Sanaa manuscript - Knowledge (XXG)

3240:

report little or no correspondence between the variations from the 'Uthmanic Qur'an that they have found in the lower text with those reported for Abdullah ibn Masud or Ubayy ibn Ka'b, whereas Sadeghi and Goudarzi claim to be able to identify extra variations in the lower text of the Sana'a codex with similarities to the codex of Ibn Masud as well as differences. Hence they report an overlap between the variants of Ibn Masud and the Sana'a manuscript, although there are variants in Ibn Masud not found in the lower text and vice versa, with the differences much outnumbering the correspondences. Additionally, the Sana'a manuscript puts sura Tawba after sura Anfal, whereas Ibn Masud's codex did the opposite. Nevertheless, with the aid of a much more comprehensive identification of lower textual sequences in the available folios, including those of the Eastern Library, Cellard has identified numerous similarities with the sura sequences reported for both Ibn Masud and Ubayy.

685:

palimpsest folios conserved in the Eastern Library of the Grand Mosque in Sana’a and published in 2004, were recognised as likely being detached folios of the upper text of DAM 01-27.1. Many of the folios in the House of Manuscripts are physically incomplete and in only 28 is the upper writing legible (due to damage), whereas those in private possession or held by the Eastern Library are generally in a better condition. These 82 folios comprise roughly half of the Quran. The parchment is of inferior quality, with many folios having holes around which both upper and lower text have been written. However, when the scale of the writing and the provision of marginal spaces is taken into account, the overall quantity of animal hides implied as being committed to the production of a full manuscript of the Qur'an would not have been less than for such high quality Qur'ans as the

785:), whose husband was the local director of the restoration project until 1985, has also transcribed the lower text of several folios in five successive publications. The lower text of the palimpsest folios in the Eastern Library has not been studied or published yet, and it is not known how many of these folios may witness the same lower text as those in the House of Manuscripts; however, it appears likely that the four auctioned folios (whose lower texts have been studied, and which do appear to witness the same lower text) came from this section of the manuscript, and not from DAM 01-27.1. While transcription from Hamdoun's photographs are a particularly difficult challenge, Hythem Sidky has identified lower textual sequences in most of the Eastern Library folios. 806:, where Sadeghi and Goudarzi find that verses 31 and 32 are swapped, and in sura 9, where Sadeghi and Goudarzi find that the whole of verse 85 is absent, which he explains as "parablepsis, a form of scribal error in which the eye skips from one text to a similar text". Neither of these passages of the lower text are in folios that Asma Hilali found to be legible. Some of the variants between the lower text and the standard Qur'an are provided by Sadeghi and Goudarzi below. It is noticeable that the Lower text has many variations of words and phrases in comparison to the text of the standard Qur'an, however they rarely diverge from the fundamental meaning that the text is intending to communicate. 652:

and directed the Yemeni staff in the same task. The manuscripts are located in the House of Manuscripts, the Dār al-Makhṭūṭāt (DAM), in Ṣan'ā', Yemen. After 1989, Bothmer would visit the collection periodically. In the winter of 1996–97, he microfilmed all of the parchment fragments that have been assigned to distinct Quranic manuscripts. Of the remaining 1500–2000 fragments, he microfilmed a group of 280. The microfilms are available in Ṣan'ā' in the House of Manuscripts. A selection of 651 images of fragments from the Sana'a cache - including several from DAM 01-27.1, has been issued on a CD-ROM through the UNESCO 'Memory of the World' programme.

3320:(a French archaeologist) were allowed to take pictures of the Sana'a palimpsest. They write that according to Robin, his colleagues were "granted greater access than would have been possible in some European libraries." They report a similar view from Ursula Dreibholz, the conservator for the restoration project, who describes the Yemenis as supportive. They quote Dreibholz as saying that the Yemenis "brought school children, university students, foreign delegations, religious dignitaries, and heads of state, like François Mitterrand, Gerhard Schröder, and Prince Claus of the Netherlands, to see the collection." 753:

the form of bands separating the suras, and indicators of 10, 50 and 100 verse divisions in a variety of particular forms. Much of these decorations are unfinished. In addition, the upper text formerly included individual verse separators – some contemporary with the text, others inserted later. The counts of verses corresponding to the polychrome verse indicators are not consistent with the counts of individual verse indicators, implying that the former were copied across other Qur'ans.

31: 4851: 3187:'s work on a much larger number of folios than Hilali examined is also considered highly relevant. Quranic manuscript scholar Hythem Sidky has cited the paper by Sinai for "criticism of her reading of the lower text and overall thesis" and Cellard's paper "for a codicological reconstruction of portions of the undertext demonstrating the document's status as a codex and the product of professional scribes". 3249: 794:

written using re-used parchment, and all these examples are believed to have been from the Sana'a cache. The re-use in this case may have been purely for economic reasons. The standardization of the Quranic text around 650 CE by 'Uthmān may have led to a non-standard lower text becoming obsolete, and erased in accordance with authoritative instructions to that effect.

3100:

missing part of the folio. The list here does not include all the spelling variants. (Note: In the above table, parentheses or brackets are left out if they appear at the very beginning or end of a phrase, to avoid text alignment issues. Braces or forward slashes are preserved in all instances, but with the insertion of extra semicolons that help preserve text alignment.)

3124:

folios of the manuscript. Given that many verse divisions have been lost entirely, and that residual letter elements from deleted words may present as similar patterns of dots, it is not possible to determine how far the verse divisions in the lower text correspond to any of the many known traditions of quranic verse division. However, it does appear that the

681:) are presented in an approximate sequence of decreasing length; hence a fragmentary Qur'an that follows the standard order of suras can generally be assumed to have once presented the complete text, but the contrary is not the case. Cellard's reconstruction has found that despite differences of sura sequence, the lower text too follows this same principle. 53: 3224:. The variations observed in the lower text tend to be more substantial than those observed in the upper text, for the most part involving the addition of whole words and phrases. Islamic tradition has described that other than the standard 'Uthmanic Qur'an, there existed two independently preserved and copied Qur'anic 673:, meaning the parchment was written over once. The original text (the "lower" text) was erased, and written over a second time (the "upper" text) with this process potentially being repeated over time with the same parchment. In the Sana'a palimpsest, both the upper and the lower text are the Qur'an written in the 648:) was the director beginning with 1981. His involvement came to an end in 1985, when Hans-Caspar Graf von Bothmer (University of Saarland) took over as the local director. Bothmer left Ṣan'ā' in the following year, but continued to run the project from Germany, traveling to the site almost every year. 4229:

Among the manuscripts... discovered in 1972... of the Great Mosque of Sanaa in Yemen was a rare Qur'anic palimpsest – that is, a manuscript preserving an original Qur'an text that had been erased and written over with a new Qur'an text. This palimpsest has been analysed by... Gerd and Elisabeth Puin,

3746:

Another exception concerns verse 85 of sūra 9, which is missing. At sixteen words, this omission is found to be an outlier when compared to the sizes of other missing elements in C-1, which are much shorter. The anomaly may be explained by the common phenomenon of parablepsis, a form of scribal error

3369:

news story of 2015, Gabriel Said Reynolds, professor of Islamic Studies and Theology, published a commentary on the differences between extant ancient Qur'an copies, speculating that the lower script of the Sana'a palimpsest, which not only "does not agree with the standard text read around the world

3299:

Jones admits there have been 'trifling' changes made to the Uthmanic recension. Khalidi says the traditional Muslim account of the Koran's development is still more or less true. 'I haven't yet seen anything to radically alter my view,' he says. believes that the San'a Koran could just be a bad copy

3219:

The lower text of the Sana'a manuscript is capable of being distinguished from the upper text only in some folios, and several folios are so damaged as to be wholly unreadable, so Asma Hilali was able to transcribe the lower text contents of only 11 folios, in which she identified 61 non-orthographic

3175:

has argued that this reading instruction indicates a possible correction or notice by some kind of a senior teacher or scribe, supporting her hypothesis of a scribal "exercise" in the context of "school exercises" In her analysis she has argued that both the upper and lower text show characteristics

3785:, p. 47. According to Sadeghi & Goudarzi's fn. 118, "The traces match sabīlihi." According to next footnote, "The phrase wa-kufrun bihi is not present immediately . Either it is missing or it (or a smaller phrase such as wa-kufrun) is written at the beginning of the line, before wa-ṣaddun." 752:

The density of the writing of the upper text varies from page to page and within pages, such that the amount of text transcribed on each page varies from 18.5 lines of the standard Cairo edition to as many as 37 lines. Subsequent to the completion of the text, polychrome decoration has been added in

730:

Last but not least, those fragments which show the end of one Sūra and the beginning of another reveal some clear deviations from the standard order of the Sūras; these deviations are comparable to those reported by the literary sources for a couple of the versions superseded by the ʿUthmānic codex,

655:

The Sana'a Palimpsest was given the catalog number DAM 01-27.1, indicating a manuscript with variable lines to the page (hence '01'), written line length of approx. 27 cm (11"), and with a sequence indicator of '1'. By 2015 some 38 folio fragments had been identified as likely to belong to this

651:

Beginning in 1982, Ursula Dreibholz served as the conservator for this project, and worked full-time in Ṣan'ā' until the end of 1989. She completed the restoration of the manuscripts. She also designed the permanent storage, collated many parchment fragments to identify distinct Quranic manuscripts,

3269:

So many Muslims have this belief that everything between the two covers of the Quran is Allah's unaltered word. They like to quote the textual work that shows that the Bible has a history and did not fall straight out of the sky, but until now the Quran has been out of this discussion. The only way

3159:('Do not say "in the name of God"'). This notice therefore represents the intrusion of a non-canonical reading instruction into the body of the canonical text, undifferentiated from that text, and in this respect no parallel is known in the tradition of written Qur'ans. Moreover, by setting out the 3327:

Although the Yemeni authorities' openness proved a boon to scholarship, they were to be punished for it. The American media amplified the erroneous words of G. Puin, purveying a narrative that belittled Yemen and misrepresented the work done there. The Arab press, in turn, exaggerated the American

797:

In places, individual readings in the lower text appear to have been corrected in a separate hand to conform better to corresponding readings in the standard Qur'an. Elizabeth Puin has termed this hand the 'lower modifier', and proposes that these corrections were undertaken before the whole lower

