Samba school - Knowledge (XXG)

89: 64:, an Afro-Brazilian dance and drumming style. Although the word "school" is in the name, samba schools do not offer instruction in a formal setting. Samba schools have a strong community basis and are traditionally associated with a particular neighborhood. They are often seen to affirm the cultural validity of the Afro-Brazilian heritage in contrast to the mainstream education system, and have evolved often in contrast to authoritarian development. The phrase "escola de samba" is popularly held to derive from the schoolyard location of the first group's early rehearsals. In Rio de Janeiro especially, they are mostly associated with poor neighborhoods (" 181:

mixture of African-Brazilian display of pride, immigrant or working class activism, and soccer team fondness, as schools such as "Gaviões da Fiel", "Mancha Verde" began as a singing/dancing group that cheered and rooted during matches in São Paulo stadiums. Nearly all Brazilian states have samba schools, but states such as Bahia and Pernambuco tend to have floats that lead a crowd composed of general people, without the need for membership, rehearsals, or even a special attire. Some groups do charge a certain amount of money for the "abadás", or colorful T-shirts that display affiliation to a specific group, or "bloco".

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samba, but she spins and swirls her way ahead. The mestre-sala dances around her. All their moves are regulated in a set of rules, and at one point during the parade they are evaluated by the judges. The slightest mistake may result in their scores being lowered. For example: it is forbidden that the two turn their backs to each other at the same time, and errors such as the drop of a hat or other slips will result in lower scores. Their costumes are similar to the gala costumes typical of the eighteenth century, but "carnavalized", i.e. with an exaggerated amount of colors and decorations.

165:"Cariocas", the Rio natives, and "Paulistanos", São Paulo natives, are overtaken with emotion while performing or watching their favorite school, much more so in Rio, where a carnival samba school culture has been developed since the 1930s and samba rehearsals, costume making, and planning is a year-round event. It is often said that a samba school slum dweller may not have a job or food on the table the whole year, but they will make sure they have the money for their costume to show their "samba no pé" or dancing skills expertise. 169: 747:, the long time singer from the Mangueira school, criticized the traditional term, seeking to replace it with a new terminology: Interpreter/Singer of the Samba-Enredo. In the words of Jamelão, one who would handle "smoke pull, pull cart, pull-bag" (in original "puxa fuma fumo, puxa carro, puxa saco"; in Rio de Janeiro's giria, "smoke marijuana, steals vehicle, yes-man") which in his opinion, a derogatory term. From this, many commentators and TV stations began to replace the first by the second term, which however, still remains. 150: 586:", is a kind of orchestra of percussion instruments. They accompany the singer and lead the pace of the parade. The faster and stronger the pace of the bateria, the faster members usually parade. Each school has, currently, an average 250 to 300 musicians. Every bateria is evaluated on "the regular maintenance and support of the cadence ... in accordance with the Samba Theme: the perfect combination of sounds emitted by various tools, and the creativity and versatility of the bateria." 643: 33: 760:

direction of the samba school. In others, he suggests the theme of an idea from its original. The carnavalesco is usually a single person, but the Beija-Flor school of Rio de Janeiro now use a team of carnavalescos. The carnavalescos may or may not be university-trained for the profession, and may even have a team of researchers working with them to develop the school's theme. Many have a strong carnaval connection or background in the visual arts, performing arts, theater or dance.

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the Group to access, something that remains in São Paulo. Tradition was considered also in the participation of society Rio carnival hundred Italian Carnevale D'Italia. In 1985, an event that is considered integral to the history of Nene de Vila Matilde, was when the school was invited to join the parade of champions Rio, in an era where the Carnival Paulistano was much less popular and did not have a proper space.

534: 470: 146:", or samba band with drums, "cuicas" and other instruments, preceded by the "madrinha da bateria", band godmother who is often a sexy female celebrity. The "porta-bandeira" (female flag bearer), and the "mestre-sala" (male dancing partner) display and honor the school's flag, as they dance and strive to show harmony and samba expertise, while their performance is carefully observed and scored by the judges. 80:) to build and house the elaborate floats. Each school's parade may consist of about 3,000 performers or more, and the preparations, especially producing the many different costumes, provide work for thousands of the poorest in Brazilian society. The resulting competition is a major economic and media event, with tens of thousands in the live audience and screened live to millions across South America. 325: 352:

states, with the foundation in 1935 of the "Primeira São Paulo" (First of São Paulo), the first school of samba de São Paulo. The official competitions of the samba schools in São Paulo only started in 1950 with the victory of Lavapés, but before that there were other minor tournaments at the municipal and state levels. In the early 1960s some organized soccer support fan groups, like the

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variety of community needs, such as educational resources and medical care. There are often political and commercial interests involved as well, even from abroad, especially when the samba school honors the literature, music and dance, or a myth, historic figure or event from another country. Drug lords who control trafficking in the Rio favelas as well as illicit gambling (

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sometimes the plot, also coordinating the shed or warehouse where the floats are made, the purchase of equipment, payments and the development of the entire project of the school. It is not uncommon for Carnival directors to be paid professionals. Many also include the executive directors of the samba school, such as Laíla, of Beija-Flor.

