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New South Wales, and a game licence is required to hunt them. In
Victoria, recent provisions have been made for landowners to control problem deer without having to obtain a Game Licence or Authority to Control Wildlife permit. This allows a landowner or other authorised persons to remove problem deer within private property at any time and are permitted to hunt under spotlight, which is prohibited on public land. They are declared a pest species in all other Australian states and territories and can be hunted at any time with no bag limits. Environmental and conservation groups want them declared a feral species in all states, due to their exploding populations and the harm to biodiversity and native species.
525:
774:. The males live alone for much of the year, and the females live in small herds of up to 16 individuals. Indeed, in some areas, the average herd consists of only three or four individuals, typically consisting of an adult female, her most recent young, and perhaps a subordinate, immature female. This is an unusual pattern for deer, which more commonly live in larger groups. They often congregate near water, and are good swimmers. Like most deer, sambar are generally quiet, although all adults can scream or make short, high-pitched sounds when alarmed. However, they more commonly communicate by
485:
56:
42:
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815:. Despite their lack of antlers, female sambar readily defend their young from most predators, which is relatively unusual among deer. When confronted by pack-hunting dholes or feral domestic dogs, a sambar lowers its head with an erect mane and lashes at the dogs. Sambar prefer to attack predators in shallow water. Several sambar may form a defensive formation, touching rumps and vocalising loudly at the dogs. When sensing danger, a sambar stamps its feet and makes a ringing call known as "pooking" or "belling".
448:
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females. While they have been heard to make a loud, coarse bellow, rutting stags are generally not vocal. Large, dominant stags defend nonexclusive territories surrounded by several smaller males, with which they have bonded and formed alliances through sparring. When sparring with rival males, sambar lock antlers and push, like other deer, but uniquely, they also sometimes stand on their hind legs and clash downward into each other in a manner similar to species of
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The sambar prefers the dense cover of deciduous shrubs and grasses, although the exact nature of this varies enormously with the environment because of its wide Asian range. Home range sizes are probably equally variable, but have been recorded as 1,500 ha (3,700 acres) for males and 300 ha
1011:
Considerable debate exists about how they should be managed. Conservation groups believe their environmental effect outweighs their social value. Hunting organisations disagree and want to preserve sambar populations for future generations. Sambar are protected wildlife game species in
Victoria and
608:
have been used for the species. In general, they attain a height of 102 to 160 cm (40 to 63 in) at the shoulder and may weigh as much as 546 kg (1,204 lb), though more typically 100 to 350 kg (220 to 770 lb). Head and body length varies from 1.62 to 2.7 m (5.3 to
1068:
also live on St. Vincent Island; however, they inhabit the highlands while the sambar mostly live in the lowlands and marshes. To ensure that the sambar population does not disrupt the native white-tails, hunting permits have been issued since 1987 to regulate the population. Each year, about 130
894:
Gestation probably lasts around 8 months, although some studies suggest it may be slightly longer. Normally, only one calf is born at a time, although twins have been reported in up to 2% of births. Initially weighing 5 to 8 kg (11 to 18 lb), the calves are usually not spotted, although
862:
lasts around 18 days. The male establishes a territory from which he attracts nearby females, but he does not establish a harem. The male stomps the ground, creating a bare patch, and often wallows in the mud, perhaps to accentuate the colour of his hair, which is typically darker than that of
385:
of the sambar in India and Sri Lanka are the largest of the genus, with the largest antlers both in size and in body proportions. The South China sambar of
Southern China and mainland Southeast Asia is probably second in terms of size, with slightly smaller antlers than the Indian sambar. The
878:
Courtship is based more on tending bonds rather than males vocally advertising themselves. Females move widely among breeding territories seeking males to court. When mounting, males do not clasp females. The front legs of the male hang loosely, and intromission takes the form of a
895:
some subspecies have light spots which disappear not long after birth. The young begin to take solid food at 5 to 14 days, and begin to ruminate after one month. Sambar have lived up to 28 years in captivity, although they rarely survive more than 12 years in the wild.
386:
Sumatran sambar that inhabits the Malay
Peninsula and Sumatra and the Bornean sambar seem to have the smallest antlers in proportion to their body size. The Formosan sambar is the smallest subspecies, with antler-body proportions more similar to the South China sambar.
806:
Stags wallow and dig their antlers in urine-soaked soil, and then rub against tree trunks. Sambar are capable of remarkable bipedalism for a deer species, and stags stand and mark tree branches above them with their antlers. A stag also marks himself by
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permits are offered for the three-day hunt. This maintains a sambar population of 70–100 individuals. They do not herd, but occur in groups of four or five animals, possible family groups. Little is known about the sambar's ecology in
Florida.
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8.9 ft), with a 22 to 35 cm (8.7 to 13.8 in) tail. Individuals belonging to western subspecies tend to be larger than those from the east, and females are smaller than males. Among all living cervid species, only the
1015:
In 2008–2009, hunters removed 35,000 sambar from public land in
Victoria, many from national parks. This is a small fraction of the 40% of individuals in a sambar population that need to be removed to stop population growth.
1633:"Prey selection, food habits and dietary overlap between leopard Panthera pardus (Mammalia: Carnivora) and re-introduced tiger Panthera tigris (Mammalia: Carnivora) in a semi-arid forest of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India"
642:
Adult males and pregnant or lactating females possess an unusual hairless, blood-red spot located about halfway down the underside of their throats. This sometimes oozes a white liquid, and is apparently glandular in nature.
351:
Genetic analysis shows that the closest living relative of the sambar is most likely the Javan rusa of
Indonesia. This is supported by reports that sambar can still interbreed to produce fertile hybrids with this species.
923:
In
Australia, hunting sambar is a popular sport. Australian hunting fraternities prize large sambar trophies. Excessive numbers of sambar affect native plants, threatening some species with extinction.
1977:
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Sambar feed on a wide variety of vegetation, including grasses, foliage, browse, fruit, and water plants, depending on the local habitat. They also consume a great variety of shrubs and trees.
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and underparts. Sambar also have a small but dense mane, which tends to be more prominent in males. The tail is relatively long for deer, and is generally black above with a whitish underside.
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because they reduce the number of native plant species. The animals feed on some rare and endangered plants. More than 60 plant species have been identified as directly or indirectly
993:
trees by thrashing their antlers on shrubs and sapling trees. They also feed on seedlings, fruit, or seeds of many plants. They leave scrape marks to advertise their territory.
943:
and thereafter spread into the high country, where in 2017, numbers were estimated at between 750,000 and one million animals. Later releases were at
Ercildoune Estate near
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Sambar have been seen congregating in large herds in protected areas such as national parks and reserves in India, Sri Lanka, and
Thailand. In Taiwan, sambar along with
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363:, with less of a resemblance to more modern cervines. The species probably arose in the tropical reaches of southern Asia, and later spread across its current range.