793:

light. Parchment was expensive and durable, and so it was common practice to scrape the writing from disused and damaged texts for potential re-use. But while there are other known instances of disused Qur'ans being reused for other texts, there are only a few known instances of a new Qur'an being

3239:

Before the Sana'a manuscript, no partial or complete Qur'anic codex in a tradition other than the 'Uthmanic standard had ever been found. And while early Islamic witnesses report readings found in these two alternative codices, they do not collate their full texts. Elizabeth Puin and Asma Hillali

3179:

Hilali reported various types of erasures that could be due to the palimpsesting technique. François Déroche contends only scraping could have removed the lower ink, and Sadeghi finds some evidence of such scraping. Elisabeth Puin contends that the primary codex was scraped off and re-written, in

3150:

formula "In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful", the absence of the formula at this place sometimes being stated as indicating that the two suras 8 and 9 are to be considered as a single section of the Qur'an. Nevertheless, the lower text in the Sana'a palimpsest does introduce

3123:

indicates a long vowel. Both verse indicators and crudely decorated sura divisions are provided in the original hand, and there are indicators for divisions of 100 and 200 verses. Individual verse divisions are indicated by patterns of dots, although the form of these patterns varies in different

615:

Isma'il al-Akwa' bin Ali, then the president of the Yemeni Antiquities Authority, realized the potential importance of the find. Al-Akwa' sought international assistance in examining and preserving the fragments, and in 1979 managed to interest a visiting German scholar, who in turn persuaded the

3099:

The page numbers refer to the edition by Sadeghi and Goudarzi. In their edition, a reliably read but partially visible letter is put in parentheses, while a less reliably read letter is put inside brackets. A pair of forwarding slashes mark an illegible area on the folio, while braces indicate a

684:

The manuscript that was discovered, however, is not complete. About 82 folios have been identified as possible sheets presenting the upper text, of which 38 are in Yemen's Dār al-Makhṭūṭāt (House of Manuscripts) and 4 in private collections (after being auctioned abroad). In addition in 2012, 40

660:

and Christian Robin undertook to produce new high-resolution digital images of DAM 01-27.1 (and other selected manuscripts in the cache), under both natural and ultra-violet light, which have since been subject to extensive computerised post-processing by Alba Fedeli to separate upper from lower

3200:

The lower text is believed to have been written sometime between 632–669 CE, as the parchment of the Stanford folio has been radiocarbon dated with 95% accuracy to before 669 CE, and 75% probability from before 646 CE. François Déroche puts the lower text to the second half of the 7th

740:

The upper text conforms entirely with that underlying the modern Quran in use, and has been dated as probably from sometime between the end of the 7th and the beginning of the 8th century CE. Asma Hilali provides a full transcription of the upper text from the 26 legible folios in the House of

3328:

story. The outcome was a media discourse in Yemen borne of three stages of misrepresentation. This embarrassed the Yemeni authorities responsible for the House of Manuscripts, and the Head of the Antiquities Department had to defend before Parliament the decision to bring in the foreigners.

3108:

Lines per page of the lower text vary from 25 to 30, and sometimes stray markedly from the horizontal. There are occasional diacritical dots to differentiate consonants, but only one possible instance of a dotted short vowel indicator. Otherwise, the text is written for the most part in

3311:

Based on interviews with several scholars, Sadeghi and Goudarzi question Puin's claims regarding Yemeni suppression of research on the manuscripts and Puin's statement that the Yemenis did not want others to know that work was being done on them. For instance, they note that in 2007

611:

came across large quantities of old manuscripts and parchments, many of which were deteriorated. Not realizing their significance, the workers gathered up the documents, packed them away into some twenty potato sacks, and left them on the staircase of one of the mosque's minarets.

4932: 3747:

in which the eye skips from one text to a similar text, in this case, from the instance of ūna followed by a verse separator and the morpheme wa at the end of verse 84 to the instance of ūna followed by a verse separator and the morpheme wa at the end of verse 85.

568:

The lower text, which was erased and written over by the upper text, but can still be read with the help of ultraviolet light and computer processing, contains many variations from the standard text. The sequence of its chapters corresponds to no known Quranic

3370:

today", but whose variants "do not match the variants reported in medieval literature for those codices kept by companions" of Muhammad, and "has so many variants that one might imagine it is a vestige of an ancient version that somehow survived

801:

Although the suras of the lower text do not follow the canonical order, nevertheless, with only two exceptions, within each sura, the surviving lower text presents the verses in the same order as the standard Qur'an – the exceptions being in

677:. The upper text appears to present a complete text of the Qur'an, as did the lower text according to a codicological reconstruction by Éléonore Cellard (this had been a question of scholarly debate). In the standard Qur'an, the chapters ( 573:

A partial reconstruction of the lower text was published in 2012, and a reconstruction of the legible portions of both lower and upper texts of the 38 folios in the Sana'a House of Manuscripts was published in 2017 utilising

4234:

in London, and later by Behnam Sadeghi of Stanford University... What all of these scholars have discovered is remarkable: the earlier text of the Qur'an contains numerous variants to the standard consonantal text of the

632:. The find includes 12,000 Quranic parchment fragments. All of them, except 1500–2000 fragments, were assigned to 926 distinct Quranic manuscripts as of 1997. None is complete and many contain only a few folios apiece. 3933:

I would therefore suggest, on the basis of the various points I enumerated, that the Codex San'a I was written during the second half of the 1st/7th century and erased at the earliest by the middle of the following

3163:

formula, and then countermanding its being recited out loud, the text as it stands would create an uncertainty in ritual use to a degree that the conventions of quranic writing are generally designed to prevent.

788:

The lower text was erased and written over, but due to the presence of metals in the ink, the lower text has resurfaced, and now appears in a light brown color, the visibility of which can be enhanced in

4968: 3300:

that was being used by people to whom the Uthmanic text had not reached yet. 'It's not inconceivable that after the promulgation of the Uthmanic text, it took a long time to filter down.'

711:

Second, the orthography of these – and other – early fragments diverges from that with which we are familiar in one rather striking respect, namely the frequent failure to mark the long

761:

The surviving lower text from 36 of the folio in the House of Manuscripts, together with the lower text from those auctioned abroad, were published in March 2012 in a long essay by

3291:, a lecturer in Koranic Studies at Oxford University. In regard to Puin's claim that certain words and pronunciations in the Koran were not standardized until the ninth century, 398: 4701: 4956: 4135: 4771: 3350:

a Quran manuscript examined by the University of Tübingen in 2014 is estimated to be more recent, dated from the early second half of the 7th century (649–675);

640:) was the director of the project. Work on the ground began in 1981 and continued through the end of 1989, when the project terminated with the end of funding. 4944: 3797:, p. 63. The hypothetical interpolation of texts for the missing parts in this and the next row are based on Sadeghi & Goudarzi's fn. 216 and 218. 3773:, p. 44. The hypothetical interpolation of texts for the missing parts in this and the next row are based on Sadeghi & Goudarzi's fn. 216 and 218. 3259:

Puin and his colleague Graf von Bothmer have published only short essays on the Ṣana'a find. In a 1999 interview with Toby Lester, the executive editor of

741:

Manuscripts, and found 17 non-orthographic variants in these pages, where readings differ from those in the "standard" Qur'an text, as presented in the

628:

Restoration of the fragments began in 1980 under the supervision of the Yemeni Department for Antiquities. It was funded by the Cultural Section of the

4891: 5033: 392: 590:) with a 95% accuracy. The earliest leaves have been tested at three laboratories and dated to 388–535 CE. Other folios have similar early dates. 3176:

of being schoolroom "exercises" in quranic writing, in which case she also argues the scraping and re-use of the palimpsest is to be expected.

4920: 3304:

The article noted some positive Muslim reaction to Puin's research. Salim Abdullah, director of the German Islamic Archives, affiliated to the

4357: 4302: 4264: 3994: 3842: 4493: 777:). Prior to that, in 2010, Sadeghi had published an extensive study of the four folios auctioned abroad, and analyzed their variants using 372: 4908: 4604: 3332:

The Sana'a palimpsest/lower text is one of several of the earliest Quranic manuscripts to be highlighted in the media in recent years.

3308:, commented when he was warned of the controversy Puin's work might generate, "I am longing for this kind of discussion on this topic." 690: 338: 108: 4593: 4574: 4555: 4536: 4156: 4764: 3926: 333: 328: 245: 5028: 5023: 582:

has dated the parchment of one of the detached leaves sold at auction, and hence its lower text, to between 578 CE (44

211: 2127:؛{يَـٰزَكَرِيَّا إِنَّا} قَد وَهَبْنَا لَكَ غُلٰماً زَكِيَّاً ۝ وَبَشَّرْنٰهُ {بِيَحْيیٰ لَمْ نَجْعَل ﻟَّ}ﻪُ مِن قَبْلُ سَمِيًّا 504: 384: 228: 2807: 450: 94: 3898:

Sidky, H. (2020) "On the Regionality of Qurʾānic Codices", Journal of the International Qur’anic Studies Association, 5(1)

3270:

to break through this wall is to prove that the Quran has a history too. The Sana'a fragments will help us accomplish this.

4874: 4815: 4642: 3417: 3392: 3354: 686: 620:

government to organize and fund a restoration project. The preserved fragments comprise Quranic and non-Quranic material.

160: 3809:, p. 65. The hypothetical interpolation of text for the illegible part is based on Sadeghi & Goudarzi's fn. 229. 3378:

notwithstanding, Reynolds asserts that the "Sanaa manuscript... is almost certainly the most ancient Qur’an manuscript."

5018: 4757: 4294: 4231: 4546:

Puin, Elisabeth (2010). "Ein früher Koranpalimpsest aus Ṣan'ā' (DAM 01-27.1): Teil III: Ein nicht-'uṯmānischer Koran".

52: 4805: 3407: 3366: 3340: 135: 3916: 704:

First, the range of variants is said to be considerably greater than is attested in our literary sources, though in

661:

texts. The high resolution images form the basis for the editions of both Sadeghi and Goudarzi, and of Asma Hilali.