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the previously agreed theme. The competition takes place over several weekends, some entries are eliminated, until only there is a winning song which the school then adopts. In Rio de Janeiro, the competition usually takes place in August. In October, a CD of the Special Group is recorded with chosen sambas from each school

223:(Delegation of Customs and Entertainment) to be able to parade. In an effort to show a modicum of decency and organization, the delegate owner, Dulcídio Gonçalves, refused to grant the permit to associations with "inappropriate" names, which is why the GRES Portela had to change to the current name, instead of the previous 310:

networks that have broadcasting rights for the parades. Newspapers and magazines also make huge profits. The traditional "ala das Baianas" was a prerequisite to compete, and the schools, all with more than one hundred members, should present sambas unpublished and not use pipe instruments, among other requirements.

321:, or Portela. The officials assured the success of the contest remained up in Praca XI Square in 1941. Over time, the samba schools took many elements brought by ranches, such as the plot, the pair of mestre-sala cortsy and flag holder and the opening committee, elements with which Ismael Silva disagreed. 521:

Judges assess whether the samba has a good melody and lyrics with interesting features, musically rich, reflecting the theme, and without bias or errors of language. The samba of each school is chosen after an internal competition at the school, where Sambistas or groups create their sambas, based on

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The progression or evolution of the school's parade as it develops its story is of great importance to the judges. Anyone watching should have the impression that the school is a single body, a continuous row. There is no requirement that the components perform samba, but they must move with a degree

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One of the judging categories is the allegorical floats, filled with sculptures of wood, plastic, Styrofoam and other materials, decorated to represent the elements of the plot. In the Special Group performance of Rio de Janeiro, floats currently may not exceed eight meters and fifty centimeters wide

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Natural associations are almost always local, largely from poor communities or the suburbs, forming samba schools that usually represent in a district, sub-district or set of districts. A parade which usually has local character, whereas the main schools of the city gather to compete among themselves

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that the dark parade carnival in 1991 because of a blackout and was not evaluated. However, in recent years in São Paulo there has been a climate of acceptance of the outcome, when in 2007 the president of Tobias Go-Go Live congratulated the Youth Alegre, being greeted by members of the Lemon school

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The scoring system has changed several times in both cities. In Rio and São Paulo, until the early 2000s, the division was more than half a point, and there have been years when there was also the elimination of major score given to each school, the very removal of the lower scores have also and has

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The results of the carnival competition are announced on the afternoon of Ash Wednesday in Rio, and on the afternoon of Shrove Tuesday in São Paulo. In both cities, there is a results presentation event where long lines are set up in the Sambódromo site. Tents are set up where the representatives of

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The godmother of the drumming section is similar to the queen, and the two often get confused. Many schools use the two roles to pay tribute to more women. In the 1980s, many schools began to choose famous TV actresses instead of girls from the community, raising controversy in the media. In theory,

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In the 1960s came the "Paradinha" ("little stop") of Mestre André, a famous director of the Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel. André was the creator of the musical effect in which the bateria suddenly stop playing during a parade, leaving only the cavaquinho (a small string instrument) and voice

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Currently, at least since the 1990s, the schools of the Special Group of Rio and São Paulo parade usually with three or four pairs of mestre-salas and porta-bandeira, but only the first is evaluated, the other being merely decorative, and optional. Normally, they are there to represent the school in

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The first float of the parade often includes a stylised depiction of the school. Some schools, such as Portela for example, always bring their winged eagle symbol, regardless of plot. The greatest floats can reach up to 13 meters high and 60 meters in length, which sometimes affects their entry into

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Functioning as a sort of master of ceremonies of the show by welcoming the public and presenting the school, the front commission of the samba schools has undergone many changes over time. In its early years, it was formed by a group of men, the general directors of the college, who came in front of

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and the foundation of the General Union of Samba Schools in 1934, the marginalization of samba persisted for some time. Then, it regained power and began to expand and gain importance in the Rio carnival, supplanting the ranches carnival. It did not take long for the samba schools to expand to other

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In São Paulo, the parade of champions is the night between Friday night and after the carnival on Saturday. The parade in Rio begins Saturday night and continues into the early hours of Sunday. In Rio de Janeiro, until the 1990s, participating in the parade of champions also promoted the schools of

