Samuel Fraunces - Knowledge (XXG)

263:

am in hopes, by a timely discovery, will be suppressed and put a stop to. Many citizens and others, among whom is the mayor, are now in confinement. The matter has been traced up to Governor Tryon; and the mayor appears to have been a principal agent or go-between him and the persons concerned in it. The plot had been communicated to some of the army, and part of my guard engaged in it. Thomas Hickey, one of them, has been tried, and, by the unanimous opinion of a court-martial, is sentenced to die, having enlisted himself, and engaged others. The sentence, by the advice of the whole council of general officers, will be put in execution to-day at eleven o'clock. The others are not tried. I am hopeful this example will produce many salutary consequences, and deter others from entering into the like traitorous practices. — George Washington to the President of Congress, 28 June 1776.

808: 1145:. He was named Hercules, and familiarly termed Uncle Harkless. ... was, at the period of the first presidency, as highly accomplished a proficient in the culinary art as could be found in the United States. ... The steward, and indeed the whole household, treated the chief cook with much respect, as well for his valuable services as for his general good character and pleasing manners. ... It was while preparing the Thursday or Congress dinner that Uncle Harkless a shone in all his splendor. ... e, the great master-spirit, seemed to possess the power of ubiquity, and to be everywhere at the same moment. ... When the steward in snow-white apron, silk shorts and stockings, and hair in full powder, placed the first dish on the table, the clock being on the stroke of four, "the labors of Hercules" ceased." 1124:"Fraunces arrived here on Wednesday , and after signing his Articles of Agreement—going over the things in the house & signing an inventory thereof, entered upon the duties of his station. I think I have made the agreement as full, explicit & binding as any thing of the kind can be. In the Articles prohibiting the use of wine at his table—and obliging him to be particular in the discharge of his duty in the Kitchen & to perform the Cooking with Hercules—I have been peculiarly pointed. He readily assented to them all (except that respecting Hercules, upon which he made the following observation—'I must first learn Hercules' abilities & readiness to do things, which if good, ( 569: 544:—tried to resolve the issue of Fraunces's racial identity. He strongly suspected that Fraunces had been of African descent, but could find no conclusive evidence. Mrs. John Fraunces McCurley, a Virginia newspaper editor, assembled a large cache of historical documents and Fraunces references, and concluded that he had been white. Biographer Kym S. Rice found no 18th-century references to Fraunces having been black: she noted his history as a slaveholder, his inclusion on the voter rolls (limited to white men of property), and his memberships in groups (such as the 268: 1172:"It was during this period that Washington first stopped at Fraunces Tavern, Broad and Pearl Streets. Here Phoebe Fraunces, serving as the General's housekeeper, discovered her lover, a deserter from the British, to be in a plot to assassinate him. Phoebe must have loved her country more than she did her sweetheart, for she unhesitatingly went to Washington with the entire story and the traitor was sent to his death. As a reward Washington, when he became President, made Samuel Fraunces, Phoebe's father, his steward." 548:) that at the time were restricted only to whites. Charles Blockson, a Philadelphia local historian, found sources describing Fraunces as "Negro," "coloured", "Haitian Negro," "mulatto", "fastidious old Negro," and "swarthy". Cheryl Janifer Laroche, a historian who worked on the 2007 President's House excavation in Philadelphia, noted conflicting stories depicting his family as both mulatto and white. In 1838, Samuel Cooper, a supposed witness to Washington's 1783 New York farewell to his officers, called Fraunces "a 399: 635: 410: 590:, it was unveiled at their December 4, 1913 annual meeting. The painting came from the collection of Anna E. Macy of Riveredge, New Jersey, and was auctioned at Merwin Sales Company, November 17, 1913. The auction catalogue described it as: "Artist Unknown / Colonial Period / Portrait of Samuel Fraunces / Canvas. Height 29in: width, 23in." Art forensic experts examined the portrait in October 2016, and concluded that it dated from the 18th century. 792:). The fictional 13-year-old Phoebe character is Samuel Fraunces's daughter, and he tells her that he's overheard something about an assassination plot against Washington. Phoebe sees Thomas Hickey sprinkle something on the general's food, and throws a plate of poisoned peas out the window, where chickens eat them and fall down dead. Hickey is immediately arrested, and Fraunces and Phoebe are commended by General Washington. 119: 20: 560:

was commonly called "Black Dick," a nickname his brother Sir William Howe gave to him as descriptive of the Admiral's swarthy complexion." She concluded: "The issue of Samuel Fraunces' racial identity is still a passionate topic of discussion to this very day. As debate rallies on for conclusive evidence, the actual truth is that we may never know for sure."

184:). The villa featured large rooms, and its extensive grounds were the setting for concerts and public entertainments. Fraunces exhibited ten life-sized wax statues of historical figures (possibly modeled by him), debuting them in a garden setting in July 1768. He later exhibited seventy miniature wax figures from the Bible, and life-size wax statues of 130: 755:. Initially, his housekeeper there was a widow named Mary Smith. Washington apparently dined at the Queen's Head Tavern at least twice, on April 13, with his aides: "Dinner at Sam's - 5.3.6", and (probably) on June 6, with Martha Washington: "Saml Frances, Alias Black Sam - for Dinner - 3.14.0". On June 15, one of his guards, 759:, was arrested on charges of "attempt to pass counterfeit Bills of Credit." Washington approved mass arrests of suspected Loyalists for the night of June 23–24, and among those arrested was his housekeeper, Mary Smith. Samuel Fraunces also was arrested that night, but eventually released for lack of evidence. Hickey faced a 649:, one of Washington's guards, became romantically involved with Phoebe and enlisted her in a plot to poison the general's food. Phoebe reported Hickey (to Washington or her father), and pretended to play along with the plot. Hickey was caught red-handed poisoning the general's food, and was court-martialed and hanged. 287:. Fraunces later claimed that he used this as an opportunity to smuggle food to American prisoners of war, giving them clothing and money, and helping them to escape. He also claimed to have passed information about the British occupation and troop movements to General Washington and others. According to the 1265:

entitled "How Much of This Book Is True?" the Colliers wrote: "Samuel Fraunces is a particularly interesting character. He was generally called "Black Sam" Fraunces during his lifetime, and it has been assumed by some historians that he was a black. However, our research indicates that he was in fact

380:

That your Memorialist in Consequence of the heavy Advances he has made to American Prisoners (the far greater part of which is not yet Reimbursed) and other solid Proof of his Zeal for the Cause of Freedom, is now reduced to so Critical a Situation as to see himself, his Wife and a numerous Family on

140:

The first documentation of Fraunces's presence in New York City was in February 1755, when he registered as a British subject and "Innholder." The following year he was issued a tavern license, but where he worked for the next two years is unidentified. From 1758 to 1762, he operated the Free Mason's

1045:

Fraunces's 1785 sworn petition to Congress documents the 1776 assassination plot against Washington. At least 4 contemporaneous sources mention the plot: Dr. Solomon Drowne to his sister Sally Drowne, New York, June 24, 1776; Dr. Solomon Drowne to his brother William Drowne, New York, July 13, 1776;

767:

In a 1785 petition to Congress, Fraunces swore that he had thwarted an assassination plot against Washington. Regarding an assassination plot, Rice concludes: "There must have been some truth to Fraunces's statement (because it was later validated by a congressional committee)." Regarding the Phoebe

675:

When Washington and his army occupied the city in the summer of 1776, the chief resided at Richmond hill, a little out of town, afterward the seat of Aaron Burr. Fraunces's daughter was Washington's housekeeper, and she saved his life on one occasion, by exposing the intentions of Hickey, one of the

385:

Congress's report on Fraunces's memorial acknowledged his role as "instrumental in discovering and defeating" the assassination plot. For debts incurred during the Revolutionary War, Congress awarded him £2000, and a later payment covered accumulated interest. The State of New York awarded him £200,

695:

Hickey and his associates of the guard, were arrested immediately after dinner, on the twenty-third; and, according to a letter written at New York the next day, "the general's housekeeper was taken up," on suspicion of being an accomplice. She was the daughter of Samuel Fraunces, a noted innkeeper

559:

in New York City, wrote: "The use of " black" as a prefix to a nickname was not uncommon in the 18th century and did not necessarily indicate African heritage of an individual. For instance, Admiral Richard Lord Howe (1762- 1799), one of Britain's best known and respected seamen – and a white man –

375:

That in this Station and other Periods of the War, he served with zeal, and at the Hazard of his Life, the Cause of America, not only by supplying Prisoners with Money, Food, and Raiments and facilitating their Escapes but by performing Services of a Confidential Nature and of the utmost Importance

262:

Congress, I doubt not, will have heard of the plot, that was forming among many disaffected persons in this city and government for aiding the King's troops upon their arrival. No regular plan seems to have been digested; but several persons have been enlisted, and sworn to join them. The matter, I

148:

mansion at Pearl and Dock Streets. He opened this as the Sign of Queen Charlotte Tavern, but within a year it was better known as the Queen's Head Tavern (possibly due to the queen's portrait on a painted sign). In addition to the usual restaurant fare, Fraunces offered fixed-price dinners, catered

771:

Elizabeth Thompson, a 72-year-old widow, became Washington's housekeeper at Richmond Hill on July 9, 1776. Rice suggests that confusion created by Thompson's name may have led Lossing, writing 84 years after the events, to misidentify Fraunces's daughter as Washington's housekeeper: At the time of

692:

Washington was very fond of green peas, and it was agreed that when a dish of them was ready for the general's table, Hickey should put the poison in it. Meanwhile the housekeeper disclosed the plot to the general. The peas were poisoned. Washington made some excuse for sending the dish away, and

420:

George Washington got to know Fraunces during the Revolutionary War. Their relationship was one of master and servant, but Washington clearly respected his judgment and repeatedly sought his recommendations on sundries such as glassware and china, and his advice on household management and hiring

372:

That your Memorialist though for many Years before the War a Respectable Innholder in this City submitted to serve for some time in the Menial Office of Cook in the Family of General Robertson without any Pay or Perquisite whatever, Except for the Priveledge of disposing of the Remnants of the

369:

That he was the Person that first discovered the Conspiracy which was formed in the Year 1776 against the Life of his Excellency General Washington and that the Suspicions Which were Entertained of his agency in that Important Discovery accationed a public Enquiry after he was made a Prisoner on

347:

At a December 4, 1783 dinner in the tavern's Long Room, Washington said an emotional farewell to his officers and made his famous toast: "With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you: I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy, as you former ones

64:

Since the mid-19th century, there has been a dispute over Fraunces's racial identity. According to his 1983 biographer, Kym S. Rice: "During the Revolutionary era, Fraunces was commonly referred to as 'Black Sam.' Some have taken references such as these as an indication that Fraunces was a black

364:

That your Memorialist, being from Principle attached to the Cause of America, removed from the City of New York previous to its being taken Possession of by the British Forces, into Elizabeth Town in the State of New Jersey. That he was their made Prisoner by the Enemy who after plundering his

719:

A daughter of "Black Sam," Phoebe Fraunces, was Washington's housekeeper when he had his headquarters in New York in the spring of 1776, and was the means of defeating a conspiracy against his life. One part of the plan was the poisoning of the American commander. Its immediate agent was to be

743:

The story that Washington had been the target of an assassination plot by poisoning was published in England as early as 1778: "Advise is received from America that two persons, a man and a woman who lived as servants with General Washington, have been executed in the presence of the army for

455:

was slightly larger, about 24 servants, initially including 8 enslaved Africans from Mount Vernon. Washington grew dissatisfied with his steward in Philadelphia, and persuaded Fraunces to come out of retirement again. Fraunces at first expressed skepticism about cooking alongside Washington's

1247:

Note from Fraunces Tavern Museum: "A sweet book, but one needing some comments. Although the cover calls it a true story, Phoebe and the plate of poisoned peas never existed. Samuel Fraunces had five daughters, but none were named Phoebe. The story of Phoebe Fraunces apparently began in B.J.

149:

meals delivered, and sold preserved items such as bottled soups, ketchup, nuts, pickled fruits and vegetables, oysters, jellies and marmalades. Although the tavern featured five lodging-rooms, it was better known as a place for private meetings, parties and receptions, and card-playing.

671:(1860). Custis had written three anecdotes about Samuel Fraunces (page 411, page 420, pages 420-22), and mentioned him indirectly in a fourth (pages 422-23). To one of Custis's anecdotes, Lossing added a footnote describing an assassination attempt on General Washington: 475:

on November 30, 1757. They had seven children: Andrew Gautier Fraunces, Elizabeth Fraunces Thompson, Catherine Fraunces Smock, Sophia Fraunces Gomez, Sarah Fraunces Campbell, Samuel M. Fraunces, and Hannah Louisa Fraunces Kelly. Andrew G. Fraunces worked in the

724:, a deserter from the British army, who had become a member of Washington's body guard. Fortunately the conspirator fell desperately in love with Phoebe Fraunces, and made her his confidant. She revealed the plot to her father, and at an opportune moment the 667:(1781–1857), the grandson of Martha Washington, wrote a series of articles for American newspapers recollecting the personal side of his step-grandfather, George Washington. Following Custis's death, Lossing edited his writings for publication as 2171:

An appeal to the legislature of the United States, and to the citizens individually of the several states Against the conduct of the secretary of the Treasury. By Andrew G. Fraunces, citizen of the state of New-York, late in the Treasury of the United

1110:

made the temporary capital a hostile place for slaveholders, and Washington returned some of the enslaved to Mount Vernon, replacing them with white servants. Following Austin's December 1794 death, "Postilion" Joe was brought up from Mount Vernon.

309:

in October 1781, but British forces continued to occupy New York City until 1783. Fraunces's tavern was the meeting place for negotiations between American and British commissioners to end the 7-year occupation. Peace negotiations were held at the

2788: 799:. In this re-telling "Phebe" is identified by the authors (who all claim to be descendants of Samuel Fraunces) as the young Elizabeth Fraunces. The story of the poisoned peas is given as a true family story passed down through the generations. 77:

The familiar oil-on-canvas portrait, long identified as depicting Samuel Fraunces and exhibited at Fraunces Tavern since 1913, was recently discredited by new evidence. German historian Arthur Kuhle found a portrait of the same sitter in a

699:

These facts were related to a friend of the writer (Mr. W.J. Davis), by the late Peter Embury, of New York, who resided in the city at the time, was well acquainted with the general's housekeeper, and was present at the execution of

768:

Fraunces legend, Rice concludes: "The story has no basis in fact ... Lossing called her 'Phoebe'—Fraunces had no daughter by that name. Records of Washington's household do not list any of Fraunces's children as employees."