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The shaggy coat can be from yellowish brown to dark grey in colour, and while it is usually uniform in colour, some subspecies have chestnut marks on the
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1280:"The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications"
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632:. The antlers are typically up to 110 cm (43 in) long in fully adult individuals. As with most deer, only the males have antlers.
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2003:
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1874:(Press release). OpenDocument Media Release. Melbourne, Australia: Minister for Environment & Climate Change. 28 November 2007.
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1004:, with animals being seen on many southern Victorian beaches since 1980, and as far east as Western Port and the outer suburbs of
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830:. Anecdotally, the tiger is said to even mimic the call of the sambar to deceive it while hunting. They also can be taken by
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1726:
Long, J.L. (2003). Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence. Clayton: CSIRO Publishing.
788:, have been raised on farms for their antlers, which they drop annually in April to May and are highly prized for use as
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Emerson, B.C. & Tate M.L. (1993). "Genetic analysis of evolutionary relationships among deer (subfamily Cervinae)".
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968:
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Semiadi, G.; Barry, T. N.; Muir, P.D. (1993). "Growth, milk intake, and behaviour of artificially reared sambar deer (
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Timmins, R.J.; Kawanishi, K.; Giman, B.; Lynam, A.J.; Chan, B.; Steinmetz, R.; Baral, H. S.; Samba Kumar, N. (2015) .
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1904:"Estimates of maximum annual population growth rates (rm) of mammals and their application in wildlife management"
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1821:. Melbourne: Ray Manning for the Koetong Trust, Service Fund, Forests Commission, Victoria. pp. 32–37.
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Adult male sambar can significantly damage plants, removing most branches on some shrubs and sometimes
691:(Sumatra and Borneo), Taiwan, and South China, including Hainan. In the Himalayan foothills, Myanmar,
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The appearance and the size of the sambar vary widely across its range, which has led to considerable
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959:. They are now found throughout Australia's northern and eastern coasts, in the states of Victoria,
723:, and seldom moves far from water sources. In 2023, a study showed that sambar deer had returned to
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K. Suraprasit, J.-J. Jaegar, Y. Chaimanee, O. Chavasseau, C. Yamee, P. Tian, and S. Panha (2016).
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has now removed hunting regulations surrounding them, allowing them now to be hunted year round.
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867:. Females also fight on their hind legs and use their fore legs to hit each other in the head.
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Currently, seven subspecies of sambar are recognised, although many others have been proposed.
373:
have both been proposed as possible ancestors of the living species and its closest relatives.
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largely prey on only young or sickly deer, though they can attack healthy adults as well.
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628:, the brow tines being simple and the beams forked at the tip, so they have only three
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1792:"Deer hunters work to control sambar deer numbers in Victoria's Alpine National Park"
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826:. In India, the sambar can comprise up to nearly 45% of the biomass consumed by the
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695:, and eastern Taiwan, it ranges up to 3,500 m (11,500 ft). It inhabits
320:
since 2008. Populations have declined substantially due to severe hunting, local
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Mondal, K; Gupta, S; Bhattacharjee, S; Qureshi, Q; Sankar, K (2 August 2012).
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An introduction to the deer of Australia, with special reference to Victoria
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Though they mate and reproduce year-round, sambar calving peaks seasonally.
831:
785:
724:
692:
688:
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134:
6372:
1553:"Sambar deer making a return in Singapore, study shows | The Straits Times"
1397:
Pocock, R.I. (1943). "The Skull-characters of some of the Forms of Sambar (
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194:
154:
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359:, although they are very similar in form to early deer species from the
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Sambar have been introduced to various parts of the world, including
664:
621:
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due to several escapes from zoos, after it has been believed to be
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1747:. Melbourne: Australian Deer Research Foundation. pp. xi–xv.
1368:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 670–671.
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along with other imported big game that are referred to as exotic
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1365:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
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Between 1930 and 1941, Sambar were brought to the US state of
1064:, in 1908 and increased to about 50 individuals by the 1950s.
614:
1539:
Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology.
1437:
Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife
1401:) occurring to the East of the Bay of Bengal. — Part III.
978:, sambar are listed as a threat to biodiversity under the
1620:. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. pp. 134–148.
327:
The name "sambar" is also sometimes used to refer to the
1891:. Melbourne, Australia: Game Management Authority. 2018.
347:
A sambar stag in Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka
1945:. Department of Conservation (date=20 November 2013)
1617:
The Deer and the Tiger: A Study of Wildlife in India
604:
confusion in the past; over 40 different scientific
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Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning
1843:"Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 processes list"
2100:Sambar deer in New Zealand and their distribution
1982:Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission
1964:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
1872:"New plan needed to manage impact of Sambar deer"
1084:, whereas 59% of free range exotics are found in
2067:"Hunting Texas Exotics a Year-Round Opportunity"
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1600:
1532:
1530:
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1526:
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1516:
931:at Mount Sugarloaf in the 1860s, in what is now
2073:. Game & Fish Mag: A Regional Outdoor Guide
2004:"Going after 600-pound sambar deer in Florida!"
1044:. Until recently, they were protected, but the
655:as far north as the south-facing slopes of the
1902:Hone, J.; Duncan, R.P.; Forsyth, D.M. (2010).
1158:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41790A22156247.en
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1852:. State Government of Victoria. December 2016
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996:The spread of sambar has been steady in both
8:
1332:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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947:, Wilsons Promontory, and French Island in
703:, subtropical mixed forests with stands of
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2183:
2127:
2113:
2105:
1542:Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. pp. 73–77.
391:
324:, and industrial exploitation of habitat.
253:
96:
54:
40:
31:
1927:
1648:
1499:"Deer – Department of Primary Industries"
1481:. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books,
1309:
1299:
1262:
1156:
1080:. 76% of fenced exotics are found on the
766:A tiger attacking a sambar in Ranthambore
331:called the "Philippine sambar", and the
1479:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals
1118:
1028:, sambar roam the coast and gullies in
671:, in mainland Southeast Asia including
355:Fossil sambar are known from the early
1581:. The Knife Connection. Archived from
1411:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
1325:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1886:"Control of deer on private property"
1193:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111338
890:Sambar deer in the Nilgiris road side
651:The sambar is distributed in much of
587:Museum of Veterinary Anatomy FMVZ USP
7:
6798:c6518c55-e2f8-4da5-b7db-861326bb6d13
2065:Olivera, Andy (12 September 2018).
1771:. Australian Deer Association. 2017
1144:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
6895:Taxa named by Robert Kerr (writer)
1790:Cattermole, Tony (31 March 2015).
980:Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988
967:, the Northern Territory, and the
951:. Another release occurred on the
735:(740 acres) for females in India.
