Saint Patrick's Battalion - Knowledge (XXG)

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assigned by officers—that the deserters joined the Mexican army due to their Catholicism; he said, "I have good reason to believe, in fact in some cases I know, that harsh and unjust treatment by their officers operated far more strongly than any other consideration to produce the deplorable result ," and described how he found the punishments used for "trivial offensives" to be "revolting and disgusting". Another theory some historians hold is that the soldiers were attracted by the incentives offered by the Mexican government: safe passage throughout Mexico for deserters, generous land grants, and the offer of potential military commissions. For poor people coming from famine conditions, economics was often an important incentive.

1360:, an Irishman, started a military academy teaching "the sword exercise", also in Guadalajara. Others were reportedly killed while travelling through Mexico, while others were reduced to living on handouts. A handful are on record as having made use of the land claims promised them by the Mexican government. Americans in Mexico who had been taken prisoner by Mexico or who were common deserters were known to falsely present themselves as members of the Saint Patrick's Battalion; American William W. Carpenter, who found himself in this predicament, stated that: "the reputation of the San Patricio battalion was spread from ocean to ocean, and to that, more than any thing else, do I owe my present safety". 492: 83: 66: 998: 744: 1650: 42: 918: 1281: 1277:. Harney was taunted and jeered by the condemned men. While overseeing the hangings, Harney ordered Francis O'Connor hanged although he had had both legs amputated the previous day. When the army surgeon informed the colonel that the absent soldier had lost both his legs in battle, Harney replied: "Bring the damned son of a bitch out! My order was to hang 30 and by God I'll do it!" 1573: 1191:, regardless of the circumstances. Hanging was reserved only for spies (without uniform) and for "atrocities against civilians", neither of which activities were among the charges brought against any members of the Saint Patrick's Battalion. Although more than 9,000 U.S. soldiers deserted the army during the Mexican–American War, only the 1085:

where the Mexican government had decamped, with some 50 members serving as a body-guard for the commander-in-chief. The battalion were caught up in the infighting and politicking of Mexico at the time, and were under the patronage of a faction that favored suing for ending of the conflict peacefully.

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used this battle as a chance to settle old scores with U.S. troops: "The large number of officers killed in the affair was ... ascribed to them, as for the gratification of their revenge they aimed at no other objects during the engagement". At some point during the fighting for the convent, two

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Another hypothesis is that the members of the Saint Patrick's Battalion had been unhappy with their treatment in the U.S. Army; this was the conviction of George Ballentine, an Englishman who served in the American army. Ballentine stated that while "there was a portion of truth" in the view—commonly

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on Mexico (Riley among them) were sentenced to "... receive 50 lashes on their bare backs, to be branded with the letter 'D' for deserter, and to wear iron yokes around their necks for the duration of the war." This, too, went against the Articles of War; deserters who left prior to a declaration of

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of mankind as a constitutive principle ... liberty is not on the part of those who desire to be lords of the world, robbing properties and territories which do not belong to them and shedding so much blood in order to accomplish their views, views in open war to the principles of our holy religion".

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and Santiago O'Leary heading up the second. Desertion handbills were produced, specially targeting Catholic Irish, French and German immigrants in the invading U.S. army and stating that "You must not fight against a religious people, nor should you be seen in the ranks of those who proclaim slavery

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stated that, "The affinities between Ireland and Mexico go back to the first years of our nation, when our country fought to preserve its national sovereignty... Then, a brave group of Irish soldiers... in a heroic gesture, decided to fight against the foreign ground invasion", and Mexican president

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The Mexican government described the hangings as "a cruel death or horrible torments, improper in a civilized age, and for a people who aspire to the title of illustrious and humane", and by a writer covering the war as "a refinement of cruelty and ... fiendish". George Ballentine remarked, in his

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the Mexican army possessed, which were positioned on high ground overlooking the battlefield, at the base of a hillside (just below what is now a gravel mine). They were later described as "a strong Mexican battery ... moved ... by dint of extraordinary exertions ... commanded the entire plateau".

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Al conmemorar la gesta heroica del Batallón de San Patricio honramos la memoria de todos los hombres y de todas las mujeres que han luchado y siguen luchando por construir un mundo más justo, más incluyente y más democrático, independientemente de su origen étnico, su condición social, su herencia

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on 26 August. At neither of these trials were the men represented by lawyers nor were transcripts made of the proceedings. This lack of formal legal advice could account for the fact that several of the men claimed that drunkenness had led them to desert (a common defense in military trials at the

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opened fire on them, killing or wounding all but one of the group. Though hopelessly outnumbered and under-equipped, the defenders repelled the attacking U.S. forces with heavy losses until their ammunition ran out and a Mexican officer raised the white flag of surrender. Officer Patrick Dalton of

1256:, by being thrown "into a mill flume and crushed by the wheel". At the San Ángel hangings all prisoners were executed without incident except for Patrick Dalton, who, as an American captain described, was "literally choked to death". Dalton had previously voiced concerns regarding his treatment. 971:

A lack of ammunition led the Mexican soldiers in the trenches between the bridgehead and the convent to disband; without ammunition, they had no way to fight back. Santa Anna had ordered half of these soldiers to a different part of the battlefield. When the requested ammunition wagon finally

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are rarely covered in American education; on the rare occasion that they are mentioned, it is pointed out that they were traitors (if holding US citizenship), and small in number. Reasons given for having abandoned the United States included religious sympathy, and pursuit of money and land.

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stated "Members of the St. Patrick's Battalion were executed for following their consciences. They were martyred for adhering to the highest ideals... we honor their memory. In the name of the people of Mexico, I salute today the people of Ireland and express my eternal gratitude".

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There are conflicting accounts of the design of the flag of the Saint Patrick's Battalion. No flags or depictions of them are known to have survived to the present day. The only version of the flag known to have survived the war was subsequently lost or stolen from the chapel at

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It is believed primary motivations were shared religion with the Mexicans and sympathy for the Mexican cause based on similarities between the situations in Mexico and Ireland. This hypothesis is based on evidence of the number of Irish Catholics in the battalion, the letters of

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One soldier who claimed he was forced to fight by the Mexicans after he was captured by them, and who subsequently refused to do so, was sentenced to death by firing squad instead of hanging, along with another who was found not to have officially joined the Mexican Army.

