671:, al-Fuwaydah. Such sites are largely contemporary with Late Iron Age of Samad in Central Oman, especially in the Sharqiyah. In the U.A.E. such show evidence of writing such as on coins. Regarding the relative chronology of the two there is considerable consensus. However, a difficulty in order to build a chronology lies in the lack of clear artefactual parallels between the Samad assemblage and that of these sites. At the partially excavated cemetery site of al-Fuwaydah the artifacts, especially pottery and metalwork, are more similar to contemporary ones from the U.A.E. than to those of Samad.
245:
658:, the main habitation area of nomads. Scholars have suggested a connection between the speakers of the Modern South Arabian Language, Mahra, and the triliths. To judge from Mehra place-names and the triliths, Mahri speakers lived further to the north until Bedouin tribes pushed them into the south. The triliths are the only find-category that central and southern Oman hold in common. A connection with Ṧḥahrī/Ǧibbāli is also plausible since triliths lie in areas in which today this language group still is actively spoken.
465:—after some 200–300 years without absolutely dated archaeological contexts—weak evidence appears for the Samad Late Iron Age from <100 BCE to 300 CE, as dated by thermoluminescence and a few outside artifact comparisons. This assemblage is known from 13 possible and 74 more certainly attributed archaeological sites in 30 localities. Evidence for a transition from the EIA (Early Iron Age) is rare in eastern Oman and the chronological situation is clearest at the multi-period site complex at al-Moyassar, where
170:. The process was slightly different in the Arabian Peninsula; as animal husbandry was first to arise in 5500 BCE in the area of Oman and agriculture did not arise until the early Bronze Age. Rather, fishing became more diversified and tools more specialized; about 80% of the bone assemblage at Ra's al-Hamra' specifically was fish, mostly made up by larger fish caught with things like nets and line fishing—determined by a collection of fishhooks and net-sinkers.
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mostly consisting of simple jewelry. Beads from shells are found all up and down the coast into the UAE. Though certain types of shells which are not naturally occurring in the UAE are found in jewelry there, indicating that there was some sort of trade between communities in Oman, where there shells occurred, and communities in the UAE.
301:
the earlier Hafit period and others dating to the later Umm al-Nar period. Some of these monumental structures were towers with some evidence for copper processing; as some scholars have suggested that various stone tools—not just classical anvils and pounding stones—played important roles in the process of
241:, however such ores would leave little slag and the process did not require special conditions, so there would be little to indicate its presence in the archaeological record. Already at this time there is textual evidence from Sumer for international trade in copper and other commodities, probably from Oman.
300:
in 2015. The various pedestrian surveys found slag and metal objects, furnace fragments, stone vessels, jewelry, stone tools, and glass objects. They located approximately 200 tombs and 10 monumental structures that could be dated to circa the 3rd millennium BCE, with some more specifically dating to
117:
The
Paleolithic age ranges from 3 million to about 10,000 years ago, with human occupation outside of Africa beginning about 100,000 years ago, bringing their ways of life with them. Theories state that the Nubian Tool Complex (c. 128,000-74,000 years ago) spread from Africa to the Arabian Peninsula
712:
Copper production reaches a record high to judge from the amount of slag which has survived from 150 known smelting sites. With 100,000 tons of slag, Lasail, or more properly, al-Azayl, in Wadi Jizzi is the largest smelting site in Oman. The slag showed that the hill was mined away and processed in
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kingdom in the 3rd century BCE. While this site shows a mixture of artifacts, many of which are of Old South
Arabian type, the surrounding countryside reveals a mélange of different kinds of artifacts. Khor Rori owes its existence to the trading of aromatics, in particular frankincense. The type of
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this is far less certain. From ±500 BCE to ±500 CE or later, waves of migratory tribes from South and
Central Arabia settle in south-eastern Arabia and Iran, as we know from oral historical sources. If so, then at least at first linguistically such populations were South Arabians and not Arabs. The
481:
Samad LIA sites scatter over an estimated 17,000 km (6,600 sq mi) bordered to the west in Izkī, to the north in the capital area, to the south Jaʿlān, and to the east at the coast. An assemblage attributable to the Samad period is absent in the Bāṭinah and is limited basically to the Sharqīyah
469:
water sites from the EIA, LIA (Late Iron Age), and medieval periods survive to this day. Over the centuries, and especially recently, the water table dropped, so that the falaj floor had to be lowered to the height of the water table. This period was witness to a drastic reduction in population for
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The number of copper-alloy artifacts reaches a peak at this time which will only be surpassed around the 9th century CE. The reason is that the technology to roast the more abundant sulfidic copper ore was developed. A hoard of over 500 copper alloy artifacts at ʿIbrī/Selme gives a fair idea of the
397:
The dead are interred in existing subterranean tombs or in new, hut-like free-standing ones. All of the tombs of given group may be oriented in one direction, however, different groups deviate from each other. The inhabitants must have considered their society to be a safe one since they built such
292:
Similar tombs to those at Shir appear in the area of Shenah, which is already slightly famous for its rock-art sites. A 2006 survey counted 325 beehive tombs, dating from the late fourth to the early third millennium. They either have single or double stacked walls of mostly limestone or sandstone,
205:
A site named Al-Dahariz 2, located in the Dhofar governance, has been found to contain fluted-point lithics—a form before thought to be unique to the
Americas. The fluted technology has a large, linear chunk taken out from the bottom or top of the lithic, creating a lighter projectile that can keep
197:
techniques and dated circa the middle of the fifth to the third millennium BCE. Several sites exhibited evidence of structures; semi-circular or circular constructions delineated by postholes, hearths, and middens. Some of these middens also held human burials, which of course contained grave goods
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Parthian, and later
Sasanian, invaders from Iran temporarily dominated certain towns politically and militarily, but for logistical reasons, it was only possible to occupy a few sites, as occurred during later invasions. Persian presence is inferred by a few place-names near or on the coast (e.g.