1238:"I have Sir—the honour of being personally known to your Excellency, being the Daughter of Mr Fraunces, and one that was so happy as to have offers of friendship from you Soon after your arrival in this place." Eliza. Thompson. 69:

man" (1838), "swarthy" (1878), "mulatto" (1916), "Negro" (1916), "coloured" (1930), "fastidious old Negro" (1934), and "Haitian Negro" (1962), but these date from at least several decades after his death. As Rice noted in her

763:

at Richmond Hill on June 26, and was found guilty of mutiny and sedition. He was sentenced to death, and hanged on June 28. Smith later fled to England, where she received a £20 Loyalist pension from the British government.

278:

British troops captured lower Manhattan on September 15, 1776, and soon occupied all of what is now New York City. Fraunces and his family left "previous to its being taken Possession of by the British Forces," and fled to

2185:"All Persons indebted to the ESTATE of SAMUEL FRAUNCES, late of this City, INNKEEPER, deceased, are requested to make payments to the Subscribers... Samuel M. Fraunces, Acting Executor, South Water Street, No. 59." 328:– a ledger listing some 3,000 fugitive slaves who had fled to the British and been promised freedom in return for their service – was compiled at the tavern between April 26 and November 30, 1783. The " 110:. Although his surname implies that he was of French extraction, there is no evidence that he spoke with a French accent. There is also no record of where he learned his skills as a cook, caterer, and restaurateur. 491:: "DIED - On Saturday Evening last, MR. SAMUEL FRAUNCES, aged 73 years. By his death, Society has sustained the loss of an honest man, and the Poor a valuable friend." He was buried in an unmarked grave at 360:, Fraunces sought compensation for his service to the country in foiling an assassination plot against Washington, supplying provisions to American prisoners, and providing intelligence on British troops: 160:

in that city, then moving to Water Street in 1766. He returned to New York City in early 1768, and sold the Free Mason's Arms. He resumed operation of his tavern in the former Delancey mansion in 1770.

373:

Table which he appropriated towards the Comfort of the American Prisoners within the City in whom the Exercise of the Commonest Acts of Humanity was at that time Considered a Crime of the deepest Dye.

2950: 2970: 605:

and his court painters, Antoine Pesne and Joachim Martin Falbe. He suspects that the Fraunces Tavern portrait and the Dresden portrait depict a member of the Prussian king's royal court.

386:

and Congress paid $ 1,625 to lease his tavern for two years to house federal government offices. Two weeks after the lease was signed, Fraunces sold the tavern and retired to a farm in

1163:"We have also recently acquired the old portrait of Samuel Fraunces, the original proprietor of Fraunces Tavern, which will be an interesting addition to display in the entrance hall." 807: 432:, at Cherry and Franklin Streets. Fraunces came out of retirement to serve as steward of the presidential household, managing a staff of about 20, including 7 enslaved Africans from 1008:

A Pennsylvania state historical marker at 2nd & Dock Streets in Philadelphia marks the location of the tavern he first operated after leaving Washington's presidential household

463:

Following his retirement, Fraunces operated a tavern on 2nd Street in Philadelphia for a year. In June 1795, he assumed proprietorship of the Tun Tavern, at 59 South Water Street.

772:

Hickey's June 1776 hanging, Fraunces's eldest daughter, Elizabeth, was a 10-year-old child. But thirteen years later she married Atcheson Thompson, and became, coincidentally,

732:

The legend was repeated in the 1932 bicentennial celebration of George Washington's birth, although the location of events was switched from Richmond Hill to Fraunces Tavern.

195:

Fraunces continued to operate the Queen's Head Tavern through the early years of the Revolutionary War, but fled when the British captured New York City in September 1776.

593:

In 2017, however, German historian Arthur Kuhle recognized the sitter in Fraunces Tavern's portrait as being the same as the unidentified sitter in a portrait titled

855:, February 22, 1953—a teenaged Phoebe Fraunces falls desperately in love with Thomas Hickey, and is horrified when she uncovers his plot to poison General Washington 61:

said farewell to his officers. Fraunces later served as steward of Washington's presidential household in New York City (1789–1790) and Philadelphia (1791–1794).

1132:

assistance in the Kitchen; but this experiment cannot be made until the return of the President when there may be occasion for him to exert his talents'—)."

2904: 1107: 579:, New York City. This portrait was formerly identified as Samuel Fraunces but now appears to be the portrait of a gentleman in the court of Prussian ruler 447:, Congress designated Philadelphia the temporary national capital for a 10-year period, while the permanent national capital was under construction in the 302: 2965: 460:, but they appear to have worked smoothly together. Fraunces headed the Philadelphia presidential household for three years, from May 1791 to June 1794. 250:, a villa two miles north of the tavern. Fraunces claimed to have discovered and foiled an assassination plot against Washington. The supposed plotter, 477: 74:(1985): "Other than the appearance of the nickname, there are no known references where Fraunces was described as a black man" during his lifetime. 2583: 2536: 2520: 645:

The legend tells that the life of General George Washington was saved during the Revolutionary War by a daughter of Samuel Fraunces named Phoebe.

2960: 2368: 848: 437: 284: 2640: 1197:

and others are now confined, and that copies of the Affidavits and Examinations related to that matter be delivered to his Excellency General

2773: 2292: 2121: 1888: 1640: 1332: 145: 1602: 1154:

Fraunces listed his 7 children in his Will. He named his son Samuel as Executor of his Estate, and Guardian for his minor daughter Hannah.

608:

The engraving at the top of this article is from an ink sketch that descended in the Fraunces family. The undated sketch is attributed to

229:

to bombard the city with cannon fire that night. There were no deaths, but injuries and damage to buildings, including Fraunces's tavern.

2861: 1012: 958: 492: 452: 413: 2712: 2261: 954:

who runs his namesake tavern, participates in historical events, and later moves to Mount Vernon to run George Washington's household.

598: 487:

Fraunces died in Philadelphia the year after retiring from the presidential household. His obituary appeared in the October 13, 1795,

319: 2336: 239:

The tavern was used for more than entertainment during the Revolutionary War. Fraunces rented out office space, and meetings of the

2629: 1181:

Hickey was in jail at the time of the supposed poisoning attempt: "New York Provincial Congress: Die Sabbati , A.M. June 15, 1776.

784:

Lossing's Phoebe Fraunces legend was largely forgotten, until it was re-introduced in Judith Berry Griffin's 1977 children's book,

1093:

The incident that prompted Fraunces's dismissal involved his serving wine to the household staff, contrary to Washington's orders.

2136:

Records of Christ Church, Philadelphia list Elizabeth Fraunces's birth as December 26, 1765, and her baptism as January 27, 1766.

1674: 969: 676:

Life-Guard (already mentioned ), who was about to murder the general, by putting poison in a dish of peas prepared for his table.

436:. Washington was not entirely satisfied with Fraunces, and dismissed him in February 1790, prior to the household's move to the 204: 54: 875:, February 27, 1955—Samuel Fraunces serves a banquet for General Washington and his officers at the end of the Revolutionary War 626:(1900), page 184. Earle credited it as: "Sam Fraunces. From original drawing. Owned by Mrs. A. Livingston Mason, Newport, R.I." 283:. Fraunces was captured in June 1778, brought back to New York City, and impressed into working as the cook for British General 892: 693:

Hickey was soon afterward arrested. The peas were given to some hens, in his presence, when they immediately sickened and died.