57: 4800: 4083: 3387: 3214: 534: 4835: 4087: 778: 697: 3954: 3821:, p. 72. The reconstructed text here is based on suggestions in Sadeghi & Goudarzi's fn. 279 and 281. 3357:, also dated to the early second half of the 7th century, containing 46% of the text of the Quran, studied by 4980: 4450: 4290: 3347:

slightly earlier – to between 568 and 645 CE with a 95.4% accuracy), which became a news story in 2015;

3288: 558: 4441: 645: 629: 460: 445: 3358: 3184: 4825: 3402: 3138:

Visible in the lower text is the beginning of sura 9, which follows on from sura 8 in this text. Sura 9

637: 604: 542: 120: 4712: 1504: 4951: 3180:

some cases, and in other cases the entire codex was erased by soaking the sheets and stretching them.

4719: 4626: 3412: 3371: 3317: 2130:يَـٰزَكَرِيَّا إِنَّا نُبَشِّرُكَ بِغُلَـٰمٍ ٱسْمُهُ يَحْيَىٰ لَمْ نَجْعَل لَّهُ مِن قَبْلُ سَمِيًّا 831: 367: 362: 81: 3274:

Puin claimed that the Yemeni authorities want to keep work on the Ṣana'a manuscripts "low-profile".

2124:؛{-----------------} (ٯد) و هٮٮا لک علما ر کٮا ۝ و ٮسر ٮه {----------------}(ﻪ) مں ٯـٮـ(ـﻞ) ﺳ//ـﻤٮـﺎ 4903: 3305: 2616: 1570: 782: 766: 608: 497: 250: 35: 4963: 4606:

The Qur'ānic Manuscripts In Ṣan'ā' From The First Century Hijra And The Preservation Of The Qur'ān

3336:

Its date (estimated to be between 578 CE and 669 CE with a 95% accuracy); compares with

30: 4975: 4939: 4915: 4869: 4840: 4480: 4426: 4418: 4379: 4308: 4151: 3950: 3881: 3589: 3397: 3375: 3344: 3313: 3229: 3221: 3111: 774: 742: 708:

the variation does not appear to be very different from the kind of thing these sources record.

657: 579: 320: 233: 216: 130: 4927: 3946: 4997: 4850: 4731: 4589: 4570: 4551: 4532: 4498: 4468: 4392: 4371: 4363: 4353: 4298: 4260: 4000: 3990: 3962: 3922: 3838: 3422: 3233: 1980: 1461: 425: 4610: 4321: 3832: 4515: 4511: 4472: 4408: 4345: 4341: 4325: 4198:

La Transmission Écrite Du Coran Dans Les Débuts De L'Islam: Le Codex Parisino-Petropolitanus

4183:

La Transmission Écrite Du Coran Dans Les Débuts De L'Islam: Le Codex Parisino-Petropolitanus

3982: 3978: 3899: 3871: 3581: 3183:

However, Nicolai Sinai has criticised Hilali's thesis in detail in a review of her work and

238: 221: 3248: 4987: 4820: 3130:

formula is sometimes counted as a separate verse, contrary to the later quranic standard.

770: 4527:

Puin, Elisabeth (2011). "Ein früher Koranpalimpsest aus Ṣan'ā' (DAM 01-27.1) – Teil IV".

537:

in existence. Part of a sizable cache of Quranic and non-Quranic fragments discovered in

4683: 4565:

Puin, Elisabeth (2009). "Ein früher Koranpalimpsest aus Ṣan'ā' (DAM 01-27.1): Teil II".

4810: 762: 490: 473: 377: 99: 17: 5012: 4898: 4881: 4706: 4484: 4430: 4383: 4312: 4213:"Variant readings; The Birmingham Qur'an in the context of debate on Islamic origins" 3885: 3876: 3593: 3284: 3205:, which is believed in Islamic tradition to have been recited by Muhammad in 632 CE. 674: 633: 575: 282: 269: 190: 170: 4662: 4253: 4992: 4692: 3427: 3283:

interviewed a number of academics for their responses to Puin's remarks, including

3279: 3261: 790: 641: 617: 587: 583: 478: 255: 165: 4749: 4886: 3969:. Texts and Studies on the Qurʾān. Vol. 8. Translated by Behn, Wolfgang H. 3958: 3172: 855: 277: 61: 4646: 4584:

Puin, Elisabeth (2008). "Ein früher Koranpalimpsest aus Ṣan'ā' (DAM 01-27.1)".

4548:

Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion I: von der koranischen Bewegung zum Frühislam

4109: 3963:"The Genesis of the Authorized Redaction of the Koran under the Caliph ʿUthmān" 3115:

without indication of long vowels, except that particular words are written in

4792: 4784: 4349: 4283:

The Sanaa Palimpsest: The Transmission of the Qur'an in the First Centuries AH

3986: 3903: 746: 670: 546: 306: 4735: 4519: 4367: 4004: 4476: 4455: 3742:Ṣan'ā' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān, Behnam Sadeghi & Mohsen Goudarzi 550: 4413: 89: 4393:"Le palimpseste de Ṣanʿā' et la canonisation du Coran: nouveaux éléments" 3202: 3140: 1576: 455: 420: 4422: 4494:"The Codex of a Companion of the Prophet and the Qurʾān of the Prophet" 3146: 3144:

is the only sura in the standard Qur'an which is not introduced by the

3126: 2145:أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لِى غُلَـٰمٌ {وَقَدْ بَلَغْتُ مِنَ ٱ} لْكِبَرِ عِتِيًّا 803: 294: 184: 179: 39: 4136:"Rarität entdeckt: Koranhandschrift stammt aus der Frühzeit des Islam" 4861: 4780: 4507: 4464: 4337: 4333: 4286: 3974: 3970: 3831:

Hollenberg, David; Rauch, Christoph; Schmidtke, Sabine (2015-05-20).

354: 289: 4212: 3859: 3569: 3209:

Relation of the lower text to other non-'Uthmanic quranic traditions

3155:

formula (on line 8 of folio 5a), but the following line then begins

700:

sums up preliminary work on the Sana'a fragments as of 2000 thusly:

656:

particular manuscript. From 2007, a joint Italian-French team under

603:

In 1972, construction workers renovating a wall in the attic of the

3585: 3265:

website, Puin described the preserved fragments by the following:

4404: 4375: 4084:"Birmingham Qur'an manuscript dated among the oldest in the world" 3860:"Beyond the Cairo Edition: On the Study of Early Qurʾānic Codices" 3253: 3247: 3225: 745:. Five of these 17 variants in the upper text correspond to known 678: 562: 538: 301: 155: 71: 51: 29: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 3497: 3495: 4753: 4113: 3445: 3443: 723:

which appears in these fragments would in our text be read as

3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 4849: 4157:"A Find in Britain: Quran Fragments Perhaps as Old as Islam" 4713:"A Qur’an written over the Qur’an – why making the effort?" 4684:

Codex Ṣanʿāʾ – Inv. No. 01-27.1: Mid-1st Century Of Hijra

4586:

Schlaglichter: Die beiden ersten islamischen Jahrhunderte

4110:"'Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University" 4718:

Behnam, Sadeghi; Goudarzi, Mohsen (16 October 2017) .

4322:"Was the Ṣanʿāʾ Qurʾān Palimpsest a Work in Progress?" 3624: 3622: 2458:فَنٰدٮٰهَا مِن تَحْتِهَـ/ـا مَلَكٌ/ أَلَّا تَحْزَنِى 2142:ا //ﻰ ٮـ(ﮑ)ـﻮ ﮞ لی (ﻋ)ـلم {---------------} ﻟـٮر عٮٮا 715:

as part of the consonantal skeleton in such words as

56:

The lower text of the above folio, recovered through

4047: 4045: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 43: 4860: 4791: 4252: 3570:"The Ṣanʿāʾ Palimpsest: Materializing the Codices" 2741:؛{---------------}/ / ٯـ(ـﺪ ﺳ)ﻌ(ڡـ) (ﺣ) ڡٮـ//(ﻬ)ﺎ 781:. The German scholar Elizabeth Puin (lecturer at 557:The upper text entirely conforms to the standard 4070: 4036: 4024: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3782: 3770: 3758: 3728: 3668: 3640: 3613: 3532: 3501: 3474: 3449: 1175:هل ٮـ//ـﻄﺮ (و ﮞ) ا لا ا ﮞ (ٮـ)ﺎ ٮـ(ـٮـ)ﮑﻢ ا ﻟﻠﻪ 749:readings in the tradition of quranic variants. 702: 4332:. Islamic Manuscripts and Books. Vol. 7. 60:at Stanford University. The lower text covers 4765: 4722:[Sanaa and the Origins of the Quran] 4643:"Response on the article "What is the Koran"" 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3228:from two Companions of the Prophet, those of 3104:Characteristics of the hand in the lower text 2744:؛{ٱمْرَأَتُ ٱلْعَزِيزِ} قَدْ شَغَفَهَا حُبُّ 731:but they do not regularly coincide with them. 498: 8: 2461:فَنَادَىٰهَا مِن تَحْتِهَا أَلَّا تَحْزَنِى 4772: 4758: 4750: 4449:Sadeghi, Behnam; Goudarzi, Mohsen (2012). 4324:. In Hollenberg, David; Rauch, Christoph; 505: 491: 67: 4412: 3875: 3208: 2455:ڡٮـ ٮها مں ٮـﺤٮـﻬ/----------/ ا لا ٮحر ٮی 2059:وَقٰلَ رَبِّي ٱشْتَعَلَ ٱلرَّأْسُ شَيْباً 4451:"Ṣan'ā' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān" 3864:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2841: 2598: 2152:وَقَدْ بَلَغْتُ مِنَ ٱلْكِبَرِ عِتِيًّا 1552: 1443: 1412:عَنِ ٱلشَّهْرِ ٱلْحَرَامِ قِتَالٍ فِيهِ 1126: 813: 4720:"Ṣan'ā'1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān" 4492:Sadeghi, Behnam; Bergmann, Uwe (2010). 3628: 3439: 70: 4645:. The Atlantic Monthly. Archived from 3544: 3520: 3486: 3201:century. The lower text includes sura 4211:Reynolds, Gabriel Said (7 Aug 2015). 4051: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2451:Folio 22, verso, l. 20-21, p. 65 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 825: 822: 819: 816: 561:in text and in the standard order of 545:, the manuscript was identified as a 7: 4529:Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion II 4255:The Koran; A Very Short Introduction 3716: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3167: 2737:Folio 31, verso, l. 5-6, p. 72 2622:Folio 31, recto, l. 4-5, p. 71 1864:بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ 1402:عں ا ﻟ(ﺴ)ﻬﺮ ا لحر (م) ﻋ(ـں) ٯٮل ڡـﻪ 578:digital images of the lower text. A 4707:Islamic Collections from the Museum 2971:Folio 28, recto, l. 10, p. 103 2138:Folio 22, verso, l. 3-4, p. 63 2120:Folio 22, verso, l. 2-3, p. 63 1861:بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ 1855:د لک ٮـ(ﺎ ٮـ)// (ٯـ)ـﻮ م لا ٮڡٯهو ﮞ 3077:Folio 28, verso, l. 9, p. 103 3055:Folio 28, verso, l. 8, p. 103 3034:Folio 28, verso, l. 7, p. 103 3016:Folio 28, verso, l. 4, p. 103 2995:Folio 28, verso, l. 3, p. 103 2953:Folio 28, recto, l. 9, p. 103 2929:Folio 28, recto, l. 8, p. 102 2908:Folio 28, recto, l. 6, p. 102 2886:Folio 28, recto, l. 6, p. 102 2862:Folio 28, recto, l. 4, p. 102 2813:Folio 28, recto, l. 1, p. 102 2784:Folio 31, verso, l. 8, p. 72 2762:Folio 31, verso, l. 7, p. 72 2711:Folio 31, verso, l. 5, p. 72 2689:Folio 31, verso, l. 4, p. 72 2665:Folio 31, recto, l. 7, p. 71 2644:Folio 31, recto, l. 6, p. 71 2626:ْو {------} (ﻋﻠٮـ)// ٮـﻌ (ا) ﻟ/ /؛ 2578:Folio 22, verso, l. 26, p. 65 2554:Folio 22, verso, l. 25, p. 65 2532:Folio 22, verso, l. 25, p. 65 2511:Folio 22, verso, l. 24, p. 65 2490:Folio 22, verso, l. 24, p. 65 2469:Folio 22, verso, l. 23, p. 65 2430:Folio 22, verso, l. 20, p. 65 2408:Folio 22, verso, l. 19, p. 64 2387:Folio 22, verso, l. 18, p. 64 2365:Folio 22, verso, l. 18, p. 64 2337:Folio 22, verso, l. 17, p. 64 2315:Folio 22, verso, l. 15, p. 64 2297:Folio 22, verso, l. 10, p. 64 2273:Folio 22, verso, l. 10, p. 64 2098:Folio 22, recto, l. 27, p. 63 2074:Folio 22, recto, l. 26, p. 63 2052:Folio 22, recto, l. 26, p. 63 2028:Folio 22, recto, l. 25, p. 63 2004:Folio 22, recto, l. 25, p. 63 1986:Folio 22, recto, l. 24, p. 63 1962:Folio 22, recto, l. 21, p. 63 1941:Folio 22, recto, l. 20, p. 63 1917:Folio 22, recto, l. 19, p. 63 1893:Folio 22, recto, l. 18, p. 62 1872:Folio 22, recto, l. 18, p. 62 1851:Folio 22, recto, l. 17, p. 62 1830:Folio 22, recto, l. 17, p. 62 1806:Folio 22, recto, l. 17, p. 62 1782:Folio 22, recto, l. 16, p. 62 1760:Folio 22, recto, l. 15, p. 62 1742:Folio 22, recto, l. 15, p. 62 1718:Folio 22, recto, l. 13, p. 62 1694:Folio 22, recto, l. 13, p. 62 1670:Folio 22, recto, l. 13, p. 62 1646:Folio 22, recto, l. 12, p. 62 553:and comprises two layers of text. 549:Quran in 1981 as it is written on 25: 4726:. Stanford/Harvard Universities. 3252:A fragment showing part of Surat 2752:تُرَٰوِدُ فَتَٮٰهَا عَن نَّفْسِهِ 2588:مَا كَانَ أَبُوكِ ٱمْرَأَ سَوْءٍ 2252:Folio 22, verso, l. 9, p. 64 2226:Folio 22, verso, l. 8, p. 64 2205:Folio 22, verso, l. 7, p. 64 2184:Folio 22, verso, l. 7, p. 64 2160:Folio 22, verso, l. 5, p. 63 2112:خِفْتُ ٱلْمَوَٰلِىَ مِن وَرٰاءِى 1624:Folio 22, recto, l. 9, p. 62 1600:Folio 22, recto, l. 4, p. 62 1532:Folio 4, verso, l. 13, p. 52 1510:Folio 4, verso, l. 12, p. 52 765:(Professor of Islamic Studies at 541:during a 1972 restoration of the 38:'07 folio. The upper text covers 4407:: Éditions de Boccard: 443–448. 3915:Déroche, François (2013-12-02). 3877:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.1.0189 3372:Uthman's burning of all versions 2105:وَ خِفْتُ ٱلْمَوَٰل مِن وَرٰاءِى 1485:Folio 4, verso, l. 4, p. 52 1467:Folio 4, recto, l. 1, p. 51 5034:1972 archaeological discoveries 4603:Hamdoun, Razan Ghassan (2004). 4397:Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz 4330:The Yemeni Manuscript Tradition 3834:The Yemeni Manuscript Tradition 3652: 3574:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 3374:of the Qur’an except his own". 3323:Sadeghi and Goudarzi conclude: 2960:لا تَنٮٰصَرون or لا تَتَنٰصَرون 2788:و{ } ﺣ(ﻌ)ﻠ/ / ﻟ(ﻬ)/ / (ﻣٮـﮑ)//؛ 873:ذَٰلِكَ جَزَآءُ ٱلْكَـٰفِرِينَ 798:text was erased or washed off. 4702:The UNESCO Restoration Project 3965:. In Behn, Wolfgang H. (ed.). 2669:و (ا) ﻟ ﻋﻠ//ـﻢ ٮـﻤ(ﺎ) ٮڡعلو{}ﮞ 2585:مَا كَانَ أَبُوكِ أَباً سُوءاً 2066:وَٱشْتَعَلَ ٱلرَّأْسُ شَيْبًا 2064:إِنِّي وَهَنَ ٱلْعَظْمُ مِنِّي 2056:و ٯل ر ٮی ا سٮعل ا لر ا س سٮٮا 1: 4816:Codex Parisino-petropolitanus 3418:Historiography of early Islam 3393:Codex Parisino-petropolitanus 3355:Codex Parisino-petropolitanus 3191:Issues in current scholarship 3168:Hilali's exercise book thesis 2769:فَلَمَّا سَمِعَتْ مَكْرَهُنَّ 2150:وَكَانَتِ ٱمْرَأَتِى عَاقِرًا 2148:أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لِى غُلَـٰمٌ 687:Codex Parisino-petropolitanus 4295:Institute of Ismaili Studies 4232:Institute of Ismaili Studies 1160:مِّن بَعْدِ مَا جَآءَتْكُمُ 934:وَيَكُونَ ٱلدِّينُ لِلَّـهِ 4806:Birmingham Quran manuscript 4661:Lester, Toby (1999-01-01). 4285:. Qur'anic Studies Series. 4259:. Oxford University Press. 4071:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 4037:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 4025:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 3819:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 3807:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 3795:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 3783:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 3771:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 3759:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 3744:. Walter de Gruyter. 2012. 3729:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 3669:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 3641:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 3614:Sadeghi & Bergmann 2010 3533:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 3502:Sadeghi & Bergmann 2010 3475:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 3450:Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012 3408:Birmingham Quran manuscript 3367:Birmingham Quran manuscript 3341:Birmingham Quran manuscript 2715:ٮسو (ه) مں ا (هل) ا لمد ـٮه 2582:ما کا (ﮞ) ا ٮو (ا ٮا) // ا 2102:و ﺣ(ڡـ)ـٮ ا لمو ل مں و ا ی 586:) and 669 CE (49 44: 5050: 4693:Early Qur'anic Manuscripts 4625:Taher, Abul (2000-08-08). 4181:Deroche, Francois (2009). 3568:Cellard, Éléonore (2021). 