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was played upon their release. The Saint Patrick's Battalion continued to function as two infantry companies under the command of John Riley, with one unit tasked with sentry duty in Mexico City and the other was stationed in the suburbs of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The

1321:, as one onlooker remarked; "Hands tied, feet tied, their voices still free". At Harney's signal, the carts holding the tied and noosed men pulled away. Harney refused to cut the bodies down, stating that "I was ordered to have them hanged, and have no orders to 818:

They started the battle supporting Mexican infantry by firing on U.S. lines as the Mexicans advanced on them, then later decimating an artillery battery directly opposite them on the battlefield (Washington's 4th Artillery, D Battery). A small number of

936:(20 August 1847) took place about four months after the defeat at Cerro Gordo. Gen. Santa Anna gave a verbal order to "preserve the point at all risk". The San Patricio Companies initially met the attackers outside the walls of the convent at a 1182:

were sentenced to death by hanging: 30 from the Tacubaya trial and 18 from San Ángel. The rationale was that they had entered Mexican military service following the declaration of war. Execution by hanging was in violation of the contemporary

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James M. Smith suggested a surrender after raising his white handkerchief. Following the U.S. victory, the Americans "ventilat their vocabulary of Saxon expletives, not very "courteously", on Riley and his beautiful disciples of St. Patrick."

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In all my letter, I forgot to tell you under what banner we fought so bravely. It was that glorious Emblem of native rights, that being the banner which should have floated over our native Soil many years ago, it was St. Patrick, the

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proved their artillery skills by causing the deaths of many American soldiers, and they are credited with defeating two to three separate assaults into the heart of the city. Among their targets were companies led by such officers as

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Travels and adventures in Mexico : in the course of journeys of upward of 2500 miles, performed on foot; giving an account of the manners and customs of the people, and the agricultural and mineral resources of that

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took place at three separate locations on three separate dates; 16 were executed on 10 September 1847 at San Ángel, four were executed the following day at the village of Mixcoac on 11 September, and 30 were hanged at

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New units were later made up of the free survivors of the battle of Churubusco and a roughly equal number of fresh deserters from the U.S. Army. Following the war, the Mexican Government insisted in a clause of the

1536:, the Mexican government gave a commemorative statue to the Irish government in perpetual thanks for the bravery, honor and sacrifice of the Saint Patrick's Battalion. The statue was erected in the town of 602:

against Irish Catholic immigrants. Catholic churches had been similarly defaced by the American military in Mexico during the war. Additionally, both the Mexicans and the Irish were subjected to racism and

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Preferring to fight with the Catholic Mexicans against the Protestant Americans, the San Patricios were the only group of deserters in American history to band together in the service of a foreign enemy.

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was renamed for one day to Metro San Patricio, on 17 March 2015, to commemorate Saint Patrick's day and the Saint Patrick's Battalion. This was the first time a metro had been renamed in such a manner.

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rode out the day in a costly artillery duel with several American batteries, which killed and injured roughly one third of them. General Francisco Mejia's Battle Report for Buena Vista described the

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as well as religious ideological convictions, the incentive of higher wages and land grants starting at 320 acres (1.3 km) offered by Mexico, and viewing the U.S. invasion of Mexico as unjust.

5122: 940:, which was about 500 yards (457 m) from a fortified convent. A battery of three to five heavy cannons were used from this position to hold off the American advance along with support from 833:

with the express purpose of capturing the 4th's cannons once the crews had been dealt with. As the division got close enough they charged the artillery battery, bayoneting whoever remained and

5117: 4322: 767:, many of whose soldiers would end up in their own ranks later in the war. Their tenacity, however, did not affect the Mexican commanders' decision to capitulate and abandon the position. 578:

soldiers and senior officers, brutal military discipline and dislike of service in the U.S. military, being forced to attend Protestant church services and being unable to practice their

1331:"he desertion of our soldiers to the Mexican army ... were still numerous, in spite of the fearful example of the executions at Churubusco, also served to inspire that party with hope." 725:, is known to be inaccurate) going on to join the U.S. Army in Michigan in September 1845. He deserted in Matamoros in April 1846. Upon meeting Mexican forces he was initially given the 503:

in 1959: "In memory of the Irish soldiers of the heroic St. Patrick's Battalion, martyrs who gave their lives to the Mexican cause in the United States' unjust invasion of 1847"

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is memorialised on two separate days; 12 September, the generally accepted anniversary of the executions of those battalion members captured by the U.S. Army, and 17 March,

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On the other side is a painting ... made to represent St. Patrick, in his left hand a key and in his right a crook or staff resting upon a serpent. Underneath is painted

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at a ceremony in Mexico City's San Jacinto Plaza. This is where the U.S. Army conducted the first 16 hangings after the men were convicted of desertion at court martial.

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Whatever the case, in 1997 a reproduction military flag was created by the Clifden and Connemara Heritage Group. Another was created the following year for the MGM film

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Some writers suggest that the Saint Patrick's Battalion might have used different banners (as an artillery unit, as an infantry company, and as a reconstructed unit).

2157: 666:(Legion of Foreigners); the men who would later make up the core of the Saint Patrick's battalion. Meanwhile, deserters were abandoning General Taylor's army on the 618:

Mexican author José Raúl Conseco noted that many Irish lived in northern Texas, and were forced to move south due to regional insecurity. Mainly Irish settlers from

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captured by the U.S. Army were treated and punished as traitors for desertion in time of war. Seventy-two men were immediately charged with desertion by the Army.

3810: 5047: 1701:... a beautiful green silk banner waved over their heads; on it glittered a silver cross and a golden harp, embroidered by the hands of the fair nuns of 1152:

time that sometimes led to lighter sentences), and others described how they were forced to join the Mexican Army in some form or another. The majority of the

964:, most of whom were veterans (many having served in the armies of the United Kingdom and various German states), the supporting Mexican battalions were simply 1071:

were killed, 85 taken prisoner (including a wounded John Riley, Captain O'Leary, and Anaya); about 85 escaped with retreating Mexican forces. Some 60% of the

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The great majority of those men who formed Saint Patrick's Battalion were recent immigrants who had arrived at northeastern U.S. ports. They were part of the

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to switch sides and offered incentives to foreigners who would enlist in its army, including being granted citizenship, being paid higher wages and generous

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In 2004, at an official ceremony attended by numerous international dignitaries, including directors Lance and Jason Hool and several actors from the film

1473:. This resulted in the U.S. Army's admitting its denial of the matter. The U.S. Congress ordered the army to turn over its records on the battalion to the 560: 598:. Catholic immigrants were regularly met with discrimination from their Protestant peers, sentiments which sometimes boiled over into events such as the 454: 2152: 1775:' history. A third version embodying the description of the San Luis Potosí flag was made for the Irish Society of Chicago, which hung it in the city's 1576: 2167: 1035:

to order his men to fight on, with their bare hands if necessary. American Private Ballentine reported that when the Mexicans attempted to raise the

980:" muskets, and they made up only a fraction of the defending forces. Further hampering Mexican efforts, a stray spark from an artillery piece firing 5102: 4982: 3884: 1445: 984:

at the on-coming U.S. troops caused the just-arrived ammunition to explode and set fire to several men, including Captain O'Leary and Gen. Anaya. A

1418:: The only bagpipe band in Mexico is named after the battalion, and based at the former Convent of Churubusco in Mexico City, which now houses the 1225:

In all, 50 Saint Patrick's Battalion members were officially executed by the U.S. Army, all but two by hanging. Collectively, this was the largest

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as John Reily, Riely, Reilly, O'Reily and O'Reilly. His name is given as Juan Reyle, Reley, Reely and Reiley in Mexican army documents written in

563:. The U.S. Army often recruited the Irish and other immigrants into military service shortly or sometimes immediately after arrival in America in 4374: 4906:

Tenían una insignia blanca, en la que se encontraban los escudos de Irlanda y Mexico, y el nombre de su capitán, John O'Reilly bordado en verde.