2051: 94:

There is a tradition that Fraunces was of French ancestry and came from the West Indies. There are claims that he was born in

65:

man. ...hat is known of his life indicates he was a white man." Some 19th- and 20th-century sources described Fraunces as "a

2945: 2763: 964: 664: 425: 2675: 2317: 1102:

The enslaved Africans held in Philadelphia initially were Moll, Oney Judge, Christopher Sheels (Washington's body servant),

568: 2030: 136:, Fraunces's tavern was at the west end of Queen Street (now Pearl Street). Vaux-Hall Gardens is at far left, above center. 2614: 1471: 255: 218: 57:(1776-1783), and claimed to have been a spy for the American side. At the end of the war, it was at Fraunces Tavern that 934:, portrays both Samuel Fraunces and the "fictional" Phoebe Fraunces as free-blacks. It faced criticism on several fronts. 2597: 1220: 240: 586:

The oil-on-canvas portrait to the right has been exhibited at Fraunces Tavern since 1913. Purchased at auction for the

267: 2940: 2265: 938: 387: 157: 1878: 1411: 2879: 2826: 1224: 472: 153: 50: 2555: 2413: 2247: 1057:(New York: 1927), p. 392; and Joseph Hewes to Samuel Johnson, Philadelphia, July 8, 1776, in William Powell, ed., 381:

the Precipice of Beggary unless the Generous and humane Hand of you Honorable House should be Extended to himself.

795:

Another children's book based on the legend is the 2016 title by C. R. Cole, Ainsley Battles, and Breanna Dubbs:

752: 638: 519: 341: 247: 177: 2687: 2813: 2003:

Indenture between Samuel Fraunces and Charles Thompson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, April 7, 1785.

1647:

Cole argues that Fraunces was 11 years younger than stated in his obituary, born in 1734, rather than 1722/23.

696:

at that time ... It was chiefly on the testimony of this woman that Hickey was arrested, tried, and condemned.

2410: 2395: 1063:

Significantly, Congress's report on Fraunces's petition acknowledged the existence of the assassination plot.

740:

Fraunces biographer Kym S. Rice presented new evidence discrediting the Phoebe Fraunces legend in the 1980s.

2609:"New York. 9th July 1776. This day Mrs Thompson came to keep house for his Excellency General Washington —" 828: 756: 721: 646: 251: 2751: 1219:"Phoebe Fraunces" does not appear in Samuel Fraunces's will, or in the birth, baptism, or death records of 243:

were held there. In April 1776, General Washington was present at a court-martial conducted at the tavern.

2955: 2898: 2849: 2377: 1928: 867: 587: 556: 522:

for New York listed him as a free white male, with four free white women, and one slave in his household.

518:, and held enslaved Africans in bondage. In 1778, he advertised the sale of a 14-year-old male slave. The 192:. He operated Vaux-Hall through Summer 1773; in October, he auctioned its contents and sold the property. 2353: 1228: 914:, a 2006 off-Broadway play by Dara Frazier-Harper, portrays Samuel Fraunces as a free-black, ultra-rich, 2930: 2203: 896: 843: 280: 1956: 1051: 2894: 2443: 2428: 1903: 1686: 1106:(cook), Richmond (kitchen worker and Hercules's teenage son), Austin, Giles and Paris. Pennsylvania's 2935: 1796: 448: 235:"At first we supposed it was only a sham. Till she drove a round ball through the roof of Black Sam." 2837: 2063: 1933:

The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870

2651: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2365: 2109: 2075: 1944: 1077: 602: 580: 429: 402: 83: 398: 2663: 1442:

Historical Sketches of Holland Lodge, with Incidental Remarks on Masonry in the State of New York

1081: 515: 481: 2914: 2568: 1072:

The enslaved Africans held in New York were Moll (nanny for Martha Washington's grandchildren),

2282: 1867:, Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed. (New York & London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1889), pp. 187-88. 1610: 2769: 2708: 2288: 1884: 1838: 1636: 1328: 1252:(New York: 1860). Lossing claimed to have heard the story from an unnamed friend of Fraunces." 998: 915: 658: 634: 409: 306: 58: 1741:, (New York: Graduate School of Architecture and Planning, Columbia University, 1979), p. 12. 946:

about the life of slaves during the American Revolution, portrays Samuel Fraunces as a freed

974: 728:

came. Hickey was arrested and tried by court-martial. A few days afterward he was hanged ...

315: 292: 181: 1528: 990:, at Pearl & Broad Streets in New York City, is a national historic landmark and museum 622:] of Fraunces Tavern." The engraving was used as an illustration in Alice Morse Earle, 2727: 2457: 2372: 1364:"Memorial of Samuel Fraunces," March 5, 1785, "Memorials Addressed to Congress, 1775-88," 1103: 987: 922: 882: 706: 576: 502:

of his father's estate, and was listed as an "Inn keeper" at 59 South Water Street in the

457: 329: 324: 296: 212: 189: 185: 122: 46: 2505:

Expense Account of Journey to and from Philadelphia, 21 May–12 June 1776 (also see note)

1945:

Commissioners of Embarkation at New York to George Washington, January 18, 1784 (note 3)

1053:

Peter T. Curtenius to Richard Varick, New York, June 22, 1776, quoted in Robert Hughes,

994: 531: 230: 173: 2765:

The Collected Works of Langston Hughes: Gospel plays, operas, and later dramatic works

2259:"Samuel Fraunces in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (b. 1722 - d. October 10, 1795)" (1958) 1726: 471:

Fraunces may have had a first wife named Mary Carlile. He married Elizabeth Dally at

172:

under lease to Major Thomas James – was heavily vandalized in the November 1765

2924: 2231:

Heads of Families at the First United States Census Taken in the Year 1790 - New York

1832: 1529:"Black Samuel Fraunces: Patriot, White House Steward and Restaurateur Par Excellence" 943: 831:. In a reenactment of the Jane Tuers legend, Fraunces was portrayed by a student in 760: 711: 609: 484:

for his financial dealings. Some of the other children ran hotels or boardinghouses.

444: 357: 31: 2258: 451:. Congress convened in Philadelphia on December 6, 1790. The household staff at the 2908: 1684:

February 5, 1755, "Roll/Register of freemen in the City of New York," reprinted in

1210:

The minutes of Thomas Hickey's court-martial contain no testimony by a housekeeper.

931: 433: 337: 318:

in May 1783, where Fraunces provided meals for General Washington, British General

311: 233:

wrote a poem about the bombardment, "Hugh Gaines Life," that included the couplet:

222: 169: 42: 2546:"Yesterday the general's housekeeper was taken up; it is said she is concerned." 2159:

The Papers of George Washington: Presidential Series, Volume 10, March–August 1792

1322: 827:, a 1910 historical pageant celebrating the 250th anniversary of the founding of 751:

Washington's headquarters in Manhattan, from April 17 to August 27, 1776, was at

152:

Fraunces rented out the former Delancey mansion in 1765, and moved his family to

2175: 2148:

Philadelphia Register of Wills, Book X (ten), page 348, proven October 22, 1795.

1750:

Eugene P. McParland, "Colonial Taverns and Tavern Keepers of British New York,"

1002: 862: 545: 333: 125:(formerly the Oliver Delancey Mansion), Pearl & Dock Streets, New York City. 82:

museum in 2017, and suspects that the sitter had been a member of Prussian king

2873: 1112: 1073: 1015:

honored Samuel Fraunces by inscribing his name on an obelisk in the churchyard

812: 540: 428:. He arrived in New York City on April 23, 1789, and took up residence at the 288: 208: 103: 684:(1860), published the same year. He repeated the story a decade later in his 144:

In 1762 he mortgaged and rented out the Free Mason's Arms, and purchased the

1837:. Philadelphia: Francis Bailey, at Yorick's Head, in Market Street. p. 1032:

The year of his birth is computed from his October 13, 1795 obituary in the

906: 832: 816: 118: 344:

was celebrated by patriots with a November 25, 1783 dinner at the tavern.