3212: 2817:و ٯلو ا هد ا {------}//ٮٮں 1945:ڡا / / (ٮـ)ـﻮ لو ا (ـٮـ)ـﮏ 1257:ﻟ(ـٮـحکمو ا ٮـ)ـٮں ا لٮا س 1154:مِّن بَعْدِ مَا جَآءَكُمُ 1151:مں ﻌﺪ (ما ﺣ)ﺎ کم ا ﻟ(ﻬد) ؛ 867:ذَٰلِکَ جَزاءُ الکـٰفِرينَ 719:, 'he said' (the spelling 665:Contents of the manuscript 535:oldest Quranic manuscripts 58:X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging 4847: 4801:Early Quranic manuscripts 4350:10.1163/9789004289765_003 3987:10.1163/9789004228795_017 3967:The History of the Qurʾān 3904:10.5913/jiqsa.5.2020.a005 3388:Early Quranic manuscripts 3316:(an Italian scholar) and 3215:Early Quranic manuscripts 2678:وَٱللَّـهُ عَلِيمٌ بِمَا 2672:وَٱللَّـهُ عَلِيمٌ بِمَا 2078:و لم ا کں ر ٮ ٮـ(ـد) عا ک 1975:لَا إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ 1752:وَلَا هُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ 1698:و ما ٮو ا و هم ڡـ(ـﺴٯـ) ﮞ 1579:, recto, l. 3, p. 62 1489:ا / / (ﻣﻌ)/ / {--------}؛ 1405:عَنِ ٱلشَّهْرِ ٱلْحَرٰمِ 1000:مَا ٱعْتَدَىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ 4836:Timurid Quran manuscript 4520:10.1163/157005810X504518 4088:University of Birmingham 3196:Dating of the lower text 2820:وَقٰلوا هذا سِحرٌ مُبينٌ 2696:قٰلَ إِنَّهُ كَيْدَكُنَّ 2422:فَأَجَاءَهَا ٱلْمَخَاضُ 1972:لَا إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ 847:حَتَّىٰ يُقَـٰتِلُوكُمْ 779:textual critical methods 27:Early Quranic palimpsest 5029:8th-century manuscripts 5024:7th-century manuscripts 4477:10.1515/islam-2011-0025 4291:Oxford University Press 4219:. Gabriel Said Reynolds 3858:Sinai, Nicolai (2020). 3361:that made news in 2009. 3119:, for which the letter 1432:ٱللَّـهِ وَكُفْرٌۢ بِهِ 1424:؛/--/ (ﺻ) عں /------/؛ 1331:ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِكُم 630:German Foreign Ministry 18:Sana'a manuscripts 4854: 4665:. The Atlantic Monthly 4641:Lang, Jeffrey (2000). 4414:10.3406/CCGG.2010.1742 4251:Cook, Michael (2000). 4230:by Asma Hilali of the 3955:Bergsträsser, Gotthelf 3918:Qurans of the Umayyads 3330: 3302: 3272: 3256: 3157:la taqul bi-smi Allahi 2754:قَدْ شَغَفَهَا حُبًّا 2008:ا د ٮا د ی ر ٮک ر ﻛ ٮا 1921:عر ٮر (ﻋ)ﻠ(ﻪ) ما عٮٮکم 924:و ٮکو ں ا لد ٮں کله ﻟﻪ 733: 646:University of Saarland 65: 49: 4853: 4826:Samarkand Kufic Quran 4730:. Walter de Gruytur. 4391:Hilali, Asma (2010). 4320:Hilali, Asma (2015). 4281:Hilali, Asma (2017). 3921:. BRILL. p. 54. 3403:Samarkand Kufic Quran 3325: 3297: 3267: 3251: 2750:ٱمْرَأَتُ ٱلْعَزِيزِ 2636:وَجَاءَتْ سَيَّارَةٌ 2412:ڡـﻠﻤ// ا حا ها ا لمحص 2372:وَأَمْرًا مَّقْضِيًّا 2357:هُوَ عَلَىَّ هَيِّنٌ 2341:و هو ﻋﻠ//(ﻪ) ﻫ(ـٮـ)ـﮟ 2218:ـأَوْحَىٰ إِلَيْهِمْ 2209:ا (و) ﺣ(ﻰ) ا ﻟ(ـٮـ)ﻬﻢ 1966:ا لد ی لا ا ﻟ ا لا ﻫﻮ 1930:عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَا 1924:عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَا 1746:و لا ٮـ(ـٮـ)ـﺪ كر و ﮞ 1471:ا (لا) مں ا {------}؛ 1427:وَصَدٌّ عَن سَبِيلِهِ 1105:مِن صِيٰمٍ أَو نُسُكٍ 1012:ڡـﻤ// ٮٮسر مں ا لهد ی 994:مَا اعتَدَی عَلَيكُم 638:University of Hamburg 605:Great Mosque of Sanaa 543:Great Mosque of Sanaa 136:Birmingham manuscript 121:Samarkand Kufic Quran 55: 33: 4663:"What is the Koran?" 4627:"Querying the Koran" 3981:. pp. 251–275. 3413:History of the Quran 3262:The Atlantic Monthly 3220:variations from the 2866:/ /ڡا د ا ﻫ ﻣﺤ(ـﺼ)ـﺮ 2808:Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt) 2802:لَهُنَّ مُتَّكَـًٔا 2419:أَجَاءَهَا ٱلْمَخٰضُ 2379:أَمْرًا مَّقْضِيًّا 2307:وَسَلَـٰمٌ عَلَيْهِ 2304:وَعَلَيْهِ السَّلٰمُ 1749:وَلَا يَتَذَكَّرُونَ 1499:إِنَّا مُنتَظِرُونَ 1430:وَصَدٌّ عَن سَبِيلِ 832:Quran 2 (al-Baqarah) 727:, meaning 'say!'). 669:The manuscript is a 580:radiocarbon analysis 5019:Quranic manuscripts 4567:Vom Koran zum Islam 4196:Deroche, Francois. 3951:Schwally, Friedrich 3365:In the wake of the 3306:Muslim World League 3134:Reading instruction 2795:لَهُنَّ مُتَّكَـًٔا 2434:ٯٮل هد ا ا ﻟ(ـٮـ) م 2244:الْحُكْمَ صَبِيًّا 2212:أَوْحَىٰ إِلَيْهِمْ 2017:إِذْ نَادَىٰ رَبَّـ 2011:إِذْ نَادَىٰ رَبَّـ 1571:Quran 9 (al-Tawbah) 1474:إلّا مَن أَذِنَ لَه 1420:Line 26, p. 47 1398:Line 25, p. 47 1372:Line 20, p. 47 1346:Line 18, p. 47 1324:Line 17, p. 46 1300:Line 17, p. 46 1279:Line 15, p. 46 1253:Line 13, p. 46 1231:ڡﺎ // (ﺳ)ـﻞ ا لـلـه 1227:Line 12, p. 46 1123:David 86/2003 folio 1069:فَمَن كَانَ مِنكُم 1059:ڡا ﮞ كا ﮞ ا حد ﻣٮكم 927:و يَكُونَ الدِّينُ 864:د لک جز ا ا لکڡر ٮں 783:Saarland University 767:Stanford University 624:Restoration project 609:Yemen Arab Republic 4855: 4841:Topkapi manuscript 4344:. pp. 12–27. 4161:The New York Times 4152:The New York Times 3761:, pp. 41–129. 3398:Topkapi manuscript 3376:Radiocarbon dating 3314:Sergio Noja Noseda 3257: 3230:Abdullah ibn Masud 3222:1924 Cairo edition 3112:scriptio defectiva 2772:فَلَمَّا سَمِعَتْ 2539:فَأَتَتْ قَوْمَهَا 2473:و ٯـ// ﻋ(ـٮٮـ)ﺎ ۝ 1810:ڡا ٮـ(ـﺮ) ڡـ(ـﻮ) ا 1764:و ا د ا ا ـﺮ (ﻟ)ـٮ 1707:وَمَاتُوا۟ وَهُمْ 1701:وَمَاتُوا۟ وَهُمْ 1686:إِلَىٰ رِجْسِهِمْ 1674:ر حر ا ا لی ر ﺣﺴـﻢ 1505:Quran 8 (al-Anfāl) 1477:إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِ 1291:بَغْيًا بَيْنَهُمْ 1205:Line 9, p. 46 1171:Line 6, p. 46 1147:Line 5, p. 46 991:ما اعٮد ی علٮكم ٮه 844:حَتّی يُقـٰتِلوکُم 775:Harvard University 743:1924 Cairo edition 658:Sergio Noja Noseda 385:Biblical parallels 131:Topkapi manuscript 66: 50: 48:), verses 265–271. 34:Recto side of the 5006: 5005: 4998:Uthman Taha Quran 4697:Islamic Awareness 4688:Islamic Awareness 4588:. Hans Schiller. 4569:. Hans Schiller. 4550:. Hans Schiller. 4531:. Hans Schiller. 4359:978-90-04-28825-6 4326:Schmidtke, Sabine 4304:978-0-19-879379-3 4266:978-0-19-285344-8 4149:Dan Bilefsky for 3996:978-90-04-21234-3 3870:(2020): 189–204. 3844:978-90-04-28976-5 3423:Textual criticism 3345:radiocarbon dated 3097: 3096: 2918:الَّذينَ ظَلَموا 2835: 2834: 2592: 2591: 2482:وَقَرِّى عَيْنًا 2476:وَقَرِّى عَيْنًا 2230:و علمٮه ا ﻟ(ـﺤ)ﮑﻢ 2191:؛{ثُـ}ـمَّ خَرَجَ 2089:بِدُعَائِكَ رَبِّ 2083:رَبِّ بِدُعَاءِكَ 1981:Quran 19 (Maryam) 1908:مِنْ أَنْفُسِکُمْ 1885:لَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ 1767:وَإِذَا أُنزِلَتْ 1680:إِلَىٰ رِجْسِهِمْ 1631:وَإِذَا أُنزِلَتْ 1546: 1545: 1437: 1436: 1120: 1119: 1044:وَلَا تَحْلِقُوا 841:ﺣ/ / ٮٯٮـ(ـلو) کم 515: 514: 399:Mentioned by name 16:(Redirected from 5041: 4984: 4972: 4960: 4952:Mauritania Quran 4948: 4936: 4924: 4912: 4895: 4878: 4831:Sanaa manuscript 4774: 4767: 4760: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4725: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4649:on March 1, 2001 4637: 4635: 4634: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4609:. Archived from 4599: 4580: 4561: 4542: 4523: 4512:Brill Publishers 4488: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4416: 4387: 4342:Brill Publishers 4316: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4258: 4238: 4237: 4226: 4224: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4155:(22 July 2015). 4146: 4140: 4139: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4055: 4049: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4027:, p. 19-20. 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3979:Brill Publishers 3947:Nöldeke, Theodor 3943: 3937: 3936: 3912: 3906: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3879: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3617: 3611: 3598: 3597: 3565: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3505: 3499: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3453: 3447: 3359:François Déroche 3287:, and Professor 3185:Éléonore Cellard 3151:sura 9 with the 3092: 3086: 3078: 3069: 3064: 3056: 3043: 3035: 3017: 3007: 2996: 2986: 2980: 2972: 2954: 2944: 2938: 2930: 2921: 2915:الَّذينَ ظَلَموا 2909: 2900: 2895: 2887: 2878: 2872: 2863: 2842: 2830: 2826: 2814: 2801: 2794: 2785: 2775: 2766:ڡلما ﺳﻤ/ / مکرـﮟ 2763: 2753: 2747: 2738: 2728: 2721: 2712: 2702: 2690: 2681: 2675: 2666: 2653: 2645: 2632: 2623: 2617:Quran 12 (Yūsuf) 2599: 2579: 2570: 2564: 2555: 2545: 2533: 2524:ـلَنْ أُكَلِّمَ 2523: 2512: 2500: 2491: 2479: 2470: 2452: 2440: 2431: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2388: 2378: 2366: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2329: 2324: 2316: 2298: 2289: 2283: 2274: 2264: 2253: 2243: 2236: 2227: 2217: 2206: 2196: 2185: 2176: 2170: 2161: 2151: 2139: 2121: 2111: 2099: 2090: 2084: 2075: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2020: 2014: 2005: 1987: 1971: 1963: 1954:فَإن تَوَلَّوْا 1951: 1948:فَإن تَوَلَّوْا 1942: 1933: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1903: 1894: 1882:لَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ 1881: 1873: 1860: 1852: 1843:صَرَفَ ٱللَّـهُ 1839: 1831: 1821: 1815: 1807: 1798: 1792: 1783: 1773: 1761: 1743: 1734: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1704: 1695: 1685: 1679: 1671: 1662: 1656: 1647: 1637: 1625: 1616: 1610: 1601: 1591: 1580: 1553: 1533: 1524: 1519: 1511: 1495: 1486: 1468: 1444: 1433: 1421: 1408: 1399: 1389: 1382: 1373: 1363: 1356: 1347: 1337: 1325: 1315: 1309: 1301: 1292: 1280: 1271:بَيْنَ ٱلنَّاسِ 1270: 1263: 1254: 1244: 1237: 1228: 1218: 1206: 1196: 1192: 1185: 1181: 1172: 1163: 1157: 1148: 1127: 1115: 1111: 1099: 1089: 1078: 1065: 1056: 1047: 1035: 1025: 1018: 1009: 997: 988: 979: 967: 957: 951: 943: 930: 921: 903: 894: 882: 872: 861: 850: 838: 814: 773:(PhD student at 693:Arabe 328(ab)). 