25:
6860:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2052:"Exotic and Fur-bearing Species"
1929:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01812.x
1501:. Dpi.vic.gov.au. 3 January 2012
758:Two samber stags locking antlers
523:
483:
453:Mainland Southeast Asian sambar
446:
410:
121:
6870:Introduced mammals of Australia
2479:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
2002:Henry Cabbage (May–June 2006).
1694:Journal of Agricultural Science
1435:Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.),
874:A sambar hind with a young stag
818:They are the favourite prey of
3268:Central American red brocket (
939:. They quickly adapted to the
935:, and at Harewood Estate near
809:spraying urine on his own face
585:The skeleton displayed at the
1:
2095:Hunting sambar in New Zealand
1769:"Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor)"
1423:10.1080/03745481.1943.9728010
747:A sambar attacked by dholes,
422:India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
3975:Large subfamily listed below
3963:Large subfamily listed below
3951:Large subfamily listed below
1650:10.1080/11250003.2012.687402
1056:Sambar were introduced onto
969:Australian Capital Territory
927:Sambar were introduced into
2470:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
2461:Indian spotted chevrotain (
2054:. Texas Parks and Wildlife.
986:by sambar within Victoria.
335:called the "Sunda sambar".
6911:
1908:Journal of Applied Ecology
1637:Italian Journal of Zoology
1457:"Comparative Placentation"
1046:Department of Conservation
471:Southern and southwestern
6890:Mammals described in 1792
6880:Mammals of Southeast Asia
6453:
6439:
6406:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
6397:Domestic Bactrian camel (
6321:
6307:
5961:North Sulawesi babirusa (
5927:
5913:
5017:
4996:
4552:
4531:
4009:
3988:
3466:
3450:
3250:Amazonian brown brocket (
2612:
2596:
2583:Large family listed below
2571:Large family listed below
2548:Williamson's mouse-deer (
2196:
2182:
2144:
2011:Florida Wildlife Magazine
1706:10.1017/S0021859600077157
1247:(Artiodactyla: Cervidae)"
731:from the island country.
701:tropical seasonal forests
617:can attain larger sizes.
273:
266:
261:
252:
233:
226:
118:Scientific classification
116:
94:
85:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
4647:Domestic water buffalo (
3012:Central Asian red deer (
2637:Bornean yellow muntjac (
1978:"St Vincent Sambar Deer"
1817:Bentley, Arthur (1978).
1301:10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
899:As an introduced species
770:Sambar are nocturnal or
647:Distribution and habitat
5525:Bates' pygmy antelope (
5312:Soemmerring's gazelle (
3417:Yucatan brown brocket (
2646:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
2530:Philippine mouse-deer (
2013:: 39–41. Archived from
1459:. Placentation.ucsd.edu
834:, mostly the sympatric
457:Mainland Southeast Asia
6235:White-lipped peccary (
6171:Philippine warty pig (
5796:Yellow-backed duiker (
5760:Black-fronted duiker (
5733:White-bellied duiker (
5354:Przewalski's gazelle (
4577:Four-horned antelope (
3375:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
2934:Visayan spotted deer (
2793:European fallow deer (
2736:Northern red muntjac (
2682:Southern red muntjac (
2031:Field Guide to Mammals
1665:The World of the Tiger
1477:Boitani, Luigi (1984)
1362:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
933:Kinglake National Park
891:
875:
767:
759:
751:
749:Bandipur National Park
597:
578:
577:A sambar stag browsing
348:
339:Taxonomy and evolution
6875:Mammals of South Asia
6832:Paleobiology Database
6415:Wild Bactrian camel (
6117:Bornean bearded pig (
6108:Palawan bearded pig (
5697:White-legged duiker (
5123:Red-fronted gazelle (
2802:Persian fallow deer (
2718:Roosevelt's muntjac (
2391:Himalayan musk deer (
2300:Reticulated giraffe (
1241:Leslie, D.M. (2011).
1151:: e.T41790A85628124.
889:
873:
813:a highly mobile penis
765:
757:
746:
739:Ecology and behaviour
713:broadleaved deciduous
584:
576:
346:
6885:Fauna of South China
6502:Pygmy hippopotamus (
6162:Oliver's warty pig (
5787:Red-flanked duiker (
5192:Erlanger's gazelle (
4912:Harnessed bushbuck (
4638:Wild water buffalo (
4115:East Caucasian tur (
4106:West Caucasian tur (
3259:Little red brocket (
2727:Truong Son muntjac (
2539:Vietnam mouse-deer (
2521:Greater mouse-deer (
2400:Siberian musk deer (
1743:Pearce, Ken (1992).
1557:www.straitstimes.com
840:saltwater crocodiles
721:tropical rainforests
697:tropical dry forests
312:that is listed as a
262:Range of the sambar
6135:Celebes warty pig (
6126:Visayan warty pig (
5742:Red forest duiker (
5474:Günther's dik-dik (
5336:Mongolian gazelle (
5141:Heuglin's gazelle (
5132:Thomson's gazelle (
4286:Long-tailed goral (
3681:Mountain reedbuck (
3672:Southern reedbuck (
3524:East African oryx (
3426:White-tailed deer (
3205:Small red brocket (
3172:South Andean deer (
3115:Siberian roe deer (
3106:European roe deer (
2943:Philippine sambar (
2910:Père David's deer (
2512:Lesser mouse-deer (
2373:Kashmir musk deer (
1920:2010JApEc..47..507H
1439:. DK Adult (2005),
1292:2016ZooK..613....1S
1181:Journal of Heredity
1030:Horowhenua District
778:and foot stamping.
468:South China sambar
383:nominate subspecies
302:Indian subcontinent
88:Conservation status
72:Kanha National Park
6283:Collared peccary (
6153:Flores warty pig (
5994:Giant forest hog (
5856:Maxwell's duiker (
5778:Ruwenzori duiker (
5724:Jentink's duiker (
5633:Sharpe's grysbok (
5389:Tibetan antelope (
5294:Bright's gazelle (
5228:Goitered gazelle (
5201:Mountain gazelle (
5174:Cuvier's gazelle (
5114:Mongalla gazelle (
4502:Pyrenean chamois (
3928:Tibetan antelope (
3882:Black wildebeest (
2709:Reeves's muntjac (
2673:Sumatran muntjac (
2664:Gongshan muntjac (
2437:Water chevrotain (
2364:Alpine musk deer (
2291:Southern giraffe (
2282:Northern giraffe (
1663:Perry, R. (1965).
1579:"Handle Materials"
1559:. 27 February 2023
1536:Geist, V. (1998).