437:
for irrigation coincides with the rapid growth of date as a main crop. The chronology for this age resembles but also differs from the better known one of the present-day U.A.E. During this Iron Age paradoxically in Oman iron artifacts are rather rare, although in neighbouring Iran after 1200 BCE
201:
In 2010, the French
Mission of Adam located Jabal al-'Aluya; an in-land site with 127 structural remains of varying shapes and compositions, supposed to be hut-like dwellings, hearths, and graves—similar to those discussed above. Of the lithic assemblage found, cores were fairly rare, with mostly
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Where the soil is deep enough, individual stone-built graves are sunk into the earth. Such classical Samad graves have a low wall on the roof near the north-western end perpendicular to the long axis. They contain flexed skeletons, with the men usually are placed on the right side and the women
93:
assemblages, sometimes associated with cultures. Ages, on the other hand, are on a much larger scale; they are conventional, but difficult to date absolutely—partially due to different rates of regional development. A barometer of transition is the amount of industry and manufacturing going on,
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nearby furnaces, with part of the work also being carried out underground. Wooden supports found 40 meters underground marked evidence of the underground work, with theories supposing that the tunnels caved in. A similar site, Semdah, was undermined and over-exploited, thus a cave in occurred.
98:—and other metallic artifacts. The absolute dates for the different periods are still under study and it is difficult to assign years to the Late Iron Age of central and southern Oman. Even major monuments have been dated variously, spanning millennia. (moved from the last paragraph)
653:
found in Oman differ from ones in Europe in size and shape. The most important example are triliths (Arab. ʿathfiya/ʿathāfy) - rowed groups of three stones perched together to form a steep pyramid. A fourth stone may lie horizontally on top. Triliths usually lie in
289:, can only be approximately dated, and may date to the Hafit or Umm al-Nar Periods. During the Umm al-Nar Period, large communal, free-standing tombs contain numerous interments and were more common. Other tombs are smaller and may contain one or a few interments.
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and the fort at Salut. the Early Iron Age is generally accepted as lasting from 1300 to 300 BCE. This period is known from some 142 archaeological sites located in the eastern part of the U.A.E. as well as the central and northern parts of the
222:(3100-2700 BCE), known originally from a cemetery site on the Jebel Hafit in the UAE, though attributed artifacts extend well into the Sultanate. Most burials are located on hill sides, with deposits of supposed pottery imports from southern
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graves in both areas of Oman. Approximately 3/4 of the find inventories in
Central Oman finds are attributable to the Samad assemblage, far fewer to the recent pre-Islamic period, and a few cannot be attributed to a definable assemblage.
848:
Bonilauri, Stephanie; Beuzen-Waller, Tara; Giraud, Jessica; Lemee, Marion; Gernez, Guillaume; Fouache, Eric (2015). "Occupation during the Lower and Middle/Late
Paleolithic period in the Sufrat Valley (Adam region, Sultanate of Oman)".
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No coins were struck locally, and to date only two examples have turned up in contexts together with Samad Late Iron Age pottery, while the northern part of traditional Oman had at least partly a currency economy, Central Oman did not.
780:
Rose, Jeffrey I.; Usik, Vitaly I.; Marks, Anthony E.; Hilbert, Yamandu H.; Galletti, Christopher S.; Parton, Ash; Geiling, Jean Marie; Černý, Viktor; Morley, Mike W.; Roberts, Richard G. (2011-11-30). Petraglia, Michael D. (ed.).
379:. One scholar in particular offered concrete argumentation for a gradual transition as a model from the Early to Late Iron Ages at certain sites in Central Oman. However, graves goods show no similarities between the two periods.
502:, are type-sites for this non-writing population, with mostly hand-made pottery, copper-alloy, and iron artefacts. Reoccurring pottery wares and shapes, small finds, as well as a few grave structure types define the Samad
978:
Crassard R, Charpentier V, McCorriston J, Vosges J, Bouzid S, Petraglia MD (2020) ed. Biehl, P.F.. Fluted-point technology in
Neolithic Arabia: An independent invention far from the Americas. PLoS ONE 15(8): e0236314.
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artifacts scattered about many hills in the Adam area, specifically in the Sufrat Valley. They dated the finds, based on typo-technological traits to mostly the Middle and Upper
Paleolithic. Levalloisian, wa'shah,
621:/Ayla evidently in order to transport wine, shows the area just north of Aqaba to have been a fruitful agricultural area from 400 up to possibly 1000. On the other hand, Dr. Fleitmann has studied stalagmites from
959:
Lemee, Marion; Gernez, Guillaume; Giraud, Jessica; Beuzen-Waller, Tara; Fouache, Eric (2013). "Jabal al-Aluya: an inland Neolithic settlement of the late fifth millennium BC in the Adam area, Sultanate of Oman".
