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ten-point platform to which those candidates had to pledge themselves, Samuel Hughes "proposed that the convention should resolve to continue its sittings from time to time during the continuance of the next ensuing parliament, and proposed a
Constitution for its adoption." Although the original call for the convention had emphasized that once assembled, its members should assume the responsibility of nominating an executive to reconvene the convention for the next year, a majority of the delegates reacted negatively to Hughes' proposed constitution, because they "had not been appointed for any such purpose, and that their power should cease would cease immediately after the next general election." Nonetheless the Reformers swept the elections.
278:
were "78 husbands who are parents of families, and from the best information, fathers of 312 children, and are companions, or rather abusers, of 78 afflicted women, who are bound to suffer under the government of madness and distraction." Another lecture was presented in
January 1836. The tragic death by fire of a local magistrate in March led Hughes to immediately organize more meetings, and to publish his "Remarks on Intemperance". About November 1837, he presented a more theological manuscript to the other elders of the Children of Peace, seeking their support. The pamphlet not only argued against such rituals involving wine as communion, but also contested whether Christ had ever commanded his disciples to do so.
217:
secretary; both were elders of the
Children of Peace. This meeting, on a motion from Hughes, established "Committees of Vigilance" for each township in the riding, "to secure the return of an independent Member to the ensuing Parliament." The use of committees of reformers to nominate candidates, rather than open nonpartisan public meetings, was innovative and led to the proposal for a district wide convention to do the same for other ridings. These committee members met in Hope the next month to elect an executive for the riding. This ten member executive contained five members of the Children of Peace: Samuel Hughes was unanimously elected president, William Reid, secretary.
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parliamentary session to discuss the bills before the assembly. One of their more interesting proposals was to create a petitioning campaign for a written provincial constitution; Hughes was appointed to the committee. A constitution would be the means by which "the proceedings of our government may be bounded – the legislative council rendered elective, and the government and council made responsible – and that all
Eccliastics be prohibited from holding seats in the council and that no officer of the government should be irresponsible."
295:"Queen's Bush" in Peel County, where he held meetings among white and black settlers. In 1850, he was to strike south as far as Salem, Ohio, where he was to publish "A warning to the Society of Friends everywhere". During a six-week visit to Ohio Yearly Meeting in 1851, Hughes was to publish a pamphlet "To the Children and Youth of Friends' Families, Constituting Yonge Street Monthly Meeting; and to all others in similar circumstances". He had written a similar epistle to the students of West Lake Boarding School in February 1851.
44:
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castigated "the conduct of Sir
Francis Bond Head ... for he has tampered with our rights at elections – disposed of many thousands of pounds of our revenue without our consent – and governed us by the strong hand of arbitrary and unconstitutional power – depreciating our currency, and pretending to maintain cash payments, while the Bank, immediately connected with his government, was flooding the colony with the notes of a Bankrupt Bank in another province." The meeting appointed Hughes,
204:. Samuel's First political participation came in August 1831, in a public meeting of 150 to 200 people for the township of East Gwillimbury held in the "chapel" of the Children of Peace. The meeting was one of a series organized by Mackenzie that summer to petition the British parliament to address a number of abuses. Samuel was elected one of five members of a committee to prepare the petition, seek signatures, and correspond with other township committees on the matter.
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170:. The Farmers' Storehouse was both a producers and consumer cooperative. Farmers sold their wheat an flour through the company and purchased their needs from its store. They could also obtain small loans equal to the share capital they held. Management of the Company soon passed to Samuel Hughes who became president in 1832. The Children of Peace had just established a
124:". Samuel Hughes sold his farm opposite the Yonge Street meeting house, and purchased 146 acres on lots 105 & 106, 1st concession, of East Gwillimbury, right behind the David Willson lot (Conc. 2, lot 10), and downstream from his brother-in-law Israel Lundy's grist mill. He operated a sawmill on this land in partnership with Enos Dennis, his brother-in-law.
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head. These illnesses kept him from moving to the new house he had built on his farm until the summer of 1840. In June, as he moved into the new house near
Holland Landing, he also applied for membership in the Yonge Street Monthly Meeting (Hicksite). His wife, Anna Armitage Wiggins Hughes applied for membership in August, and the two were accepted.
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point, Hughes purchased a 200-acre crown reserve in the village as part of this land-sharing plan. For those in immediate crisis, alms and a shelter for the homeless served as a stopgap. So successful was this cooperative regime of mutual aid, that by 1851, Hope was the most prosperous agricultural community in the province.