519:Sanaa palimpsest 507: 500: 493: 451:Quran and Sunnah 126:Sanaa manuscript 95:First revelation 68: 47: 21: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4988:Thaalibia Quran 4978: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4930: 4918: 4906: 4889: 4872: 4856: 4845: 4821:Miniature Quran 4787: 4781:Quranic mushafs 4778: 4740: 4738: 4723: 4717: 4680: 4668: 4666: 4660: 4652: 4650: 4640: 4632: 4630: 4624: 4616: 4614: 4602: 4596: 4583: 4577: 4564: 4558: 4545: 4539: 4526: 4491: 4448: 4435: 4433: 4390: 4360: 4319: 4305: 4280: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4250: 4247: 4242: 4241: 4222: 4220: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4058: 4050: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 3997: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3929: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3897: 3893: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3601: 3567: 3566: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3508: 3500: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3456: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3384: 3318:Christian Robin 3246: 3217: 3211: 3198: 3193: 3170: 3136: 3106: 3090: 3084: 3076: 3075: 3067: 3062: 3054: 3053: 3041: 3033: 3032: 3015: 3014: 3005: 2994: 2993: 2984: 2978: 2970: 2969: 2952: 2951: 2942: 2936: 2933:صر ٮط ا (ﻟﺤ)ﺤٮم 2928: 2927: 2919: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2893: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2851:Reconstruction 2848:Visible Traces 2840: 2828: 2824: 2812: 2811: 2799: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2773: 2761: 2760: 2751: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2726: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2700: 2688: 2687: 2679: 2673: 2664: 2663: 2651: 2643: 2642: 2631:عَلَيْهِ بَعْضُ 2630: 2621: 2620: 2608:Reconstruction 2605:Visible Traces 2597: 2577: 2576: 2568: 2562: 2553: 2552: 2543: 2536:؛//ﺎ (ـت ٯو) ﺎ 2531: 2530: 2521: 2510: 2509: 2498: 2489: 2488: 2477: 2468: 2467: 2450: 2449: 2443:قَبْلَ هَـٰذَا 2438: 2437:قَبْلَ هَـٰذَا 2429: 2428: 2416: 2407: 2406: 2398: 2386: 2385: 2376: 2364: 2363: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2322: 2314: 2313: 2296: 2295: 2287: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2262: 2251: 2250: 2241: 2234: 2225: 2224: 2215: 2204: 2203: 2194: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2149: 2137: 2136: 2119: 2118: 2109: 2097: 2096: 2088: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2051: 2050: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2026: 2018: 2012: 2003: 2002: 1985: 1984: 1969: 1961: 1960: 1949: 1940: 1939: 1931: 1925: 1916: 1915: 1907: 1901: 1897:ر سو ل ﻣٮـ(ﮑ)ـﻢ 1892: 1891: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1837: 1829: 1828: 1819: 1813: 1805: 1804: 1796: 1790: 1781: 1780: 1771: 1759: 1758: 1741: 1740: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1716: 1708: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1683: 1677: 1669: 1668: 1660: 1659:فِى قُلُوبِهِم 1654: 1653:فِى قُلُوبِهِم 1650:ڡی ٯلو ٮهم ر حس 1645: 1644: 1635: 1628:و ا د ا ا ٮر لٮ 1623: 1622: 1614: 1608: 1599: 1598: 1589: 1575: 1574: 1562:Reconstruction 1559:Visible Traces 1551: 1531: 1530: 1522: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1493: 1484: 1483: 1466: 1465: 1453:Reconstruction 1450:Visible Traces 1442: 1431: 1419: 1418: 1406: 1397: 1396: 1387: 1380: 1371: 1370: 1361: 1354: 1345: 1344: 1335: 1323: 1322: 1313: 1307: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1289:ٱلْبَيِّنَـٰتُ 1283:ا ﻟٮـ(ـٮـٮـ)ـٮت 1278: 1277: 1268: 1264:بَيْنَ ٱلنَّاسِ 1261: 1252: 1251: 1242: 1235: 1226: 1225: 1216: 1204: 1203: 1194: 1190: 1183: 1179: 1170: 1169: 1161: 1155: 1146: 1145: 1136:Reconstruction 1133:Visible Traces 1125: 1113: 1109: 1097: 1096: 1087: 1076: 1075: 1063: 1054: 1053: 1045: 1041:وَلَا تَحلِقُوا 1033: 1032: 1026:مِنَ ٱلْهَدْىِ 1023: 1016: 1007: 1006: 995: 986: 985: 977: 965: 964: 958:ـمَنِ ٱعْتَدَى 955: 949: 941: 940: 928: 919: 918: 901: 900: 892: 880: 879: 870: 859: 858: 848: 836: 835: 823:Reconstruction 820:Visible Traces 812: 771:Mohsen Goudarzi 759: 738: 667: 626: 601: 596: 511: 466: 465: 441: 440: 431: 430: 416: 415: 414:Characteristics 406: 405: 395: 393:Related persons 358: 357: 346: 345: 324: 323: 312: 311: 273: 272: 261: 260: 207: 206: 197: 196: 151: 150: 141: 140: 85: 84: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5011: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4973: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4901: 4896: 4884: 4879: 4866: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4715: 4710: 4709:, (pdf) UNESCO 4704: 4699: 4690: 4679: 4678:External links 4676: 4675: 4674: 4658: 4638: 4622: 4600: 4595:978-3899302240 4594: 4581: 4576:978-3899302691 4575: 4562: 4557:978-3899303186 4556: 4543: 4538:978-3899303452 4537: 4524: 4489: 4446: 4388: 4358: 4317: 4303: 4278: 4265: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4203: 4200:. p. 172. 4188: 4185:. p. 177. 4173: 4141: 4127: 4116:. 22 July 2015 4101: 4090:. 22 July 2015 4075: 4056: 4041: 4029: 4017: 3995: 3938: 3927: 3907: 3891: 3850: 3843: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3645: 3633: 3618: 3599: 3586:10.1086/713473 3549: 3537: 3525: 3506: 3504:, p. 348. 3491: 3479: 3454: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3363: 3362: 3351: 3348: 3337: 3245: 3244:Media coverage 3242: 3234:Ubayy ibn Ka'b 3213:Main article: 3210: 3207: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3169: 3166: 3135: 3132: 3117:scriptio plena 3105: 3102: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3057: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3010: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2989: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2923: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2856: 2855: 2854:Standard Text 2852: 2849: 2846: 2845:recto / verso 2839: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2804: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2778: 2777: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2731: 2730: 2723: 2716: 2713: 2705: 2704: 2699:قَالَ إِنَّهُ 2697: 2694: 2693:ٯل ا // (ﻛ) ﻛﮟ 2691: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2627: 2624: 2613: 2612: 2611:Standard Text 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602:recto / verso 2596: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2572: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2526: 2525: 2519: 2518:لَنْ أُکَلِّمَ 2516: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2413: 2410: 2402: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2381: 2380: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2342: 2339: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2231: 2228: 2220: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2199: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2081:وَلَمْ أَکُنْ 2079: 2076: 2068: 2067: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2033: 2030: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2013:ـكَ زَكَرِيَّا 2009: 2006: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1935: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1776: 1775: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1640: 1639: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1618: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1567: 1566: 1565:Standard Text 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556:recto / verso 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1490: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1462:Quran 11 (Hūd) 1458: 1457: 1456:Standard Text 1454: 1451: 1448: 1447:recto / verso 1441: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1403: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1374: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1351: 1348: 1340: 1339: 1338:مِن قَبْلِكُم 1332: 1329: 1328:ا ﻟ (ﻣ)ـﮟ ـلکم 1326: 1318: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1286:ٱلْبَيِّنَٮٰتُ 1284: 1281: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1258: 1255: 1247: 1246: 1239: 1232: 1229: 1221: 1220: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1199: 1198: 1187: 1176: 1173: 1165: 1164: 1162:ٱلْبَيِّنَـٰتُ 1158: 1152: 1149: 1141: 1140: 1139:Standard Text 1137: 1134: 1131: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1060: 1057: 1049: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1028: 1027: 1020: 1013: 1010: 1002: 1001: 998: 992: 989: 981: 980: 974: 971: 968: 960: 959: 953: 947: 944: 936: 935: 932: 925: 922: 914: 913: 910: 907: 904: 896: 895: 889: 886: 883: 875: 874: 868: 865: 862: 852: 851: 845: 842: 839: 828: 827: 826:Standard Text 824: 821: 818: 811: 810:Stanford folio 808: 763:Behnam Sadeghi 758: 755: 737: 734: 666: 663: 625: 622: 600: 597: 595: 592: 576:post-processed 571: 570: 566: 565:or "chapters". 