082:
995:
1787:
1026:
775:, Wassoulou's primary source of modern weaponry. This left Samory reliant on a longer route through the
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1200:
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in 2014, which is a 3 act musical suite which tells the epic story of Ture with two on-stage griots –
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1792:
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956:
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surprised Toure's forces at Guelemou on September 29, 1898, and captured the Almamy without a fight.
845:
572:
561:
272:
1283:"Quand les empires se faisaient et se défaisaient en Afrique de l'Ouest : le cas Samory Touré"
991:
524:
After fleeing his native Kankan, Daye Kaba had made contact with the French, who had a garrison at
888:
518:
505:
The French began to expand into the heart of West Africa in the late 1870s, pushing eastward from
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181:
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on January 4, 1899. He attempted suicide the night before he was scheduled to be deported to
1547:
1350:
1041:
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The siege marked the high water mark of Toure's power and the beginning of his decline. The
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446:
416:
161:
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1702:
Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1960, Vol. 1: The History and Politics of Colonialism 1870–1914
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864:, many of whom joined the army. He also tried to build an anti-European alliance with the
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in early April, with Kebe Brema winning the first but eventually being forced to retreat.
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151:
41:
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1657:
UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. VII: Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880–1935
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goods and products. European trade made some African trading states rich. The trade in
165:
1598:
1781:
1628:
1567:
1407:
940:
861:
684:
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In January 1885 Toure sent an embassy to Freetown, offering to put his kingdom under
192:
94:
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1054:
876:
849:
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was descending into violence as forces from both sides raided into the other, and
893:
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The force that the sofas had encountered was part of France's efforts to control
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1019:
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780:
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375:, conquering or negotiating with various chiefs. The final step was the city of
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While Samory had been nominally fighting for Islam since the alliance with the
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317:
1536:""History, Memory and the Legacy of Samori in Southern Mali, C. 1880–1898.""
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August 20, 1897, restarting the war between the French and Samory Toure.
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268:
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1498:"L'Almamy Samory TOURE (1830–1900), résistant et empereur du Wassoulou"
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To protect his arms caravans, Samory formed a non-aggression pact with
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1600:
Historique du 2e régiment de tirailleurs sénégalais : 1892 – 1933
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unenforceable, as the colonial army was engaged in a campaign to take
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1391:. MĂ©moires de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire. Archived from
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Toure accorded the city of Kong numerous privileges, but the local
1712:. California: University of California Press. p. 1076 pages.
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was being transformed through growing contacts and trade with the
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1667:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 144 pages.
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His objective, and the key to the whole region, was the ancient
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1686:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 357 pages.
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and the Fula are Muslim, and I am Touré and the Touré clan are
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Ibrahima Sory Dara in 1879. He sent the remains of the son of
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upstream of Kankan on the left bank of the Milo. He won over
233:
weaver and merchant, and Sokhona Camara. The family moved to
336:
After his victory in the battle of Saman-saman, in 1875 the
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when explaining to his son where his name Samori came from.
844:. The city had nominally accepted French protection during
732:
The grave of French soldiers who fell during the battle of
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for burial. By this point, he was importing breech-loading
210:
He was the great-grandfather of Guinea's first president,
517:. Their drive south-east to link up with their bases in
439:
there. By 1878 he was strong enough to proclaim himself
168:
that was stretched across present-day north and eastern
1741:. Vol. 3 volumes. Dakar: IFAN. p. 2377 pages.
1728:
The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 6: from 1870–1905
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after it became independent. Today, his tomb is at the
1650:
The History of Africa: The Quest for Eternal Harmony
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led by the Sakhos of Koundian and the Coulibalis of
1710:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
800:
The Wassoulou Empire's borders in 1886 and in 1896.
548:In the aftermath of Samaya, some of the leaders of
229:in Manyambaladugu, the son of Kemo Lanfia Toure, a
116:
100:
83:
79:
71:
63:
55:
48:
21:
1730:(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
1704:(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1969).
1627:
1464:(in French). Paris: Editions Sociales. p. 251
887:while keeping Samory and the British apart. Capt.
367:. Rather than facing down the important center of
340:, a theocratic state ruled by the Kaba dynasty of
1659:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
963:but survived and finally embarked on February 5.