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They had a white flag/standard, on which were found the shields of Ireland and Mexico, and the name of their captain, John O'Reilly [

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was brought up by his opponents to sway Irish American voters. The U.S. Army long denied the existence of the Saint Patrick's Battalion, as a

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in its 18th to 19th century design, showing the "Maid of Erin" as the harp's pillar, her wing forming the harp's neck, and the inscription

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The Mexican War, by an English Soldier: Comprising Incidents and Adventures in the United States and Mexico with the American Army

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The banner is of green silk, and on one side is a harp, surmounted by the Mexican coat of arms, with a scroll on which is painted

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were officially mustered out of Mexican military service in 1848; some members were alleged to have been involved in an abortive

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Those who survived either made lives for themselves in Mexico or returned to their home nations such as Ireland. Some former

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and consisted of volunteers from many European countries, commanded by Col. Francisco R. Moreno, with Riley in charge of 1st

881: 332:. It served as an artillery unit for much of the war, and despite later being formally designated as an infantry unit of two 799: 633:

Irish expatriates had a long tradition of serving as mercenaries in the military forces of Catholic countries, including in

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them". Harney was subsequently promoted to brigadier general, which rank he held while the U.S. Army occupied Mexico City.

880:' as "worthy of the most consummate praise because the men fought with daring bravery." Several Irishmen were awarded the 862:

to "take that damned battery". In this task they failed, and, badly bloodied, were forced to retreat. At about 1 p.m. the

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were traitors, fighting in an unjust attempt by Mexico to reconquer Texas. Successive Mexican presidents have praised the

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Numerous theories have been proposed as to their motives for desertion, including cultural alienation, mistreatment of

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on 23 February, the Patricios became engaged with U.S. forces. They were assigned the three heaviest—18 and 24 pound—

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to deny the Americans the honor of capturing it. In a final act of defiance, the men about to be hanged cheered the

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The U.S. flag appeared on the flagpole at 9.30 a.m. Legend has it that the Mexican flag had been taken by a cadet,

1187:, which stipulated that the penalty for desertion and/or defecting to the enemy during a time of war was death by 5031: 5018: 4400: 2298:

The Vanguard of the Atlantic World: Creating Modernity, Nation, and Democracy in Nineteenth-Century Latin America

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instead received all three punishments, a fate that once again was given to no other deserters during the war.

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was murdered by American soldiers when he was recognised among the prisoners of war in the aftermath of the

1197:(who unlike almost all other deserters had also fought against the United States) were punished by hanging. 1100:

issued General Orders 116 on 1 June 1848 stating that; "The prisoners confined at the Citadel, known as the

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covered a Mexican retreat as a disordered mass of infantry sought refuge during a lull in the fighting. The

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Two other eye-witness accounts of the flag exist, both from American soldiers. The first describes it as:

1666: 1593: 1373:. Numerous schools, churches and other landmarks in Mexico take their name from the battalion, including: 1370: 1097: 726: 414: 263: 221: 705:

by the Mexicans because of their ruddy, sun-burnt complexions and red hair color. They were commanded by

2070: 1466: 1270: 1078: 1046: 985: 803: 793: 683: 211: 206: 4899: 2074: 421:. The Mexican government printed propaganda in different languages to entice immigrants serving in the 1943: 1813: 1597: 1585: 1541: 933: 925: 752:

defended the city of Monterrey with artillery fire from its citadel, indicated here with the key "F".

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The first major engagement of the Saint Patrick's Battalion, as a recognised Mexican unit, was as an

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The battalion has inspired numerous responses: it is the name of an supporters's association of the

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free to haul away two six-pound cannons. These cannons would later be used by Mexican forces at the

5022: 2670:, p. 197: "The battalion was formed as an artillery company and fought at Matamoros and Monterrey". 2086: 1478: 844: 826: 698: 671: 655: 619: 579: 575: 530: 201: 196: 3955: 3935: 3860: 2082: 1237:

appears to have been the largest execution by hanging at a single event.) En masse executions for

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The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History, Volume 1

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grew in number, by some estimates reaching an enlistment of over 700 men. Forces re-assembled at

659: 552: 422: 325: 4750: 4266: 4052: 2162: 1401:: On Thursday, 28 October 2002 the LVII Mexican Congress held a ceremony where the inscription " 1310: 884:

by the Mexican government for their conduct in that battle, and many received field promotions.

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A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican—American War

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Despite their excellent performance in a number of engagements as artillery, the much-reduced

830: 694: 675: 608: 253: 2658:, "The first significant battle for the San Patricios was at Monterrey on 21 September 1846". 2438: 2407: 905:, as well as a cavalry unit, in mid-1847 by personal order of Santa Anna. It was renamed the 4765: 4448: 3780: 2537: 2403: 2302: 2050: 2046: 1351: 1158:

either offered no defense or their defenses were not recorded. Wealthy Mexicans came to the

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as well as piping. The trousers were sky-blue with red piping. Officers wore black or blue

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participated in many of the bloodiest battles during the American invasion of Mexico, with

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The other side; or, notes for the history of the war between Mexico and the United States

3738: 2053:. Regardless of other variant spellings, the name was Seán Ó Raghailligh in the original 1269:

were to be executed at Chapultepec in full view of the two armies while they fought the

1164:' defence at the trials, and members of Mexico's first families visited them in prison. 2054: 1847: 1818: 1274: 1260: 1226: 1058: 1012:

American officers led fifteen men against a point in the Mexican defenses, and mistook

851: 687: 679: 548: 398: 390: 370: 4682: 4671: 5056: 4599: 4576: 4492: 4394: 4245: 3859:(in Spanish). Presidency of the Republic of Mexico. 12 September 1997. Archived from 3842: 2559: 1682: 1121:, while historians have said the group was disbanded because of Mexican budget cuts. 1118: 764: 382: 374: 301: 151: 140: 1649: 41: 5048:"Irish Immigrants Deserted US Army in the Mexican American War" accessed 3 May 2020 4974: 2132: 2012: 1853: 1776: 1545: 1437: 1318: 1299: 1188: 1107: 714: 564: 394: 358: 336:, the battalion continued to operate artillery pieces throughout the conflict. The 297: 256: 88: 4418:

McCornack, Richard (1958). "The San Patricio Deserters in the Mexican War, 1847".