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visible and vulnerable free-standing tombs with poor chances of survival and as a ready source of building materials have rapidly disappeared since 1980. No intact tomb of this period has ever been excavated.
704:
Very little archaeological evidence from the early Islamic Age exists; the earliest building structures which survive date to medieval times. With the coming of Islam and the diaspora of Arabian tribes, the
109:
of the area, with a variety of subsistence strategies used to exploit the available resources. Since archaeological field work began in the early 1970s, numerous teams have worked in the Sultanate.
1626:
Michael J. Harrower, Matthew J. Senn and Joy McCorriston, Tombs, triliths and oases: spatial analysis of the Arabian human social dynamics (AHSD) project, archaeological survey 2009-2010,
544:
In the LIA a few glazed pottery imports derive from the upper Gulf and southern Mesopotamia. One class of pottery, balsamaria are wheel-turned and also are common in the late Pre-Islamic
438:
iron weapons are characteristic. Pre-Arabic place-names such as Nizwa, Izki, Rustaq and ʿIbri probably represent the bare remnants of the language and speakers of this and the next age.
1560:
Abdalaziz Ja’afar bin ‘Aqil & Joy McCorriston, Prehistoric small scale monument types in Hadramawt (southern Arabia): convergences in ethnography, linguistics and archaeology,
1250:
Jürgen Schreiber, Transformationsprozesse in Oasensiedlungen Omans. Die vorislamische Zeit am Beispiel von Izki, Nizwa und dem Jebel Akhdar. Dissertation, Munich, 1977. URL
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its sharpness. However, the current theory is that the lithics were non-functional and actually communicated cultural value and exhibited the skill of the craftsperson.
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impressed with what appeared to be ropes, reed mats, and wood planks, with a few of the fragments still housing barnacles; implying it was caulking for an early boat.
286:
293:
with short, rectangular entrances that face the East. All of them built directly on top of the bedrock, with no indication of any digging before building took place.
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characteristic assemblage. For example, the weapons are differently fashioned, as in one grave at Bawshar. Curiously, some of the monuments previously described as
339:
The Late Bronze Age is mostly represented by grave goods and excavated settlements. It includes the last 200, 1500 to 1300 BCE, years of the Wadi Suq period.
441:
In November, 2019, 45 well-preserved tombs covering a 50-80 square metre area and a settlement, dating back to beginning of the Iron Age, were discovered in
1311:
R. Borger, Beiträge zum Inschriftenwrk Assurbanipals, die Prismenklassen A, B,C=K, D, E, F, G, H, J und T sowie andere Inschriften, Wiesbaden, 1996, 28, 294
725:, La péninsule d’Oman de la fin de l’âge du fer au début de la période sasanide (250 av. – 350 ap. JC), 1992, BAR International Series 1776, (printed 2008).
561:
dominance of Oman is firmly entrenched in the secondary literature; thus, it is easy to criticize the integrity of the definition of the Samad assemblage.
51:, which corresponds roughly with the present-day central provinces of the Sultanate. In the north, the Oman Peninsula is more specific, and juts into the
617:
in the 7th and 8th centuries CE, first to the metropolitan centres. The occurrence in Arabia and the Red Sea littoral of ribbed amphorae manufactured in
1212:
Christian Velde, Wadi Suq and Late Bronze Age in the Oman Peninsula, in Proceedings of the First Archaeological Conference on the U.A.E., London, 102–13
968:(Papers from the forty-sixth meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held at the British Museum, London). Archaeopress: 197–211 – via JSTOR.
770:
Jeffrey I. Rose & Anthony E. Marks, “Out of Arabia” and the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in the southern Levant, Quartär 61, 2014, 49-85.
687:
Various survey and a few excavations have shed light on the archaeology of the South Province of the Sultanate; the largest and best-known site is
625:
in central Oman and has gathered information for a series of megadroughts especially around 530 CE. These may have afflicted the entire Peninsula.
324:. It was considered landmark proof that at least coastal Oman was connected to India in the third millennium BCE. Also found there, were pieces of
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2795:
1911:
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and sees the advent of a food producing, or agricultural, society, as opposed to hunting and gathering; it ranges loosely from about 10,000-3,500
130:
cores—a recognizable type of the complex—Wadi Abyut, central Dhofar. The team had ruled that the Nubian Complex only extended into Western Oman.
101:
Archaeologically speaking, differences increase between the area of the present-day U.A.E. and the Sultanate particularly toward the end of the
1864:(Proceedings of the Thirteenth SEMINAR FOR ARABIAN STUDIES held at the Middle East Centre, Cambridge). Archaeopress: 115–126 – via JSTOR.
2013:
1786:
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Nāṣir ʾal-Jahwarī wa- ʿAlī ʾal-Tījānī ʾal-Māḥī, juġrāfiyyat ʾal-mawqiʿ wa-ṯaqāfat ʾal-makān natāʾij ḥafriyyāt mawqiʿ Bawšar, Salṭanat ʿUmān,
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Of the structures found Al-Khashbah, only six tombs, all of them subterranean, could be dated to the 2nd millennium and the Wadi Suq period.