957:

Fraunces is portrayed by an African-American actor in a 2010 video at the

19: 499: 107: 2739: 1141:"The chief cook would have been termed in modern parlance, a celebrated 2350:

Report of the Board of Managers ... for the year ended December 4, 1913

1973:"Report of the Committee on Samuel Fraunces Memorial, March 28, 1785," 1384: 1368:, Record Group 360, M.247, Reel 49, National Archives, Washington, D.C. 951: 947: 715:, but with Samuel Fraunces's anonymous daughter identified as "Phoebe": 176:. Fraunces leased the property, opening it in 1767 as a summer resort: 95: 79: 2216:(New York City), August 29, 1778, p. 3, cited in Rice, Kym S. (1985). 1324:

Early American Taverns: For the Entertainment of Friends and Strangers

1084:(assistant to Will Lee), and Austin, Giles and Paris (stable workers). 613: 365:

Family of almost every necessary brought him to the City of New York.

2800: 2200:

The Prospect of Philadelphia and Check on the Next Directory, Part 1

641:, Washington's headquarters in Manhattan, April – August, 1776 2064:

President's House Site; Enslaved People in the Washington Household

129: 806: 680:

Lossing expanded on the "poisoned peas story" in his three-volume

633: 567: 535: 408: 397: 299:, and sent the warning (through Tuers) that Arnold was a traitor. 266: 165: 128: 117: 106:, and the possibility that he was related to a Fraunces family in 99: 18: 1834:

The Poems of Philip Freneau; Written Chiefly During the Late War

1048:

A Sketch of Fraunces Tavern and Those Connected with Its History

2728:

Jane Tuers and Sam Fraunces Depicted by Schoolchildren in 1910

2481:

George Washington to Col. James Clinton, 28 June 1776 (note 1)

927: 899:—Carrie is an enslaved kitchenmaid working for Samuel Fraunces 872: 852: 618: 2438:

Alice Rogers Hager, "Washington in New York: Epochal Years,"

2409:, (New York: Virtue & Company, 1860), vol, 2, pp. 175-77; 2233:(Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1908), p. 117. 2161:, (University of Virginia Press, 2002), pp. 46-47 (see note). 424:

Washington was Congress's unanimous choice to serve as first

30:

1900 engraving, based on an undated ink sketch attributed to

2202:, (Philadelphia: Francis & Robert Bailey, 1795), p. 110. 1795:(New York: Mercantile Library Association, 1861), pp. 41-49. 1466:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People,

246:

Washington's headquarters, April 17 to August 27, 1776, was

2641:

Trinity Church New York, Marriage Records, January 14, 1789

2313: 2311: 2052:

The President's House Site: Presidents Washington and Adams

2827:"Simon Schama Should Be Ashamed, & So Should the BBC." 2569:"Court Martial for the trial of Thomas Hickey and others," 1581:

A Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern: The 18th Century

1289:. New York: Fraunces Tavern Museum. Appendix B, pp. 33-34. 1287:

A Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern: The 18th Century

370:

which the want of positive Proof alone preserved his Life.

2281:

Robin Skeates; Carol McDavid; John Carman, eds. (2012).

2157:

Andrew G. Fraunces to George Washington, March 7, 1792,

1770:, (typescript, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1928) 616:

of his initials, and inscribed: "from Fraunce [

2652:

Elizabeth Thompson to George Washington, 18 August 1789

2427:(New York: Virtue & Yorston, 1870), vol. 2, p. 176. 2110:

George Washington to James Germain, June 1, 1794 (note)

1990:"Report of the Board of the Treasury," March 21, 1786. 2838:

Samuel Fraunces to George Washington, 4 December 1783.

2598:

Revolutionary War Receipt Book, 1776 - 1780 (see note)

2098:

Recollections and Private Memoirs of George Washington

1687:

New-York Historical Society Publication Fund Series 18

1285:"Portrait of Samuel Fraunces" in Rice, Kym S. (1985). 885:, featured a free-black Samuel Fraunces as a character 669:

Recollections and Private Memoirs of George Washington

217:

sailed into New York Harbor. On August 23, a group of

2951:

People of New York (state) in the American Revolution

2864:

from Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.

2703:

Cole, C. R.; Battles, Ashley; Dubbs, Breanna (2016).

2531:"Extract of a letter dated New-York, June 24, 1776." 2471:, Revolutionary War Series. Vol. 5. p. 132, see note. 1128:) will enable me to do the Cooking without any other 973:, based on Hill's 2007 novel. African-American actor 291:

legend, Fraunces overheard British soldiers toasting

2611:

George Washington Papers, Series 5, Financial Papers

356:

In a March 5, 1785 memorial (sworn petition) to the

2768:. University of Missouri Press. 2004. p. 465. 2242:W.E.B. Du Bois to Dr. F.E. Norman, 1 October 1954, 1266:

considered white, despite the nickname" (page 157).

