240:, Zariadres declared independence. However this report is strongly contradicted by epigraphic and numismatic evidence. Sophene most likely emerged as a distinct kingdom in the 3rd-century BC, during the gradual decline of Seleucid influence in the Near East and the split of the Orontid dynasty into several branches. Three rulers belonging to a different Orontid branch, Sames I,
571:
Canepa, Matthew P. (2017). "Rival Images of
Iranian Kingship and Persian Identity in Post-Achaemenid Western Asia". In Strootman, Rolf; Versluys, Miguel John (eds.).
682:
318:) practice that recalled the Achaemenid royal discourse. Samosata served as one of the most important royal residences of the Orontid kings of Sophene.
773:
342:, the Orontids of Sophene experimented with images of Iranian royal power. On his coins, Sames I is shown as clean-shaven and wearing the
219:
36:
648:
584:
561:
625:
538:
595:
675:
272:
site of Kummuh. He may have refounded the city in order to assert his claim over the area, a common practice amongst
Iranian and
530:
289:
249:
635:
Michels, Christoph (2021). "'Achaemenid' and 'Hellenistic' Strands of
Representation in the Minor Kingdoms of Asia Minor".
527:
The
Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity Through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCEā642 CE
783:
668:
778:
735:
226:
17:
277:
348:, a type of headgear originally worn by the satraps of the Achaemenid Empire. The tip of Sames I's
269:
692:
617:
Sophene, Gordyene, and
Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West
353:
297:
132:
47:
300:, similar to the rest of Orontid buildings in Greater Armenia. Naming cities such as Samosata (
719:
644:
621:
611:
580:
557:
534:
522:
281:
245:
188:
95:
639:
Common
Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context
552:
Common
Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context
599:
285:
176:
164:
128:
112:
615:
301:
237:
767:
194:
191:
160:
308:
273:
210:
74:
35:
268:
Sometime before 245 BC, Sames I refounded the city of
Samosata on the previous
293:
743:
727:
711:
335:
253:
241:
215:
180:
136:
100:
84:
51:
236:). He further adds that following the defeat of Antiochus III against the
344:
327:
315:
257:
156:
331:
184:
148:
107:
352:
is more prominent, similar to that of the headgear worn by the early
339:
205:
637:
573:
550:
660:
548:
Canepa, Matthew (2021). "Commagene Before and Beyond
Antiochos I".
159:, which would indicate some sort of custom of Iranian religious or
664:
314:) the "joy of" or "happiness of" was an Orontid (and later
175:
The
Kingdom of Sophene was ruled by the Orontid dynasty of
489:
487:
371:
369:
225:), who was installed as its ruler by the Seleucid king
386:
384:
214:, Sophene first emerged as a distinct kingdom under
106:
94:
90:
80:
70:
57:
45:
28:
636:
572:
549:
147:The name of "Samos" is possibly derived from the
676:
8:
683:
669:
661:
643:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 475ā496.
579:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 201ā223.
34:
25:
556:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 71ā103.
438:
426:
414:
402:
390:
365:
187:nobleman who was the son-in-law of the
505:
493:
478:
466:
454:
450:
375:
7:
604:EncyclopƦdia Iranica, Online Edition
747:(second half of the 2nd-century BC)
739:(second half of the 2nd-century BC)
606:. EncyclopƦdia Iranica Foundation.
14:
204:). According to the Greek writer
179:origin, which was descended from
155:, the father of the Avestan hero
774:3rd-century BC monarchs in Asia
292:. The city was built in a "sub-
231:
199:
531:University of California Press
1:
61:
23:King of Sophene and Commagene
594:Facella, Margherita (2021).
800:
248:ruled the western part of
15:
699:
33:
139:, ruling around 260 BC.
575:Persianism in Antiquity
453:, p. 84; see also
227:Antiochus III the Great
234: 222ā187 BC
202: 404ā358 BC
18:Sames (disambiguation)
326:Similar to the early
405:, pp. 113, 117.
208:(died 24 AD) in his
16:For other uses, see
441:, pp. 478ā479.
276:dynasties, such as
784:Kings of Commagene
298:architectural form
761:
760:
754:
748:
740:
732:
724:
716:
708:
264:Building activity
163:lore amongst the
118:
117:
791:
779:Kings of Sophene
752:
746:
738:
730:
722:
714:
706:
685:
678:
671:
662:
654:
642:
631:
607:
600:Yarshater, Ehsan
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578:
567:
555:
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612:Marciak, MichaÅ
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547:
541:
523:Canepa, Matthew
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356:of Cappadocia.