1058:St. Vincent Island
957:Northern Territory
892:
876:
768:
760:
752:
620:The large, rugged
598:
579:
349:
314:vulnerable species
6847:
6846:
6819:Open Tree of Life
6554:Taxon identifiers
6545:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6514:
6513:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6259:Chacoan peccary (
6210:
6209:
6198:Javan warty pig (
6189:Timor warty pig (
5996:H. meinertzhageni
5970:Togian babirusa (
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5865:Walter's duiker (
5805:Abbott's duiker (
5769:Ogilby's duiker (
5715:Harvey's duiker (
5679:Brooke's duiker (
5645:
5644:
5425:
5424:
5366:
5365:
5303:Peter's gazelle (
5285:Grant's gazelle (
5219:Speke's gazelle (
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4869:
4839:
4838:
4827:African buffalo (
4658:B. depressicornis
4613:
4612:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4295:Himalayan goral (
4117:C. cylindricornis
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3940:
3939:
3903:
3902:
3891:Blue wildebeest (
3825:Common tsessebe (
3776:
3775:
3739:
3738:
3702:
3701:
3614:K. ellipsiprymnus
3587:
3586:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3386:P. mephistophiles
3342:P. mephistophiles
3033:
3032:
2729:M. truongsonensis
2691:Pu Hoat muntjac (
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2560:
2559:
2503:Java mouse-deer (
2412:
2411:
2382:Black musk deer (
2355:Dwarf musk deer (
2346:Anhui musk deer (
2321:
2320:
2284:G. camelopardalis
2233:
2232:
2020:on 20 March 2009.
1798:. Goulburn Murray
1487:978-0-671-42805-1
1375:978-0-8018-8221-0
1251:Mammalian Species
1066:White-tailed deer
1034:Manawatū District
953:Cobourg Peninsula
941:Koo-Wee-Rup Swamp
836:mugger crocodiles
566:
565:
443:R. u. cambojensis
418:Sri Lankan sambar
401:Geographic range
284:
283:
111:
16:(Redirected from
6902:
6840:
6839:
6827:
6826:
6814:
6813:
6801:
6800:
6791:
6790:
6778:
6777:
6765:
6764:
6752:
6751:
6739:
6738:
6726:
6725:
6713:
6712:
6700:
6699:
6687:
6686:
6674:
6673:
6661:
6660:
6648:
6647:
6635:
6634:
6622:
6621:
6609:
6608:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6549:
6464:
6455:
6441:
6332:
6323:
6309:
6221:
6027:Common warthog (
6018:Desert warthog (
5938:
5929:
5915:
5814:Weyns's duiker (
5688:Peters' duiker (
5670:Aders's duiker (
5656:
5543:Royal antelope (
5501:Salt's dik-dik (
5492:Silver dik-dik (
5483:Kirk's dik-dik (
5436:
5413:Saiga antelope (
5375:
5314:N. soemmerringii
5183:Dorcas gazelle (
5028:
5019:
5012:
4998:
4885:Mountain nyala (
4868:
4867:
4859:
4850:
4805:P. nghetinhensis
4707:European bison (
4698:American bison (
4624:
4563:
4554:
4547:
4533:
4409:Domestic sheep (
4253:Himalayan tahr (
4220:Mainland serow (
4202:Japanese serow (
4011:
4004:
3990:
3914:
3787:
3750:
3713:
3690:Bohor reedbuck (
3598:
3577:A. nasomaculatus
3500:Sable antelope (
3477:
3468:
3461:
3452:
3214:Merida brocket (
3044:
2985:Thorold's deer (
2837:A. calamianensis
2720:M. rooseveltorum
2666:M. gongshanensis
2623:
2614:
2607:
2598:
2423:
2332:
2311:G. tippelskirchi
2244:
2207:
2198:
2184:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2106:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1952:
1946:
1943:Deer: DOC's work
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1740:
1734:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1688:) and red deer (
1681:
1675:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1549:
1543:
1534:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1495:
1489:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1453:
1447:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1238:
1205:
1204:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1130:
715:and broadleaved
544:R. u. boninensis
527:
487:
450:
414:
392:
257:
239:
219:R. unicolor
126:
125:
105:
100:
99:
58:
44:
32:
21:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6835:
6830:
6822:
6817:
6809:
6806:Observation.org
6804:
6796:
6794:
6786:
6781:
6773:
6768:
6760:
6755:
6747:
6742:
6734:
6729:
6721:
6716:
6708:
6703:
6695:
6690:
6682:
6677:
6669:
6664:
6656:
6651:
6643:
6638:
6630:
6625:
6619:Cervus_unicolor
6617:
6612:
6604:
6599:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6556:
6546:
6533:
6510:
6486:
6449:
6423:
6381:
6317:
6291:
6267:
6243:
6206:
6173:S. philippensis
6110:S. ahoenobarbus
6092:
6084:Red river hog (
6059:
6035:
6002:
5978:
5952:Buru babirusa (
5923:
5897:
5889:Common duiker (
5873:
5831:
5641:
5599:
5575:
5551:
5509:
5458:
5421:
5397:
5362:
5347:P. picticaudata
5320:
5260:
5236:
5230:G. subgutturosa
5149:
5098:
5074:
5050:
5013:
5002:
4980:
4947:
4939:Cape bushbuck (
4932:T. strepsiceros
4861:
4860:
4858:
4835:
4811:
4787:
4682:
4674:Mountain anoa (
4609:
4603:B. tragocamelus
4585:
4579:T. quadricornis
4548:
4537:
4519:
4486:
4462:
4418:Bighorn sheep (
4384:
4360:
4336:
4328:Mountain goat (
4312:
4304:Chinese goral (
4261:
4237:
4222:C. sumatraensis
4186:
4169:Siberian ibex (
4133:Domestic goat (
4081:
4057:
4033:
4025:Barbary sheep (
4005:
3994:
3976:
3964:
3952:
3936:
3899:
3866:
3842:
3809:
3772:
3735:
3698:
3656:
3583:
3559:
3533:Scimitar oryx (
3508:
3491:Roan antelope (
3462:
3456:
3434:
3392:
3384:Northern pudu (
3358:
3350:Southern pudu (
3340:Northern pudu (
3324:
3300:
3276:
3241:Pygmy brocket (
3223:Dwarf brocket (
3180:
3147:
3123:
3090:
3066:
3029:
2969:
2918:
2894:
2861:
2835:Calamian deer (
2810:
2804:D. mesopotamica
2777:
2753:
2747:M. vuquangensis
2745:Giant muntjac (
2655:Fea's muntjac (
2608:
2602:
2584:
2572:
2556:
2487:
2445:
2408:
2366:M. chrysogaster
2317:
2309:Masai giraffe (
2266:
2229:
2192:
2178:
2140:
2133:
2091:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2071:Game & Fish
2064:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1958:Cervus unicolor
1956:"Sambar Deer –
1954:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1745:Walking Them Up
1742:
1741:
1737:
1725:
1721:
1686:Cervus unicolor
1683:
1682:
1678:
1662:
1658:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1585:on 5 March 2012
1577:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1535:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1434:
1430:
1417:(63): 191–196.