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of the school. One can also use this to include carnival directors, producers and other crew members. A carnival director is the director of the samba school who is in charge of the guidelines and philosophy of their carnival college, taking part in the selection of members of various sectors, even

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The samba during the parade should not be interpreted by one or just a few people, but sung by the entire school: the music should only be "pulled" (initiated) by the minority group. Moreover, many believe that the handle would be a special category of performer, able not only to interpret a samba,

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The traditional clothing of Bahia consists of torso, coat, cloth and skirt round the coast. However, often we can see Bahian dress with the most unusual costumes, such as brides, statues of liberty, space beings, globe (pictured) or oil wells. These dress can be differred owing to the theme for the

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The "ala das baianas" is considered one of the most important wings of a samba school parade, and preferably composed of ladies dressed in clothes that refer to old aunts of the first groups of Bahia samba of the early twentieth century. It is mandatory for all competition parades of samba schools,

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The mestre-sala (literally, "The Master of the Room") and porta-bandeira ("she who carries the flag") display the flag of the school to the audience. The porta-bandeira carries the flag, and the mestre-sala pays tribute and draws attention to both the flag and the porta-bandeira. Her dance is not a

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As a feature of the parades, the plot, usually chosen some time after the previous carnival, will occupy the school for the following year. Meanwhile, from the main theme, a synopsis is drawn, which will guide the design and manufacture of costumes, floats and samba-song. Judges will decide whether

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As samba schools originated in Rio de Janeiro, they are today the most famous ones and, arguably, produce the most spectacular parades or (as it is often said) the "greatest show on Earth". The city of São Paulo also has a number of samba schools with some tradition that is linked to an interesting

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in Uruguaiana where "escolas de samba" from Brazil and their counterparts in Uruguay and Argentina (known as escuelas de samba) participate. Sambadromes are designed to accommodate all social classes, with VIP lounges, tourist sections, and various types of seating right down to cheapest seats for

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seems to reflect the carnival dances of the nineteenth century, in which there was a professional organization responsible for the hall that was called "master of room" or "master-room." With respect to the porta-bandeira, the name was a natural adaptation of the old flag-bearer character, usually

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Each school displays glamour with colorful costumes and floats with special effects and is organized into different segments or "alas" (sections). The "alas" represent different components of the school's theme, or "enredo", as they act out an homage to a myth, historic event or figure, or express

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The parade of champions is not always purely celebratory: many schools have taken the day to protest against the outcome of the championship. Placing fifth in 2005, the Vai-Vai had no parade that year. The Viradouro already in the champions parade on Saturday with members using the clown nose and

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The bleachers are open to the public, and the charge for entry is typically one kilogram of non-perishable food. Both in Rio and in São Paulo the event is transmitted live on television; television cameras in real time are used to broadcast the movement of blocks within the main school, the title

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each samba school will annotate the scores as they are being released to the public, making the calculations. The chairman of the league speaks his final remarks about the carnival that year, reads the possible loss of points given to each samba school, and then reads the scores per school block.

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The singer, also known as the performer or puller is responsible for the professional performance of the samba-plot during the parade, and usually aided by a group of supporting singers. Using a microphone, and usually more powerful than the supporting singers, his voice stands out over the other

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The Portela samba school developed a more refined front commission, where its performers paraded with elegant clothes, even occasionally with tails and top hat, a model which soon came to be copied by other schools. That was the policy of its most illustrious member, Paulo da Portela, which meant

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The judges consider each of the judging categories, giving points to each. On the day that the results are announced, the final assessment of the panel can be affected by certain penalties for breaking certain rules, such as the requirement to parade within specific time limits, parading with the

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The samba school system seems to be unique to Brazil. Unlike parades such as the Rose Parade in California, for instance, the samba schools' organizations consist almost entirely of community volunteer work. More than just musical groups, the schools are the neighborhood associations that cover a

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roles developed years ago. Thus, each samba school parade has the "comissão de frente" (first artistic ensemble), individuals who open the parade by walking in social attires, saluting the crowds; the "ala das Baianas", or the traditional segment of Bahian African-Brazilian ladies with impressive

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This is the professional responsible for design and development of the plot to be submitted by a school of samba as well as the design, development and construction of floats and costumes related to the proposed plot. In some cases, the carnavalesco develops the plot from a topic proposed by the

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Another controversy that is still common for interpreters is the question whether or not it is unethical for the official interpreter at a school to participate in the internal dispute of their own college. Some schools prohibit this, but release their professionals to participate in tryouts for

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Due to the large number of schools, in 1952, the access league "Grupo de Acesso" was created in order to allow new schools in and promote them to the "premier league" only if they abided by certain rules of excellence. That year, the parade of the access league (Group 2, current Group RJ-1) went