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Hopkins, G. T. (September 1913). "The San Patricio Battalion in the Mexican War".

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were killed or captured in the engagement. The survivors were reformed before the

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of the British Army, who possibly arrived in Canada in 1843 whilst serving in the

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In the U.S., the memory of the battalion has been different. In Winfield Scott's

1304: 637:. In the decades leading up to the Mexican-American War many Irish fought in the 4824: 4072: 1886:

A Flag to Fly: Based on True Story of the St. Patrick's Battalion in Mexico 1847

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An image displaying both the Irish and Mexican versions of the joint issue stamp

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Mermann-Jozwiak, Elisabeth (Fall 2001). "An interview with Montserrat Fontes".

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and privates wore dark-blue cloth barracks caps, with red tassels similar to a

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Missionaries of Republicanism: A Religious History of the Mexican-American War

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John Riley, who left an account of the battalion, noted the flag in a letter:

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The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States

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A radically different version of the flag was described in a Mexican source:

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prisoners held by the Americans were to be left in Mexico, and Major General

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Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S./Mexican War

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Army of Manifest Destiny: The American Soldier in the Mexican War, 1846–1848

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have been remembered as a symbol of international solidarity with Mexico.

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The men have continued to be honored and revered as heroes in Mexico. The

968:(the term 'National Guard' is also used) who had been untested by battle. 4076: 2110: 1828: 1737: 1642: 1455: 1144: 958:

companies serving as an example to the supporting battalions. Unlike the

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were heroes who came to their aid in an hour of need. For Americans, the

378: 268: 102: 4236: 2794: 952:. Several U.S. charges towards the bridgehead were thrown off, with the 495:

Commemorative plaque placed at the San Jacinto Plaza in the district of

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Shamrock and Sword, The Saint Patrick's Battalion in the US—Mexican War

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Martin Paredes, "Batallón de San Patricio: the Irish Heroes of Mexico"

5028: 4005:"Beneath an Emerald Green Flag: The Story of Irish Soldiers in Mexico" 798:

They then marched northward after joining a larger force commanded by

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cartridges were compatible with none but the San Patricio Companies "

973: 5006:, Embassy of Ireland Mexico, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 4769: 4452: 3558: 1481:

cancelled the U.S. distribution of a film depicting the battalion,

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sent from Mexico City, the "liberating army of the North". At the

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Reconstruction of the battalion's flag as described by John Riley.

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Tucker, Spencer; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta, eds. (2013).

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A number of musical works have covered the battalion, including:

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Those soldiers who had left military service before the official

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was called when the threat of being outflanked proved too great.

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The Fighting Irish: The Story of the Extraordinary Irish Soldier

3885:"Mexico City renames Metro Station after St Patrick for one day" 2377: 2375: 2020: 2016: 1001:

A depiction of George Ballentine, an eyewitness of the battalion

834: 308:. Consisting of between 175 and several hundred mostly European 4896:

Diccionario Porrúa de historia, biografía y geografía de México

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Kendall, George Wilkins (1999). Cress, Lawrence Delbert (ed.).

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and they had their distinct green silk flag embroidered there.

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Agent of Destiny: The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott

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America on the World Stage: A Global Approach to U.S. History

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The Rogue's March: John Riley and the St. Patrick's Battalion

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Battalion in the Mexican Army during the Mexican–American War

5044:, Website of leading author on the Saint Patrick's battalion 5038:, Website of leading author on the Saint Patrick's battalion 3071: 3069: 1404:

Defensores de la Patria 1846–1848 y Batallón de San Patricio

1377:

Monterrey: The street in front of the Irish School is named

429:. U.S. Army regiments which had members defect included the 4915:

The United States in Latin America: A Historical Dictionary

2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 1515:

commemorated the 150th anniversary of the execution of the

1458:

and an attempt to discourage other deserters. In 1915, an

4923:"The Chieftains And Ry Cooder Tell 'San Patricio' History" 4163:] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Ediciones Leega / Jucar. 4117:"The St. Patricio Battalion: The Irish Soldiers of Mexico" 2396:"Religion, Anti-Catholicism, and the Mexican-American War" 2105:

Monterrey is here spelled "Monterey" as it appears in the

1411: 1057:

through the halls and rooms inside the convent, U.S. Army

674:, which took place concurrently to the two other battles. 5108:

Military units and formations of the Mexican–American War

4494:

Bound for the Rio Grande; the Mexican Struggle, 1845–1850

2736: 2734: 1967:, TG4 (Ireland) documentary, directed by Kieran Concannon 3110: 3108: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2952: 2950: 2937: 2935: 2678: 2676: 854:, referring to the Saint Patrick's Battalion, ordered a 4223:

Hogan, Michael (1997). "The Irish Soldiers of Mexico".

2984: 2982: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2212: 2210: 1726:

Among the mighty host we passed was O'Reilly [

1669:, an American journalist covering the war with Mexico: 1548:

in honor of Riley every year on 12 September. In 2014,

1386:

Mexico City: The street in front of the Santa María de

1065:

Gen. Anaya stated in his written battle report that 35

4626:

America, Amerikkka: Elect Nation and Imperial Violence

4250:. Guadalajara, Mexico: Fondo Editorial Universitario. 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2185: 2183: 1992:, novel by Andrea Ferraris, published by Fantagraphics 1529:

commemorative postage stamps to mark the anniversary.

4894:

Garibay, Ángel María; Teixidor, Felipe, eds. (1971).

4180:

Mexicanos: A history of Mexicans in the United States

2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 350:

proved to be about the severest battle fought in the

5123:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1848

2910: 2908: 2906: 2579: 2577: 2575: 1329:

account of his American military service in Mexico,

4751:"The Battalion of Saint Patrick in the Mexican War" 1565: 247: 237: 232: 184: 158: 146: 136: 122: 108: 94: 76: 59: 51: 34: 4649:Baring the Iron Hand: Discipline in the Union Army 4598: 4575: 3983:"A Reminder of a Conflict That Faded into History" 2667: 567:with promises of salaries and land after the war. 5118:Military units and formations established in 1846 4601:Why We Fought: America's Wars in Film and History 4267:"Los San Patricios: The Irish Soldiers of Mexico" 3519: 3468: 701:of 21 September 1846. Popularly they were called 4333:(5). UE International Solidarity. Archived from 4323:"Students Seek To Have Expulsion Order Annulled" 806:(known as the battle of Angostura in Mexico) in 4831:(1st ed.). New York: Seven Stories Press. 4097:"Three flags for the Batallón de San Patricio?" 3630: 2381: 2331: 1946:, published by Blue River Press of Indianapolis 1751: 1724: 1699: 1671: 1634: 1495: 654:Present in the Mexican Army for the battles of 611:and treated as inferior to American nativists. 328:, the battalion was formed and led by Irishman 5004:Commemoration of the Saint Patrick’s Battalion 4866:"Mexican-Irish hero to be honoured in Clifden" 4807:San Patricio Soldiers: Mexico's Foreign Legion 3891:. Irish Government News Service. 17 March 2015 3786:Personal memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, Volume I 1985:, novel by Pino Cacucci, published by Grijalbo 1978:, published by Cinco Puntos Press, El Paso, TX 1143:Two separate courts-martial were held, one at 5019:The San Patricios: the Irish Heroes of Mexico 4950:. University of Illinois Press. p. 145. 4904: 4578:Looking for Jimmy: A Search for Irish America 4203:"Bagpipers honor Irish who fought for Mexico" 3873: 3857:"CL Aniversario del batallón de San patricio" 1770: 1688: 1674: 1605: 1516: 1505:Looking for Jimmy: A Search for Irish America 1449: 1423: 1412: 1402: 1378: 1364: 1355: 1341: 1285: 1264: 1247: 1229:in United States history. (The hanging of 38 1192: 1177: 1159: 1153: 1135: 1112: 1101: 1091: 1072: 1066: 1040: 1026: 1019: 1013: 1006: 959: 953: 893: 875: 869: 863: 838: 820: 775: 757: 747: 524: 518: 512: 478: 337: 8: 4975:"The San Patricio Battalion: A Bibliography" 4026:"Tragic Story of the San Patricio Battalion" 3642: 2443:. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–148. 1414:Banda de Gaitas del Batallon de San Patricio 5088:Irish-American history and culture in Texas 5073:History of Catholicism in the United States 4898:. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Mexico City: 2781: 2259: 2158:List of battles of the Mexican–American War 1680: 1553: 1446:1852 run for President of the United States 1106:prisoners, will be immediately discharged"— 1081:some two weeks later and were stationed at 1018:members for friendly U.S. army troops; the 635:European countries after the Williamite War 561:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 417:. Only a few members of the battalion were 5010:Freedom Denied: the St Patrick's Battalion 4375:"Mexican-Irish historical link celebrated" 4119:. Society for Irish Latin American Studies 4095:Ferrigan III, James J. (8 February 2000). 4011:. Society for Irish Latin American Studies 4003:Connaughton, Michael G. (September 2005). 3809:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3483: 3360: 3281: 3245: 3075: 2926: 2595: 2366: 948:. The Americans were under the command of 555:and extremely poor economic conditions in 3559:Presidency of the Republic of Mexico 1997 3420: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3336: 3257: 3241: 3150: 3114: 3087: 2619: 2306: 2301:. Duke University Press. pp. 64–80. 2216: 2168:List of military units named after people 1917:, documentary film directed by Jason Hool 1031:tore the white flag down, prompting Gen. 507:For those Mexicans who had fought in the 5063:Expatriate military units and formations 4983:Society for Irish Latin American Studies 4561:. Clifden and Connemara Heritage Society 3820:Dispatches from the Mexican-American War 3432: 3322:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHogan1998 ( 3215:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHogan1998 ( 2723:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHogan1998 ( 2513:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHogan1998 ( 2400:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 2245:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHogan1998 ( 2011:The coats were Turkish-blue with yellow 1648: 483:are honored in both Mexico and Ireland. 361:immigrants, the battalion also included 4829:A People's History of the United States 3773:My Confession: Recollections of a Rogue 3714: 3706: 3694: 3678: 3666: 3594: 3582: 3495: 3305: 3186: 3174: 3099: 2897: 2854: 2842: 2769: 2740: 2682: 2643: 2394:Pinheiro, John C. (26 September 2017), 2354: 2282: 2228: 2179: 2153:John Murphy (Saint Patrick's Battalion) 924:'s monastery at the height of the 1847 511:and for generations to come after, the 5113:19th-century prisoner of war massacres 4077:"Inglorious Tale from the Mexican War" 3802: 3710: 3690: 3618: 3606: 3444: 3269: 3138: 3126: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2973: 2956: 2941: 2878: 2866: 2830: 2706: 2655: 2607: 2472: 2408:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.395 2201: 1562: 1313:, who leapt with it to his death from 31: 4850:. University of Massachusetts Press. 4321:Leahy, Dan; et al. (June 2002). 3570: 3546: 3534: 3507: 3456: 3317: 3229: 3210: 2988: 2914: 2757: 2718: 2694: 2631: 2583: 2508: 2496: 2484: 2240: 2189: 2117:, also in the Mexican–American War). 1602:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 7: 4785:Woolf, Christopher (17 March 2015). 4265:Hogan, Michael (15 September 2006). 4038:(4). American Heritage Publishing Co 3968:(7). American Heritage Publishing Co 3743:. New York: W. A. Townsend & Co. 3408: 3348: 3293: 3198: 3162: 2818: 2295:Sanders, James E. (3 October 2014). 2107:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant 1425:Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones 709:, an Irish artilleryman and veteran 559:, which was at the time part of the 5013:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4557:Paredes, Martín (4 December 2010). 3654: 1540:, Connemara, Ireland, where leader 1045:shot and killed them. After brutal 717:(the assertion that he served as a 639:South American wars of independence 4653:Northern Illinois University Press 4624:Radford Ruether, Rosemary (2007). 4543:Texas State Historical Association 4531:Nordstrom, Pat (18 January 2008). 4138:University of North Carolina Press 3954:Callaghan, James (November 1995). 