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kayfa btadaynt wa-kayfa rtaqaynā bi-l-ḥaḍāra l-ʾinsāniyya min šibh al-žazīra l-ʿarabiyya Ẓafār kitābātuhā wa-nuqušuhā l-qadīma ʾaṭ-ṭabʿūlā
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1477:
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1299:
1225:, Al-Wāsiṭ Tomb W1 and other Sites, Materials for a Definition of the Second Half of the 2nd Millennium BCE, Anschnitt, 2015, 9‒108.
1201:
1130:
1329:(Papers from the forty-second meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held in London). Archaeopress: 307–320 – via JSTOR.
737:, Cross-roads – Early and Late Iron Age South-eastern Arabia, Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 30, Wiesbaden 2014,
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production at this time. In 2012, another copper and iron metal-working workshop came to light first reported incorrectly as at '
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tribal grounds of the Azd tribes in south-eastern Arabia of course are far larger and more diverse than the area of the Samad
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2500:
2434:
2026:
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1650:, Sultan Qaboos University Publications, Archaeology & Cultural Heritage Series, vol. 1, Muscat, 2001, 134-5 fig. 65 map
649:, are now described as 'small stone monuments'. The term megalith has been used and misused in a wide variety of meanings;
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421:
An important connection with the outside world comes to bear in a cuneiform inscription (640 BCE) of the Neo-Assyrian king
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sherd depicted was for many years considered to be Late Iron Age, but recent research re-dates it to the medieval period.
2109:
277:
During this age, metal production increased considerably in relation to that of the preceding Hafit Period, with several
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2281:
234:
type. As for copper, crucibles with metal traces, small furnaces, and about 300 copper tools were found at Ras al-Jinz.
2099:
1353:
Internationales Frontinus-Symposium: Wasserversorgung aus Qanaten-Qanate als Vorbilder im Tunnelbau, 2.-5. Oktober 2003
126:. This theory was headed by the Dhofar Archaeological Project (DAP) in 2010 to 2011, when they surveyed and discovered
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466:
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Fleitmann, D., Mudelsee, M., Bradley, R. S., Burns, S. J., Cheng, H., Mangini, A., Edwards, R., Matter, A.. (2010).
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2150:
1946:
1146:
Al-Belushi, Mohammed Ali; ElMahi, Ali Tigani (2009). "Archaeological investigations in Shenah, Sultanate of Oman".
514:
358:
The Iron Age is divided into two different periods, 'Iron Age A' (1300-300 BCE) and 'Iron Age B' (325 BCE-650 CE).
244:
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2006:
1961:
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Several Late Iron Age sites do not link in terms of form and details of manufacture of their artifacts with the
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Paul Yule, Late Pre-Islamic Oman: The Inner Evidence – The Outside View, Hoffmann-Ruf–M. al-Salami, A. (eds.),
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P. Yule‒C. Pariselle, Silver phiale said to be from al-Juba (al-Wusṭa Governorate) ‒ an archaeological puzzle,
354:
Northern face of the Jebel Radhania (or Ruwadhah), on top of which the Early Iron Age Lizq fort, L1, was built.
226:. Such finds have been documented on the eastern coast of the Sultanate near Ra's al-Hadd, especially HD-6 and
2886:
2765:
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G. W. Goettler, N. Firth, C. C. Huston, A preöiminary discussion of ancient min ing in the Sultanate of Oman,
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605:. However, Omani Arabic has its own words and is not just an import from Central Arabia. It is assumed that
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90:
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1606:, Late Pre-Islamic Oman: The Inner Evidence – The Outside View, in: M. Hoffmann-Ruf–A. al-Salami (eds.),
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Petersen, Andrew (2009). "Islamic urbanism in eastern Arabia: the case of the al-'Ayn-al-Buryami oasis".
2850:
2785:
2750:
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2655:
2615:
2469:
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2170:
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450:
418:. More than 400 metallic artifacts often found close shape correspondences with those from ʿIbrī/Selme.
1981:
1592:
Die Beduinen in Südarabien. Eine ethnologische Studie zur Entwicklung der Kamelhirtenkultur in Arabien
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typically ranges from 3300 to 1300 BCE, encompassing part of the Hafit period (3100-2700 BCE) and the
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1999:
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44:
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La péninsule d’Oman de la fin de l’âge du fer au début de la période sasanide (250 av. – 350 ap. JC)
105:, conditioned locally by the different geographical situations. The amount of moisture dictates the
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2377:
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2238:
2221:
2104:
2052:
1986:
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Stephan Kroll, The Early Iron Age Lizq Fort, Sultanate of Oman, translated and revised by P. Yule,
415:
202:
blades and laminar flakes being observed. The site is associated with the latter part of 4000 BCE.
127:
2915:
1766:
The Land of Incense. Archaeological Work in the Governorate of Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman 1990-1995
1741:, ʿAmlah, al-Zahirah (Sultanat Oman) – späteisenzeitliche Gräberfelder 1997, in: Paul Yule (ed.),
1648:
The Land of Incense, Archaeological Work in the Governorate of Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman 1990–1995
1502:
C. Holes, A participial infix in the eastern Arabian dialects ‒ an ancient pre-conquest feature?,
1379:
Archaeological Rescue Excavations on Packages 3 and 4 of the Batinah Expressway, Sultanate of Oman
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The Land of Incense. Archaeological Work in the Governorate of Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman 1990-1995
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278:
262:
231:
194:
56:
331:
In Dhofār weapons came to light in a confirmed grave context datable to the 3rd millennium BCE.