1407:Rusa boninensis
1396:
1395:
1391:
1376:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1324:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1240:
1239:
1208:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1116:
1103:Indian hog deer
1094:
1082:Edwards Plateau
1054:
1022:
998:New South Wales
961:South Australia
921:
901:
881:copulatory jump
856:
741:
717:evergreen trees
685:Malay Peninsula
649:
571:
531:Formosan sambar
522:
482:
445:
432:Bornean sambar
409:
379:
341:
329:Philippine deer
277:Cervus unicolor
248:
241:
235:
222:
120:
112:
101:
97:
90:
69:
64:
28:
27:Species of deer
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6908:
6906:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6852:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6828:
6815:
6802:
6792:
6779:
6766:
6753:
6740:
6727:
6714:
6701:
6688:
6675:
6662:
6649:
6636:
6623:
6610:
6597:
6582:
6566:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6524:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6504:C. liberiensis
6498:
6496:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6478:Hippopotamus (
6474:
6472:
6461:
6459:Hippopotamidae
6451:
6450:
6444:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6412:
6408:C. dromedarius
6403:
6393:
6391:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6370:
6361:
6352:
6342:
6340:
6329:
6319:
6318:
6312:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6279:
6277:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6255:
6253:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6231:
6229:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6195:
6191:S. timoriensis
6186:
6177:
6168:
6159:
6150:
6144:Domestic pig (
6141:
6132:
6123:
6114:
6104:
6102:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6081:
6071:
6069:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6047:
6045:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6024:
6020:P. aethiopicus
6014:
6012:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5972:B. togeanensis
5967:
5958:
5948:
5946:
5935:
5925:
5924:
5918:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5885:
5883:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5862:
5853:
5843:
5841:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5823:Zebra duiker (
5820:
5811:
5802:
5798:C. silvicultor
5793:
5784:
5775:
5766:
5757:
5751:Black duiker (
5748:
5739:
5735:C. leucogaster
5730:
5721:
5712:
5703:
5694:
5685:
5676:
5666:
5664:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5630:
5624:Cape grysbok (
5621:
5611:
5609:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5587:
5585:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5567:Klipspringer (
5563:
5561:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5540:
5531:
5521:
5519:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5498:
5494:M. piacentinii
5489:
5480:
5470:
5468:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5446:
5444:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5409:
5407:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5385:
5383:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5356:P. przewalskii
5351:
5342:
5332:
5330:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5309:
5300:
5291:
5282:
5276:Dama gazelle (
5272:
5270:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5225:
5216:
5210:Rhim gazelle (
5207:
5198:
5189:
5180:
5171:
5161:
5159:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5138:
5129:
5120:
5110:
5108:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5068:A. marsupialis
5062:
5060:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5025:
5015:
5014:
5001:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4972:Common eland (
4969:
4959:
4957:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4936:
4930:Greater kudu (
4927:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4882:
4872:
4870:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4823:
4821:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4758:
4749:
4743:Domestic yak (
4740:
4731:
4722:
4713:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4671:
4667:B. mindorensis
4662:
4656:Lowland anoa (
4653:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4595:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4573:
4571:
4560:
4550:
4549:
4536:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4472:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4451:
4442:
4433:
4424:
4415:
4406:
4396:
4394:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4376:Nilgiri tahr (
4372:
4370:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4301:
4292:
4283:
4273:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4229:Taiwan serow (
4226:
4217:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4160:Iberian ibex (
4157:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4112:
4103:
4093:
4091:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4049:Arabian tahr (
4045:
4043:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4007:
4006:
3993:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3687:
3683:R. fulvorufula
3678:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3551:Arabian oryx (
3548:
3539:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:O. virginianus
3423:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3347:
3336:
3334:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:O. bezoarticus
3288:
3286:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3234:M. gouazoubira
3232:Gray brocket (
3229:
3220:
3211:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2987:C. albirostris
2981:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:E. cephalophus
2765:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2700:Leaf muntjac (
2697:
2693:M. puhoatensis
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:T. williamsoni
2545:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:M. moschiferus
2397:
2393:M. leucogaster
2388:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2357:M. berezovskii
2352:
2342:
2340:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2204:
2202:Antilocapridae
2194:
2193:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2174:Laurasiatheria
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2089:External links
2087:
2085:
2084:
2057:
2043:
2023:
1994:
1969:
1947:
1935:
1914:(3): 507–514.
1894:
1877:
1863:
1834:
1828:978-0724116898
1827:
1809:
1782:
1760:
1754:978-0959343892
1753:
1735:
1719:
1700:(2): 273–281.
1690:Cervus elaphus
1676:
1656:
1643:(4): 607–616.
1623:
1596:
1570:
1544:
1512:
1490:
1470:
1448:
1428:
1403:Rusa nigricans
1389:
1374:
1339:
1286:(613): 1–157.
1270:
1206:
1187:(4): 266–273.
