462:. However, more recent studies suggest that the result is specific to a particular sociolect, the so-called "functionary" variety. Morrill's work, completed in 1997, revealed that there were three sociologically distinct norms emerging in the Sango language: an urban "radio" variety which is ranked by 80% of his interviewees and has very few French loan words; a so-called "pastor" variety, which is scored 60%; and a "functionary" variety, spoken by learned people, who make the highest use of French loanwords while speaking Sango, which scores 40%.
2009:
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their main (and sometimes only) language. That has led to a rapid expansion of the lexicon, including both formal and slang terms. Also, its new position as the everyday language of the capital city has led to Sango gaining greater status and being used increasingly in fields for which it was previously the norm to use French.
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Sango is a tonal language with subject-verb-object word order, and its orthography was officially established in 1984. It has limited written material, mainly focused on religious literature. Sango is considered easy to learn, although reaching true fluency takes time, as with any other language. The
449:
A study by Taber (1964) indicates that some 490 native Sango words account for about 90% of colloquial speech; however, while French loanwords are much more rarely used, they account for the majority of the vocabulary, particularly in the speech of learned people. The situation might be compared to
427:
since the 1960s has had significant implications for the development of Sango, with the creation, for the first time, of a population of first-language speakers. Whereas rural immigrants to the city spoke many different languages and used Sango only as a lingua franca, their children use Sango as
356:
Today, Sango is both a national and official language of the
Central African Republic, spoken by 350,000 speakers as of the 1970 census. It is also spoken as a lingua franca in southern Chad and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sango has three distinct sociolinguistic norms: an urban "radio"
436:
Sango is widespread in the
Central African Republic, with 350,000 speakers at the 1970 census. It is also spoken as a lingua franca in southern Chad, where it is probably not spoken natively and its use is decreasing, and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where its use is increasing.
404:
before French colonization, in the late 1800s. The French army recruited
Central Africans, causing them to increasingly use Sango as a means of interethnic communication. Throughout the 20th century, missionaries promoted Sango because of its wide usage.
373:-based creole; however, others (like Marcel Diki-Kidiri, Charles H. Morrill) reject that classification and say that changes in Sango structures (both internally and externally) can be explained quite well without a creolization process.
352:
in the late 1800s and has since expanded as an interethnic communication language. In colloquial speech, almost all of the language's vocabulary is
Ngbandi based, whereas in more technical speech French loanwords constitute the majority.
1984:
Sango is considered unusually easy to learn; according to
Samarin, "with application a student ought to be able to speak the language in about three months." However, reaching true fluency takes much longer, as with any other language.
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Today, Sango is both a national and official language of the
Central African Republic, which makes the Central African Republic one of the few African countries to have an indigenous language as an official language.
1996:
according to the context. For example, if one pronounces a question with a rising tone as in
English, one may inadvertently be saying an entirely different and inappropriate Sango word at the end of the sentence.
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340:, while others argue that the changes in Sango structures can be explained without a creolization process. It has many French loanwords, but its structure remains wholly Ngbandi. Sango was used as a
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Sango began being written by French missionaries, with
Catholic and Protestant conventions differing slightly. The 1966 Bible and 1968 hymnal were highly influential and still used today.
1127:). In multisyllabic words all syllables carry low tone except the final syllable, which is lengthened and takes a descending tone. The final tone is generally mid-low falling for nouns (
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Palatal affricates occur in loan words and certain dialects. Some dialects have alternations between and , and , and , word-medial and , and word-initial and . is quite rare.
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Sango is a tonal language. The language has three basic tones (high, mid, and low), with contour tones also occurring, generally in French loanwords. Tones have a low
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Sango has seven oral and five nasal vowels. Vowel quality and number of nasalized vowels may be affected by the mother tongue of non-native speakers of Sango.
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Syllable structure is generally CV. Consecutive vowels are rare but do occur. Consonants may be palatalized or labialized, orthographically C
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According to the creolization hypothesis, Sango is exceptional in that it is an
African- rather than European-based creole. Although
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KĂȘtĂȘ BakarĂź tĂź SĂ€ngö: FarĂąnzi, AnglĂ«e na YĂąngĂą tĂź ZĂąmani. Petit
Dictionnaire Sango, Mini Sango Dictionary, Kleines Sango Wörterbuch
1992:, for example, must be pronounced ba-mba-ri, not bam-ba-ri. Also, as with any other tonal language, one must learn not to vary the
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is used when the subject is a noun or noun phrase but not when the subject is either a pronoun or implicit (as in imperatives):
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variety, a "pastor" variety, and a "functionary" variety spoken by learned people who make the highest use of French loanwords.