433:
in the land of Qade. It yielded to date nearly 700 metallic artifacts. The introduction of the
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376:
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106:
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36:
783:"The Nubian Complex of Dhofar, Oman: An African Middle Stone Age Industry in Southern Arabia"
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sites. To judge from the Samad stone graves and from evidence about their diet, this was not
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Abstract PP51B-06 presented at 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, California, 13-17 Dec.
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47:, though its prehistoric remains differ in some respects from the more specifically defined
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reasons unknown. Evident during this period is also a loss of copper producing technology.
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1150:. Papers from the forty-second meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held in London.
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558:
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499:
453:. Archaeologists believed that the site was inhabited by the miners of the nearby copper.
182:
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798:
2382:
1966:
1936:
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1423:
1405:
Die Gräberfelder in Samad al-Shan (Sultanat Oman) Materialien zu einer Kulturgeschichte
1189:
1125:. Beiträge zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Archäologie (BAVA) 18. pp. 183–241.
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306:
190:
102:
79:
1323:
Papers from the Forty-second Meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies Held in London
1165:
Tosi, Maurizio (1987). "Die Indus-Zivilisation jenseits des indischen Subkontinents".
43:. There are different definitions for Oman: traditional Oman includes the present-day
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1971:
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A Port in Arabia between Rome and the Indian Ocean (3rd century BC – 5th century AD)
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1006:"Ground stone tools from the copper production site Al-Khashbah, Sultanate of Oman"
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Orthographic view of an Early Iron Age hut tomb at Bilād al-Maʿdin in eastern Oman.
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219:
17:
1883:
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Studies in the Archaeology of the Sultanate of Oman, Rahden, 1999, 22, 27 Fig. 5
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1941:
1903:
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387:
227:
223:
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119:
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1016:(3). School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh: 24.
920:"Neolithic material cultures of Oman and the Gulf seashores from 5500-4500 BCE"
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1976:
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1339:"Iron Age tombs discovered in Oman | Archaeology World". Retrieved 2020-09-17.
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and the Age of Islam. A "period" is an inferred classification from recurring
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1110:. Vereinigung der Freunde von Kunst und Kultur im Bergbau. pp. 174–263.
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is known from different sites in the Sultanate, for example probably ʿAmlāʾ/
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143:
834:
296:
The site known as Al-Khashbah, was the focus of a surveying project by the
1005:
536:
tetradrachm found in the Late Iron Age settlement al-Nejd in eastern Oman.
1926:
491:
313:
163:
147:
1856:
Weisgerber, Gerd (1980). "PATTERNS OF EARLY ISAMIC METALLURGY IN OMAN".
1381:, British Foundation for the Study of Arabia monograph 18, Oxford, 2016.
510:
usually on the left, their heads generally point toward the south-east.
350:
919:
679:
650:
587:
495:
325:
123:
2525:
1430:, Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 30, Wiesbaden 2014,
1192:, A Prehistoric Grave Inventory from Aztaḥ, Ẓafār, in: P. Yule (ed.),
936:
473:
27:
2449:
1517:
Megadroughts at the Dawn of Islam Recorded in a Stalagmite from Oman,
1022:
594:
386:
fort is most similar to that from the latest Early Iron Age sites at
367:
178:
174:
1575:
Die Nomaden Dhofars/Sultanat Oman traditional Lebensformen im Wandel
401:
394:. In terms of pottery chronology, its beginnings there are obscure.
1351:, The Impact of the Dynamics of Qanats and Aflaj on Oases in Oman,
1921:
1672:
Ali Aḥmad Maḥāsh al-Shaḥrī, Grave types and "triliths" in Dhofar,
678:
668:
642:
632:
618:
614:
533:
527:
472:
434:
400:
349:
320:
was found at Ras al-Jinz, located at the easternmost point of the
243:
26:
2022:
1991:
1956:
1951:
1528:
P. Yule, G. Costa, C. Philipps, Grave IIb, in: Paul Yule (ed.),
655:
602:
570:
446:
430:
426:
383:
371:
133:
A slightly more recent series of surveys, the French Mission of
95:
2529:
1995:
879:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 9663–9679,
1799:
Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
1108:
Mehr als Kupfer in Oman : Ergebnisse der Expedition 1981
984:
1196:, Orient-Archäologie, vol. 2, Rahden/Westfalia, 1999, 91–6,
370:
producing sites, especially the fort on the Jebel Radhania,
305:
of copper. However, some other buildings had indications of
59:
develops separately from that of central and northern Oman.
31:
table of the chronology for the archaeology of Central Oman.
1252:
http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7548/1/Schreiber_Juergen.pdf
573:. It appears that, at this time in Central Oman, so-called
281:
copper ingots, weighing 1–2 kg, being found. Tower or
1428:
Cross-roads – Early and Late Iron Age South-eastern Arabia
1123:
The Tower Tombs at Shir, Eastern Hajar, Sultanate of Oman
683:
Sherd of medieval pottery from Khor Rori in southern Oman
218:
in this geographic location partially coincides with the
62:
Different ages are reflected in typological assemblages,
637:
A trilith at the site near al-Jawābī in the Ṣūr Wilayat.
1355:, Luxemburg, Heft 26, 2003, 61–97, esp. 74–7 fig. 24–9.