1171:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1053:
1050:
1021:
1018:
920:
917:
900:
897:
855:
852:
740:
737:
648:
645:
624:are typically
570:
567:
564:
563:
549:
546:
539:
538:
533:
528:
520:R. u. swinhoii
516:
515:
508:
507:Hainan sambar
505:
499:
498:
493:
491:Malayan sambar
488:
476:
475:
469:
466:
460:
459:
454:
451:
439:
438:
433:
430:
424:
423:
420:
415:
407:R. u. unicolor
403:
402:
399:
396:
378:
375:
340:
337:
310:Southeast Asia
300:native to the
282:
281:
280:
279:
271:
270:
264:
263:
259:
258:
250:
249:
242:
231:
230:
224:
223:
216:
214:
210:
209:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
114:
113:
95:
92:
91:
86:
83:
82:
76:Madhya Pradesh
67:R. u. unicolor
60:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6907:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6789:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6606:Rusa_unicolor
6602:
6598:
6593:
6592:Rusa unicolor
6587:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6562:Rusa unicolor
6559:
6555:
6550:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6517:
6507:
6505:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6483:
6481:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6438:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6399:C. bactrianus
6395:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6384:
6378:
6376:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6306:
6288:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6203:
6201:
6200:S. verrucosus
6196:
6194:
6192:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6146:S. domesticus
6142:
6140:
6138:
6137:S. celebensis
6133:
6131:
6129:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6066:Potamochoerus
6062:
6056:
6054:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5973:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5963:B. celebensis
5959:
5957:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5912:
5894:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5847:Blue duiker (
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5762:C. nigrifrons
5758:
5756:
5754:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5744:C. natalensis
5740:
5738:
5736:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5690:C. callipygus
5686:
5684:
5682:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5638:
5636:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5617:R. campestris
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5572:
5570:
5569:O. oreotragus
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5359:
5357:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5212:G. leptoceros
5208:
5206:
5204:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5116:E. albonotata
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5092:A. cervicapra
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5006:
4999:
4995:
4977:
4975:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4963:Giant eland (
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4941:T. sylvaticus
4937:
4935:
4933:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4903:Lesser kudu (
4901:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4718:B. domesticus
4716:Bali cattle (
4714:
4712:
4710:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4530:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4420:O. canadensis
4416:
4414:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4367:Nilgiritragus
4363:
4357:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4330:O. americanus
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4255:H. jemlahicus
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4151:Nubian ibex (
4149:
4147:
4145:
4142:Alpine ibex (
4140:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3987:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Pantholopinae
3906:
3896:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3860:A. buselaphus
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3764:Grey rhebok (
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Aepycerotinae
3705:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3639:Nile lechwe (
3637:
3635:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:Hippotraginae
3469:
3465:
3460:
3453:
3449:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3318:B. dichotomus
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3292:Pampas deer (
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3252:M. nemorivaga
3248:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3196:Red brocket (
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3165:H. antisensis
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3005:C. canadensis
3001:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2954:R. timorensis
2950:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2912:E. davidianus
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2879:R. duvaucelii
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2844:Bawean deer (
2842:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2769:Tufted deer (
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2702:M. putaoensis
2698:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2648:M. crinifrons
2644:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2595:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2541:T. versicolor
2537:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2348:M. anhuiensis
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2302:G. reticulata
2298:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:0-679-44631-1
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:9780851997483
1729:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:Rusa unicolor
1349:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1264:10.1644/871.1
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:Rusa unicolor
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1137:Rusa unicolor
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:United States
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
918:
916:
914:
913:United States
910:
906:
898:
896:
888:
884:
882:
872:
868:
866:
865:goat-antelope
861:
853:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Asiatic lions
821:
816:
814:
810:
804:
802:
798:
794:
791:
787:
782:
779:
777:
776:scent marking
773:
764:
756:
750:
745:
738:
736:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
646:
644:
640:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
607:
603:
596:
592:
588:
583:
575:
568:
561:
560:Bonin Islands
557:
553:
550:
548:Bonin sambar
547:
545:
541:
540:
537:
534:
532:
529:
526:
521:
518:
517:
513:
509:
506:
504:
503:R. u. hainana
501:
500:
497:
494:
492:
489:
486:
481:
478:
477:
474:
470:
467:
465:
464:R. u. dejeani
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
444:
441:
440:
437:
434:
431:
429:
428:R. u. brookei
426:
425:
421:
419:
416:
413:
408:
405:
404:
400:
397:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
376:
374:
372:
371:
366:
362:
358:
353:
345:
338:
336:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
318:IUCN Red List
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:) is a large
295:
294:
293:Rusa unicolor
289:
278:
275:
274:
272:
269:
265:
260:
256:
251:
246:
240:
238:
237:Rusa unicolor
232:
229:
228:Binomial name
225:
221:
220:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
124:
119:
115:
109:
104:
93:
89:
84:
81:
77:
73:
68:
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Sambar (deer)
6865:Rusa (genus)
6561:
6503:
6491:
6480:H. amphibius
6479:
6469:Hippopotamus
6467:
6447:Whippomorpha
6416:
6407:
6398:
6386:
6374:
6365:
6356:
6347:
6335:
6284:
6272:
6260:
6248:
6236:
6224:
6199:
6190:
6181:
6172:
6163:
6154:
6145:
6136:
6128:S. cebifrons
6127:
6118:
6109:
6097:
6085:
6076:
6064:
6052:
6040:
6029:P. africanus
6028:
6019:
6009:Phacochoerus
6007:
5995:
5983:
5971:
5962:
5954:B. babyrussa
5953:
5941:
5890:
5878:
5866:
5858:P. maxwellii
5857:
5849:P. monticola
5848:
5836:
5824:
5815:
5806:
5797:
5789:C. rufilatus
5788:
5779:
5770:
5761:
5752:
5743:
5734:
5725:
5716:
5707:
5706:Bay duiker (
5699:C. crusalbum
5698:
5689:
5680:
5671:
5659:
5651:Cephalophini
5634:
5626:R. melanotis
5625:
5616:
5604:
5592:
5580:
5568:
5556:
5544:
5536:N. moschatus
5535:
5526:
5514:
5502:
5493:
5484:
5476:M. guentheri
5475:
5463:
5452:D. megalotis
5451:
5439:
5414:
5402:
5391:P. hodgsonii
5390:
5378:
5355:
5346:
5338:P. gutturosa
5337:
5325:
5313:
5304:
5295:
5286:
5277:
5265:
5253:
5241:
5229:
5220:
5211:
5202:
5194:G. erlangeri
5193:
5184:
5175:
5167:G. bennettii
5166:
5154:
5142:
5134:E. thomsonii
5133:
5125:E. rufifrons
5124:
5115:
5103:
5091:
5079:
5067:
5055:
5043:
5031:
4973:
4965:T. derbianus
4964:
4952:
4940:
4931:
4922:
4913:
4904:
4896:T. eurycerus
4895:
4886:
4877:
4853:
4845:Tragelaphini
4828:
4816:
4804:
4792:
4780:
4771:
4763:B. javanicus
4762:
4753:
4745:B. grunniens
4744:
4735:
4727:B. frontalis
4726:
4717:
4708:
4699:
4687:
4675:
4666:
4657:
4648:
4639:
4627:
4602:
4590:
4578:
4566:
4513:R. rupicapra
4512:
4504:R. pyrenaica
4503:
4491:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4446:
4445:Snow sheep (
4437:
4428:
4427:Dall sheep (
4419:
4410:
4401:
4389:
4378:N. hylocrius
4377:
4365:
4354:O. moschatus
4353:
4341:
4329:
4317:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4266:
4254:
4242:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4191:
4179:
4178:Walia ibex (
4170:
4162:C. pyrenaica
4161:
4152:
4143:
4134:
4126:C. falconeri
4125:
4116:
4107:
4098:
4086:
4075:B. taxicolor
4074:
4062:
4050:
4038:
4026:
4014:
3930:P. hodgsonii
3929:
3917:
3892:
3883:
3873:Connochaetes
3871:
3859:
3858:Hartebeest (
3847:
3835:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3790:
3782:Alcelaphinae
3766:P. capreolus
3765:
3753:
3728:
3716:
3691:
3682:
3674:R. arundinum
3673:
3661:
3649:
3641:K. megaceros
3640:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3601:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3513:
3501:
3492:
3480:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3376:
3363:
3351:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3316:Marsh deer (
3305:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3198:M. americana
3197:
3185:
3173:
3164:
3154:Hippocamelus
3152:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3108:C. capreolus
3107:
3095:
3083:
3082:Water deer (
3071:
3059:
3047:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2974:
2962:
2960:
2953:
2945:R. mariannus
2944:
2935:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2886:Eld's deer (
2878:
2877:Barasingha (
2866:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2738:M. vaginalis
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2639:M. atherodes
2638:
2626:
2549:
2540:
2532:T. nigricans
2531:
2522:
2513:
2505:T. javanicus
2504:
2492:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2450:
2439:H. aquaticus
2438:
2426:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2335:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2271:
2260:O. johnstoni
2259:
2247:
2223:A. americana
2222:
2210:
2172:Superorder:
2166:Infraclass:
2137:Artiodactyla
2075:. Retrieved
2070:
2060:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2015:the original
2010:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1938:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1880:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1849:
1837:
1818:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1795:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1763:
1744:
1738:
1722:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1664:
1659:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1612:Schaller, G.
