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592:(Karasjok). It currently has 39 representatives, who are elected every four years by direct vote from seven constituencies: Nuortaguovlu (Eastern region), Ávjovarri (Steep Mountain), Davveguovlu (North region), Gáiseguovlu (Mountainous region), Viestarmearra (Western Sea), Åarjiel-Saepmie (South Sápmi) and Lulli-Norga (South Norway). Unlike in Finland, the constituencies cover all of Norway — the Lulli-Norga district encompasses all of Norway outside of
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and have remained semi-nomadic to this day. Most Sámi, though, gradually settled down in villages from the middle of the 16th century. Reindeer herding and settlement in villages were different strategies aimed at countering the same problem: the extinction of undomesticated reindeer, which had been
683:
Since 2005, the parliaments have been united through the
Conference of Sámi Parliamentarians. In this triennial meeting, a plenary of Sámi parliamentarians from Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Russia meet to discuss issues facing Sámi throughout Sápmi regardless of national borders. Between sessions,
122:("Sámi kings"), which in contemporary history writing are interpreted as particularly wealthy Sámi, who were perhaps also chieftains. Archeological findings do indeed confirm that a certain degree of class society arose among the Sámi, due to the fur trade, in the early
197:
in the union of households. This person may be simply the head of the wealthiest or otherwise most successful household, a natural leader or even elected by the council of families. They are sometimes referred to simply as "village elders".
648:. In 2012, representatives from Russian Sámi organizations visited the Norwegian Sámi Parliament in Kárášjohka to learn more about its structure and operations. As of 2017, the Kola Sámi Assembly was not recognised as a legislative body ("
834:
557:
The Sámi
Parliament of Finland was established on 2 March 1996; however, it was based on an elected "Sámi delegation" that preceded all the other Sámi parliaments and inspired their creation. The parliament is situated in
156:'s early 20th-century account of the workings in this polity refer to it as "primitive communism", as there was an extensive sharing of goods and land – though certain parts of the land was private, and not common to the
53:. In a more narrow sense, it has come to indicate the government of Sámi affairs by Sámi political institutions. This article deals with Sámi political structures, with an emphasis on the contemporary institutions.
704:
The contemporary leaders of the Sámi people are the Sámi presidents. Each Sámi
Parliament elects a President among their own numbers, so the Sámi political system today could be considered a cooperation between
268:, Norway was transferred from Denmark to Sweden, while Finland went from Sweden to Russia. This meant a transfer of most of the Sámi population from one sovereign to another. In 1826 the land border between
224:
soon began expanding northwards, dividing Sámi lands into spheres of interest. A system of joint taxation was established for parts of the Sámi area, so that, for example, the Sámi between the
1040:
664:
256:
the borders became more concrete. In some areas, the Sámi still had to pay double taxes, though. The 18th century saw a further division of Sámi lands between
Denmark–Norway and
361:, which was one of the movements in Norway most positive to the Sámi cause at the time. Saba became the first Sámi elected to a national parliament in 1907. His poem
386:, and was important for the further development of the reindeer herding Sámi's organizing. It also holds great symbolic value for the Sámi per se, and the official '
329:
to debate and even decide certain issues of relevance to the indigenous people. It is unknown when the Kola Sobbar stopped functioning, but it did not survive the
318:
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626:, therefore its actions must comply with decisions of the Riksdag, which sometimes go against the elected Sámi Parliament's members' party programs.
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governments under the pretext of "combatting separatism" and remains a purely representative organ with unclear relations with the government.
321:
in a democratic direction. During these reforms an assembly for the Sámi population was established on the
Russian side of Sápmi in 1868, the
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524:
is ongoing. The Sámi
Parliaments also have a common political framework, the Sámi Parliamentary Council, whose members are appointed by the
1200:
76:– moving between fixed settlements as the seasons passed. Several groups would often join up in the winter, making winter settlements (
776:. There is also a parallel committee of Sami people elected by the regional authorities, headed by Kildin Sámi Lyubov' Vatonena.
562:(Inari). It currently has 21 representatives, who are elected every four years by direct vote from the municipalities in the
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The chairman of the Board is also called the
President of the Sami parliament. The current president is Per Olof Nutti.
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Regnor
Jernsletten: "Trondheimsmøtet 1917 og samebevegelsen". I Årjel Saemieh - Samer i Sør, årbok nr. 4, Snåsa 1991.
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responsible for Sámi affairs in
Finland, Norway and Sweden also take part. These meetings are organized through the
622:(Kiruna). It has 31 representatives, elected every four years by general vote. The parliament is run by the Swedish
745:
1149:
1925:
378:, gathering North and South Sámi from Norway and Sweden. Two of the most important leaders in this movement were
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300:, Finland lost the territories between Norway and the Soviet Union, leaving the borders as they are presently.
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Sergejeva (Porsanger), Jelena: "The
Eastern Sámi: A short account of their history and identity", in
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s that were cut in two were to keep their rights on both sides of the border; this only lasted until
261:
1062:
Kropp, Sabine; Aasland, Aadne; Berg-Nordlie, Mikkel; Holm-Hansen, Jørn; Schuhmann, Johannes (2017).