425:; he mentions emissaries sent by a king by the name of
382:
Usually hand-made and hard-fired, the pottery from the
1813:, Die Suche nach dem altsumerischen Kupferland Makan,
1042:"Die 14. Deutsche Archäologische Oman-Expedition 1995"
230:. Also present in the tombs was diagnostic pottery of
1722:, BAR International Series 1776, 1992 (printed 2008)
1547:
Walter Dostal, Zur Megalithenfrage in Südarabien, in
1264:
Zeitschrift für die Kultur außereuropäischen Kulturen
731:, The Persian Gulf in Antiquity, 2 vols., Oxford 1992
2859:
2819:
2561:
2364:
2296:
2247:
2198:
2127:
2033:
1743:
Studies in the archaeology of the Sultanate of Oman
1194:
Studies in the Archaeology of the Sultanate of Oman
1489:John Wilkinson, The origins of the aflāj of Oman,
1294:. Prähistorische Bronzefunde xx7, Stuttgart 2001,
918:Méry, Sophie; Charpentier, Vincent (2013-04-18).
517:, Nejd Madirah, Qaryat al-Saiḥ in Wadi Maḥram,
1858:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Seminar
1745:, Orient-Archäologie 2, Rahden, 1999, 119–186
1608:Studies on Ibadism and Oman, Oman and Overseas
1449:Studies on Ibadism and Oman, Oman and Overseas
1148:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
962:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
851:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
597:, linguistic variety with them as far east as
593:These tribes brought the South Arabian, later
150:lithic remains were primary tool types found.
2541:
2007:
590:population, but rather consisted of farmers.
173:Key sites on the Western Coast include shell
8:
137:conducted from 2007 to 2013, found numerous
2548:
2534:
2526:
2370:
2302:
2204:
2133:
2014:
2000:
1992:
1106:Weisgerber, Gerd; Kroll, Stephan (1981).
1021:
935:
824:
806:
414:', when in reality this site is known as
1468:Heinz Halm, Der vordere Orient um 1200,
1154:. Archaeopress: 31–41 – via JSTOR.
857:. Archaeopress: 21–34 – via JSTOR.
162:Age coincides with the beginning of the
1912:List of archaeological sites by country
1693:, Dubai 1994, pages 273-4 figs. 248-251
763:
94:particularly that of copper—refused as
1659:Dostal 1967, 184-8; W. Müller, Mahra,
1084:
1082:
1080:
1066:
1055:
525:, Ṭīwī site TW2—have been documented.
513:Few fragmentary settlements—Mahaliya,
248:Tomb at Shir of the Umm an-Nar Period.
1504:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
1407:. Orient-Archäologie 4, Rahden 2001,
1121:Yule, Paul; Weisgerber, Gerd (1998).
1040:Yule, Paul; Weisgerber, Gerd (1996).
999:
997:
995:
993:
7:
1169:. Mainz am Rhein. pp. 132–133.
1035:
1033:
913:
911:
909:
866:
864:
691:, a trading fort established by the
2282:Consultative Assembly (lower house)
1610:, vol. 2, Hildesheim, 2013, 13–33,
1472:, sheet B VIII 1, Wiesbaden, 1985,
1470:Tübinger Atlas Des Vorderen Orients
1451:, vol. 2, Hildesheim, 2013, 13–33,
55:. The archaeology of southern Oman
877:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology
873:"Shell Middens of the Arabian Sea"
366:Known from different cemetery and
25:
924:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
477:Eastern Oman, Late Iron Age sites
237:Copper smelting began perhaps at
193:. Their middens were dated using
2914:
2905:
2904:
2118:
1896:
1292:: عبري)-Selme, Sultanate of Oman
2110:2018–2019 unemployment protests
1801:, vol. 15, Munich 1978, 699-777
1050:10.11588/propylaeumdok.00000577
577:languages were spoken. For the
2872:British Indian Ocean Territory
2277:Council of State (upper house)
885:10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_3462
1:
1797:W. W. Müller, Weihrauch, in:
45:United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.)
1702:Ali Ahmad Mahash al-Shahri,
1689:Ali Ahmad Mahash al-Shahri,
1551:, Brill, Leiden, 1968, 53-61
1549:Festschrift Werner Caskel...
808:10.1371/journal.pone.0028239
2105:2011 protests (Arab Spring)
1842:, Mehr als Kupfer in Oman,
1288:The Metal Hoard from ʿIbrī(
486:and smaller sites, such as
269:Periods (2000 - 1300 BCE).
64:Old Stone (Paleolithic) Age
2957:
1947:al-Nejd, Sultanate of Oman
1846:, 5-6, 1981, 184-5 fig. 7.
1167:Vergessene Städte am Indus
1004:Döpper, Stephanie (2020).
185:fishhooks were located--,
181:—where indication of some
39:lies in the south-eastern
2900:
2487:
2373:
2305:
2207:
2136:
2116:
1962:Pre-Islamic recent period
1706:, Dubai 2000, 188-9 figs.
1674:Arab. Archaeol. Epigraphy
1010:Journal of Lithic Studies
665:Pre-Islamic recent period
318:Indus Valley Civilization
68:New Stone (Neolithic) Age
2621:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1879:University of Heidelberg
569:) and personal names in
2882:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
629:non-Samad Late Iron Age
445:by archaeologists from
2435:International rankings
2176:Rub' al Khali (desert)
1088:Story of Ras Al Jinz.