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
697:On March 10, 1891, a French force under Colonel
613:. At roughly the same time, the frontier on the
1112:The Revolutionary Years; West Africa Since 1800
536:sent an envoy to Samory Toure to announce that
1453:
1243:Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
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1433:
509:to ultimately reach the upper reaches of the
465:Meanwhile, an effort to relieve the siege of
8:
1461:Afrique noire : occidentale et centrale
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
496:Samori Ture's empire in West Africa, c. 1896
1684:Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880-1935
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
625:'s army sought to spark a rebellion in the
160:, military strategist, and founder of the
1726:Oliver, Roland, and G. N. Sanderson, eds.
571:When an 1885 French expedition under Col.
521:put them directly in conflict with Toure.
40:
18:
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1110:Webster, James & Boahen, Adu (1980),
868:, but this attempt failed when they were
1773:New York Times article about his capture
1406:Gueye, Mbaye; Albert Adu Boahen (1984).
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
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1120:
1029:commemorated Ture in their 1969 release
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359:and Jadaba Conde (likely an ancestor of
1103:
419:, Seydou, who had died at Norasoba, to
1833:Prisoners who died in French detention
1355:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.626
1337:Camara, Mohamed Saliou (29 May 2020).
1315:
435:. He opened regular contacts with the
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1487:
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1479:
1408:"West Africa: the fight for survival"
1322:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
207:from 1882 until his capture in 1898.
7:
1700:Gann, L. H., and Peter Duigan, eds.
642:in April that would last 15 months.
267:In 1853 Sanankoro was raided by the
1768:West Africa; the fight for survival
1496:Ba, Amadou Bal (11 February 2020).
617:between the Samory's lands and the
407:in 1878, then an alliance with the
332:Theocratic alliance with Bate
1665:African Perspective on Colonialism
14:
371:he marched down the banks of the
191:A deeply religious Muslim of the
1630:UNESCO General History of Africa
813:, who had succeeded his brother
721:on April 11 and then a deserted
1843:Guinean prisoners and detainees
1828:19th-century monarchs in Africa
1202:L' Almami Samori Touré Empereur
692:Brussels Conference Act of 1890
679:Fall of Kankan and Bissandougou
138:– June 2, 1900), also known as
1853:Deaths from pneumonia in Gabon
1540:The Journal of African History
433:British colony of Sierra Leone
1:
1626:Ajayi, J.F. Ade, ed. (1989).
1343:Oxford Research Encyclopedias
1289:(in French). 20 December 2018
1287:La Revue d'Histoire Militaire
1205:. Paris: Présence Africaine.
1033:The album draws upon Manding
767:and block resupply routes to
555:battles at Woyo Wayanko creek
501:First battles with the French
223:
132:
87:
1813:People of French West Africa
1739:Samori, Une révolution Dyula
1652:(New York: Routledge, 2007).
1388:Samori. Une révolution dyula
1044:references Ture in his book
951:Samory Toure was brought to
477:, where he took refuge with
316:of all the land between the
1808:19th century in Ivory Coast
1534:Peterson, Brian J. (2008).
1458:Suret-Canale, Jean (1968).
1075:Classica Orchestra Afrobeat
990:, was elected as the first
792:The Second Wassoulou Empire
779:. The Wassoulou vassals in
1871:
1818:Military history of Africa
1708:Ogot, Bethwell A. (1992).
1240:Vandervort, Bruce (1998).
930:on May 1, 1898, permitted
682:
264:from the coast for cloth.
148:Almamy Samore Lafiya Toure
1848:Guinean religious leaders
1552:10.1017/S0021853708003903
1312:(in Malinke). p. 64.
1053:Ivorien reggae superstar
986:Samory's great-grandson,
904:Southern Nigeria Regiment
705:for a surprise attack on
579:gold fields by capturing
534:Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes
445:(military leader) of his
39:
26:
1047:Between the World and Me
998:, within the gardens of
751:Archinard's replacement
1682:Boahen, A. Adu (1990).
1663:Boahen, A. Adu (1989).
1347:Oxford University Press
1345:. Oxford, Oxfordshire:
1339:"The History of Guinea"
1310:History of Samory Toure
1199:Fofana, Khalil (1998).