2013:
1945:
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38:
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Sango has little written material apart from religious literature, but some basic literacy material has been developed.
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Words are generally monosyllabic or bisyllabic but less commonly are trisyllabic. Four-syllable words are created via
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Walker, James A.; Samarin, William J. (1997). "Sango Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S.; Daniels, Peter T. (eds.).
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Le sango s'Ă©crit aussi-- : esquisse linguistique du sango, langue nationale de l'Empire centrafricain
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2376:"Convergence and the Retention of Marked Consonants in Sango: The Creation and Appropriation of a Pidgin"
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1988:
For English-speakers there are two main difficulties. One must remember not to split double consonants:
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Language, Culture and Sociology in the Central African Republic, The Emergence and Development of Sango
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may be attached to multiple items in the noun phrase by some speakers, but this is less common:
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1395:'well' (note the change in tone). Such compounds are sometimes written as two separate words.
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2093:"The Status of Sango in Fact and Fiction: On the One-Hundredth Anniversary of its Conception"
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1815:⟨p, b, t, d, k, g, kp, gb, mb, mv, nd, ng, ngb, nz, f, v, s, z, h, l, r, y, w⟩
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654:
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variation, and they may also be affected by the mother language of non-native speakers.
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English, in which most of the vocabulary, particularly "learned" words, is derived from
332:
Sango is a language with contested classification, with some linguists considering it a
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Monosyllabic loan words from French usually have the tone pattern high-low falling (
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across the country and had 450,000 native speakers in 1988. It also has 1.6 million
3933:
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word order, as in English. Noun phrases are of the form determiner-adjective-noun:
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401:
349:
345:
148:
2322:
Grammaire Sango: phonologie et syntaxe, langue nationale de l'Empire centrafricain
1806:
may be used in loan words not fully integrated into Sango's phonological system.
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Originally used by river traders, Sango arose as a lingua franca based on the
361:
main difficulties for English speakers are pronunciation and tone management.
2062:
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3206:
1822:
1810:
1207:
854:
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222:
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2099:. Creole language library. Vol. 21. John Benjamins. pp. 301â34.
238:
231:
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1147:
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has contributed numerous loanwords, Sango's structure is wholly African.
297:
285:
1479:
1429:
388:
3550:
3234:
2348:. Grand Forks, North Dakota: University of North Dakota. Archived from
1989:
1543:
688:
293:
17:
3591:
2490:
1879:: low, mid, and high. In standard orthography, low tone is unmarked,
1623:
424:
2143:, 12.1 Sango: language of wider communication and of the churches)
1829:
451:
387:
2485:
80:
3595:
2656:
2509:
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for Sango. The official Sango alphabet consists of 22 letters:
1410:
1268:
1221:
369:
Some linguists, following William J. Samarin, classify it as a
1917:
1602:"know". Possessives and appositives are formed with the word
1225:
1174:
2470:
2097:
Language Change and Language Contact in Pidgins and Creoles
1659:
1302:
1784:
Letters are pronounced as their IPA equivalent except for
296:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2459:
The Sango Language and Its Lexicon (SĂȘndĂą-yĂąngĂą tĂź SĂ€ngö)
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Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus)
458:, or French while the basic vocabulary remains strongly
1586:"Central Africa is". Particularly useful verbs include
1076:
and compounding, and may also be written as two words (
1391:
However, compounding is becoming increasingly common:
2389:. Dynamique du langage et contact des langues at the
1300:
verbs. It also changes all tones in the verb to mid:
2361:
The Main Features of the Grammatical System of Sango
1645:
signed "DĂ©cret No 84.025", establishing an official
1539:
The prefix is sometimes written as a separate word.