1065:Cite journal requires
684:
638:
537:
478:
406:
355:
298:University of Tübingen
249:
177:at Ra's al-Ḥamrā' and
32:
1661:Encyclopedia of Islam
1366:Arab. Arch. Epigraphy
1241:, Muscat 2001, 79-104
871:Biagi, Paolo (2020),
682:
636:
531:
476:
451:Heidelberg University
404:
353:
247:
30:
2796:United Arab Emirates
2181:World heritage sites
987:journal.pone.0236314
575:Modern South Arabian
265:(2700-2000 BCE) and
2941:Archaeology of Oman
2823:limited recognition
2556:Archaeology of Asia
2053:Incense trade route
1704:The Language of Aad
799:2011PLoSO...628239R
709:took hold in Oman.
457:Samad Late Iron Age
390:(or al-Maysar) and
285:, such as those at
18:Samad Late Iron Age
2335:Telecommunications
1630:18, 2014, 145-151
1628:Journal Oman Stud.
1266:5, 2013, 159–220,
1092:2016-09-10 at the
685:
675:Iron Age in Dhofar
639:
551:Persian Achaemenid
538:
479:
461:At the end of the
407:
356:
316:attributed to the
250:
232:Jemdet Nasr period
33:
2928:
2927:
2865:other territories
2523:
2522:
2483:
2482:
2470:Traditional games
2360:
2359:
2292:
2291:
2212:Foreign relations
2194:
2193:
1787:978-88-8265-469-6
1728:978-1-4073-0264-5
1676:2, 1991, 190-193
1616:978-3-487-14798-7
1573:Cf. Jörg Janzen,
1493:6.1, 1983, 182-3.
1457:978-3-487-14798-7
1436:978-3-447-10127-1
1272:978-3-89500-649-4
937:10.1111/aae.12010
894:978-3-030-30016-6
751:978-3-447-19287-3
743:978-3-447-10127-1
609:arrived with the
377:Sultanate of Oman
322:Arabian Peninsula
107:carrying capacity
41:Arabian Peninsula
37:Sultanate of Oman
16:(Redirected from
2948:
2918:
2908:
2907:
2877:Christmas Island
2563:Sovereign states
2550:
2543:
2536:
2527:
2503:
2496:
2371:
2303:
2205:
2134:
2122:
2100:1970 coup d'état
2093:Battle of Mirbat
2088:Dhofar Rebellion
2083:Jebel Akhdar War
2058:Tribes of Arabia
2016:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1987:ʿUqdat al-Bakrah
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1866:
1865:
1853:
1847:
1837:
1831:
1828:Jour. Oman Stud.
1824:
1818:
1817:37, 1991, 76-90.
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1282:Paul Yule &
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1221:Paul Yule &
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1096:Oman Information
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1023:10.2218/jls.3082
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607:Classical Arabic
416:ʿUqdat al-Bakrah
273:Early Bronze Age
189:, Ra's Dah, and
118:during the Late
53:Strait of Hormuz
35:The present-day
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2455:Public holidays
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2330:Rial (currency)
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2078:Battle of Dhank
2073:Muscat and Oman
2063:Imamate of Oman
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1768:, Muscat 2001
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1739:Paul Alan Yule
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1594:, Vienna, 1967
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1491:Jour Om. Stud.
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1478:978-3882267372
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1438:, pages 62-66.
1416:
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1394:15, 2007, 7‒32
1383:
1377:Ben Saunders,
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1368:27, 2016, 153.
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2024:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:ʿUmq al-Rabaḫ
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Samad al-Shan
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1844:Der Anschnitt
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1777:A. Avanzini,
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1751:3-89646-632-1
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1716:Michel Mouton
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1413:3-89646-634-8
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1300:3-515-07153-9
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1132:3-8053-2518-5
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723:Michel Mouton
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635:
628:
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623:al-Hutah Cave
620:
616:
612:
611:Arab diaspora
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
584:Late Iron Age
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
560:
556:
552:
547:
546:Late Iron Age
542:
535:
530:
526:
524:
523:ʿUmq al-Rabaḫ
520:
519:Samad al-Shan
516:
511:
507:
505:
504:Late Iron Age
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Samad al-Shan
475:
471:
468:
464:
456:
454:
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448:
444:
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392:Samad al-Shan
389:
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352:
345:
343:
340:
334:
332:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
303:beneficiation
299:
294:
290:
288:
284:
283:beehive tombs
280:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
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246:
242:
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233:
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136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
112:
110:
108:
104:
99:
97:
92:
88:
85:
84:Late Iron Age
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
29:
19:
2861:Dependencies
2791:Turkmenistan
2756:Saudi Arabia
2730:
2410:Demographics
2315:Central bank
2262:Crown Prince
2217:Human rights
2161:Governorates
2068:Omani Empire
2042:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1815:Das Altertum
1814:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1762:Juris Zarins
1757:
1742:
1734:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1685:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1647:
1644:Juris Zarins
1639:
1627:
1622:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1543:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1506:38, 2011, 77
1503:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1469:
1464:
1448:
1443:
1427:
1419:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1287:
1278:
1263:
1258:
1246:
1238:
1235:Juris Zarins
1230:
1217:
1208:
1193:
1185:
1166:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1058:cite journal
1013:
1009:
974:
965:
961:
954:
930:(1): 73–78.