2394:, vol. 11, no. 3 (January 1876), New York, p. 311. 1957:Evacuation Day: New York's Former November Holiday 1193:be committed to the Guard in the City-Hall, where 2348:Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York, 1752:The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record 1115:escaped to freedom from Philadelphia in May 1796. 1005:, the Washington, D.C. home of her granddaughter. 903:Beyond Harlem, History of Black New York Downtown 480:until 1793, and published a pamphlet denouncing 2493:Expenses of Journey to New York, 4–13 April 1776 2971:Burials at St. Peter's churchyard, Philadelphia 815:and Sam Fraunces as an African American (using 258:, was court-martialed, and executed on June 28: 2676:"Fraunces Tavern Museum, Pre-Visit Materials," 2376:(New York: MacMillan Company, 1900), page xii. 2318:"Fraunces Tavern Museum, Pre-Visit Materials," 2276: 2274: 2076:Tobias Lear to George Washington, May 15, 1791 1671:Caribbean Americans in New York City 1895–1975 1412:"Biographical Sketch of Captain Samuel Cooper" 555:Jennifer Patton, Director of Education at the 55:seven-year British occupation of New York City 2554:, (New York: Charles Scribner, 1960), p. 256. 2066:, from Independence National Historical Park. 2054:, from Independence National Historical Park. 1935:, (University of Toronto Press, 1992), p. 12. 1059:Correspondence of William Tryon 2 (1768-1818) 1050:(New York: Fraunces Tavern, 1919), pp. 8, 10; 997:of wax figurines and seashells as a gift for 41:(1722/23 – October 10, 1795) was an American 8: 2459:from 1778 Ipswich Journal newspaper archive. 2337:"Artifact Highlight: Sam Fraunces Portrait," 2132: 2130: 1981:, National Archives, Washington, D.C.: 1933. 1793:New York City during the American Revolution 1702:, (manuscript, New York Historical Society). 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 891:a 1984 historical novel for young adults by 744:conspiring to poison their master." — 53:, he provided for prisoners held during the 2390:J. F. Mines, "New York in the Revolution," 2386: 2384: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 1819:The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury 1807:The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury 1780:The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1522: 1520: 1319:"Samuel Fraunces" (biographical sketch) in 1315: 841:, a 1953 teleplay by Reginald Lawrence for 601:in Dresden, Germany. Kuhle was researching 1917:Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 8 1762: 1760: 1739:Fraunces Tavern Historic Structures Report 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1295: 141:Arms Tavern at Broadway and Queen Street. 2626:Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington 2564: 2562: 2284:The Oxford Handbook of Public Archaeology 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1865:The Writings of George Washington, Vol. 4 2915:Samuel Fraunces: Black Man or White Man? 2550:, June 26, 1776. quoted in Frank Moore, 2218:A Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern 1979:Journals of the Continental Congress, 28 1406: 1404: 1385:"Racial identity of "Black Sam" debated" 1378: 1376: 1374: 661:popularized the Phoebe Fraunces legend. 2850:New Research on the Tudor Place Tableau 2613:, Revolutionary War Receipt Book, p. 2. 2264:. Copies at Fraunces Tavern Museum and 2144: 2142: 2124:, from Trinity Church Marriage Records. 1768:A List of Philadelphia Inns and Taverns 1278: 1025: 930:"drama documentary" based on a book by 376:to the Operations of the American Army. 2631:from George Washington's Mount Vernon. 2100:(New York: Derby & Jackson, 1860). 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1506: 1504: 905:, a 2005 teleplay by Dara Frazier for 514:Fraunces employed servants, including 72:Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern 2752:Washington's Farewell to His Generals 2018:American National Biography, Volume 8 2007:, National Archives, Washington, D.C. 1994:, National Archives, Washington, D.C. 1700:Tavern Keeper's License Book, 1756-66 1046:both quoted in Henry Russell Drowne, 859:Washington's Farewell to His Officers 342:British evacuation from New York City 7: 2905:Samuel Fraunces (c. 1722–1795) 2730:, from Rutgers University Libraries. 2425:Washington and the American Republic 2016:G. Kurt Piehler, "Samuel Fraunces," 1076:(Martha Washington's body servant), 686:Washington and the American Republic 34:. The ink sketch is privately owned. 1583:. New York: Fraunces Tavern Museum. 348:have been glorious and honorable." 272:Washington's Farewell to His Troops 221:stole the cannons from the fort on 156:, opening a Queen's Head Tavern on 2262:Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2122:Samuel Francis and Elizabeth Dally 2005:Papers of the Continental Congress 1992:Papers of the Continental Congress 1975:Papers of the Continental Congress 1906:, from New Jersey City University. 1883:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 20. 1658:Haiti's Contributions to the World 1366:Papers of the Continental Congress 811:Schoolchildren in 1910 portraying 538:and first editor of its magazine, 14: 2966:People from colonial Pennsylvania 2852:, from The Decorative Arts Trust. 2552:Diary of the Revolution, Volume 1 1853:The Writings of George Washington 1673:(Arcadia Publishing, 2002), p. 7. 705:In the patriotic build-up to the 575:, unknown artist, oil on canvas, 456:enslaved cook from Mount Vernon, 203:A month after the April 19, 1775 2909:George Washington's Mount Vernon 2096:George Washington Parke Custis, 2032:The Senate Moves to Philadelphia 1821:, March 19, 1770; July 27, 1772. 1455:The Washington D.C. Evening Star 1013:St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia 709:, Lossing's story was retold in 493:St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia 205:battles of Lexington and Concord 2469:The Papers of George Washington 2229:"Dock Ward, New York City," in 1959:, from New York Public Library. 322:, and their staffs. Carleton's 1512:The Journal of Negro Education 965:Black Entertainment Television 665:George Washington Parke Custis 498:Samuel M. Fraunces, served as 453:Philadelphia President's House 426:President of the United States 1: 2961:People from colonial New York 2257:Mrs. John Fraunces McCurley, 1601:Phillips, Jessica B. (2017). 1080:(Washington's body servant), 1036:, which listed his age as 73. 967:presented a 2015 miniseries, 573:Portrait of Unknown Gentleman 49:in New York City. During the 27: 2339:from Fraunces Tavern Museum. 2244:The Papers of W.E.B. Du Bois 2187:Gazette of the United States 1877:Shalhoub, Patrick B (1995). 1729:from Fraunces Tavern Museum. 1633:Samuel Fraunces: "Black Sam" 1603:"Samuel Fraunces: Revealed?" 1485:(Perseus Books Group, 1930). 1383:Booker, Bobbi (2009-03-22). 1327:. Chicago: Regnery Gateway. 1061:(Raleigh, NC: 1981), p. 862. 1034:Gazette of the United States 489:Gazette of the United States 241:New York Provincial Congress 2585:American Archives, Series 4 2572:American Archives, Series 4 2533:American Archives, Series 4 2517:American Archives, Series 4 2392:Scribner's Monthly Magazine 2287:. Oxford University Press. 2266:New York Historical Society 1831:Freneau, Philip M. (1786). 1533:Temple University Libraries 1416:Southern Literary Messenger 1221:Christ Church, Philadelphia 712:Scribner's Monthly Magazine 707:1876 Centennial Celebration 504:1795 Philadelphia Directory 388:Monmouth County, New Jersey 2987: 2366:Stagecoach and Tavern Days 1855:(Washington, DC, 1931-39). 1851:John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., 1498:, February 22, 1934, p. 8. 959:President's House Memorial 774:another Elizabeth Thompson 624:Stagecoach and Tavern Days 599:Staatliche Kunstsammlungen 154:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 45:and the owner/operator of 2875:Dedication of the obelisk 2654:, from National Archives. 2507:, from National Archives. 2495:, from National Archives. 2483:, from National Archives. 2112:, from National Archives. 2078:, from National Archives. 1947:, from National Archives. 1690:(New York, 1866), p. 181. 