277:
Starting in
January 1835, Hughes began what might be considered an annual lecture on intemperance. In the first of these lectures, he noted that there were "105 habitual drunkards out of a population of 1070 male adults" in East Gwillimbury and Whitchurch townships. Among these 105 habitual drunkards
225:
The example set by the Fourth Riding was generalized in a Grand
Convention in February 1834. Samuel Hughes was a delegate to this convention, and called for it to become a "permanent convention" or political party – Canada's first. After the delegates had selected their candidates and prepared a
273:
Since his early life with the
Society of Friends, Hughes had always been moved by a religious concern on the abuse of alcohol. In December 1831, however, he was to experience a transformative event that sharpened his concern. He discovered the body of a drunken man, frozen in the snow. Hughes was to
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Hughes was struck with a severe illness on 30 September 1839 that left "most of his friends and neighbours despairing of hopes of recovery." It was a month before he recovered, and three months before he could attend to business. At that point, he fell from the upper floor of his barn, striking his
281:
This address appeared to be the source of the final breach between Hughes and the
Children of Peace. He had evidently attempted to minister on the subject in their regular meetings for worship, against their objections. Hughes felt he had no choice but to separate from the Children of Peace so that
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as delegates to the convention (and all, with the exception of Hughes and MacIntosh, leaders in the Rebellion); they also appointed 23 men to a "Committee of vigilance" to organize local political unions. These committees and the convention delegates were to become the organizational framework for
115:
Samuel Hughes' eldest sister, Rachel Hughes Lundy, was one of the first followers of Willson. The entire Hughes family, including Samuel, soon joined them. Most of those who joined the Children of Peace lived along Yonge St., a military road. It seems that their experience of religious persecution
247:
The second meeting of the renewed Political Union was called to order by Samuel Hughes three days later, on 3 August in Newmarket. Mackenzie regaled the crowd for more than an hour, reviewing the complaints listed in the Declaration of the Toronto Reformers. Samuel Hughes proposed a motion which
243:
After the unfair elections of 1836, the more moderate reformers withdrew in disappointment with their electoral loss, leaving William Lyon Mackenzie to fill the political vacuum. He organized the Toronto Political Union and called for a Constitutional Convention in July 1837. He began organizing
127:
Samuel Hughes soon became an elder in the group, and played a prominent role in the distribution of their alms raised in the Temple. Their system of mutual aid was based on labour exchanges (work bees), cooperative marketing, a credit union, and for a short time, a land-sharing agreement. At one
294:
Hughes was recommended as a minister in 1844. Subsequently, Hughes appeared to travel regularly in the ministry. In 1845, he journeyed to Yearly Meeting in Michigan, and went on to visit all the meetings westward of Farmington. In 1846, he was to visit Mariposa Meeting (Ontario), and 1849, the
216:
A public meeting was called on 5 June in Newmarket to establish a second branch of the Central Political Union – for the townships of Whitchurch, East Gwillimbury and Brock, the newly established Fourth Riding of the County of York. Samuel Hughes chaired the meeting, and William Reid was
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He married secondly, Mary Doan, in 1819, daughter of Ebenezer Sr. and Anna Savilla Sloy Doan born 7 December 1762, died childless on 5 April 1827. He married lastly, Anna Armitage, daughter of Amos and Martha Doan Armitage, widow of Isaac Wiggins, and niece of his second wife on 21 June 1829.
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Mackenzie was unjustly expelled from the legislature in 1831, and prevented from taking his seat although re-elected three times. He travelled to London to protest, and while away the reformers started the Upper Canada Central Political Union. It was a petitioning organization which tried to
234:
After the elections, the reformers formed another petitioning organization, the Canadian Alliance Society. The Children of Peace immediately formed a branch of the Canadian Alliance Society in January 1835, and elected Samuel Hughes its president. This branch met every two weeks during the
174:
within the group, and under Hughes leadership, the Farmers' Storehouse company also tried to establish itself as a bank after a Special Committee of the Assembly had established that joint-stock banks did not require a legislated charter. The cooperative movement was politicized due to the
116:
for their pacifist stance on the war drew them to Willson who had formed a new group, the Children of Peace, on the promise he would raise the peace testimony as "an Ensign to the Nations." It was these families – most of whom were related to the Hughes – who were to move to
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A Vision Concerning the Desolation of Zion; or, The Fall of Religion Among the Quakers, Set Forth in a Similitude or Vision of the Mind: Particularly Dedicated to the Captives, or Scattered Tribes of That Body, Now Commonly Called Orthodox and
71:. Samuel Hughes was twenty years old when the family moved to Upper Canada. He was married for the first of three times in June 1811 to Sarah Webster, daughter of Abram and Anna Lundy Webster. Sarah died 24 December 1815.