927:
923:
898:, retrieved
876:
854:
850:
843:
790:
786:
775:
766:
711:
703:
686:
662:
660:
640:
592:
563:
543:
539:
512:
508:
506:assemblage.
480:
460:
440:
423:Assurbanipal
420:
408:
396:
381:
365:
357:
341:
338:
330:
311:
295:
291:
279:plano-convex
276:
256:
236:
228:Ra's al-Jinz
220:Hafit Period
213:
204:
200:
187:Ra's al-Ḥadd
172:
157:
132:
128:Levalloisian
116:
100:
86:
61:
34:
2920:Asia portal
2821:States with
2741:Philippines
2681:South Korea
2676:North Korea
2571:Afghanistan
2310:Agriculture
2239:Visa policy
2151:Eco-regions
2043:Archaeology
1942:al-Moyassar
1904:Oman portal
1830:2, 1976, 44
1403:Paul Yule,
700:Islamic Age
443:Al-Mudhaibi
388:al-Moyassar
312:In 1982, a
224:Mesopotamia
195:radiocarbon
120:Pleistocene
113:Paleolithic
49:Oman proper
2801:Uzbekistan
2776:Tajikistan
2691:Kyrgyzstan
2671:Kazakhstan
2591:Bangladesh
2581:Azerbaijan
2430:Healthcare
2249:Government
1977:Tiwi, Oman
1917:al-Akhdhar
1176:3805309570
900:2020-11-05
758:References
745:, E-Book:
693:Hadhramite
647:megalithic
488:al-Akhdhar
482:province.
263:Umm al-Nar
259:Bronze Age
253:Bronze Age
216:Copper Age
210:Copper Age
122:, via the
76:Bronze Age
72:Copper Age
2887:Hong Kong
2841:Palestine
2766:Sri Lanka
2761:Singapore
2641:Indonesia
2415:Education
2345:Transport
2325:Petroleum
2320:Companies
2166:Provinces
2129:Geography
1932:al-Bustan
1680:0905-7196
1634:0378-8180
1604:Paul Yule
1581:0344-6557
1562:Antiquity
1424:Paul Yule
1190:Paul Yule
946:0905-7196
817:1932-6203
735:Paul Yule
689:Khor Rori
567:al-Rustaq
532:Imported
500:al-Bustan
412:al-Saffah
239:al-Batina
160:Neolithic
154:Neolithic
2935:Category
2910:Category
2831:Abkhazia
2781:Thailand
2736:Pakistan
2716:Mongolia
2711:Maldives
2706:Malaysia
2606:Cambodia
2510:Category
2460:Religion
2440:Language
2403:regional
2350:airports
2234:Military
2200:Politics
2186:Wildlife
2027:articles
1927:al-Amqat
1890:See also
1884:heidICON
1090:Archived
985:10.1371/
835:22140561
787:PLOS ONE
651:triliths
599:Khorasan
559:Sasanian
555:Parthian
492:al-Amqat
346:Iron Age
314:potsherd
267:Wadi Suq
164:Holocene
148:bifacial
91:artifact
2806:Vietnam
2721:Myanmar
2701:Lebanon
2631:Georgia
2586:Bahrain
2576:Armenia
2494:Outline
2398:Culture
2393:Cuisine
2366:Society
2340:Tourism
2298:Economy
2272:Council
2267:Cabinet
2156:Geology
2141:Borders
2035:History
1392:Adumatu
826:3227647
795:Bibcode
717:Sources
588:Bedouin
515:al-Nejd
496:Bawshar
326:bitumen
191:Maṣīrah
175:middens
144:laminar
124:Red Sea
2851:Taiwan
2786:Turkey
2751:Russia
2686:Kuwait
2666:Jordan
2656:Israel
2616:Cyprus
2601:Brunei
2596:Bhutan
2515:Portal
2450:People
2420:Emblem
2383:Cinema
2378:Anthem
2257:Sultan
2171:Rivers
2146:Cities
2025:
1785:
1749:
1726:
1614:
1534:
1476:
1455:
1434:
1411:
1298:
1290:Arabic
1270:
1200:
1173:
1129:
944:
891:
833:
823:
815:
749:
741:
595:Arabic
557:, and
368:copper
179:Suwayh
146:, and
139:lithic
57:Dhofar
2892:Macau
2811:Yemen
2771:Syria
2746:Qatar
2726:Nepal
2661:Japan
2636:India
2626:Egypt
2611:China
2501:Index
2475:Women
2465:Sport
2445:Music
2388:Crime
2048:Magan
1922:Amlah
669:Amlah
656:wadis
643:Samad
619:Aqaba
615:Islam
534:Abiel
467:falaj
435:falaj
2731:Oman
2696:Laos
2651:Iraq
2646:Iran
2425:Flag
2222:LGBT
2023:Oman
1957:Lizq
1952:Izki
1783:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1678:ISSN
1632:ISSN
1612:ISBN
1579:ISSN
1532:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1432:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1071:help
942:ISSN
889:ISBN
831:PMID
813:ISSN
747:ISBN
739:ISBN
663:The
613:and
603:Iran
571:Izki
498:and
449:and
447:Oman
431:Izki
427:Pade
384:Lizq
372:Lizq
287:Shir
257:The
214:The
158:The
135:Adam
96:slag
2863:and
1046:doi
1018:doi
981:doi
932:doi
881:doi
821:PMC
803:doi
601:in
168:BCE
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