27:
Ngbandi-based creole of the Central African Republic
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2363:(PhD thesis, St. Petersburg University, in Russian)
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1349:Genitives are normally formed with the preposition
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2343:"Writing System Development and Reform: A Process"
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3988:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2684:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2452:French Loanwords in Sango: A Statistical Analysis
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2165:
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2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
1809:The official orthography contains the following
1792:are pronounced , , , , , , and , respectively.
1614:"Sango language". Another common preposition is
1790:⟨kp, gb, mb, mv, nd, ng, ngb, nz⟩
3607:
2668:
2521:
2481:A site in Sango â YĂąngĂą tĂź Sangho tĂź BĂȘafrĂźka
2124:
8:
2454:. (MA thesis, Hartford Seminary Foundation.)
2370:. Ural State Pedagogical University. 310 p.
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2202:
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1952:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
57:
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43:
3993:Languages of the Central African Republic
2537:Languages of the Central African Republic
2501:Resources in and about the Sango language
2239:, 12.9 The Sango orthography before 1984)
1972:Learn how and when to remove this message
2120:
2118:
2116:
1653:
640:
625:
618:
477:
412:dialect of the Sango tribe, part of the
313:) is the primary language spoken in the
2368:Syntagmatic Morphology of Contact Sango
2324:(Thesis). Sorbonne Nouvelle University.
2037:
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1491:"he was born" (lit. "someone bore him")
290:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2476:Established French loanwords in Sango
2265:
2253:
2236:
2210:
2179:
2140:
1788:, pronounced as . Also, the digraphs
7:
2330:Dictionnaire orthographique du sÀngö
1950:adding citations to reliable sources
2256:, 12.9 The 1984 orthography decree)
2213:, 12.4 Sango grammatical structure)
2014:Central African Republic portal
1870:⟨in, en, an, on, un⟩
1493:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1454:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1135:) and high-low falling for verbs (
25:
3983:African-based pidgins and creoles
2436:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 861â882.
1037:
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1006:
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396:A variety of Sango was used as a
2391:Institut Universitaire de France
2073:
2055:
2019:
2007:
1922:
423:The rapid growth of the city of
321:of the country. It is used as a
166:
2095:. In McWhorter, John H. (ed.).
1844:. In the official orthography,
1213:, which precedes noun phrases:
2334:Henry, Charles Morrill. 1997.
2182:, 12.5 The phonology of Sango)
1578:if not preceded by a pronoun:
1289:"important people/dignitaries"
1:
2496:PanAfrican L10n page on Sango
1574:"they". Verbs take a prefix
2421:Lexique orthographique sango
2374:Samarin, William J. (2008).
2320:Diki-Kidiri, Marcel (1978).
2301:Diki-Kidiri, Marcel (1977).
1206:Plurals are marked with the
604:
597:
590:
583:
563:
556:
542:
535:
528:
521:
2457:Thornell, Christina. 1997.
2383:Journal of Language Contact
2328:Diki-Kidiri, Marcel. 1998.
2284:Dictionnaire sango-français
2125:Walker & Samarin (1997)
1868:; nasal vowels are written
242: â Riverain Sango
4014:
2491:Sango computer terminology
2425:SIL (Centrafrique), 1995.
2399:10.1163/000000008792525354
1883:, mid tone is marked with
1655:Official 1984 orthography
36:
29:
3358:Kango (Bas-Uélé District)
1146:In isolation, tones have
984:
958:
853:
822:
687:
646:
491:
486:
483:
392:Sango tribe members, 1906
276:
161:Official language in
56:
51:
2419:Saulnier, Pierre. 1994.
2412:Samarin, William. 1967.
2366:Khabirov, Valeri. 2010.
2359:Khabirov, Valeri. 1984.
2268:, 12.7 Sango literature)
2223:Wikibooks:Sango/Pronouns
1905:⟨do-rĂ«-mĂź⟩
1662:22-Letter Sango Alphabet
1618:, covering a variety of
1535:"get up and come (here)"
1293:The derivational suffix
1131:'pineapple' from French
414:Ngbandi language cluster
315:Central African Republic
174:Central African Republic
96:sag: 620,000 (2017)
77:Central African Republic
37:Not to be confused with
3363:Kango (Tshopo District)
2486:Sango lessons in French
2282:Bouquiaux, Luc (1978).
1828:. Sango has seven oral
432:Geographic distribution
342:lingua franca for trade
2450:Taber, Charles. 1964.