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would later be set to music and declared the official 'Song of the Sámi people'. In 1917, the first
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947:Дорогой надежд: политика Российского государства и положение саамского народа в России (1864–2003)
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and Daniel Mortensson, both South Sámi. This meeting to a large degree debated the problems of
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290:'s border regions with Norway. Norway then made an agreement with Finland, causing the split
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861:"Everybody recognized that we were not white". Sami identity politics in Finland, 1945-1990
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720:. The formal leadership of the Sámi Parliamentary Council rotates between the Presidents.
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refers to a unit of people who travel together and/or share a seasonal settlement.
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counties to save Sámi culture and language. Central people in these attempts were
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84:) larger and more diverse than the spring, summer and autumn settlements (the
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1033:"Sami Parliament of Kola Peninsula: fight for right to self-determination"
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a movement started in Norway's
17:
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Berg, Bård A: "Mot en korporativ reindrift". (Dieđut 2/2000, p. 139–143).
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1068:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. p. 202.
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The Sami Parliament of Sweden was established on 26 August 1993 in
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The Sámi Parliament of Norway was established on 9 October 1989 in
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which admitted some rights to the indigenous people. Following the
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The Sámi Presidents cooperate through annual meetings, where the
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Early modern Sámi political organizing (c. 19th century – 1950)
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the Sámi Parliamentary Council, with members appointed by the
397:
1125:"One hundred years of the Sami self-determination in Russia"
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The committee to establish a Sámi Parliament in Russia, the
1271:
1256:
100:, large winter markets were established and towns grew up.
1266:
1261:
520:, and effort to establish a recognized Sámi Parliament in
444:, Norway on August 18, 1956, as the Nordic Saami Council.
108:
Norse sources from the 12th century and onwards, such as
413:
394:
The Sámi Council and grass roots struggle (1950s–1980s)
1154:
Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North
829:
827:
744:, who took office in October 2021. She represents the
665:
Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North
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There is a parallel structure, a public organization,
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in the northeast was finalized. While originally the
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949:. (Murmask, Russia: Мурманское книж. изд-во, 2009).
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357:, both Coast Sámi. They were both activists in the
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1065:Governance in Russian Regions: A Policy Comparison
504:). These are representative bodies for peoples of
207:system have survived among the Sámi who turned to
168:, a meeting of all households' leaders, served as
132:, however. The name is in any case misleading, as
296:s to lose their now 'Norwegian' lands. Following
260:. The final agreement led to the creation of the
126:. Little is known about the formal status of the
835:"The Indiana University Digital Library Program"
1176:"About the Saami Council: Member Organizations"
932:"Eastern Sápmi - the Borderland and its people"
212:a key source of income for the nomadic groups.
127:
117:
1287:
904:Hansen, Lars Ivar and Olsen, Bjørnar (2004):
891:Hansen, Lars Ivar and Olsen, Bjørnar (2004):
679:The Sámi Parliamentary Conference and Council
547:Sajos Sámi cultural and administrative centre
452:Modern Sámi politics are mainly based on the
8:
216:The Division of Sápmi (13th century – 1945s)
190:
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766:Council of Plenipotentiary Representatives
709:which are part of three sovereign states.
945:12.05.10), citing Kalstad, Johan Albert:
728:Current president on the Finnish side of
700:The three first Sámi Presidents of Norway
27:Politics concerning the Sámi ethnic group
1098:"Fighting for Sami parliament in Russia"
1031:Artieva, Alexandra (20 November 2014).
801:
644:was established on 12 December 2010 in
136:has never been a part of Sámi culture.
1123:Berezhkov, Dmitry (15 December 2017).
975:
973:
669:Association of Sámi in Murmansk Oblast
808:Hansen, Lars Ivar og Olsen, Bjørnar:
286:became sovereign and in 1920 got the
7:
1096:Karlsbakk, Jonas (1 December 2008).
1003:"Sametinget har ingen egentlig makt"
864:(PhD thesis). University of Tromsø.
652:") by the Russian federal nor local
33:refers to politics that concern the
1043:from the original on 11 August 2015
220:The Nordic states and the state of
1215:"Keskitalo guodá – Muotká joarkká"
25:
57:Pre-parliamentarian Sámi politics
667:(RAIPON) and, together with the
401:
325:. This assembly met annually in
1221:(in Lule Sami). 21 October 2021
740:Current President in Norway is
906:Samenes historie fram til 1750
893:Samenes historie fram til 1750
821:Hansen and Olsen 2004: 178–181
810:Samenes historie fram til 1750
671:, a member association of the
313:In the mid-19th century, Tsar
1:
1152:[Regional Branches].
372:international Sámi conference
981:"Sámi Parlamentáralaš Ráđđi"
448:The Parliamentary structures
232:needed to pay taxes to both
786:Swedish Assembly of Finland
718:Nordic Council of Ministers
436:was founded during the 2nd
1942:
1262:Sami Parliament of Finland
921:vol. 17, 2-2000 pp. 15–18.