559:Uthmanic Quran 533:is one of the 513: 512: 510: 509: 502: 495: 487: 484: 483: 482: 481: 476: 468: 467: 464: 463: 458: 453: 448: 442: 438: 437: 436: 433: 432: 429: 428: 423: 417: 413: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 402: 401: 391: 388: 387: 381: 380: 375: 370: 365: 359: 353: 352: 351: 348: 347: 344: 343: 342: 341: 336: 325: 319: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 304: 298: 297: 292: 286: 285: 280: 274: 268: 267: 266: 263: 262: 259: 258: 253: 248: 242: 241: 236: 231: 225: 224: 219: 214: 208: 204: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 187: 182: 176: 175: 174: 173: 168: 163: 152: 148: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 133: 128: 123: 117: 116: 112: 111: 105: 104: 103: 102: 100:Asbab al-Nuzul 97: 86: 80: 79: 78: 75: 74: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5046: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4904:Bahrain Quran 4902: 4900: 4899:Mushaf of Ali 4897: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4882:Algeria Quran 4880: 4876: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4664: 4659: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4628: 4623: 4613:on 2013-11-03 4612: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4399:(in French). 4398: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4268: 4262: 4257: 4256: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4233: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4174: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4145: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4073:, p. 36. 4072: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4039:, p. 26. 4038: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4018: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3928:9789004261853 3924: 3920: 3919: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3731:, p. 27. 3730: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3649: 3646: 3643:, p. 37. 3642: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3547:, p. xv. 3546: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3285:Tarif Khalidi 3282: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3073: 3072: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3012: 3011: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2967: 2966: 2963:لا تَناصَرون 2962: 2959: 2957:/ / لا ٮٮٮصرو 2956: 2949: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2925: 2924: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2858: 2857: 2843: 2837: 2831:سِحرٌ مُبينٌ 2822: 2819: 2816: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2780: 2779: 2776:ـمَكْرِهِنَّ 2771: 2768: 2765: 2758: 2757: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2733: 2732: 2729:ٱلْمَدِينَةِ 2724: 2717: 2714: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2685: 2684: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2633:السَّيَّارَةِ 2628: 2625: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2600: 2594: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2383: 2382: 2374: 2371: 2369:و مر ا مٯصٮا 2368: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2343: 2340: 2333: 2332: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2301:و علٮه ا لسلم 2300: 2293: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2269: 2268: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2232: 2229: 2222: 2221: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2201: 2200: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2180: 2179: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2156: 2155: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2094: 2093: 2087:وَلَمْ أَكُن 2086: 2080: 2077: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2034: 2031: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1913: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1840:ـصَرَفَ اللهُ 1836: 1834:ڡصر ڡ ا ﻟـﻠـﻪ 1833: 1826: 1825: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1802: 1801: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1778: 1777: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1714: 1713: 1706: 1700: 1697: 1690: 1689: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1666: 1665: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1642: 1641: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1554: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1488: 1482:Quran 11:122 1481: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1445: 1439: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1404: 1401: 1394: 1393: 1385: 1378: 1376:ٮـ(ـسا) لو ٮک 1375: 1368: 1367: 1359: 1352: 1349: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1320: 1319: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1275: 1274: 1266: 1259: 1256: 1249: 1248: 1240: 1233: 1230: 1223: 1222: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1201: 1200: 1188: 1177: 1174: 1167: 1166: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1143: 1142: 1128: 1122: 1114:أَوْ صَدَقَةٍ 1107: 1104: 1102:مں صٮم او نسک 1101: 1094: 1093: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1061: 1058: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1030: 1029: 1021: 1014: 1011: 1004: 1003: 999: 993: 990: 983: 982: 975: 972: 969: 962: 961: 954: 948: 945: 938: 937: 933: 926: 923: 916: 915: 911: 908: 905: 898: 897: 890: 887: 884: 877: 876: 869: 866: 863: 857: 854: 853: 846: 843: 840: 833: 830: 829: 815: 809: 807: 805: 799: 795: 792: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 756: 754: 750: 748: 744: 735: 732: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 701: 699: 694: 692: 688: 682: 680: 676: 675:Hijazi script 672: 664: 662: 659: 653: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 634:Albrecht Noth 631: 623: 621: 619: 613: 610: 606: 598: 593: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 567: 564: 560: 556: 555: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 508: 503: 501: 496: 494: 489: 488: 486: 485: 480: 477: 475: 472: 471: 470: 469: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 435: 434: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 410: 409: 400: 397: 396: 394: 390: 389: 386: 383: 382: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 356: 350: 349: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 330: 327: 326: 322: 316: 315: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 271: 265: 264: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 201: 200: 193: 192: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 157: 154: 153: 145: 144: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 118: 114: 113: 110: 107: 106: 101: 98: 96: 93: 92: 91: 88: 87: 83: 77: 76: 73: 69: 63: 59: 54: 46: 41: 37: 32: 19: 4993:Uthman Quran 4964:Medina Quran 4830: 4739:. Retrieved 4727: 4696: 4687: 4667:. Retrieved 4651:. Retrieved 4647:the original 4631:. Retrieved 4615:. Retrieved 4611:the original 4605: 4585: 4566: 4547: 4528: 4503: 4497: 4460: 4454: 4440:– via 4434:. Retrieved 4400: 4396: 4329: 4282: 4272:24 September 4270:. Retrieved 4254: 4228: 4221:. Retrieved 4217:academia.edu 4216: 4206: 4197: 4191: 4182: 4176: 4164:. Retrieved 4160: 4150: 4144: 4130: 4118:. Retrieved 4104: 4092:. Retrieved 4078: 4032: 4020: 4008:. Retrieved 3966: 3959:Pretzl, Otto 3941: 3932: 3917: 3910: 3894: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3833: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3766: 3754: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3671:, p. 7. 3664: 3654: 3648: 3636: 3629:Hamdoun 2004 3577: 3573: 3540: 3535:, p. 9. 3528: 3482: 3452:, p. 8. 