2286:. Peeters Publishers.
1449:PL-child of 3S SM-come
1139:'to stop' from French
393:
278:This article contains
58:
32:Sango (disambiguation)
1891:, and high tone with
1253:"some small children"
391:
2341:Karan, Elke (2006).
2026:Languages portal
1946:improve this section
1446:Ăą-mĂŽlengĂȘ tĂź lo a-gĂ€
1250:PL-INDEF small child
1247:Ăą-mbĂȘnĂŻ kĂȘtĂȘ mĂŽlengĂȘ
1123:'bench' from French
1112:'give birth' versus
30:For other uses, see
3732:Ngala of Santandrea
3581:French African Sign
2089:Samarin, William J.
1656:
1641:In 1984, President
1452:"his children came"
1164:subjectâverbâobject
643:
480:
350:French colonisation
3998:Ubangian languages
3623:Ubangian languages
2707:National languages
2580:National languages
2544:Official languages
1819:⟨âb⟩
1804:⟨dy⟩
1800:⟨ty⟩
1796:⟨âb⟩
1654:
1554:"you (singular)",
1398:The verbal prefix
1387:"water hole, well"
1327:
1322:to return, repeat
1306:
1196:mbĂȘnĂŻ kĂȘtĂȘ mĂŽlengĂȘ
1160:isolating language
1057:Syllable structure
641:
478:
394:
235: â Sango
98:snj: 35,000 (1996)
3970:
3969:
3589:
3588:
3569:
3568:
2691:Official language
2650:
2649:
2443:978-1-57506-018-7
2071:(25th ed., 2022)
2053:(25th ed., 2022)
1982:
1981:
1974:
1903:would be written
1897:⟨ĂȘ⟩
1889:⟨Ă«⟩
1881:⟨e⟩
1858:⟨o⟩
1846:⟨e⟩
1836:, of which five,
1786:⟨y⟩
1780:
1779:
1347:
1346:
1199:INDEF small child
1067:⟨u⟩
1063:⟨i⟩
1051:
1050:
642:Sango consonants
634:
633:
319:official language
304:
303:
286:rendering support
282:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
4005:
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2992:Kasai-Occidental
2942:Ngbaka Minagende
2762:
2677:
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2523:
2516:
2507:
2447:
2414:Lessons in Sango
2409:
2407:
2405:
2380:
2356:
2354:
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2316:
2305:. Paris: SELAF.
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1966:
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1882:
1875:Sango has three
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:stands for both
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:stands for both
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1664:
1657:
1570:"you (plural)",
1566:"you (plural)",
1517:
1498:
1488:SM-give.birth 3S
1481:
1470:
1459:
1441:
1431:
1412:
1303:
1270:
1227:
1223:
1176:
1069:, respectively.
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972:
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695:
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630:
623:
609:
602:
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568:
561:
547:
540:
533:
526:
481:
410:Northern Ngbandi
317:and also the co-
272:
258:
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234:
225:
216:
215:
207:
198:
197:
189:
172:
170:
169:
144:
108:
61:
44:
21:
4013:
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4008:
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4002:
3973:
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3966:
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3857:
3799:
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3708:
3625:
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3590:
3585:
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3512:
3269:
3201:
3178:
3160:
3077:
3029:
2986:
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2401:
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2373:
2355:on May 8, 2019.