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After the end of a parade, the narrator announces the school next to perform, and the sounds from the microphone, restricted to only a part of sambadrome, are released so that people can hear in the bleachers. Then the opening cries are heard, after which the parade itself begins, and the timer

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The origins of samba schools are linked to the history of carnival in Rio itself, as well as the creation of the modern samba. The first parades, or "cortumes", as Luso-Brazilians called them, were more exclusive events and used to have white revelers, rather than mostly African-Brazilians like

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The old guard (in Portuguese "Velha Guarda") is a group of samba dancers older, often already quite old, often the founders of schools that no longer hold positions within the hierarchy of the party, but as a separate department, and occupy the Carnival parade in positions of honor, dressed in

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In major cities, the parade of each samba school currently takes about an hour, with some variations according to the rules imposed by the organization of the carnival in the city. For each of the Special Group in the city of Rio de Janeiro, the parade has a maximum time of one hour and twenty

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At the invitation of "Sports World", 19 schools attended. The newspaper established the criteria for judging the participating schools and nowadays news networks still have some say on the parades as they strive for fairness and high quality, especially because so much money is invested on TV

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The scores typically range between 7 and 10 in Rio and São Paulo, and the points are further subdivided into decimal fractions in Rio and 25 hundredths in São Paulo. In Rio, all the marks given by all the jurors are valid, while in São Paulo the lowest score for each category is eliminated .

108:, are a showcase of each main schools, enhanced by the participation of celebrities, fans and guests who often pay large sums of money for their elaborate costumes. In Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Porto Alegre, the formal parades are held in specially constructed arenas called Sambadromes ( 657:

The queen of the drums section and related roles: godmother, muse, and princess are positions of honor occupied by distinguished members of the community and sometimes by celebrities. The queen of the drums section dances ahead of the drummers group and sometimes interacts with them.

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This is the first group of parade participants to perform, and consists of about ten to fifteen people who execute the choreography to introduce the theme. Apart from the Front Commission, there is no other rule regarding the order of the elements during the parade of samba schools.

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the position of godmother should be offered to women of importance in the history of the school or in daily life, on a lifelong basis, which does not change every year, as the position of queen, but this is often not the case and the godmother only a queen with another name.

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The figure of the queen of the drums section appeared in the 1970s when the famous mulatto Adele Fatima led the Youth Independent Drums Section, an unprecedent fact, and gained popularity in the following decade. Today it is one of the most celebrated roles in samba schools.

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Several elements are part of the characterization of the parade of the samba school, and some areas to which the jury should assign scores. Others, like the wing of Bahia, however, are not considered as items, but can cause loss of points for the body anyway, if not shown.

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components for a moment. When the music returns, the effect is of surprise and excitement. The expected effect, considered beautiful by the critics, is also risky because it increases the chances that the samba song can mistakenly be taken up again at the wrong moment.

819:. It takes place on the Saturday following Ash Wednesday. This parade has no competitive character; it is a celebratory festival to crown the year's best schools that gives the parade revellers (AKA foliões) a chance to be more carefree and enjoy themselves. 68:"). Samba and the samba school can be deeply interwoven with the daily lives of the shanty-town dwellers. Throughout the year the samba schools have various happenings and events, most important of which are rehearsals for the main event which is the yearly 375:, an association of samba schools from the premier league which became known in Portuguese as Grupo Especial. In 2008, LESGA was created, representing schools from the access league. LIESA inspired the creation of similar bodies in other cities, such as 617:, and frigedeira. There are variations in composition, for example, the samba-school Mangueira, does not use the surdo de segunda, only surdo de primeira and another drum known as a surdo mor, while the samba-school Empire Serrano emphasizes the agogô. 461:

that Sambistas should always go well dressed, in order to dispel the negative image of them held by the upper class. In the less formal blocos, predecessors of the schools, they had a reputation of being supporters of street fights and street riot.

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Often the scores given by the jurors are questioned, both by fans, as by members of schools who are harmed, causing many complaints after the show. Some results that have been controversial end up in court. In the case of the school of samba

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seamlessly, but the parade of the main group (Group 1, currently the Special Group) was carried out under heavy rain. The judging results were canceled and all schools belonging to the access league were promoted to the "premier league".

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Lourenço R, "Bandeira, Porta Bandeira e Mestre-Sala Elementos De Diversas Culturas Numa Tríade Soberana Nas Escolas De Samba Cariocas", Textos escolhidos de cultura e arte populares, Rio de Janeiro, v.6, n.1, p. 7-18, 2009,

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nowadays. The rhythms were often the "marchinhas", with a more Portuguese or European flair. Samba players from a group called Estácio were the pioneers of present-day samba schools, with the founding of "

888:(2016), by Lô Politi, tells the story of a young man who kidnaps the daughter of his mother's boss, with whom he has always been in love, and holds her captive in a whale-shaped float in São Paulo. 2132: 1982: 1810: 1928: 486:

the parade ground. These floats are propelled by hand with people who are below or behind the float. No float can be moved by an engine (during the 1990s, it was to prevent the risk of fire.