324:
266:
252:, perhaps from
250:Greater Armenia
230:
222:
198:
173:
145:
113:Orontid dynasty
64:
41:
40:Coin of Sames I
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
797:
795:
787:
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781:
776:
766:
765:
759:
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755:
749:
741:
736:Mithrobouzanes
733:
725:
717:
709:
700:
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688:
687:
680:
673:
665:
656:
655:
650:978-3515129251
649:
632:
626:
608:
591:
586:978-3515113823
585:
568:
563:978-3515129251
562:
545:
539:
517:
514:
511:
510:
508:, p. 252.
498:
496:, p. 207.
483:
481:, p. 110.
471:
459:
443:
431:
429:, p. 157.
419:
417:, p. 123.
407:
395:
380:
378:, p. 109.
364:
363:
361:
358:
323:
320:
302:Middle Persian
265:
262:
172:
169:
144:
141:
123:(also spelled
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
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72:
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59:
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43:
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39:
31:
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22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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629:
627:9789004350724
623:
619:
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540:9780520379206
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499:
495:
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484:
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475:
472:
469:, p. 82.
468:
463:
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457:, p. 110
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228:
223: 190 BC
217:
213:
212:
207:
196:
195:Artaxerxes II
193:
192:King of Kings
190:
186:
182:
178:
170:
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158:
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114:
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109:
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79:
76:
73:
69:
65: 260 BC
60:
56:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
27:
19:
731:(ca. 190 BC)
723:(ca. 220 BC)
715:(ca. 240 BC)
707:(ca. 260 BC)
703:
657:
638:
616:
603:
574:
551:
526:
501:
474:
462:
446:
439:Michels 2021
434:
427:Marciak 2017
422:
415:Marciak 2017
410:
403:Marciak 2017
398:
391:Facella 2021
349:
343:
325:
312:*SÄmaÅ”iyÄti-
311:
304:
267:
209:
174:
152:
146:
124:
120:
119:
753:(ca. 95 BC)
529:. Oakland:
506:Canepa 2018
494:Canepa 2017
479:Canepa 2018
467:Canepa 2021
455:Canepa 2018
451:Canepa 2021
376:Canepa 2018
354:Ariarathids
309:Old Persian
274:Hellenistic
270:Neo-Hittite
211:Geographica
127:), was the
75:Orontes III
71:Predecessor
768:Categories
596:"Orontids"
360:References
296:" Persian
294:Achaemenid
278:Cappadocia
189:Achaemenid
744:Arkathias
728:Zariadres
712:Arsames I
691:Kings of
620:. BRILL.
336:Frataraka
254:Commagene
242:Arsames I
216:Zariadres
181:Orontes I
171:Biography
137:Commagene
101:Arsames I
85:Arsames I
81:Successor
52:Commagene
751:Artanes
614:(2017).
525:(2018).
350:kyrbasia
345:kyrbasia
328:Arsacids
316:Artaxiad
305:*SÄmaÅ”Äd
258:Arzanene
185:Bactrian
165:Orontids
157:Garshasp
131:king of
46:King of
704:Sames I
693:Sophene
602:(ed.).
516:Sources
332:Parthia
322:Coinage
290:Armenia
286:Parthia
177:Iranian
149:Avestan
133:Sophene
129:Orontid
125:Samos I
121:Sames I
108:Dynasty
48:Sophene
29:Sames I
720:Xerxes
647:
624:
583:
560:
537:
340:Persis
282:Pontus
246:Xerxes
238:Romans
206:Strabo
598:. In
151:name
96:Issue
58:Reign
645:ISBN
622:ISBN
581:ISBN
558:ISBN
535:ISBN
334:and
288:and
244:and
183:, a
161:epic
153:SÄma
143:Name
135:and
50:and
338:of
330:of
256:to
220:fl.
770::
533:.
486:^
383:^
368:^
307:;
284:,
280:,
260:.
232:r.
200:r.
167:.
62:c.
684:e
677:t
670:v
653:.
630:.
589:.
566:.
543:.
393:.
229:(
218:(
197:(
20:.
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