1587:. Retrieved
1583:the original
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1556:
1547:
1537:
1503:. Retrieved
1493:
1478:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1451:
1436:
1431:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1364:
1360:Wilson, D.E.
1353:
1342:
1328:cite journal
1283:
1273:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1148:
1142:
1136:
1071:
1055:
1023:
1014:
1010:
995:
988:
973:
949:Western Port
926:
922:
902:
893:
877:
857:
854:Reproduction
828:Bengal tiger
817:
805:
783:
780:
769:
733:
707:and montane
650:
641:
634:
619:
599:
543:
519:
502:
480:R. u. equina
479:
463:
442:
427:
406:
398:Common name
388:
380:
370:Eucladoceros
368:
364:
354:
350:
326:
292:
291:
287:
285:
276:
236:
234:
218:
217:
205:
175:Artiodactyla
66:
29:
6770:NatureServe
6692:iNaturalist
6586:Wikispecies
6357:L. guanicoe
6216:Tayassuidae
6180:Wild boar (
6119:S. barbatus
6077:P. larvatus
6053:P. salvania
6051:Pygmy hog (
5985:Hylochoerus
5838:Philantomba
5726:C. jentinki
5708:C. dorsalis
5661:Cephalophus
5545:N. pygmaeus
5503:M. saltiana
5441:Dorcatragus
5415:S. tatarica
5305:N. petersii
5243:Litocranius
5143:E. tilonura
5090:Blackbuck (
5066:Springbok (
5009:Antilopinae
5007:(subfamily
4954:Taurotragus
4921:Sitatunga (
4914:T. scriptus
4905:T. imberbis
4862:(including
4855:Tragelaphus
4676:B. quarlesi
4558:Boselaphini
4542:(subfamily
4447:O. nivicola
4288:N. caudatus
4277:Red goral (
4268:Naemorhedus
4231:C. swinhoei
4211:Red serow (
4193:Capricornis
4171:C. sibirica
4108:C. caucasia
4099:C. aegagrus
4097:Wild goat (
4051:A. jayakari
4040:Arabitragus
3999:(subfamily
3970:Antilopinae
3893:C. taurinus
3836:D. pygargus
3729:A. melampus
3650:K. vardonii
3612:Waterbuck (
3553:O. leucoryx
3482:Hippotragus
3410:O. hemionus
3408:Mule deer (
3307:Blastocerus
3216:M. bricenii
3174:H. bisulcus
3141:R. tarandus
3117:C. pygargus
3039:Capreolinae
3021:Sika deer (
2963:R. unicolor
2952:Rusa deer (
2855:A. porcinus
2675:M. montanus
2472:M. kathygre
2221:Pronghorn (
2212:Antilocapra
2077:29 December
1987:27 February
1563:27 February
1257:(1): 1–30.
1164:19 February
1086:South Texas
1026:New Zealand
1020:New Zealand
909:New Zealand
772:crepuscular
569:Description
395:Subspecies
357:Pleistocene
306:South China
191:Subfamily:
6854:Categories
6493:Choeropsis
6375:L. vicugna
6261:C. wagneri
6164:S. oliveri
6155:S. heureni
5891:S. grimmia
5880:Sylvicapra
5867:P. walteri
5780:C. rubidis
5771:C. ogilbyi
5717:C. harveyi
5681:C. brookei
5635:R. sharpei
5615:Steenbok (
5606:Raphicerus
5558:Oreotragus
5431:Neotragini
5380:Pantholops
5296:N. notatus
5254:L. walleri
5203:G. gazella
5176:G. cuvieri
5165:Chinkara (
5057:Antidorcas
5044:A. clarkei
5033:Ammodorcas
5023:Antilopini
4923:T. spekeii
4887:T. buxtoni
4878:T. angasii
4770:Wild yak (
4754:B. indicus
4709:B. bonasus
4649:B. bubalis
4592:Boselaphus
4568:Tetracerus
4438:O. gmelini
4306:N. griseus
4279:N. baileyi
4244:Hemitragus
4213:C. rubidus
4204:C. crispus
4153:C. nubiana
4016:Ammotragus
3919:Pantholops
3849:Alcelaphus
3834:Bontebok (
3827:D. lunatus
3816:Damaliscus
3803:B. hunteri
3692:R. redunca
3593:Reduncinae
3544:O. gazella
3493:H. equinus
3419:O. pandora
3399:Odocoileus
3283:Ozotoceros
3139:Reindeer (
3084:H. inermis
3073:Hydropotes
2996:C. elaphus
2994:Red deer (
2936:R. alfredi
2853:Hog deer (
2711:M. reevesi
2684:M. muntjak
2514:T. kanchil
2481:M. meminna
2428:Hyemoschus
2418:Tragulidae
2375:M. cupreus
2293:G. giraffa
2239:Giraffidae
2190:Ruminantia
1856:18 January
1775:19 January
1673:B0007DU2IU
1667:. p. 260.
1445:0789477645
1114:References
1108:Barasingha
1038:Rangitikei
984:threatened
965:Queensland
832:crocodiles
729:extirpated
709:grasslands
653:South Asia
377:Subspecies
333:Javan rusa
322:insurgency
103:Vulnerable
6445:Suborder
6355:Guanaco (
6327:Camelidae
6313:Suborder
6285:D. tajacu
6274:Dicotyles
6250:Catagonus
6237:T. pecari
6182:S. scrofa
6086:P. porcus
6075:Bushpig (
5943:Babyrousa
5919:Suborder
5816:C. weynsi
5807:C. spadix
5672:C. adersi
5593:O. ourebi
5527:N. batesi
5516:Neotragus
5485:M. kirkii
5287:N. granti
5252:Gerenuk (
5221:G. spekei
5185:G. dorcas
5042:Dibatag (
4829:S. caffer
4794:Pseudoryx
4781:B. taurus
4761:Banteng (
4736:B. gaurus
4665:Tamaraw (
4511:Chamois (
4493:Rupicapra
4480:P. nayaur
4456:O. vignei
4436:Mouflon (
4135:C. hircus
4124:Markhor (
4027:A. lervia
3792:Beatragus
3718:Aepyceros
3542:Gemsbok (
3535:O. dammah
3377:P. carlae
3270:M. temama
3261:M. rufina
3225:M. chunyi
3207:M. bororo
3097:Capreolus
3023:C. nippon
3014:C. hanglu
2901:Elaphurus
2846:A. kuhlii
2760:Elaphodus
2628:Muntiacus
2463:M. indica
2452:Moschiola
2384:M. fuscus
2327:Moschidae
2188:Suborder
2148:Kingdom:
1505:17 August
1463:17 August
1348:Grubb, P.