1846:"St Patrick's Brave Brigade" – by 1676:Libertad por la Republica Mexicana 1428:). The band was inducted into the 25: 4749:Wallace, Edward S (Summer 1950). 4327:Mexican Labor News & Analysis 4115:Fogarty, James (September 2005). 3799:– via Digital Scanning Inc. 2143:Irish Brigade (Spanish Civil War) 1794:"Saint Patrick's Battalion" – by 1679:. Under the harp is the motto of 1407:" was inscribed in gold letters. 1205:war were supposed to be branded, 888:Re-organization and final battles 723:66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot 316:, including numerous men who had 4917:, vol. S, 2008, p. 311 4582:. New York: The Overlook Press. 4057:. University of Oklahoma Press. 3981:Cave, Damien (30 October 2013). 3876:cultural y su filosofía de vida. 2668:Tucker, Arnold & Wiener 2013 1769:, a romanticised version of the 1571: 898:were ordered to muster a larger 81: 64: 40: 5103:Mexican people of Irish descent 4373:Looby, David (13 August 2015). 4201:Hawley, Chris (10 March 2008). 4101:FOTW Flags of the World website 4051:Eisenhower, John S. D. (1999). 3841:Ramsey, Albert C., ed. (1850). 2369:, pp. 34–35 & 281–282. 1560:in Clifden in honor of Reilly. 1420:Museum of Foreign Interventions 1039:two more times, members of the 837:the rest, leaving the attached 756:At the battle of Monterrey the 650:Formation and early engagements 4356:University of Notre Dame Press 3934:Boyer, Sandy (19 March 2010). 3775:. New York: Harper & Bros. 3748:Carpenter, William W. (1851). 2100: 2064: 2006: 1852:"St Patrick's Battalion" – by 1397:The Wall of Honor in Mexico's 850:In frustration U.S. Commander 300:unit which fought against the 1: 4846:Wagenen, Michael Van (2012). 4696:. Washington, DC: Brassey's. 4024:Downey, Fairfax (June 1955). 3755:. New York: Harper & Bros 2772:, pp. 150 & 172–173. 1511:In 1997, President of Mexico 1383:(Battalion of Saint Patrick). 1346:found work at the arsenal in 1213:sentenced to hard labor. The 1147:on 23 August, and another at 409:were in the ranks, including 112: 4607:University Press of Kentucky 4559:"The Irish Heroes of Mexico" 4474:University of Oklahoma Press 4468:Miller, Robert Ryal (1989). 4393:McCaffery, James M. (1994). 4178:Gonzales, Manuel G. (2000). 4157:La guerra contra los gringos 3917:University of Nebraska Press 3824:University of Oklahoma Press 2795:"The San Patricio Battalion" 1908:Los Angeles Times Book Prize 1827:"San Patricio Brigade" – by 1544:was born. Clifden flies the 770:Following the engagement at 401:soldiers, most of whom were 292:), later reorganized as the 4161:The war against the gringos 3936:"Defying a war of conquest" 3789:. Scituate, Massachusetts. 3737:Ballentine, George (1860). 3631:Garibay & Teixidor 1971 2528:Hendrickson, Brett (2021), 2040: 2034: 1983:El Batallón de San Patricio 1953:, novel by Michael Fallaw. 1805:"St Patricks Battalion" by 1759:] embroidered in green. 1592:. The unit was evoked in a 1088:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 907:Foreign Legion of Patricios 800:Antonio López de Santa Anna 600:Philadelphia nativist riots 294:Foreign Legion of Patricios 5144: 4946:Dickson, Ted, ed. (2008). 4827:; Arnove, Anthony (2004). 4791:Public Radio International 4692:Stevens, Peter F. (1999). 4684:The War with Mexico, vol 2 4681:Smith, Justin H. (1919b). 4673:The War with Mexico, vol 1 4670:Smith, Justin H. (1919a). 4597:Rollins, Peter C. (2008). 4302:Howes, Kelly King (2003). 4031:American Heritage Magazine 3961:American Heritage Magazine 2534:Mexican American Religions 2437:Pinheiro, John C. (2014). 2148:Irish Brigade (Union Army) 1617: 1430:Irish America Hall of Fame 942:Los Independencia Batallón 791: 645:Service as a military unit 4401:New York University Press 4155:Frías, Heriberto (1984). 2308:10.1215/9780822376132-004 2109:(Not to be confused with 1972:Country of the Bad Wolfes 1940:Saint Patrick's Battalion 1895:, directed by Mark R. Day 1879:Saint Patrick's Battalion 1858:"The San Patricios" – by 1570: 1233:at the conclusion of the 928:, painted by James Walker 282:Saint Patrick's Battalion 39: 35:Saint Patrick's Battalion 5128:United States war crimes 5078:Irish diaspora in Mexico 4973:Murray, Edmundo (2006). 4805:Wunn, Dennis J. (1984). 4713:The United States at War 4533:"San Patricio Battalion" 4491:Meltzer, Milton (1974). 4247:Irish Soldiers of Mexico 4184:Indiana University Press 3913:The Mexican War, 1846–48 3693:, pp. 38 & 71; 2079:Daniel Florencio O'Leary 2027:, also with red piping. 1990:The Battle of Churubusco 1620:List of flags of Ireland 1380:Batallón de San Patricio 1366:Batallón de San Patricio 1254:Battle of Molino del Rey 988:behind the walls of the 711:non-commissioned officer 580:Catholic religion freely 290:Batallón de San Patricio 4809:. Texas Western Press. 4711:Super, John C. (1992). 4647:Ramold, Steven (2010). 4445:Oxford University Press 4244:Hogan, Michael (2011). 3911:Bauer, K. Jack (1992). 2542:10.4324/9780429285516-5 1915:St. Patrick's Battalion 1722:The second notes only: 1448:, his treatment of the 1125:Aftermath of Churubusco 825:were dispatched with a 131:Los Colorados Valientes 5098:Irish-American culture 5083:Irish-American history 5068:Historical negationism 4905: 4687:. New York: Macmillan. 4676:. New York: Macmillan. 3874: 2927:Zinn & Arnove 2004 2138:Irish Brigade (France) 2128:69th New York Infantry 1935:, novel by Jeff Shaara 1771: 1761: 1747: 1720: 1695: 1689: 1681: 1675: 1667:George Wilkins Kendall 1662: 1647: 1606: 1554: 1517: 1500: 1462:was initiated by U.S. 1450: 1436:San Patricio station: 1424: 1413: 1403: 1394:("the Irish martyrs"). 1379: 1365: 1356: 1342: 1295: 1286: 1265: 1248: 1193: 1178: 1176:Most of the convicted 1160: 1154: 1136: 1113: 1102: 1098:William Orlando Butler 1092: 1073: 1067: 1041: 1027: 1020: 1014: 1007: 1002: 991:convento de Churubusco 960: 954: 929: 894: 876: 870: 864: 839: 821: 776: 758: 753: 748: 525: 519: 513: 504: 487:Historical perspective 479: 415:Southern United States 357:Composed primarily of 338: 289: 222:Battle for Mexico City 4574:Quinn, Peter (2007). 4352:Ireland After History 4350:Lloyd, David (2000). 2071:1st Venezuelan Rifles 1833:"San Patricios" – by 1711:Samuel E. Chamberlain 1652: 1618:Further information: 1467:William Henry Coleman 1283: 1271:Battle of Chapultepec 1246:on 13 September. One 1079:Battle of Mexico City 1000: 920: 804:Battle of Buena Vista 794:Battle of Buena Vista 746: 684:Battle of Cerro Gordo 682:and a Captain at the 664:Legión de Extranjeros 624:Battle of Lipantitlán 609:racist pseudo-science 494: 407:native-born Americans 271:Prisciliano Almitrano 212:Battle of Cerro Gordo 207:Battle of Buena Vista 118:(at maximum strength) 4512:Newark, Tim (2012). 