196:â or that of a newly pubescent girl. This look of fragility and lack of muscular strength allows women to have an image of powerlessness, obedience, and subservience to men. They are expected to follow a strict diet, monitor their hunger to maintain their size and shape, exercise to âbuild the breasts and banish celluliteâ and âspot-reduce problem areasâ such as thick ankles or thighs. Along with body image, women are also expected to participate in behaviors that allow them to maintain this image. Women are expected to always have soft, supple, hairless, and smooth skin, worry about their beauty, be hesitant to extend their body, have a graceful gait and a restricted posture, always avert their eyes, and appear small with hands folded and legs pressed together when they are sitting. âUnder the current âtyranny of slendernessâ women are forbidden to become large or massive; they must take up as little space as possible.â
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is constructed and by doing that society created a âpracticed and subjected body on which an inferior status has been inscribed.â All these rules for the ideal feminine body reflect society's obsession with keeping women in check so that men can appear more powerful. Bartky concludes that "The ...
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Using all these rules, Bartky argues that âfemininity is something in which virtually every woman is required to participateâ and if women don't follow this strict methodology and violate these norms, they become âloose women.â She states that because the difference between men and women is not at
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Feminist Sandra Lee Bartky wrote an article, âFoucault, Femininity, and the
Modernization of Patriarchal Powerâ in 1988, detailing societally accepted ânormsâ for a woman's body and behavior and makes the point that women are often judged for their size and shape because their bodies reflect their
137:. Her main research areas were feminism and phenomenology. Her notable contributions to the field of feminist philosophy include the article, "Toward a Phenomenology of Feminist Consciousness". Sandra Lee Bartky died on October 17, 2016, at her home in Saugatuck, Michigan at age 81.
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personality and nature. Using this information, she explains her idea that the âideal body of femininity is constructedâ and states that this perfect woman reflects the cultural obsessions and preoccupations of that society.
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project of femininity is a "setup": it requires such radical and extensive measures of bodily transformation that virtually every woman who gives herself to it is destined in some degree to fail."
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217:(WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media.
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In 1971 Bartky also helped found the Gender and Women's
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Bartky explains that the body of the ideal female varies with time and is dependent on culture. In today's society, the ideal body is one that is â
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Bartky, Sandra Lee (2009) , "Fractured friendships", in
Liinason, Mia; et al. (eds.),
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Bartky, Sandra Lee (Fall 1975). "Toward a phenomenology of feminist consciousness".
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Bartky, Sandra Lee (Fall 1975). "Toward a phenomenology of feminist consciousness".
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taut, small-breasted, narrow-hipped, and of a slimness bordering on emaciation
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Revaluing French
Feminism: Critical Essays on Difference, Agency, and Culture
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529:"Sandra Lee Bartky, at the Vanguard of Feminist Philosophy, Dies at 81"
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Femininity and
Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression
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Bartky, Sandra Lee (2005), "On psychological oppression", in
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Friendship in feminist conversation: essays for Ulla M. Holm
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Moral psychology: feminist ethics and social theory
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200:all just sexual difference,
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314:Walker, Margaret Urban
364:Women and citizenship
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16:American philosopher
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202:femininity
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