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304:(gems) were produced from it and were divided between the asuras and the devas. Though the ratnas are usually enumerated as 14, the list in the scriptures ranges from 9 to 14. According to the quality of the treasures produced, they were claimed by Shiva, Vishnu, Maharishis, the devas, and the asuras. There were three categories of goddesses who emerged from the ocean; most lists include:
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as the demons and gods churned. This terrified the gods and the demons because the poison was so powerful that it could destroy all of creation. The asuras were poisoned by fumes emitted by Vasuki. Despite this, the devas and the asuras pulled back and forth on the snake's body alternately, causing
531:, the Hindu myth behind eclipses. When all the Devas were served, Vishnu assumed his true form, riding on Garuda and departing to his abode. Realising that they had been deceived, the asuras engaged in combat with the devas, who had been bolstered by their consumption of amrita. Indra fought Bali,
244:
and revived them all, and placed
Mandara on his mount and carried it towards its destination, the midst of the ocean. Reaching their destination, Vasuki coiled himself around Mandara. Vishnu counseled the devas to tug from the head of the serpent and the asuras the tail, but perceiving it as
239:
who resided on Shiva's neck, became the churning rope after being promised that he would get his share. While carrying the massive mountain, several devas and asuras fell to their deaths and some perished due to sheer exhaustion. Vishnu flew upon his mount
694:
legend, none of them mentions the spilling of the amṛta at four places. Neither do these texts mention the Kumbha Mela. Therefore, multiple scholars, including R. B. Bhattacharya, D. P. Dubey and Kama
Maclean believe that the
503:, a beautiful and enchanting damsel. She enchanted the asuras into submitting to her terms. She made the devas and the asuras sit in two separate rows and distributed the nectar among the devas, who drank it. An asura named
170:(his mount) as a testament to his humility. The flowers had a strong scent that attracted some bees. Annoyed by the bees, the elephant threw the garland on the ground. This enraged the sage, as the garland was a dwelling of
731:
deity who steals the drink of immortality for mankind but fails in freeing humans from death. Dumézil later abandoned his theory, but the core of the idea was taken up by Jarich Oosten, who posits "similarities" with the
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inauspicious the asuras refused. The devas relented and held the tail henceforth and the churning commenced. However, Mandara was too enormous and sank to the bottom of the ocean. Vishnu, in the form of his
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extends this legend to state that while the asuras were carrying the amṛta away from the devas, some drops of the nectar fell at four different places on the Earth:
496:, the heavenly nectar of immortality. Fighting ensued between the devas and the asuras for its possession. The Asuras took the Amrit from Dhanvantari and ran away.
205:'s wisdom, who advised them to treat with the asuras in a diplomatic manner. The devas formed an alliance with the asuras to jointly churn the ocean for the
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is celebrated at these four places every twelve years for this reason. People believe that after bathing there during the Kumbha mela, one can attain
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Kama MacLean (August 2003). "Making the
Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbha Mela in Allahabad".
166:. The deity accepted the garland and placed it on the trunk (sometime the tusks or the head of the elephant in some scriptures) of
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consumed the poison to protect the three worlds, the consumption of which gave a blue hue to his throat, offering him the epithet
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339:, accepted by the devas. (Some interpretations believe her acceptance to be the etymology of devas being termed as suras and the
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disguised himself as a deva and drank some nectar. Due to their luminous nature, the deities of the sun and the moon,
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legend has been applied to the Kumbha Mela relatively recently, in order to show scriptural authority for the mela.
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sea god Ægir, after Thor and Tyr recover a giant kettle Ægir needs to make the beer. Oosten claims the serpent
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or a religious offering. The goddess
Lakshmi vanished into the oceans. Durvasa cursed Indra and all the
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and the
Kaleyas. Rejuvenated by the amrita, the devas emerged victorious and exiled the asuras to the
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bequeathed a panoply of substances from the Ocean of Milk. One of them was the lethal poison known as
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595:, and Aparajita fought Namuchi. There are also descriptions of duels between groups of beings: the
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675:. According to the legend, these places acquired a certain mystical power and spiritual value. A
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takes the place of Vasuki, although his role in the story is not at all similar or comparable.
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This list varies among the different
Puranas and it is also slightly different in the
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Mallory, J. P. (1997). "Sacred drink". In
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (eds.).
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77:. The Samudra Manthana explains the origin of the elixir of eternal life,
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The Kurma-Purana Part 1: Ancient Indian
Tradition and Mythology Volume 20
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and given to the sages so that the ghee from her milk could be used for
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In the battles following the incident, the devas were defeated and the
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831:. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. 2018-11-21. p. 65.