1514:, vol. 31 (1962), p. 475. 1496:The Philadelphia Bulletin 1457:, August 11, 1916, p. 10. 1422:(8): 522–523. August 1838 653:Popularization by Lossing 534:—co-founder of the 520:1790 United States Census 473:Trinity Church, Manhattan 178:Vaux-Hall Pleasure Garden 59:General George Washington 2707:. Page Publishing, Inc. 2548:The Pennsylvania Journal 1510:Charles Henry Thompson, 1440:Joseph Nerée Balestier, 1225:Trinity Church, New York 478:U.S. Treasury Department 274:by Alonzo Chappel (1866) 256:Washington's life-guards 2840:from National Archives. 2693:, from Thriving Family. 1635:. Xlibris Corporation. 1470:(December 1916), p. 85. 394:Presidential households 2899:Fraunces Tavern Museum 2740:Dinner for the General 2624:"Elizabeth Thompson," 2600:, Library of Congress. 2574:, vol. 6, pp. 1084-86. 2035:, United States Senate 1929:James W. St. G. Walker 1607:Fraunces Tavern Museum 1481:James Weldon Johnson, 916:Michael Bloomberg-like 849:Season 2, Episode 2-26 839:Dinner for the General 820: 786:Phoebe and the General 730: 703: 678: 642: 630:Phoebe Fraunces legend 588:Sons of the Revolution 583: 577:Fraunces Tavern Museum 557:Fraunces Tavern Museum 438:Alexander Macomb House 417: 406: 383: 275: 265: 207:in Massachusetts, the 180:, (named for London's 164:Spring Hill – a 137: 126: 35: 2946:American slave owners 2442:, May 1, 1932, p. 12. 1579:Rice, Kym S. (1985). 1527:Blockson, Charles L. 1494:William Hornor, Jr., 1431:Emphasis in original. 1321:Rice, Kym S. (1983). 1126:as good as Mrs Read's 1108:Gradual Abolition Act 897:James Lincoln Collier 861:, a 1955 teleplay by 844:Hallmark Hall of Fame 810: 779: 717: 690: 673: 637: 571: 440:, at 39-41 Broadway. 412: 401: 362: 281:Elizabeth, New Jersey 270: 260: 132: 121: 22: 16:American restaurateur 2862:PA Historical Marker 2816:. 1807 Commemorated. 1754:(July 1974), p. 158. 1631:Cole, C. R. (2009). 1453:Frederic J. Haskin, 1389:Philadelphia Tribune 748:, October 31, 1778. 449:District of Columbia 443:Under the July 1790 352:Memorial to Congress 2917:from ushistory.org. 2803:, from Dara Writes. 2456:, October 31, 1778. 2454:The Ipswich Journal 2423:Benson J. Lossing, 2412:and vol. 3, p. 112. 2405:Benson J. Lossing, 2363:Alice Morse Earle, 2189:, October 28, 1795. 1915:"Samuel Fraunces," 1766:Walter C. Brenner, 993:Fraunces created a 977:portrayed Fraunces. 970:The Book of Negroes 939:The Book of Negroes 746:The Ipswich Journal 603:Frederick the Great 581:Frederick the Great 516:indentured servants 430:Samuel Osgood House 403:Samuel Osgood House 84:Frederick the Great 2941:American hoteliers 2705:Phebe and the Peas 2535:, vol. 6, p. 1054. 2519:, vol. 6, p. 1406. 2440:The New York Times 2407:Life of Washington 2371:2006-09-12 at the 1727:"Samuel Fraunces," 1261:In an epilogue to 1250:Life of Washington 1082:Christopher Sheels 1011:On June 26, 2010, 942:, a 2007 novel by 825:Bergen Celebration 821: 803:In popular culture 797:Phebe and the Peas 682:Life of Washington 643: 584: 482:Alexander Hamilton 418: 407: 332:" were settled in 276: 138: 127: 36: 2814:"Rough Crossings" 2775:978-0-8262-1477-5 2587:, vol. 6, p. 1148 2294:978-0-19-161250-3 2246:, Correspondence. 2214:The Royal Gazette 1890:978-0-7524-0255-0 1791:Henry B. Dawson, 1642:978-1-4363-9104-7 1334:978-0-89526-842-6 1055:George Washington 1001:. It survives at 999:Martha Washington 881:, a 1956 play by 879:The Ballot and Me 659:Benson J. Lossing 414:President's House 225:, which prompted 211:ship of the line 199:Revolutionary War 51:Revolutionary War 2978: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2760: 2754: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2700: 2694: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2638: 2632: 2622: 2616: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2581: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2544: 2538: 2529: 2523: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2451: 2445: 2436: 2430: 2421: 2415: 2403: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2361: 2355: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2321: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2278: 2269: 2255: 2249: 2240: 2234: 2227: 2221: 2220:. p. 74, n. 129. 2211: 2205: 2196: 2190: 2183: 2177: 2168: 2162: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2137: 2134: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2094: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2027: 2021: 2014: 2008: 2001: 1995: 1988: 1982: 1971: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1926: 1920: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1809:, July 25, 1768. 1804: 1798: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1764: 1755: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1682: 1676: 1669:F. Donnie Ford, 1667: 1661: 1656:Donald Peebles, 1654: 1648: 1646: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1609:. Archived from 1598: 1585: 1584: 1576: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1524: 1515: 1508: 1499: 1492: 1486: 1479: 1473: 1464: 1458: 1451: 1445: 1438: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1408: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1395: 1380: 1369: 1362: 1339: 1338: 1317: 1290: 1283: 1267: 1259: 1253: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1202: 1185:, That the said 1179: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1139: 1133: 1122: 1116: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1070: 1064: 1043: 1037: 1030: 975:Cuba Gooding Jr. 961:in Philadelphia. 780:Children's books 612:, signed with a 405:in New York City 320:Sir Guy Carleton 316:Tappan, New York 293:Continental Army 182:Vauxhall Gardens 134:New York in 1776 86:'s royal court. 29: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2921: 2920: 2895:Samuel Fraunces 2891: 2886: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2791:from Amazon.com 2787: 2783: 2776: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2666:from Amazon.com 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2635: 2623: 2619: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2578: 2567: 2560: 2545: 2541: 2530: 2526: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2452: 2448: 2437: 2433: 2422: 2418: 2404: 2400: 2389: 2382: 2373:Wayback Machine 2362: 2358: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2324: 2316: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2256: 2252: 2241: 2237: 2228: 2224: 2212: 2208: 2197: 2193: 2184: 2180: 2169: 2165: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2036: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2020:(1999), p. 414. 2015: 2011: 2002: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1972: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1927: 1923: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1850: 1846: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1790: 1786: 1778: 1774: 1765: 1758: 1749: 1745: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1683: 1679: 1668: 1664: 1655: 1651: 1643: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1616: 1614: 1613:on 7 April 2019 1600: 1599: 1588: 1578: 1577: 1546: 1537: 1535: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1509: 1502: 1493: 1489: 1483:Black Manhattan 1480: 1476: 1465: 1461: 1452: 1448: 1439: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1393: 1391: 1382: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1342: 1335: 1320: 1318: 1293: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1260: 1256: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1140: 1136: 1123: 1119: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1044: 1040: 1031: 1027: 1022: 988:Fraunces Tavern 984: 923:Rough Crossings 883:Langston Hughes 805: 788:(later renamed 782: 738: 736:Disputed claims 697: 694: 655: 632: 566: 528: 526:Racial identity 512: 469: 416:in Philadelphia 396: 377: 374: 371: 366: 354: 330:Black Loyalists 325:Book of Negroes 305:surrendered at 303:Lord Cornwallis 297:Benedict Arnold 285:James Robertson 201: 190:Queen Charlotte 186:King George III 146:Oliver Delancey 123:Fraunces Tavern 116: 92: 47:Fraunces Tavern 39:Samuel Fraunces 17: 12: 11: 5: 2984: 2982: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2902: 2890: 2889:External links 2887: 2885: 2884: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2819: 2805: 2793: 2789:Who Is Carrie? 