4472:. Norman, Oklahoma: 4304:Mexican American war 2382:Radford Ruether 2007 2332:Mermann-Jozwiak 2001 2045:Variably spelled in 1944:James Alexander Thom 1740:cavalryman (Mexican 1598:Subcomandante Marcos 1588:team Club Deportivo 1586:association football 1284:The mass hanging of 950:Col. William Hoffman 934:Battle of Churubusco 926:Battle of Churubusco 509:Mexican–American War 306:Mexican–American War 217:Battle of Churubusco 192:Mexican–American War 5034:23 May 2010 at the 5023:Library of Congress 4497:. New York: Knopf. 4132:Foos, Paul (2002). 3956:"The San Patricios" 3940:socialistworker.org 3769:Chamberlain, Samuel 3681:, pp. 230–232. 3573:, pp. 252–253. 3498:, pp. 300–301. 3387:, pp. 207–208. 3272:, pp. 93, 105. 3189:, pp. 290–291. 2929:, pp. 157–158. 2231:, pp. 283–284. 2204:, pp. 188–192. 1888:, by Chris Matthews 1661:("Ireland forever") 1645:upon a green field. 1594:Saint Patrick's Day 1399:Chamber of Deputies 1392:Mártires Irlandeses 1371:Saint Patrick's Day 1090:that the remaining 946:Los Bravos Batallón 845:Battle of Contreras 699:Battle of Monterrey 672:Siege of Fort Texas 620:San Patricio, Texas 531:Vicente Fox Quesada 243:Francisco R. Moreno 202:Battle of Monterrey 197:Siege of Fort Texas 3988:The New York Times 2598:, p. 281–282. 2115:Battle of Monterey 2075:Bernardo O'Higgins 1976:James Carlos Blake 1904:James Carlos Blake 1900:In the Rogue Blood 1864:"John Riley" – by 1663: 1390:convent was named 1315:Chapultepec Castle 1296: 1292:Samuel Chamberlain 1290:, as portrayed by 1235:Dakota War of 1862 1202:declaration of war 1003: 930: 754: 660:Resaca de la Palma 553:Great Irish Famine 551:then escaping the 505: 423:United States Army 326:United States Army 5042:Dr. Michael Hogan 4874:. 6 November 2014 4871:Galway Advertiser 4538:Handbook of Texas 4075:(February 1993). 3905:Secondary sources 3889:MerrionStreet.com 3781:Grant, Ulysses S. 3643:Ferrigan III 2000 3521:Galway Advertiser 3470:MerrionStreet.com 3435:, pp. 86–87. 2551:978-0-429-28551-6 2450:978-0-19-994867-3 2417:978-0-19-934037-8 2357:, pp. 91–92. 2318:978-0-8223-7613-2 1932:Gone for Soldiers 1893:The San Patricios 1881:, by Carl Krueger 1872:Films and fiction 1866:Paul McKenna Band 1777:Union League Club 1744:), name unknown, 1582: 1581: 1475:National Archives 1259:By order of Gen. 972:arrived, the 9 ½ 831:Manuel Lombardini 695:artillery battery 676:Martin Tritschler 275: 274: 266:Santiago O'Leary 240:the Regiment 127:Los San Patricios 16:(Redirected from 5135: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4961: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4918: 4910: 4908: 4902:. p. 3146. 4900:Editorial Porrúa 4888:Tertiary sources 4883: 4881: 4879: 4861: 4842: 4820: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4781: 4758:Military Affairs 4755: 4745: 4726: 4707: 4688: 4677: 4666: 4643: 4620: 4604: 4593: 4581: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4527: 4508: 4487: 4464: 4425: 4414: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4369: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4317: 4298: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4261: 4240: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4197: 4174: 4151: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4068: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3930: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3880: 3878: 3870: 3868: 3852: 3837: 3814: 3808: 3800: 3776: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3744: 3718: 3704: 3698: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2977: 2971: 2960: 2954: 2945: 2939: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2901: 2895: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2791: 2785: 2782:Chamberlain 1853 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2744: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2455: 2454: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2310: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2263: 2260:Connaughton 2005 2257: 2251: 2250: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2104: 2087:Morgan O'Connell 2068: 2044: 2038: 2015:and crimson-red 2010: 1774: 1745: 1718: 1692: 1686: 1678: 1609: 1575: 1574: 1563: 1559: 1520: 1507: 1453: 1427: 1416: 1406: 1382: 1368: 1359: 1345: 1308: 1289: 1268: 1251: 1196: 1181: 1163: 1157: 1139: 1116: 1105: 1095: 1076: 1070: 1044: 1030: 1023: 1017: 1010: 963: 957: 897: 879: 873: 867: 842: 824: 779: 761: 751: 738:Pedro de Ampudia 628:Texan Revolution 528: 522: 516: 482: 352:valley of Mexico 346:remarking that " 344:Ulysses S. Grant 341: 179: 174: 169: 164: 117: 114: 87: 85: 84: 69: 68: 67: 44: 32: 21: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5093:Irish regiments 5053: 5052: 5036:Wayback Machine 5000: 4987: 4985: 4972: 4969: 4967:Further reading 4964: 4958: 4945: 4936: 4934: 4921: 4913: 4893: 4890: 4877: 4875: 4864: 4858: 4845: 4839: 4823: 4817: 4804: 4795: 4793: 4784: 4770:10.2307/1982456 4753: 4748: 4742: 4729: 4723: 4715:. Salem Press. 4710: 4704: 4691: 4680: 4669: 4663: 4646: 4640: 4623: 4617: 4596: 4590: 4573: 4564: 4562: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4530: 4524: 4516:. Hachette UK. 4511: 4505: 4490: 4484: 4467: 4453:10.2307/3185561 4428: 4421:The Irish Sword 4417: 4411: 4392: 4383: 4381: 4372: 4366: 4349: 4340: 4338: 4337:on 2 April 2015 4320: 4314: 4301: 4290:Cavalry Journal 4286: 4277: 4275: 4264: 4258: 4243: 4225:History Ireland 4222: 4213: 4211: 4200: 4194: 4177: 4171: 4154: 4148: 4131: 4122: 4120: 4114: 4105: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4083: 4071: 4065: 4050: 4041: 4039: 4023: 4014: 4012: 4002: 3993: 3991: 3980: 3971: 3969: 3953: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3927: 3910: 3907: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3866: 3864: 3863:on 2 April 2015 3855: 3840: 3834: 3817: 3801: 3797: 3779: 3767: 3758: 3756: 3747: 3736: 3733: 3731:Primary sources 3727: 3722: 3721: 3705: 3701: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3633:, p. 3146. 