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In some variations of the story, the poison escaped from the mouth of
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Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in
Allahabad, 1765-1954
492:, the heavenly physician, emerged with a pot containing the
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The asuras (left) and devas (right) churn the Ocean of Milk.
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All kinds of herbs were cast into the ocean and fourteen
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the mountain to rotate, which in turn churned the ocean.
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Likewise, three types of supernatural animals appeared:
335:: the goddess of wine (sura) and the virgin daughter of
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The story of the churning as found in the Vishnu Purana
162:, who offered him a special garland given to him by an
65:'churning of the ocean') is a major episode in
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A Study of the
Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism
963:
A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism
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and the hundred sons of Bali, the sons of Brahma with
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The story of the churning as found in the Mahabharata
186:to be bereft of all strength, energy, and fortune.
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686:While several ancient texts, including the various
499:The devas appealed to Vishnu, who took the form of
1216:The story of the churning as found in the Ramayana
374:: the divine seven-headed horse, taken by Indra.
42:Various scenes from the Samudra Manthana episode
1000:Shastri, J. L.; Tagare, Dr G. V. (2000-01-01).
1060:. Freeman & Company, Limited. p. 172.
966:. Freeman & Company, Limited. p. 170.
442:. Lists are completed by adding the following
231:was uprooted and used as the churning rod and
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8:
912:. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 25.
885:. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 24.
368:and several other elephants, taken by Indra.
354:or Surabhi: the wish-granting cow, taken by
519:who, cut off his head with her discus, the
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325:, Punjisthala, and others, who chose the
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1134:The Last Bungalow: Writings on Allahabad
37:
26:
791:
515:, noticed this disguise. They informed
1188:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
933:Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1994-01-01).
719:, reconstructing a proto-story (the "
523:. From that day, his head was called
176:(fortune) and was to be treated as a
7:
1191:. Taylor & Francis. p. 538.
975:
973:
936:A Survey of Hinduism: Second Edition
378:Three valuables were also produced:
1006:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 9.
828:The Book of Avatars and Divinities
25:
1054:Sinha, Purnendu Narayana (1901).
960:Sinha, Purnendu Narayana (1901).
1394:
1131:Arvind Krishna Mehrotra (2007).
805:. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.
754:
430:: the poison swallowed by Shiva.
1158:Kama Maclean (28 August 2008).
855:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
707:This episode has been analyzed
406:: a crescent, claimed by Shiva.
1027:Krishnan, K. S. (2019-08-12).
1:
1090:The Journal of Asian Studies
852:Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18).
567:, Vrishapati fought Jambha,
463:): the goddess of misfortune
399:Additionally produced were:
1164:. OUP USA. pp. 88–89.
939:. SUNY Press. p. 241.
858:. Penguin UK. p. 140.
479:Nidradevi, goddess of sleep
1763:
906:Chaturvedi, B. K. (2006).
879:Chaturvedi, B. K. (2000).
799:Chaturvedi, B. K. (2006).
227:was an extensive process.
69:that is elaborated in the
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1392:
723:cycle", or "cycle of the
647:Origin of the Kumbha Mela
55:
1700:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
1137:. Penguin. p. 289.
141:Churning for the Elixir”
775:Hindu mythological wars
727:") about a theoretical
472:The earrings given to
466:The umbrella taken by
317:: divine damsels like
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197:, gained control over
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32:
981:Wilson, Horace Hayman
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207:nectar of immortality
107:Kshirasāgara manthana
41:
30:
362:and similar rituals.
329:as their companions.
223:The churning of the
97:is another word for
621:Shumba and Nishumba
416:of the devas" with
201:. The devas sought
139:means the elixir. “
109:(क्षीरसागरमन्थन) –
547:fought Kalanabha,
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221:
73:, a major text of
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1171:978-0-19-533894-2
1144:978-0-14-310118-5
1040:978-1-64587-981-7
1013:978-81-208-3887-1
986:The Vishnu Purana
946:978-0-7914-2109-3
919:978-81-7182-673-5
892:978-81-7182-673-5
865:978-81-8475-277-9
838:978-93-5305-362-8
812:978-81-7182-673-5
703:Comparative study
599:and Vrishaparva,
521:Sudarshana Chakra
216:Shiva drinks the
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802:Vishnu Purana
795:
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566:
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543:fought Heti,
542:
538:
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530:
527:and his body
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234:
230:
229:Mount Mandara
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219:
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68:
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53:
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40:
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1534:
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821:
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706:
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377:
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111:Kshirasāgara
110:
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94:
90:
85:Nomenclature
47:
45:
35:Hindu legend
1684:Mahabharata
1595:Kuladevatas
1374:Vishvakarma
770:Dashavatara
742:Jörmungandr
677:Kumbha Mela
561:Vishvakarma
490:Dhanvantari
451:Panchajanya
440:Mahabharata
410:Dhanvantari
343:as asuras.)