2781: 2774: 2755: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2714:978-1682891315 2713: 2695: 2691:: Plot summary 2689:Phoebe the Spy 2680: 2668: 2664:Phoebe the Spy 2656: 2644: 2633: 2617: 2602: 2590: 2576: 2558: 2539: 2524: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2446: 2431: 2416: 2398: 2380: 2356: 2341: 2322: 2307: 2293: 2270: 2250: 2235: 2222: 2206: 2198:Edmund Hogan, 2191: 2178: 2163: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2080: 2068: 2056: 2044: 2022: 2009: 1996: 1983: 1961: 1949: 1937: 1921: 1908: 1896: 1889: 1869: 1857: 1844: 1823: 1811: 1799: 1784: 1782:, May 7, 1770. 1772: 1756: 1743: 1731: 1704: 1692: 1677: 1662: 1649: 1641: 1623: 1586: 1544: 1516: 1500: 1487: 1474: 1459: 1446: 1444:(1878), p. 38. 1433: 1400: 1370: 1340: 1333: 1291: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1263:Who Is Carrie? 1254: 1240: 1231: 1212: 1203: 1174: 1165: 1156: 1147: 1134: 1117: 1095: 1086: 1065: 1038: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1009: 1006: 991: 983: 980: 979: 978: 962: 955: 935: 919: 909: 900: 889:Who Is Carrie? 886: 876: 856: 836: 804: 801: 790:Phoebe the Spy 781: 778: 737: 734: 654: 651: 631: 628: 565: 562: 532:W.E.B. Du Bois 527: 524: 511: 508: 468: 465: 395: 392: 353: 350: 231:Philip Freneau 200: 197: 174:Stamp Act Riot 115: 112: 91: 88: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2983: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2956:Tavernkeepers 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2801:Shades of War 2797: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2296: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1977:, printed in 1976: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1919:(1937), p. 1. 1918: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1634: 1627: 1624: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1534: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1390: 1386: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1244: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:Israel Youngs 1192: 1191:Thomas Hickey 1188: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1096: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1026: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 989: 986: 985: 981: 976: 972: 971: 966: 963: 960: 956: 953: 949: 945: 944:Lawrence Hill 941: 940: 936: 933: 929: 925: 924: 920: 917: 913: 912:Shades of War 910: 908: 904: 901: 898: 894: 890: 887: 884: 880: 877: 874: 870: 869: 868:You Are There 864: 860: 857: 854: 850: 846: 845: 840: 837: 834: 830: 826: 823: 822: 818: 814: 809: 802: 800: 798: 793: 791: 787: 777: 775: 769: 765: 762: 761:court-martial 758: 757:Thomas Hickey 754: 753:Richmond Hill 749: 747: 741: 735: 733: 729: 727: 723: 722:Thomas Hickey 716: 714: 713: 708: 702: 701: 689: 687: 683: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 660: 652: 650: 648: 647:Thomas Hickey 640: 639:Richmond Hill 636: 629: 627: 625: 621: 620: 615: 611: 610:John Trumbull 606: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 582: 578: 574: 570: 563: 561: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 542: 537: 533: 525: 523: 521: 517: 509: 507: 505: 501: 496: 494: 490: 485: 483: 479: 474: 467:Personal life 466: 464: 461: 459: 454: 450: 446: 445:Residence Act 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 422: 415: 411: 404: 400: 393: 391: 389: 382: 378: 367: 361: 359: 358:U.S. Congress 351: 349: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 326: 321: 317: 313: 308: 304: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 273: 269: 264: 259: 257: 253: 252:Thomas Hickey 249: 248:Richmond Hill 244: 242: 237: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 198: 196: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 162: 159: 155: 150: 147: 142: 135: 131: 124: 120: 113: 111: 109: 105: 101: 97: 89: 87: 85: 81: 75: 73: 68: 62: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 32:John Trumbull 25: 21: 2931:1720s births 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2822: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2764: 2758: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2704: 2698: 2688: 2683: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2636: 2625: 2620: 2610: 2605: 2593: 2584: 2579: 2571: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2532: 2527: 2516: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2434: 2424: 2419: 2406: 2401: 2391: 2364: 2359: 2349: 2344: 2298:. Retrieved 2283: 2253: 2243: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2194: 2186: 2181: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2153: 2117: 2105: 2097: 2071: 2059: 2047: 2037:, retrieved 2031: 2025: 2017: 2012: 2004: 1999: 1991: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1952: 1940: 1932: 1924: 1916: 1911: 1899: 1879: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1847: 1833: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1751: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1699: 1695: 1685: 1680: 1670: 1665: 1657: 1652: 1632: 1626: 1615:. Retrieved 1611:the original 1606: 1580: 1536:. Retrieved 1532: 1511: 1495: 1490: 1482: 1477: 1467: 1462: 1454: 1449: 1441: 1436: 1424:. Retrieved 1419: 1415: 1392:. Retrieved 1388: 1365: 1323: 1286: 1281: 1262: 1257: 1249: 1243: 1234: 1215: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1168: 1159: 1150: 1142: 1137: 1130:professional 1129: 1125: 1120: 1098: 1089: 1068: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1041: 1033: 1028: 968: 937: 932:Simon Schama 921: 911: 902: 888: 878: 866: 858: 842: 838: 824: 796: 794: 789: 785: 783: 773: 770: 766: 750: 745: 742: 739: 731: 725: 718: 710: 704: 698: 691: 685: 681: 679: 674: 668: 663: 657:Antiquarian 656: 644: 623: 617: 607: 594: 592: 585: 572: 554: 549: 539: 530:Sociologist 529: 513: 503: 497: 488: 486: 470: 462: 442: 434:Mount Vernon 423: 419: 384: 379: 368: 363: 355: 346: 338:Sierra Leone 323: 312:DeWint House 301: 277: 271: 261: 245: 238: 234: 226: 213: 202: 194: 170:Hudson River 163: 158:Front Street 151: 143: 139: 133: 93: 76: 71: 66: 63: 43:restaurateur 38: 37: 24:Sam Fraunces 23: 2936:1795 deaths 1880:Jersey City 1187:Micha Lynch 1003:Tudor Place 893:Christopher 871:, aired on 863:Goodman Ace 851:, aired on 829:Jersey City 334:Nova Scotia 223:The Battery 2925:Categories 2300:4 December 2039:2017-04-12 1904:Jane Tuers 1617:2019-03-06 1538:2016-01-06 1468:The Crisis 1426:2013-12-28 1394:2017-04-17 1274:References 1248:Lossing's 1199:Washington 1113:Oney Judge 1074:Oney Judge 813:Jane Tuers 726:dénouement 541:The Crisis 421:servants. 289:Jane Tuers 209:Royal Navy 168:along the 104:Martinique 2742:from imdb 926:, a 2007 918:character 907:NYC Media 833:blackface 817:blackface 564:Portraits 254:, one of 2369:Archived 2352:, p. 30. 1104:Hercules 1078:Will Lee 595:Cavalier 500:executor 458:Hercules 307:Yorktown 295:general 219:Patriots 108:Barbados 2907:, from 2897:, from 2880:YouTube 2172:States. 1660:(2010). 1183:Ordered 1143:artiste 995:tableau 952:Jamaica 948:mulatto 700:Hickey. 688:(1870): 597:at the 510:Slavery 114:Taverns 96:Jamaica 90:Origins 80:Dresden 2772: 2711: 2678:p. 18. 2522:p. 18. 2320:p. 19. 2291: 2174:(1793) 1887: 1639: 1331: 982:Legacy 614:cipher 552:man." 546:Masons 340:. The 1020:Notes 950:from 550:negro 536:NAACP 166:villa 100:Haiti 67:negro 2770:ISBN 2709:ISBN 2302:2013 2289:ISBN 1885:ISBN 1637:ISBN 1329:ISBN 1189:and 895:and 865:for 336:and 227:Asia 214:Asia 188:and 2878:on 1839:321 1223:or 928:BBC 873:CBS 853:NBC 619:sic 314:in 2927:: 2561:^ 2383:^ 2325:^ 2310:^ 2273:^ 2141:^ 2129:^ 2083:^ 1964:^ 1931:, 1759:^ 1707:^ 1605:. 1589:^ 1547:^ 1531:. 1519:^ 1503:^ 1418:. 1414:. 1403:^ 1387:. 1373:^ 1343:^ 1294:^ 1201:." 847:, 776:. 506:. 495:. 390:. 102:, 98:, 28:c. 26:, 2911:. 2901:. 2882:. 2778:. 2717:. 2628:, 2304:. 2268:. 1893:. 1841:. 1645:. 1620:. 1541:. 1429:. 1420:4 1397:. 1337:. 1227:. 835:. 819:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index