1042:Whanganui
1006:Melbourne
919:Australia
905:Australia
786:sika deer
725:Singapore
693:Sri Lanka
689:Indonesia
681:Indochina
657:Himalayas
602:taxonomic
591:São Paulo
213:Species:
141:Kingdom:
135:Eukaryota
6775:2.101128
6762:14200453
6710:11105498
6571:Wikidata
6417:C. ferus
6373:Vicuña (
6366:L. pacos
6364:Alpaca (
6348:L. glama
6315:Tylopoda
5825:C. zebra
5753:C. niger
5327:Procapra
5105:Eudorcas
5081:Antilope
4818:Syncerus
4779:Cattle (
4772:B. mutus
4700:B. bison
4640:B. arnee
4601:Nilgai (
4478:Bharal (
4469:Pseudois
4429:O. dalli
4411:O. aries
4402:O. ammon
4400:Argali (
4352:Muskox (
4319:Oreamnos
4297:N. goral
4180:C. walie
4064:Budorcas
4001:Caprinae
3946:Caprinae
3801:Hirola (
3745:Peleinae
3727:Impala (
3632:K. leche
3630:Lechwe (
3526:O. beisa
3502:H. niger
3163:Taruca (
3130:Rangifer
3060:A. alces
2961:Sambar (
2888:R. eldii
2868:Rucervus
2826:Chital (
2618:Cervinae
2605:Cervidae
2566:Cervidae
2494:Tragulus
2168:Eutheria
2162:Mammalia
2156:Chordata
2154:Phylum:
2150:Animalia
2033:. 2002.
1796:ABC News
1714:85944078
1614:(1967).
1589:11 March
1384:62265494
1350:(2005).
1320:27667928
1092:See also
1002:Victoria
991:girdling
976:Victoria
945:Ballarat
937:Tooradin
929:Victoria
911:and the
844:Leopards
801:handguns
705:conifers
677:Thailand
613:and the
606:synonyms
361:Pliocene
268:Synonyms
195:Cervinae
185:Cervidae
181:Family:
165:Mammalia
155:Chordata
151:Phylum:
145:Animalia
131:Domain:
108:IUCN 3.1
6749:1006325
6671:7261386
6577:Q229337
6529:Cetacea
6520:Cetacea
6388:Camelus
6346:Llama (
6226:Tayassu
6042:Porcula
5591:Oribi (
5582:Ourebia
5465:Madoqua
5450:Beira (
5371:Saigini
5278:N. dama
5156:Gazella
5005:Bovidae
5003:Family
4974:T. oryx
4894:Bongo (
4876:Nyala (
4803:Saola (
4725:Gayal (
4629:Bubalus
4544:Bovinae
4540:Bovidae
4538:Family
4454:Urial (
4144:C. ibex
4073:Takin (
3997:Bovidae
3995:Family
3958:Bovinae
3884:C. gnou
3663:Redunca
3575:Addax (
3459:Bovidae
3457:Family
3365:Pudella
3352:P. pudu
3243:M. nana
3058:Moose (
2828:A. axis
2795:D. dama
2657:M. feae
2603:Family
2578:Bovidae
2523:T. napu
2337:Moschus
2273:Giraffa
2258:Okapi (
2160:Class:
2139:species
2135:Extant
1916:Bibcode
1802:18 July
1311:5027644
1288:Bibcode
1284:ZooKeys
1201:8340615
1062:Florida
955:in the
860:Oestrus
795:and as
793:handles
622:antlers
552:Extinct
510:China (
496:Sumatra
365:Epirusa
316:on the
247:, 1792)
201:Genus:
171:Order:
161:Class:
106: (
35:Sambar
6824:844145
6811:201226
6795:NZOR:
6788:662561
6723:898215
6658:290025
6632:503164
5933:Suidae
5534:Suni (
5267:Nanger
4752:Zebu (
4734:Gaur (
4619:Bovini
4343:Ovibos
3648:Puku (
3623:K. kob
3187:Mazama
2976:Cervus
2249:Okapia
2037:
1825:
1751:
1730:
1712:
1671:
1485:
1443:
1382:
1372:
1318:
1308:
1199:
1098:Chital
1040:, and
848:dholes
820:tigers
683:, the
665:Bhutan
626:rusine
595:Brazil
536:Taiwan
512:Hainan
436:Borneo
288:sambar
6837:54358
6736:41790
6705:IRMNG
6697:75053
6645:4TQSL
5921:Suina
5404:Saiga
5345:Goa (
4864:kudus
4088:Capra
3755:Pelea
3621:Kob (
3603:Kobus
3566:Addax
3049:Alces
3003:Elk (
2018:(PDF)
2007:(PDF)
1889:(PDF)
1846:(PDF)
1710:S2CID
1358:. In
1074:Texas
811:with
797:grips
790:knife
719:, to
673:Burma
669:India
661:Nepal
630:tines
611:moose
556:Japan
473:China
80:India
65:both
49:Stag
6783:NCBI
6731:IUCN
6718:ITIS
6684:1889
6679:GISD
6666:GBIF
6627:BOLD
6527:see
6337:Lama
4391:Ovis
3515:Oryx
3331:Pudu
2925:Rusa
2817:Axis
2784:Dama
2079:2021
2035:ISBN
1989:2023
1858:2017
1823:ISBN
1804:2017
1777:2017
1749:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1692:)".
1669:ASIN
1591:2012
1565:2023
1507:2012
1483:ISBN
1465:2012
1441:ISBN
1405:and
1399:Rusa
1380:OCLC
1370:ISBN
1334:link
1316:PMID
1197:PMID
1166:2022
1149:2015
1078:game
1000:and
846:and
838:and
822:and
799:for
667:and
637:rump
381:The
367:and
308:and
298:deer
286:The
245:Kerr
206:Rusa
63:Hind
6757:MSW
6744:MDD
6653:EoL
6640:CoL
6614:AFD
6601:ADW
6099:Sus
4689:Bos
1924:doi
1702:doi
1698:121
1645:doi
1419:doi
1409:".
1306:PMC
1296:doi
1259:doi
1189:doi
1153:doi
1024:In
974:In
883:".
659:in
615:elk
589:in
70:in
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6629::
6616::
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6588::
6573::
2069:.
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1980:.
1962:.
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