3428:Gerd R. Puin 3364: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3293:The Guardian 3292: 3280:The Guardian 3278: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3260: 3258: 3238: 3218: 3199: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3098: 3074:Quran 37:58 3059:ﻟ(ـٮـﻌ)ـو ٮں 3052:Quran 37:56 3031:Quran 37:54 3013:Quran 37:50 2992:Quran 37:48 2968:Quran 37:27 2950:Quran 37:25 2926:Quran 37:23 2920:وَأَزوٰجَهُم 2912:ﻃـ//ـﻮ ا { } 2905:Quran 37:22 2890:ا ٮـ(ﻌٮـ)ﻮ ا 2883:Quran 37:22 2859:Quran 37:19 2810:, verse 15 2781:Quran 12:31 2759:Quran 12:31 2734:Quran 12:30 2722:ٱلْمَدِينَةِ 2708:Quran 12:30 2703:كَيْدِكُنَّ 2686:Quran 12:28 2662:Quran 12:19 2641:Quran 12:19 2575:Quran 19:28 2551:Quran 19:27 2529:Quran 19:27 2508:Quran 19:26 2487:Quran 19:26 2466:Quran 19:26 2448:Quran 19:24 2427:Quran 19:23 2405:Quran 19:23 2384:Quran 19:22 2362:Quran 19:21 2334:Quran 19:21 2312:Quran 19:19 2294:Quran 19:15 2270:Quran 19:14 2249:Quran 19:13 2223:Quran 19:12 2202:Quran 19:11 2181:Quran 19:11 2173:وَلَمْ تَكُ 2167:وَلَمْ تَكُ 2164:و لم ٮک سا ی 2062:قَالَ رَبِّ 1959:Quran 9:129 1938:Quran 9:129 1914:Quran 9:128 1890:Quran 9:128 1869:Quran 9:128 1848:Quran 9:127 1827:Quran 9:127 1803:Quran 9:127 1779:Quran 9:127 1757:Quran 9:127 1739:Quran 9:126 1715:Quran 9:126 1691:Quran 9:125 1667:Quran 9:125 1643:Quran 9:125 1621:Quran 9:124 1597:Quran 9:122 1573:, Verse 122 1542:ءَايَـٰتُهُ 1496:مُنتَظِرُونَ 1464:, verse 105 1417:Quran 2:217 1409:قِتٰلٍ فِيهِ 1395:Quran 2:217 1369:Quran 2:215 1343:Quran 2:214 1321:Quran 2:214 1297:Quran 2:214 1276:Quran 2:213 1250:Quran 2:213 1224:Quran 2:213 1202:Quran 2:211 1195:يَأْتِيَهُمُ 1184:يَأْتِيَكُمُ 1168:Quran 2:210 1144:Quran 2:209 1116:أَوْ نُسُكٍ 1095:Quran 2:196 1074:Quran 2:196 1052:Quran 2:196 1038:و لا تحلٯو ا 1031:Quran 2:196 1005:Quran 2:196 984:Quran 2:194 963:Quran 2:194 952:مَنِ اعتَدَی 939:Quran 2:194 917:Quran 2:193 899:Quran 2:193 878:Quran 2:192 834:, verse 191 800: 796: 791:ultra-violet 787: 760: 751: 739: 729: 724: 720: 716: 712: 710: 705: 703: 698:Michael Cook 695: 683: 668: 654: 650: 642:Gerd R. Puin 627: 614: 602: 572: 530: 526: 522: 518: 516: 479:Islam portal 368:Hermeneutics 321:Translations 189: 125: 4979: [ 4976:Qatar Quran 4967: [ 4955: [ 4943: [ 4940:Libya Quran 4931: [ 4919: [ 4916:Egypt Quran 4907: [ 4890: [ 4887:Amiri Quran 4873: [ 4870:Aisha Quran 4811:Blue Qur'an 4793:Manuscripts 4785:manuscripts 4728:Archive.org 4514:: 343–436. 3580:(1): 1–30. 3545:Hilali 2017 3521:Lester 1999 3487:Hilali 2017 3289:Allen Jones 3173:Asma Hilali 3068:ِلَتُرْدِين 2975:ڡـ(ﺎ ٯـ)ـٮل 2875:فَإِذا هُم 2680:يَعْمَلُونَ 2674:يَفْعَلُونَ 2629:و {جَاءَت} 2619:, verse 19 2397:فَحَمَلَتْـ 2235:عَلَّمْنٰهُ 2157:Quran 19:9 2135:Quran 19:8 2117:Quran 19:7 2095:Quran 19:5 2071:Quran 19:4 2049:Quran 19:4 2044:قالَ رَبِّ 2038:قٰلَ رَبِّـ 2025:Quran 19:4 2001:Quran 19:3 1926:عَنَّتَكُمْ 1876:و لٯد حا کم 1822:انصَرَفُوا 1722:ا / / ٮر و 1709:كَـٰفِرُونَ 1703:فَـٰسِقُونَ 1539:ءَايَـٰتُنا 1536:ا ٮـ(ـٮٮـ)ﺎ 1529:Quran 8:.2 1316:حَسِبْتُمْ 1262:ـيَحْكُمُوا 1193:إِلَّا أَن 1182:إِلَّا أَن 1046:رُءُوسَكُمْ 970:ڡا ﻋٮـ/ / و 856:Quran 2:191 618:West German 531:Sanaa Quran 527:DAM 01-27.1 373:Esotericism 251:Eschatology 115:Manuscripts 109:Historicity 62:Quran 2:191 5013:Categories 4928:Iraq Quran 4669:2014-11-25 4653:2014-11-25 4633:2014-11-25 4629:. Guardian 4617:2012-03-27 4469:De Gruyter 4436:15 January 4376:2014049554 4052:Taher 2000 4010:15 January 3434:References 3295:reported: 3063:لَتُغوِينِ 2869:فَإذا هُم 2800:أَعْتَدَتْ 2720:مِن أَهْلِ 2546:قَوْمَهَا 2494:ﺻ (ما) ـٮا 2394:فَحَمَلَتْ 2242:آتَيْنَاهُ 2188:؛{-}ـم حرح 1983:, verse 2 1816:ﭑنصَرَفُوا 1774:أُنزِلَتْ 1638:أُنزِلَتْ 1613:مِن كُلِّ 1607:مِن كُلِّ 1604:مں كل ا ﻣﻪ 1592:مَا كَانَ 1507:, verse 2 1334:ٱلَّذِينَ 1310:حَسِبْتُمْ 1304:ا (ﺣﺴ)ـٮٮم 1191:يَنظُرُونَ 1180:تَنظُرُونَ 1019:مِن الهَدی 976:فَٱعْتَدُو 946:و من اعٮدی 885:ا نتـ(ﻬ)ـﻮ 757:Lower text 736:Upper text 696:Historian 671:palimpsest 547:palimpsest 461:Shi’a view 378:Abrogation 191:Muqatta'at 45:al-Baqarah 4736:0021-1818 4485:164120434 4471:: 1–129. 4456:Der Islam 4442:Persée.fr 4431:160655817 4384:191082736 4368:1877-9964 4313:193902896 4005:1567-2808 3886:219093175 3837:. BRILL. 3717:Puin 2011 3705:Puin 2010 3693:Puin 2009 3681:Puin 2008 3655:The Koran 3594:233228467 3277:In 2000, 3008:عِندَهُم 2999:ﻋ(ـٮـ) هم 2945:الجَحيمِ 2877:يَنظُرونَ 2746:فَتَٮٰهَا 2725:نِسْوَةٌ 2718:نِسْوَةٌ 2558:لٯد ا ﺗٮت 2542:فَأَتَتْ 2499:وَصُمْتاً 2439:الْيَوْمِ 2265:حَنَاناً 2237:الْحُكْمَ 2032:و ٯل ر ٮی 1996:رَحْمَتِ 1932:عَنِتُّمْ 1797:يَرَىٰكُم 1791:يَرَىٰنَا 1786:هل ٮر ٮٮا 1586:مَا كَانَ 1514:ڡـ(ﺮ) ٯـٮ 1269:ـيَحْكُمَ 1245:ٱللَّـهُ 1212:ٱلْعِقٰبِ 1197:ٱللَّـهُ 1156:ٱلْهُدَىٰ 1062:فَإن كان 1024:استَيسَرَ 706:character 599:Discovery 551:parchment 446:Criticism 426:Inerrancy 339:Ahmadiyya 149:Divisions 4741:13 April 4423:24360016 4328:(eds.). 3961:(2013). 3934:century. 3382:See also 3203:At-Tawba 3141:At-Tawba 3081:و ما ٮحں 3002:عِندَهُم 2987:أَقبَلَ 2899:احشُرُوا 2871:مُحضَرون 2838:Folio 28 2823:وَقالوا 2793:جَعَلَتْ 2595:Folio 31 2563:أَتَيْتِ 2515:ﻟﮟ ا کلم 2503:صَوْماً 2497:صَوْماً 2351:هَيِّنٌ 2349:عَلَيْهِ 2328:لِأَهَبَ 2323:لِنَهَبَ 2197:ـخَرَجَ 1993:رَحْمَةِ 1906:رَسُولٌ 1902:مِنْكُمْ 1770:وَإِذَا 1733:يَرَوْنَ 1731:أَوَلَا 1725:أَوَلَا 1634:وَإِذَا 1615:فِرْقَةٍ 1577:Folio 22 1549:Folio 22 1523:ْوَجِلَت 1518:ْفَرِقَت 1390:لُونَكَ 1336:خَلَوْا۟ 1236:ـأَرسَلَ 1186:ٱللَّـهُ 1108:مِن صِيَ 1090:فِديَةٌ 1017:تَيَسَّر 931:لِلَّـهِ 523:Ṣanʽā’ 1 474:Category 456:Quranism 355:Exegesis 239:Parables 234:Miracles 212:Prophets 36:Stanford 4862:Mushafs 4499:Arabica 4463:(1–2). 4245:Sources 4235:Qur'an. 4120:22 July 4094:22 July 3659:: p.120 3226:codices 3161:basmala 3153:basmala 3147:basmala 3127:basmala 3093:نَحْنُ 2981:ﺄ قبَلَ 2939:الجَحيم 2937:صِر ٮطِ 2894:إبعَثوا 2567:لَقَدْ 2561:لَقَدْ 2417:ـلَمَّا 2286:وَلَمْ 2280:وَلَمْ 2277:و لم ٮک 2259:حَنٰناً 2175:شَيْئًا 1900:رَسولٌ 1859:ذَٰلِكَ 1609:أُمَّةٍ 1494:مَعَكُم 1492:إِنَّا 1440:Folio 4 1383:لُونَكَ 1243:ـبَعَثَ 1215:ٱلْعِقَ 1098:Line 20 1084:فِديَةٌ 1077:Line 19 1055:Line 18 1034:Line 17 1008:Line 17 987:Line 11 966:Line 11 942:Line 10 929:كُلُّهُ 891:انتَهَو 888:إنتَهَو 817:recto 804:sura 20 747:Qira'at 607:in the 594:History 439:Related 334:English 307:Qira'at 295:Tarteel 270:Reading 246:Science 229:Legends 222:Animals 205:Content 171:Medinan 82:History 40:Surah 2 4734: 4592: 4573: 4554: 4535: 4508:Leiden 4483: 4465:Berlin 4429: 4421: 4382: 4374: 4366: 4356: 4338:Boston 4334:Leiden 4311: 4301: 4287:Oxford 4263: 4223:14 Feb 4166:24 May 4003: 3993: 3975:Boston 3971:Leiden 3925: 3884: 3841: 3657:, 2000 3653:Cook, 3592: 3091:أَفَما 2943:صِرٰطِ 2827:هـٰذا 2657:قَالَ 2569:جِئْتِ 2288:يَكُنْ 2110:إِنِّى 1970:الَّذي 1950:عَنْكَ 1727:يَرَوْ 1684:رِجساً 1678:رِجزاً 1661:مَرَضٌ 1655:رِجْسٌ 1583:ما ﺎ ﮞ 1407:وَعَنْ 1364:سَاءُ 1350:ا لٮسا 1209:ا لعڡٮ 1130:recto 1066:مِنكُم 973:فاعتدو 920:Line 7 912:حَتّی 902:Line 6 881:Line 5 860:Line 5 837:Line 4 769:) and 679:surahs 569:order. 563:surahs 521:(also 290:Tajwid 166:Meccan 4983:] 4971:] 4959:] 4947:] 4935:] 4923:] 4911:] 4894:] 4877:] 4724:(PDF) 4506:(4). 4481:S2CID 4427:S2CID 4419:JSTOR 4405:Paris 4380:S2CID 4309:S2CID 3882:S2CID 3590:S2CID 3254:Ta-Ha 3087:نَحنُ 3026:عَلی 2829:إِلّا 2391:ڡحملٮ 2377:كَانَ 2347:هُوَ 1820:ثُمَّ 1795:هَلْ 1789:هَلْ 1360:ٱلْبَ 1357:سَاءُ 1238:اللهُ 1189:هَلْ 1178:هَلْ 1081:ڡد ٮه 1064:أحَدٌ 1015:فَما 909:حَتّا 849:فِيهِ 539:Yemen 529:) or 421:I'jaz 302:Ahruf 278:Qāriʾ 217:Women 156:Surah 72:Quran 64:–196. 4783:and 4743:2019 4732:ISSN 4590:ISBN 4571:ISBN 4552:ISBN 4533:ISBN 4438:2021 4372:LCCN 4364:ISSN 4354:ISBN 4336:and 4299:ISBN 4274:2019 4261:ISBN 4225:2018 4168:2021 4122:2015 4096:2015 4012:2021 4001:ISSN 3991:ISBN 3973:and 3923:ISBN 3839:ISBN 3353:the 3339:the 3232:and 3121:alif 3085:وَما 3047:هَل 3044:ـﻬَﻞ 3023:عَلا 2654:قٰلَ 2648:و ٯل 2544:بِهِ 2319:لنهب 2282:يَكُ 2256:حننا 2169:شَاي 1990:ر ﺣﻪ 1386:يَسْ 1379:يَسْ 1314:أَمْ 1241:فَــ 1022:فما 717:qāla 517:The 363:List 329:List 283:Hifz 185:Juz' 180:Āyah 161:List 90:Waḥy 4516:doi 4473:doi 4409:doi 4346:doi 4114:BBC 3983:doi 3900:doi 3872:doi 3868:140 3582:doi 3042:فَـ 3038:ٯهل 3020:علا 2979:فَـ 2774:بِـ 2727:فِي 2701:مِن 2522:فَـ 2415:فَـ 2399:ـهُ 2216:فَـ 2195:فَـ 2019:ـهُ 1838:فَـ 1814:فَـ 1772:مَا 1636:مَا 1388:ـَٔ 1355:بَٔ 1353:ٱلْ 1267:لِـ 1260:لِـ 1234:فَـ 1219:بِ 1112:مٍ 1088:فَـ 996:بِه 956:فَـ 906:حٮا 725:qul 691:BNF 525:or 256:God 5015:: 4981:ar 4969:ar 4957:ar 4945:ar 4933:ar 4921:ar 4909:ar 4892:ar 4875:ar 4695:, 4686:, 4510:: 4504:57 4502:. 4496:. 4479:. 4467:: 4461:87 4459:. 4453:. 4425:. 4417:. 4403:. 4401:21 4395:. 4378:. 4370:. 4362:. 4352:. 4340:: 4307:. 4297:. 4289:: 4227:. 4215:. 4159:. 4112:. 4086:. 4059:^ 4044:^ 3999:. 3989:. 3977:: 3957:; 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