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or carnival director. From 2005, some fourteen of the top samba schools in Rio have used a specially designed warehouse complex, the size of ten football pitches, called Samba City (

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parade. Each of the main schools spend many months each year designing the theme, holding a competition for their song, building the floats and rehearsing. It is overseen by a

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ceased to be part of the rule several times. In Rio de Janeiro, the lowest score in the same period was 5, and note the 0 (zero) allowed only in case of failure of the plot.

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in Portuguese are synonyms). The standardization of the classifications of entities emerged in 1935 when the Rio carnival associations were required to take a charter to the

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the school wearing their best clothes and welcomed the public. Sometimes they carried sticks in their hands, whose prime objective was "to defend the group against rivals".

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for the best of the year. In this show, conducted over two nights, they are evaluated by a committee of judges chosen in advance by their leaders or by the representative.

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Until 2007, the Special Group schools of São Paulo, the samba song would be considered twice, once for lyrics and once for melody of music, with equal points for each.

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Starting in the 1980s, the Parade of Champions is an event during which the top 5 schools of the Special Group and the winner of Group A repeat their parades in the

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won and Mangueira and Deixa Falar also competed for the title. Some consider this as the starting point leading to the development of present-day samba schools.

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round dresses spinning through the avenue; the "interpretes" (formerly "puxadores") (lead singers) singing the "samba-enredo" or theme-song while they play the "

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of unison and good timing. Schools that suffer dramatic changes in its parade speed, parading sometimes very quickly, sometimes slowly, are usually penalized.

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favorite, where members and fans that cannot be there at the Sambódromo gather at the school campus to watch the proceedings via wide screens.

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their view on a social, environmental, or international issue. The "alas" display distinct costumes ("fantasias") and also reflect traditional

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minutes, while in São Paulo is the maximum of 1 hour and five minutes. Along the parade ground, stop watches mark the period of time.

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male, who carried the heavy banners of Brazilian carnival groups The visual aspect of the mestre-sala has also been compared to the

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Dils A., Albright A., (eds.) "Moving History / Dancing Cultures - A Dance History Reader", Wesleyan University Press 2001:169.

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Composer Orestes Barbosa, actors Eugênia Brandão and Álvaro Moreyra and repórter Fernando Costa were jury members in 1932.

650: 235:) are also said to contribute financially to schools, as many of them are guardians and controllers of shanty town life. 1892: 682:, were some notable queens of drum sections. Some schools also introduced the figure of a King of the drums section. 129:

poorest sections of the community. Those who choose to only watch the parade may also be charged for the best seats.

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This is the time and place occupied by the schools while waiting their turn to enter the parade in the Sambadrome.

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As a whole orchestra, the percussionists of the samba school also has a conductor, also called master of bateria.

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Carnaval UOL - 24/01/2008 - 19h42 - "Todas as rainhas de bateria se odeiam", diz rainha da Acadêmicos da Rocinha

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dedicated the Sambadrome, a special space for the parading of samba schools. Years later, in São Paulo, Mayor

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although not official. In the years 1940 to 1950, it was common for men to parade dressed in this way.

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Terra - Carnaval 2006 - 12 de janeiro de 2006, 07h36 "Sem paradinha, eu fico em casa", diz Mestre Ciça

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The first samba school contests began in 1928 and were held at the home of Zé Espinguela, where his

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A significant majority of the samba schools, mainly in Rio de Janeiro, have in their name the words

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Globo.com - carnaval 2008 - 12/12/2007 - Rainhas de bateria: abram alas para as vossas majestades

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Revista Quatro Rodas, ano VII, nº91, fevereiro de 1968, página 61 - many informations in article

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Schools where the participants do not sing the samba, or sing badly, may receive less points.

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Prefeitura de Ribeirão Preto - Carnaval 2008, homenagem da Os Bambas à Primeira de São Paulo

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members of the school, taking the lead on how fast the song is sung by the school's parade.

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Renata de Sá Gonçalves, "The traditional samba school dance as a performative experience",

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de primera, surdo de segunda, surdo de terceira, surdo mor, snare drums (caixa de guerra),

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O Dia - 25 de fevereiro de 2007, Beija-Flor exibe sua supremacia no desfile das campeãs

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Today, many other cities throughout the country also have their Sambadromes, including

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Sidney Rezende - É correto o intérprete oficial não participar do concurso de samba?