870:defeated by the British
605:Imamate of Fula Djallon
575:attempted to seize the
437:colonial administration
197:religious jurisprudence
1803:19th century in Guinea
1060:Ture in his hit song "
932:French colonial forces
900:William Edward Maxwell
801:
736:
497:
413:Imamate of Futa Jallon
237:soon after his birth.
222:Samory Toure was born
1648:Asante, Molefi Kete,
1597:Fournier, L. (1934).
1385:Person, Yves (1968).
1246:. London: UCL Press.
1027:Bembeya Jazz National
856:Consolidating control
799:
731:
495:
453:War against the Cissé
296:Battle of Saman-saman
218:Early life and career
184:and part of southern
1798:19th century in Mali
1655:Boahen, A. Adu, ed.
1031:Regard sur le passé.
1000:Conakry Grand Mosque
957:Saint-Louis, Senegal
846:Louis-Gustave Binger
417:El Hadj Oumarou Tall
67:position established
1308:Kante, Souleymane.
1083:Regard sur le Passe
1012:Massa Makan Diabaté
996:Camayanne Mausoleum
992:President of Guinea
753:Col. Pierre Humbert
599:War with Kenedougou
1412:The UNESCO Courier
1006:In popular culture
833:in February 1895.
802:
741:Kabadougou Kingdom
737:
650:equipped with the
619:Kenedougou Kingdom
562:British protection
498:
75:position abolished
1823:Converts to Islam
1641:978-92-3-101712-4
1364:978-0-19-027773-4
1064:" from the Album
988:Ahmed Sékou Touré
589:Toucouleur Empire
357:Gbérédou-Baranama
283:At the time, the
240:Toure grew up as
212:Ahmed Sékou Touré
126:
125:
108:(aged 71–72)
50:Wassoulou Emperor
1860:
1763:Samori biography
1742:
1723:
1697:
1678:
1645:
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1196:
1115:
1108:
1042:Ta-Nehisi Coates
1016:Une hyène à jeun
922:The fall of the
897:
840:trading city of
566:repeating rifles
532:. The commander
483:Wassoulou Empire
447:Wassoulou Empire
427:via the port of
248:in commodities,
228:
225:
172:, north-eastern
162:Wassoulou Empire
137:
134:
107:
92:
89:
44:
19:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1838:Guinean Muslims
1778:
1777:
1759:
1733:
1720:
1707:
1694:
1681:
1675:
1662:
1642:
1625:
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1617:
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1606:
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1596:
1595:
1591:
1587:Asante, p. 235.
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1087:Sekouba Bambino
1008:
980:
949:
947:Exile and death
920:
891:
858:
807:
805:Capture of Kong
794:
699:Louis Archinard
687:
681:
659:Tata of Sikasso
601:
573:A. V. A. Combes
528:in present-day
513:in what is now
503:
455:
334:
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135:
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93:
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1758:
1757:External links
1755:
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701:set out from
700:
695:
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685:Mandingo Wars
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519:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
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487:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
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279:Rise to power
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193:Maliki school
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182:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
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30:
25:
20:
16:Almamy, Faama
1788:1830s births
1747:
1738:
1735:Person, Yves
1727:
1709:
1701:
1683:
1664:
1656:
1649:
1629:
1605:. Retrieved
1603:. p. 61
1599:
1592:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1543:
1539:
1508:30 September
1506:. Retrieved
1501:
1468:24 September
1466:. Retrieved
1460:
1420:. Retrieved
1415:
1411:
1401:
1393:the original
1387:
1380:
1370:11 September
1368:. Retrieved
1342:
1332:
1309:
1303:
1293:30 September
1291:. Retrieved
1286:
1242:
1218:30 September
1216:. Retrieved
1201:
1111:
1106:
1091:Baba Sissoko
1077:directed by
1065:
1055:Alpha Blondy
1045:
1030:
1015:
985:
981:
968:Ogooué River
965:
950:
921:
912:
889:Paul Braulot
882:
874:
859:
850:Grand Bassam
835:
818:
808:
773:Sierra Leone
762:
750:
738:
723:Bissandougou
696:
688:
656:
644:
632:
623:Tieba Traore
608:
602:
570:
559:
547:
523:
504:
464:
460:
458:to nothing.