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3484:Eisenhower 1999 3482: 3478: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3361:Ballentine 1860 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3282:Eisenhower 1999 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3246:Eisenhower 1999 3244:, p. 196; 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3076:Ballentine 1860 3074: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2963: 2955: 2948: 2940: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2904: 2896: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2799:the medal hound 2793: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2747: 2739: 2732: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2596:Ballentine 1860 2594: 2590: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2562: 2552: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2458: 2451: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2373: 2367:Ballentine 1860 2365: 2361: 2353: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2124: 2119: 2099: 2091:William Lamport 2063: 2039: 2033: 2005: 1999: 1965:Saol John Riley 1874: 1788: 1746: 1736: 1719: 1709: 1703:San Luis Potosí 1655:green harp flag 1622: 1616: 1572: 1513:Ernesto Zedillo 1509: 1502: 1471:Frank L. Greene 1338: 1302: 1223: 1185:Articles of War 1170: 1132: 1127: 890: 796: 790: 782:San Luis Potosí 652: 647: 545: 536:Ernesto Zedillo 489: 411:fugitive slaves 278: 267: 262: 249: 239: 238:Colonel of 228: 177: 176: 172: 171: 167: 166: 162: 129: 115: 82: 80: 65: 63: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5141: 5139: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5039: 5026: 5016: 5007: 4999: 4998:External links 4996: 4995: 4994: 4979:irlandeses.org 4968: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4957:978-0252075520 4956: 4943: 4933:. 7 March 2010 4919: 4911: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4862: 4857:978-1558499300 4856: 4843: 4837: 4821: 4815: 4802: 4782: 4746: 4740: 4727: 4722:978-1587652363 4721: 4708: 4702: 4689: 4678: 4667: 4662:978-0875804088 4661: 4644: 4639:978-1845531584 4638: 4621: 4616:978-0813191911 4615: 4594: 4589:978-1590200230 4588: 4571: 4554: 4528: 4522: 4509: 4503: 4488: 4482: 4465: 4426: 4424:. Vol. 3. 4415: 4410:978-0814755051 4409: 4390: 4379:Independent.ie 4370: 4364: 4347: 4318: 4312: 4299: 4284: 4262: 4257:978-9687846002 4256: 4241: 4220: 4198: 4192: 4175: 4169: 4152: 4147:978-0807854051 4146: 4129: 4112: 4092: 4069: 4064:978-0806131283 4063: 4048: 4021: 4009:irlandeses.org 4000: 3978: 3951: 3931: 3925: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3881: 3853: 3838: 3832: 3815: 3796:978-1582181899 3795: 3777: 3765: 3745: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717:, p. 293. 3713:, p. 26; 3709:, p. 85; 3699: 3697:, p. 231. 3683: 3671: 3669:, p. 145. 3659: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3611: 3599: 3597:, p. 350. 3587: 3585:, p. 285. 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3486:, p. 329. 3476: 3461: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3423:, p. 135. 3421:Carpenter 1851 3413: 3411:, p. 111. 3401: 3399:, p. 201. 3397:Carpenter 1851 3389: 3385:Carpenter 1851 3377: 3375:, p. 212. 3373:Carpenter 1851 3365: 3363:, p. 281. 3353: 3341: 3339:, p. 197. 3337:McCaffery 1994 3329: 3320:, p. 287. 3310: 3308:, p. 275. 3298: 3286: 3284:, p. 297. 3274: 3262: 3260:, p. 181. 3258:McCaffery 1994 3250: 3248:, p. 297. 3242:McCaffery 1994 3234: 3232:, p. 173. 3222: 3203: 3201:, p. 112. 3191: 3179: 3177:, p. 286. 3167: 3165:, p. 110. 3155: 3153:, p. 102. 3151:Carpenter 1851 3143: 3131: 3129:, p. 299. 3119: 3115:Nordstrom 2008 3104: 3102:, p. 197. 3092: 3090:, p. 179. 3088:McCaffery 1994 3080: 3078:, p. 256. 3065: 3063:, p. 296. 3053: 3051:, p. 295. 3041: 3039:, p. 116. 3029: 3027:, p. 286. 3017: 3015:, p. 114. 3005: 3003:, p. 115. 2993: 2991:, p. 114. 2978: 2976:, p. 111. 2961: 2959:, p. 284. 2946: 2944:, p. 283. 2931: 2919: 2902: 2883: 2881:, p. 395. 2871: 2869:, p. 393. 2859: 2857:, p. 193. 2847: 2845:, p. 195. 2835: 2833:, p. 391. 2823: 2811: 2786: 2784:, p. 226. 2774: 2762: 2760:, p. 181. 2745: 2743:, p. 280. 2730: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2672: 2660: 2648: 2646:, p. 291. 2636: 2634:, p. 136. 2624: 2622:, p. 255. 2620:McCornack 1958 2612: 2600: 2588: 2571: 2550: 2520: 2511:, p. 152. 2501: 2499:, p. 104. 2489: 2477: 2456: 2449: 2429: 2416: 2386: 2371: 2359: 2336: 2334:, p. 150. 2324: 2317: 2287: 2264: 2252: 2243:, p. 223. 2233: 2221: 2217:Callaghan 1995 2206: 2194: 2192:, p. 115. 2178: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2123: 2120: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1986: 1979: 1968: 1961: 1959:978-1436385084 1947: 1936: 1927: 1923:One Man's Hero 1918: 1911: 1896: 1889: 1882: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1848:Damien Dempsey 1844: 1840:State of Grace 1831: 1825: 1819:The Chieftains 1809: 1803: 1787: 1784: 1766:One Man's Hero 1734: 1707: 1683:Erin go Bragh! 1615: 1612: 1580: 1579: 1568: 1567: 1566:External image 1534:One Man's Hero 1527:jointly issued 1503:–Peter Quinn, 1494: 1484:One Man's Hero 1442: 1441: 1434: 1408: 1395: 1384: 1337: 1334: 1275:William Harney 1261:Winfield Scott 1227:mass execution 1222: 1219: 1169: 1166: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1049:fighting with 1047:close-quarters 889: 886: 852:Zachary Taylor 792:Main article: 789: 786: 688:Puebla, Puebla 680:German Mexican 651: 648: 646: 643: 592:Catholic faith 549:Irish diaspora 544: 541: 488: 485: 276: 273: 272: 251: 245: 244: 241: 235: 234: 230: 229: 227: 226: 225: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 188: 186: 182: 181: 160: 156: 155: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 124: 120: 119: 110: 106: 105: 96: 92: 91: 78: 74: 73: 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5140: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4816:0-87404-150-3 4812: 4808: 4803: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4741:9781851098538 4737: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4572: 4560: 4555: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4523:9781780335117 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4391: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4285: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4118: 4113: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3621:, p. 52. 3620: 3615: 3612: 3609:, p. 38. 3608: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3510:, p. 49. 3509: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3433:Gonzales 2000 3429: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3319: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3296:, p. 14. 3295: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3213:, p. 19. 3212: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3144: 3141:, p. 89. 3140: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2721:, p. 42. 2720: 2715: 2712: 2709:, p. 27. 2708: 2703: 2700: 2697:, p. 42. 2696: 2691: 2688: 2685:, p. 85. 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2613: 2610:, p. 39. 2609: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536:, Routledge, 2535: 2531: 2524: 2521: 2516: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2433: 2430: 2419: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2387: 2384:, p. 81. 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 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