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G1 - Carnaval 2008 - RJ: anunciados os 40 julgadores dos desfiles do Grupo Especial

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Terra - Carnaval 2008 - Apuração: ambulantes vendem sacos de açúcar como ingresso

877:(2013), by Paulo Machline, traces the life of the carnavalesco (parade designer) 2776: 2158: 245: 201:(Recreative Cultural Guild and Samba School). There are exceptions, such as the 142:" or other string instruments; the "velha guarda", veterans of the school; the " 2434: 2331: 1997: 1627: 2821: 2786: 2723: 2378: 2296:

Central de notícias - Vila Maria, Mocidade, Vai-Vai e Império, favoritas em SP

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Prefeitura Municipal de Florianópolis - Regras do desfile carnavalesco de 2002

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The following instruments usually form part of a bateria of the samba school:

266:

However, between 1930 and 1932, these were only considered a variation of the

139: 37: 2899: 2868: 2781: 2527:"Jonas' tem história bíblica, sequestro e questão social em romance policial" 1889: 154: 17: 2332:

SRZD - Bruno Chateaubriand diz que não julga mais desfile de escola de samba

2097: 1788:

SRZD - Ensaios: O que devem e não podem fazer o mestre-sala e porta-bandeira

709: 614: 602: 594: 1084:"Imperatriz do Carnival" a documentary directed by Fernando Schultz, 2004. 728: 2718: 2453:

Folha - Em protesto, Vai-Vai desiste de participar do desfile das campeãs

1998:

Samba Rio Carnaval - Coluna da Denise - 27 de abril de 2008, nº 03, ano I

610: 606: 598: 333: 69: 2080:

Terra - Carnaval 2006 - Baiana de "cueca" vai desfilar por escola do Rio

1223: 256:" in which groups could dance and move to the samba rhythms and sounds. 2796: 841: 583: 575: 353: 337: 173: 143: 2625: 2728: 856: 773: 398: 299: 65: 2016:

Juliana Alves será rainha de bateria da escola de samba Pérola Negra

252:

seems to have been the first to have come up with idea of creating "

570: 2697: 2260:

SPTuris - Cinco toneladas de alimentos são arrecadadas na apuração

2128: 1098: 851: 846: 727: 641: 590: 569: 532: 372: 323: 209:

Agremiação Recreativa Cultural e Escola de Samba Vizinha Faladeira

167: 148: 87: 61: 60:("quadras de samba") and are devoted to practicing and exhibiting 31: 2654: 2055:(in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. 930:

Escolas de Samba : sujeitos celebrantes e objetos celebrados

1190:"Revista Super Interessante, edição mensal de fevereiro de 1996" 2670: 917:, recounts the creation of the first samba school in the 1920s. 2381:'s archives, apuration of Carnival of São Paulo, 2007 and 2008 2650:

BBC documentary on the origins of samba and the samba schools

2620: 1297:"Nosso Tempo", Turner Publishing, Inc. e Century Books, Inc. 298:, who did not have much to write about after the end of the 270:, local street parade celebration, and in 1932 the owner of 1568:"Critérios de julgamento dos quesitos - Manual do julgador" 1192:. Revista Superinteressante. pp. 32–37. Archived from 2612: 2604: 278:, decided to sponsor the first Parade of Samba Schools in 1389:

O Dia - LIESA inicia curso de jurados nesta segunda-feira

401:

and in 1993 its parade was broadcast for the first time.

2666: 1962:

G1 - Rei de bateria enfrenta preconceito entre ritmistas

2110:- Barroca Zona Sul - Velha Guarda (accessed 09/05/2009) 985:

Guillermoprieto, A., "Samba", Jonathan Cape 1990:23-25.

574:

One of many instruments in a samba school bateria: the

2133:"Escolas apostam na contratação de diretores musicais" 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 755:

Carnavalesco (Carnival Producer or production staff)