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67:, where they married and established their own farms and businesses. Job Hughes was the leading minister in the Yonge Street Monthly Meeting, and his wife Eleanor was an elder. Job died in 1810 on a trip to attend
758:
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compose a highly stylized parable, which he was eventually to publish with other parables and lectures on intemperance in 1836. These were among the first temperance publications in the province.
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local "Vigilance Committees" to elect delegates. The structure of the convention was much like that of the "General Convention of Delegates in 1834, and many of the same delegates were elected.
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63:. Two daughters married Friends in the West Lake area; the remaining six children, including Samuel, all settled with their parents in the
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To the Children and Youth of Friends' Families, Constituting Yonge Street Monthly Meeting; and to All Others in Similar Circumstances
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Union is Strength: W.L. Mackenzie, the Children of Peace, and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada
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112:, an architectural symbol of their vision of a society based on the values of peace, equality and social justice.
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A notice to settlers of Yonge Street from 1798, indicating their duties once they settled land granted to them
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261:. Although a convention delegate, Hughes, a pacifist, did not participate, unlike his now-famous cousin,
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100:(1812–1889) were a utopian Quaker sect that separated from the Yonge Street Monthly Meeting during the
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Last Will and Testament of Samuel Hughes, on Religious Subjects. For Friends and Relations Everywhere
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minister Job Hughes and his second wife Eleanor Lee. In 1804–1805, the extended family moved to
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was the elected representative for the riding from 1828. He, like Hughes, was part of a
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Awaiting the Millennium: The Children of Peace and the Village of Hope, 1812–1889
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township after the War, and to join Willson in building the new community of "
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526:"Samuel Hughes: Child of Peace, Democrat, Socialist, Quaker Minister"
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Fish Market, Toronto, 1838 with Farmers' Storehouse in the background
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326:(Printed at the Homestead Journal Office, Salem, Ohio, 1850), 8 pp.
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An Epistle to my Friends, and All That Love the Truth in Mariposa
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he rejoined the Hicksite Quakers and became a minister of note.
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27:, and the president of Canada's first farmers cooperative, the
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in 1824. It stood at the centre of a broad economic and
311:(J.H. Lawrence, Guardian Office, Toronto, 1835), 12 pp.
252:, Nelson Gorham, Silas Fletcher, Jeremiah Graham, and
332:. (Enoch Harris, Mount Pleasant, Ohio, 1851), 8 pp.
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The Toronto Political Union & Rebellion of 1837
902:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
213:influence the legislature, not a political party.
108:. Today, they are primarily remembered for the
324:A Warning to the Society of Friends Everywhere
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19:(1785–1856) was a prominent member of the
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567:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
515:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
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51:Hughes was born on 4 February 1785 in
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887:Canadian Christian religious leaders
208:Upper Canada Central Political Union
533:The Canadian Quaker History Journal
189:The Reform Movement (Upper Canada)
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314:(W.J. Coates, Toronto, ), 40 pp.
298:Hughes died on 11 December 1856.
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25:reform politician in Upper Canada
282:he could continue his ministry.
179:to the company's incorporation.
132:The Farmers' Storehouse Company
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892:Canadian Christian socialists
230:The Canadian Alliance Society
154:was Canada's first farmer's
511:Schrauwers, Albert (1993).
138:Farmers' Storehouse Company
29:Farmers' Storehouse Company
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198:democratic reform movement
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39:Early life and immigration
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320:(Newmarket, n.d. ), 8pp.
104:under the leadership of
659:Marshall Spring Bidwell
389:, pp. 81, 120–121.
69:New York Yearly Meeting
65:Yonge Street settlement
819:William Pearce Howland
672:William Warren Baldwin
622:William Lyon Mackenzie
259:Upper Canada Rebellion
200:opposed to the ruling
194:William Lyon Mackenzie
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55:, second son of noted
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102:War of 1812
98:The Children of Peace
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85:The Children of Peace
79:The Children of Peace
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882:19th-century Quakers
634:William John O'Grady
221:The Grand Convention
814:Lawrence Hartshorne
799:Joshua Gwillen Doan
461:, pp. 192–199.
401:, pp. 118–121.
269:Temperance advocate
175:obstruction of the
152:Farmers' Storehouse
720:James Hervey Price
712:Thomas D. Morrison
702:Anthony Van Egmond
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286:Hicksite minister
183:Reform politician
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31:. After the
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877:1856 deaths
872:1785 births
834:Elias Moore
698:Jesse Lloyd
550:20 February
156:cooperative
866:Categories
630:John Rolph
343:References
545:1180-968X
539:: 32–54.
348:Footnotes
309:Hicksites
53:Catawissa
162:and the
160:Toronto
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338:(1856)
57:Quaker
529:(PDF)
552:2019
541:ISSN
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