746:Norwegian Sami Association
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603:
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538:Sámi Parliament of Finland
535:
485:
72:Originally, the Sámi were
60:
1267:Sami Parliament of Norway
1257:Sami Parliament of Sweden
882:Hansen og Olsen 2004: 209
768:is headed by Kildin Sámi
707:parliamentary democracies
614:Sami Parliament of Sweden
606:Sámi Parliament of Sweden
584:Sámi Parliament of Norway
576:Sámi Parliament of Norway
363:
1870:Guovdageainnu Lagasradio
1150:"Региональные отделения"
858:Jukka Nyyssönen (2007).
943:NIBR International Blog
732:is Tuomas Aslak Juuso.
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493:
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469:
183:Other sources speak of
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1723:Sámi Dieđalaš Áigečála
930:Berg-Nordlie, Mikkel:
812:. (Cappelen 2004): 125
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242:Grand Duchy of Moscow
319:wide-ranging reforms
262:Lapp Codicil of 1751
742:Silje Karine Muotka
528:, a pan-Sápmi NGO.
144:From old, the term
1104:. Kirkenes, Norway
937:2011-04-30 at the
736:The Norwegian side
702:
642:Kola Sámi Assembly
636:Kola Sámi Assembly
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564:Sami Domicile Area
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380:Elsa Laula Renberg
331:Russian Revolution
193:primus inter pares
189:, people who were
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770:Valentina Sovkina
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246:Tsardom of Russia
104:The "Finnekonger"
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412:You can help by
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384:reindeer herding
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365:Sámi soga lávlla
337:Nordic countries
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250:Time of Troubles
209:reindeer herding
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201:Elements of the
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140:The Siida system
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1156:(in Russian)
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486:Са̄мь Соббар
478:Saemiedigkie
453:
451:
434:Sámi Council
431:
421:January 2011
418:
414:adding to it
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359:Labour Party
340:
312:
298:World War II
288:Soviet Union
248:. After the
219:
200:
182:
162:'s members.
154:Väinö Tanner
143:
110:Heimskringla
107:
74:semi-nomadic
71:
63:Sámi history
30:
29:
1921:Scandinavia
1839:Yle Ođđasat
1507:Borgarmålet
1424:Kildin Sámi
1396:Kainuu Sámi
1385:Akkala Sámi
1047:12 November
983:. Sámediggi
482:Kildin Sami
351:Per Fokstad
323:Kola Sobbar
226:Lyngen Alps
186:siida-isids
129:finnekonger
124:Middle Ages
119:finnekonger
98:Jåhkamåhkke
1915:Categories
1860:Sameradion
1833:Unna Junná
1818:Television
1804:Samefolket
1642:Sääʹmođđâz
1633:Skolt Sámi
1622:Snåsningen
1574:Muitalægje
1535:Newspapers
1512:Russenorsk
1417:Peninsular
1408:Skolt Sámi
1391:Inari Sámi
1225:25 October
1013:1 February
870:10037/1147
797:References
650:parliament
590:Kárášjohka
498:Inari Sami
494:Sää´mte´ǧǧ
490:Skolt Sami
317:initiated
254:Kalmar War
174:government
170:parliament
96:, such as
18:Sametinget
1855:NRK Sápmi
1748:Lule Sámi
1684:Magazines
1653:Norwegian
1595:Sámi Áigi
1466:Pite Sámi
1456:Lule Sámi
1402:Kemi Sámi
1363:Languages
1328:Languages
1219:NRK Sápmi
1201:"Etusivu"
772:from the
714:ministers
553:, Finland
502:Sämitigge
470:Sámedigge
466:Lule Sami
462:Sámediggi
376:Trondheim
355:Isak Saba
230:White Sea
93:dálvvadis
82:dálvvadis
1896:SR Sápmi
1730:Sápmelaš
1567:Min Áigi
1487:Ume Sámi
1429:Ter Sámi
1378:Mainland
1343:Politics
1323:Religion
1041:Archived
935:Archived
843:27 April
780:See also
646:Murmansk
442:Karasjok
440:held in
343:Finnmark
272:and the
228:and the
222:Novgorod
134:nobility
1826:Ođđasat
1795:Swedish
1768:English
1442:Western
1371:Eastern
1318:History
1311:General
1185:22 June
1160:22 June
1134:22 June
1108:22 June
1081:23 June
987:24 June
624:Riksdag
532:Finland
510:Finland
284:Finland
47:Finland
1891:Kierâš
1884:Online
1757:Bårjås
1702:Dieđut
1500:Pidgin
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630:Russia
600:Sweden
570:Norway
560:Aanaar
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258:Sweden
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165:Norraz
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43:Sweden
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1848:Radio
1784:Báiki
1777:Árran
1662:Ságat
1560:Ávvir
1526:Media
1348:Sápmi
1338:Music
1333:Media
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620:Giron
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347:Troms
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1070:ISBN
1049:2015
1015:2012
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516:and
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