2917: 2887: 2841: 2834: 2805: 2769: 2711: 2704: 1618: 1616: 507:the school explained the theme during the parade,. 153:Portela samba school, Rio de Janeiro, 2019. Photo: 1060:"Cidade do Samba do Rio de Janeiro - SITE OFICIAL" 1034:"Cidade do Samba do Rio de Janeiro - SITE OFICIAL" 1008:"Cidade do Samba do Rio de Janeiro - SITE OFICIAL" 997:, a documentary directed by Ella Jessouroun, 2001. 116:in São Paulo) designed by influential architect, 176:in the parade of Imperatriz Leopoldinense (2007) 550:some events when the main couple is unable to. 414:minimum components, and avoiding total nudity. 360:(Green and White Jersey) became samba schools. 2365:"Título ainda não informado (favor adicionar)" 2351:"Título ainda não informado (favor adicionar)" 1944:Conheça as rainhas de bateria do Carnaval 2009 2682: 1566:IG, por Lisandra Maioli e Alessandra Correa. 482:and nine meters and eighty centimeters tall. 8: 768:This is the name by which may be called the 740:but also encourage and arouse the audience. 199:Grêmio Recreativo Cultural e Escola de Samba 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 2838: 2708: 2689: 2675: 2667: 2645:Play yourself a samba school drums section 2529:(in Portuguese). g1.globo. 26 October 2016 2314:IG Carnaval 2008 - Critérios de Julgamento 1425:Regulamento do Carnaval de Uruguaiana 2009 477:school during the carnival parade of 2013. 207:(Golden Rose Society) and the traditional 1649:Grupo Pacífica - como funciona o Carnaval 1626:. Sambariocarnaval.com.br. Archived from 1097:. origemdocarnaval.com.br. Archived from 708:carnival costumes typical of samba, such 1301:, Volume I; pg. 239. Editora Klick. 1995 468: 2580:Marcelo Moutinho, escritor e jornalista 1745:"Ouça os sambas para o carnaval do Rio" 1718:"Ouça os sambas para o carnaval do Rio" 1121:"Academia do Samba - escolas do Brasil" 938: 122:Sambadromo Complexo Cultural Porto Seco 104:The formal parades ("desfiles") during 36:Portela. A Samba school parades in the 2058: 1857:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1850: 1143:"Academia do Samba - escolas do Mundo" 972: 970: 735:(1913-2008), a Brazilian samba singer. 562:of ethnic Afro-Brazilian traditions. 7: 2640:Brazilian Carnival and Samba Schools 537:Mestre-sala and porta-bandeira from 27:Dancing, marching, and drumming club 2605:Rio de Janeiro Samba Schools League 2435:Nenê de Vila Matilde - site oficial 347:With the rise of populist dictator 1595:"Como é feito um carro alegórico?" 954:from the original on 12 March 2016 638:Queen of drums section and related 25: 2574:Marcelo Moutinho (23 July 2012). 1839:from the original on 3 March 2016 1462:from the original on 4 March 2016 1066:from the original on 4 March 2016 1040:from the original on 4 March 2016 1014:from the original on 4 March 2016 382:In 1984, Rio de Janeiro governor 317:, while the second group had the 221:Delegacia de Costumes e Diversões 191:Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba 649:, queen of the drums section of 110:Sambódromo da Marquês de Sapucaí 2394:. Blumar.com.br. Archived from 2179:. Acesso: 20 de fevereiro, 2009 1809:(in Portuguese). Archived from 1773:(in Portuguese). Archived from 1439:(in Portuguese). Archived from 2613:São Paulo Samba Schools League 1771:"Viradouro levanta sambódromo" 1244:Academia do Samba - Capítulo 1 928:FERNANDES, Nélson da Nóbrega. 529:Mestre-sala and Porta-Bandeira 1: 2192:. 15 May 2008. Archived from 1214:Nelson p.94 (p.112 of e-book) 772:, the president of honor and 630:Director of the Drums Section 475:Estação Primeira de Mangueira 185:Organization of samba schools 764:Dirigentes/Directorial staff 465:Allegorical floats and props 248:", or Let Me Speak in 1928. 197:there is a common variation 172:Front commission dressed as 161:Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo 2631:Escola de Samba documentary 2621:Samba Groups outside Brazil 2576:"Desde que o samba é samba" 390:did the same, creating the 2992: 1624:"Como funciona o carnaval" 514: 473:Allegorical floats of the 302:season, joined journalist 2065:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1654:24 September 2009 at the 1492:Prefeitura de São Paulo. 1394:29 September 2011 at the 911:Desde que o samba é samba 2422:24 February 2008 at the 2301:16 December 2010 at the 2115:16 February 2009 at the 2053:"Texto sobre as baianas" 1593:Revista Mundo Estranho. 1352:Academia do Samba - 1953 1334:Academia do Samba - 1952 804:Acadêmicos de Santa Cruz 651:Imperatriz Leopoldinense 126:Sambadromo de Uruguaiana 124:in Porto Alegre and the 2930:Helsinki Samba Carnaval 2440:2 February 2016 at the 2337:7 February 2009 at the 2319:6 February 2009 at the 2265:7 February 2009 at the 781:Carnival parade results 678:and Soninha Capeta, in 653:, in the 2008 carnival. 