456:
440:
401:Aguibou Tall
398:
350:
335:
311:
306:
299:
290:Bissandougou
282:
266:
258:
239:
221:
209:
190:
186:Burkina Faso
174:Sierra Leone
147:
144:Samory Touré
143:
140:Samori Toure
139:
129:Samory Toure
128:
127:
106:(1900-06-02)
104:June 2, 1900
27:
22:Samory Toure
1793:1900 deaths
1607:30 November
1504:(in French)
1067:Cocody Rock
1062:Bory Samory
937:Ivory Coast
926:capital of
892: [
781:Kissidougou
615:Bagoe river
479:Ahmadu Tall
387:, annexing
381:Dielibakoro
373:Niger river
361:Alpha Condé
338:Bate Empire
326:Dion rivers
307:Manden-Mori
242:West Africa
227: 1830
205:West Africa
201:Sunni Islam
180:, northern
176:, southern
136: 1828
121:Sunni Islam
91: 1830
64:Predecessor
1782:Categories
1422:20 October
1418:(5): 27–29
1022:to France.
924:Kenedougou
918:Last stand
777:Gold Coast
734:Bissandugu
683:See also:
652:Gras rifle
581:Niagassola
421:Dinguiraye
405:Dinguiraye
1573:8 October
1568:155012842
1318:cite book
1114:, p. 324.
1098:Footnotes
1081:produced
1058:eulogises
829:River to
745:chassepot
711:artillery
627:Wassoulou
393:Wassoulou
389:Fodekaria
377:Norassoba
369:Kouroussa
346:Tintioule
322:Sankarani
262:kola nuts
246:Europeans
235:Sanankoro
72:Successor
59:1878–1898
1560:40206642
1262:70750153
1014:'s play
831:Dabakala
758:Kerouane
715:Dabadugu
587:and the
538:Kiniéran
429:Freetown
254:firearms
152:Mandinka
150:, was a
117:Religion
1620:Sources
1040:Author
928:Sikasso
823:Bandama
769:Liberia
765:Faranah
703:Nyamina
673:Senegal
664:Bambara
640:Sikasso
593:Siguiri
507:Senegal
471:Keniera
431:in the
411:of the
353:Koumban
250:artisan
1716:
1690:
1671:
1638:
1566:
1558:
1502:Ferloo
1416:XXXVII
1361:
1260:
1250:
1209:
978:Legacy
972:Ndjolé
719:Kankan
707:Kankan
610:Almamy
550:Bamako
467:Kankan
425:rifles
409:almamy
342:Kankan
324:, and
320:, the
273:Madina
170:Guinea
158:cleric
155:Muslim
29:Almamy
1564:S2CID
1556:JSTOR
1035:Djeli
1020:Niger
970:near
961:Gabon
953:Kayes
896:]
885:Bouna
877:Dyula
838:Dyula
827:Comoe
819:faama
815:Tieba
669:Sahel
636:Segou
542:sofas
515:Sudan
475:Segou
442:Faama
363:) of
314:Faama
269:Cissé
231:Dyula
164:, an
146:, or
111:Gabon
56:Reign
33:Faama
1714:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1609:2018
1575:2023
1510:2023
1470:2023
1424:2023
1372:2021
1359:ISBN
1324:link
1295:2023
1258:OCLC
1248:ISBN
1220:2023
1207:ISBN
1089:and
842:Kong
825:and
771:and
647:sofa
577:Buré
530:Mali
526:Kita
511:Nile
385:Buré
365:Baro
318:Milo
303:Fula
178:Mali
101:Died
84:Born
1548:doi
1351:doi
817:as
671:or
403:of
199:of
195:of
1784::
1562:.
1554:.
1544:49
1542:.
1538:.
1518:^
1500:.
1478:^
1432:^
1414:.
1410:.
1357:.
1349:.
1341:.
1320:}}
1316:{{
1285:.
1270:^
1256:.
1228:^
1119:^
1002:.
910:.
908:Wa
894:fr
872:.
694:.
568:.
489:.
449:.
328:.
224:c.
214:.
188:.
142:,
133:c.
88:c.
31:,
1722:.
1696:.
1677:.
1644:.
1611:.
1577:.
1550::
1512:.
1472:.
1426:.
1374:.
1353::
1326:)
1297:.
1264:.
1222:.
1093:.
1070:.
131:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