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2228:
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2209:
2186:
2178:
2147:
2139:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2107:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2061:
2054:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1943:
1927:
1916:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1818:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1660:
1636:
1558:"he, she, it",
1537:
1527:
1519:
1509:
1500:
1492:
1483:
1473:
1461:
1453:
1444:
1433:
1423:
1415:
1389:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1314:to grow, be big
1291:
1281:
1273:
1255:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1204:
1202:"a small child"
1194:
1186:
1178:
1156:
1102:functional load
1098:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1026:
990:
926:
895:
859:
782:
734:
693:
676:
639:
473:
468:
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434:
386:
367:
327:second language
284:Without proper
268:
254:
237:
236:
230:
229:
221:
211:
210:
203:
193:
192:
185:
167:
165:
162:
155:Official status
145:
140:
134:
109:
106:Language family
104:
97:
93:
92:Native speakers
83:
79:
52:Sangho, Sangoic
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4011:
4009:
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4000:
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3990:
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3596:
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3577:
3575:
3574:Sign languages
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3098:
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3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3035:Kasai-Oriental
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
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2899:
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2796:
2791:
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2770:
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2759:
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2645:
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2466:
2465:External links
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2270:
2258:
2241:
2226:
2215:
2184:
2145:
2128:
2112:
2105:
2080:
2063:Riverain Sango
2036:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2002:
1999:
1980:
1979:
1930:
1928:
1921:
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1677:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1643:André Kolingba
1635:
1632:
1612:yùngù tß sÀngö
1610:"my country",
1584:BĂȘafrĂźka ayeke
1582:"you are" but
1520:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1474:
1463:
1462:
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792:
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778:
776:
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762:
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751:
737:
731:
730:
728:
721:
714:
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710:
703:
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691:
685:
684:
679:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
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638:
635:
632:
631:
624:
617:
611:
610:
603:
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589:
582:
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572:
569:
562:
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541:
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496:
495:
490:
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472:
469:
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446:
443:
433:
430:
385:
382:
366:
365:Classification
363:
309:(also spelled
302:
301:
288:, you may see
274:
273:
266:
260:
259:
252:
244:
243:
226:
218:
217:
208:
200:
199:
190:
182:
181:
180:Language codes
177:
176:
163:
160:
157:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:Writing system
139:
136:
135:
133:
132:
131:
130:
112:
110:
103:
100:
99:
94:
91:
88:
87:
74:
73:Native to
70:
69:
67:
63:
62:
59:yùngù tß sÀngö
54:
53:
49:
48:
39:Sangu language
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4010:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
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3946:
3940:
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3935:
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3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
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3913:
3907:
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3899:
3897:
3894:
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3884:
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3860:
3854:
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3846:
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3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Central Banda
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:ÆĂčlĂŹ, ÆĂŹyĂ ndĂ
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3598:
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3594:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
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3399:
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3329:
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3311:
3309:
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3304:
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3299:
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3258:
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3132:
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3127:
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3119:
3117:
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3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
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3092:
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3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
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2989:
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2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Central Banda
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