582:The drumming wing, or " 490:Progression and harmony 313:The winning school was 204:Sociedade Rosas de Ouro 92:A typical performer of 2626:Wikihost.org Sambistas 2549:"A Rainha da Bateria" 1696:"Quesito Samba-enredo" 1158:Lista os samba schools 964:accessed 12 March 2014 736: 654: 579: 542: 478: 344: 177: 157: 101: 53: 41: 2746:Samba de partido-alto 2487:21 April 2009 at the 2190:"Editorial Samba Rio" 1908:Samba-choro - tribuna 1793:13 March 2014 at the 1542:12 March 2014 at the 1376:19 March 2012 at the 948:"Paper not available" 731: 712:in school colors and 645: 573: 541:at the 2006 Carnival. 539:Unidos de Vila Isabel 536: 502:Plot-theme ("enredo") 472: 371:in AESCRJ, merged as 358:Camisa Verde e Branco 327: 319:Conjunto Osvaldo Cruz 261:Conjunto Oswaldo Cruz 171: 152: 91: 40:in the 2014 Carnival. 35: 2469:3 March 2016 at the 2392:"Carnaval do Brasil" 2283:3 March 2016 at the 2220:4 March 2016 at the 2175:4 March 2016 at the 2085:4 March 2016 at the 2039:4 April 2014 at the 2003:1 March 2009 at the 1949:4 March 2016 at the 1931:4 March 2016 at the 1913:3 March 2016 at the 1895:4 March 2016 at the 1777:on 11 February 2009. 1524:4 April 2014 at the 1412:3 March 2016 at the 1357:3 March 2016 at the 1339:3 March 2016 at the 1276:3 March 2016 at the 1249:3 March 2016 at the 1095:"Origem do Carnaval" 898:The children's book 827:banners of protest. 807:the following year. 699:year of the school. 282:. Composers such as 227:(Come as You Will). 2398:on 11 February 2009 2241:on 24 December 2008 2233:Brasil Profissões. 2139:on 12 December 2008 2021:3 June 2013 at the 1985:1 July 2013 at the 1967:1 July 2013 at the 1890:Artes.com - bateria 1813:on 16 October 2009. 1443:on 6 February 2009. 1224:Carnaval da Diamond 1145:. Academia do Samba 1123:. Academia do Samba 900:A Rainha de Bateria 330:Império do Papagaio 2925:Brazilian Carnival 2770:Main fusion genres 2164:3 May 2016 at the 1877:4 May 2011 at the 1751:on 31 January 2009 1675:on 6 February 2009 1630:on 6 February 2009 1601:on 7 February 2009 1574:on 6 February 2009 1500:on 7 February 2009 1437:"Portal Maratimba" 1196:on 7 February 2009 863:In popular culture 737: 655: 580: 543: 479: 427:Concentration area 392:Anhembi Sambadrome 367:In 1953 UGESB and 345: 340:, during the 2004 254:blocos de Carnaval 178: 158: 114:Anhembi Sambadrome 102: 42: 2948: 2947: 2913: 2912: 2830: 2829: 2817:Samba de Gafieira 2196:on 9 January 2009 1453:Introduced 1986. 714:Panama-style hats 16:(Redirected from 2983: 2839: 2809: 2739:Pagode romântico 2709: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2668: 2617: 2609: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2497: 2491: 2479: 2473: 2461: 2455: 2450: 2444: 2432: 2426: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2388: 2382: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2367:(in Portuguese). 2361: 2355: 2354: 2353:(in Portuguese). 2347: 2341: 2329: 2323: 2311: 2305: 2293: 2287: 2275: 2269: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2237:. Archived from 2230: 2224: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2186: 2180: 2170:Almanaque Música 2168:. Disponível em 2157:Renato Roschel, 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2135:. Archived from 2125: 2119: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2056: 2049: 2043: 2031: 2025: 2013: 2007: 1995: 1989: 1977: 1971: 1959: 1953: 1941: 1935: 1923: 1917: 1905: 1899: 1887: 1881: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1803: 1797: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1747:. Archived from 1740: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1720:. Archived from 1713: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1671:. Archived from 1669:"Quesito enredo" 1664: 1658: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1620: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1597:. Archived from 1590: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1570:. Archived from 1563: 1546: 1534: 1528: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1496:. 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Goodman 2616:(in Portuguese) 2615: 2608:(in Portuguese) 2607: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2582:(in Portuguese) 2573: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2555:(in Portuguese) 2547: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2507:(in Portuguese) 2499: 2498: 2494: 2489:Wayback Machine 2480: 2476: 2471:Wayback Machine 2462: 2458: 2451: 2447: 2442:Wayback Machine 2433: 2429: 2424:Wayback Machine 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2339:Wayback Machine 2330: 2326: 2321:Wayback Machine 2312: 2308: 2303:Wayback Machine 2294: 2290: 2285:Wayback Machine 2276: 2272: 2267:Wayback Machine 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2222:Wayback Machine 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2177:Wayback Machine 2166:Wayback Machine 2156: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2117:Wayback Machine 2108: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2087:Wayback Machine 2078: 2074: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2041:Wayback Machine 2032: 2028: 2023:Wayback Machine 2014: 2010: 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