278:Neelakantha
56:समुद्रमन्थन
1666:Upanishads
1585:Gandharvas
1309:Dattatreya
786:References
734:Hymiskviða
717:Holy Grail
631:, and the
629:Krodavasas
549:Brihaspati
327:Gandharvas
113:means the
1605:Rakshasas
1475:Mahavidya
1418:Saraswati
1405:Goddesses
1334:Kartikeya
1118:162404242
729:trickster
651:Medieval
577:Vilochana
533:Kartikeya
505:Svarbhanu
488:Finally,
393:Indraloka
383:Kaustubha
352:Kamadhenu
193:, led by
125:(milk) +
1741:Category
1721:Hinduism
1677:Ramayana
1619:Yakshini
1525:Shashthi
1485:Matrikas
1470:Mahadevi
1272:Trimurti
983:(1840).
748:See also
721:ambrosia
657:Haridwar
637:Pataloka
627:and the
611:and the
461:Alakshmi
436:Ramayana
428:Halahala
366:Airavata
282:Sanskrit
263:halahala
218:kalakuta
168:Airavata
75:Hinduism
67:Hinduism
52:Sanskrit
1747:Puranas
1671:Puranas
1659:Atharva
1628:Texts (
1615:Yakshas
1610:Vahanas
1580:Dikpāla
1553:Apsaras
1505:Rukmini
1480:Matangi
1428:Parvati
1423:Lakshmi
1413:Tridevi
1339:Krishna
1319:Hanuman
1314:Ganesha
1304:Chandra
1299:Ashvins
1110:3591863
688:Puranas
671:), and
665:Trimbak
661:Prayaga
593:Puloman
591:fought
583:fought
581:Chandra
575:fought
573:Savitri
563:fought
551:fought
535:fought
513:Chandra
457:Jyestha
412:: the "
404:Chandra
341:daityas
315:Apsaras
309:Lakshmi
179:prasada
160:Durvasa
100:Samudra
63:
1575:Devata
1568:Danava
1563:Daitya
1558:Asuras
1520:Shakti
1510:Sanjna
1500:Rohini
1460:Shachi
1445:Chhaya
1364:Varuna
1354:Shasta
1344:Kubera
1282:Vishnu
1277:Brahma
1168:
1141:
1116:
1108:
1037:
1010:
943:
916:
889:
862:
835:
809:
738:Jotunn
681:moksha
673:Ujjain
669:Nashik
641:Svarga
625:Rudras
623:, the
609:Maruts
605:Ilvala
541:Varuna
537:Taraka
517:Mohini
501:Mohini
484:Amrita
468:Varuna
444:ratnas
418:amrita
414:vaidya
360:yajnas
356:Brahma
337:Varuna
333:Varuni
323:Menaka
319:Rambha
302:ratnas
288:Ratnas
269:Vasuki
251:turtle
242:Garuda
233:Vasuki
203:Vishnu
191:asuras
164:apsara
156:Svarga
147:Legend
137:Amrita
127:Sāgara
123:Kshira
95:Sāgara
79:amrita
1654:Yajur
1639:Vedas
1490:Radha
1455:Ganga
1450:Durga
1440:Bhumi
1435:Aditi
1359:Surya
1324:Indra
1287:Shiva
1256:texts
1114:S2CID
1106:JSTOR
633:Vasus
619:with
601:Surya
569:Shani
557:Mitra
553:Sukra
509:Surya
494:amṛta
474:Aditi
422:Ratna
274:Shiva
247:Kurma
184:devas
152:Indra
1707:more
1649:Sama
1630:list
1590:Gana
1536:more
1530:Sita
1515:Sati
1495:Rati
1465:Kali
1385:more
1379:Yama
1369:Vayu
1349:Rama
1329:Kama
1294:Agni
1264:Gods
1254:and
1166:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1008:ISBN
941:ISBN
914:ISBN
887:ISBN
860:ISBN
833:ISBN
807:ISBN
725:mead
617:Kali
589:Vayu
585:Rahu
565:Maya
545:Yama
529:Ketu
525:Rahu
511:and
438:and
256:The
237:naga
235:, a
195:Bali
61:lit.
46:The
1644:Rig
1098:doi
711:by
284:).
173:Sri
1743::
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1080:^
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424:s)
321:,
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1237:t
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667:(
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