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2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2735:Congo Swahili
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
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2610:
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2415:
2411:
2400:
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2358:
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2339:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2312:2-85297-057-0
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2293:2-85297-016-3
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2106:9789027252432
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2038:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1973:
1965:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1931:This section
1929:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1908:
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1878:
1873:
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1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:ködörö tß mbï
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
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1526:
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1432:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1384:hole of water
1382:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
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1329:
1326:
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1321:
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1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1286:PL-big person
1284:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1236:
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1228:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1209:
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1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:minimal pairs
1103:
1095:
1093:
1092:'sorcerer').
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:reduplication
1070:
1056:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
996:
994:
989:
987:
983:
980:
978:
976:
974:
971:
967:
965:
963:
961:
957:
954:
952:
950:
948:
945:
941:
939:
935:
930:
925:
924:
921:
919:
917:
915:
912:
908:
906:
903:
899:
894:
893:
889:
885:
883:
881:
879:
876:
872:
870:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
838:
834:
831:
827:
825:
821:
818:
815:
811:
808:
804:
802:
800:
797:
793:
790:
786:
781:
780:
777:
774:
770:
767:
763:
761:
759:
756:
752:
748:
742:
738:
733:
732:
729:
726:
722:
719:
715:
713:
711:
708:
704:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
683:
680:
678:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
645:
636:
629:
622:
616:
613:
612:
608:
601:
594:
587:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
567:
560:
554:
551:
550:
546:
539:
532:
525:
519:
516:
515:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
494:
489:
482:
479:Sango vowels
476:
470:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
444:
442:
438:
431:
429:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
406:
403:
399:
398:lingua franca
390:
383:
381:
379:
374:
372:
364:
362:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
323:lingua franca
320:
316:
312:
308:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
281:
275:
271:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
251:
250:
245:
240:
233:
227:
224:
219:
214:
209:
206:
201:
196:
191:
188:
183:
178:
175:
164:
158:
153:
150:
147:
143:
137:
129:
126:
125:
124:
120:
117:
116:
115:
111:
107:
101:
95:
89:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
66:Pronunciation
64:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3961:
3818:Belanda Viri
3689:NgbÄkÄ-MÄnzÄ
3126:Luba-Katanga
2971:
2555:
2471:Sangonet.com
2458:
2451:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2413:
2402:. Retrieved
2386:
2382:
2367:
2360:
2350:the original
2335:
2329:
2321:
2302:
2283:
2276:Bibliography
2261:
2218:
2096:
2083:
2066:
2048:
2040:
1987:
1983:
1968:
1959:
1944:Please help
1932:
1909:
1900:
1874:
1808:
1794:
1783:
1661:
1640:
1637:
1628:instrumental
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1532:rise 2S come
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1330:
1317:
1309:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1283:ù-kötÀ (ù)zo
1282:
1278:
1275:
1267:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1220:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1158:Sango is an
1157:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1084:'tiny bit',
1081:
1077:
1071:
1060:
1052:
493:Nasal vowels
474:
448:
439:
435:
422:
416:, with some
407:
402:Ubangi River
395:
375:
368:
359:
355:
346:Ubangi River
331:
310:
306:
305:
277:
264:Linguasphere
247:
149:Latin script
127:
3785:South Banda
3546:Kinyarwanda
3230:Kinyarwanda
2977:South Banda
2393:: 225â237.
2266:Karan (2006
2254:Karan (2006
2237:Karan (2006
2211:Karan (2006
2180:Karan (2006
2141:Karan (2006
1817:: some add
1647:orthography
1634:Orthography
1630:functions.
1529:löndö mo gÀ
1471:-give.birth
1298:nominalizes
986:Approximant
488:Oral vowels
420:influence.
292:instead of
3977:Categories
3790:West Banda
3091:Bangubangu
2799:Lia-Ntomba
2750:Indigenous
2404:January 8,
2068:Ethnologue
2050:Ethnologue
2032:References
1962:April 2022
1893:circumflex
1811:consonants
1148:idiolectal
1090:wa likundĂ»
637:Consonants
400:along the
344:along the
329:speakers.
3674:MbĂłdÉÌmÉÌ
3654:LĂ ĂŹ, KĂ rĂ
3473:Nyanga-li
3275:Orientale
3207:Nord-Kivu
3063:Salampasu
2752:languages
1933:does not
1885:diaeresis
1842:nasalized
1838:/Ä©ĂŁÉÌÉÌĆ©/
1834:/aeÉioÉu/
1823:implosive
1594:"greet" (
1407:Ăą-mĂŽlengĂȘ
1381:dĂ» tĂź ngĂ»
1208:proclitic
1086:walikundĂ»
1082:kĂȘtĂȘ kĂȘtĂȘ
860:voiceless
855:Fricative
694:voiceless
553:Close-mid
466:Phonology
445:Registers
270:93-ABB-aa
249:Glottolog
223:ISO 639-3
205:ISO 639-2
187:ISO 639-1
3896:Monzombo
3881:Gbanzili
3833:Mangayat
3639:BĂ ngĂ ndĂČ
3518:Sud-Kivu
3433:Mangbutu
3428:Mangbetu
3166:Kinshasa
2967:Pagibete
2869:Ăquateur
2766:Bandundu
2756:province
2741:Tshiluba
2091:(2000).
2001:See also
1914:Learning
1901:do-re-mi
1840:, occur
1821:for the
1620:locative
1598:"hi!"),
1544:pronouns
1116:'hole'.
1078:kĂȘtĂȘkĂȘtĂȘ
1027:prenasal
927:prenasal
783:prenasal
660:Alveolar
580:Open-mid
460:Germanic
298:Help:IPA
256:sang1327
85:DR Congo
3957:Ngbandi
3949:Ngbandi
3795:Yangere
3780:Ngbundu
3770:Mbandja
3742:Nzakara
3722:Barambu
3551:Kirundi
3541:Kabwari
3531:Fuliiru
3478:Nzakara
3463:Ngelima
3418:Lugbara
3308:Barambu
3298:Bangala
3293:Avokaya
3250:Talinga
3235:Kirundi
3184:Maniema
3083:Katanga
3048:Dengese
3005:Bushong
2982:Yangere
2957:Ngbundu
2952:Ngbinda
2947:Ngbandi
2917:Mbandja
2907:Losengo
2829:Sengele
2789:Hungana
2731:Swahili
2726:Lingala
2571:English
1990:Bambari
1954:removed
1939:sources
1580:mo yeke
1485:a-dĂŒ lo
1343:return
1339:kïrïngö
1331:könöngö
1240:mĂŽlengĂȘ
1218:Ăą-mbĂȘnĂŻ
1189:mĂŽlengĂȘ
1154:Grammar
1141:arrĂȘter
1108:exist:
689:Plosive
682:Glottal
675:Labial-
665:Palatal
574:
571:
484:
384:History
371:Ngbandi
348:before
336:-based
334:Ngbandi
294:Unicode
228:Either:
121:-based
119:Ngbandi
3939:Ndunga
3906:Ngombe
3886:Mayogo
3871:Bangba
3863:Ngbaka
3853:Togoyo
3823:Feroge
3727:Pambia
3699:NgbĂ kĂ
3669:GbÉÌyĂĄ
3659:ÆĂČkĂČtĂČ
3649:TĂČĂČngĂČ
3488:Pambia
3438:Mayogo
3393:Likile
3353:Kaliko
3303:Bangba
3260:Vanuma
3245:Nyanga
3116:Kaonde
3106:Chokwe
3073:Tetela
3010:Chokwe
2962:Ngombe
2937:Ndunga
2834:Shinji
2824:Sakata
2809:Mpuono
2779:Chokwe
2719:Kituba
2698:French
2566:Arabic
2561:French
2551:French
2440:
2309:
2290:
2103:
1856:, and
1830:vowels
1802:, and
1626:, and
1624:dative
1606:"of":
1596:bara o
1590:"be",
1562:"we",
1413:-child
1353:'of':
1279:person
1265:ù-kötÀ
1137:aretĂȘe
1133:ananas
1129:ananÀa
1104:, but
960:Rhotic
896:voiced
814:á”ÍĄá”ÉĄÍĄb
735:voiced
655:Dental
650:Labial
509:Front
471:Vowels
425:Bangui
418:French
378:French
338:creole
311:Sangho
171:
123:creole
114:Creole
18:Sangho
3962:Sango
3924:Dongo
3901:MĂŒndĂŒ
3891:Mbaka
3848:Tagbu
3838:Ndogo
3828:Indri
3757:Banda
3747:Zande
3714:Zande
3704:GbĂ nĂč
3694:MÄnzÄ
3664:ÆĂČzĂŽm
3631:Gbaya
3561:Tembo
3508:Zande
3503:Tagbo
3468:Nyali
3458:Ngbee
3453:Ndaka
3413:Lombo
3398:Linga
3378:Lendu
3338:Dongo
3333:Bwela
3313:Beeke
3255:Tembo
3240:Nande
3225:Hunde
3197:Zimba
3192:Hendo
3174:Mfinu
3146:Tabwa
3141:Sanga
3136:Ruund
3131:Lunda
3121:Kebwe
3111:Hemba
3101:Bwile
3096:Bemba
3068:Songe
3058:Nkutu
3043:Budya
3025:Wongo
3020:Lwalu
3000:Binji
2972:Sango
2932:Ndolo
2922:Mongo
2912:Mbaka
2892:Budza
2887:Bango
2882:Bangi
2859:Yansi
2849:Tiene
2839:Sonde
2819:Pende
2814:Nzadi
2804:Mbala
2794:Kwese
2714:Kongo
2642:Zande
2627:Mbaka
2592:Kabba
2587:Gbanu
2556:Sango
2379:(PDF)
2353:(PDF)
2346:(PDF)
2045:Sango
1877:tones
1600:hĂźnga
1550:"I",
1504:löndö
1442:-come
1393:dĂ»ngĂŒ
1377:water
1276:(Ăą)zo
1243:child
1235:small
1226:INDEF
1192:child
1184:small
1175:INDEF
1171:mbĂȘnĂŻ
1162:with
1065:and C
991:plain
824:Nasal
677:velar
670:Velar
518:Close
512:Back
500:Front
456:Greek
452:Latin
307:Sango
128:Sango
47:Sango
3876:Baka
3843:Sere
3805:Sere
3775:Mono
3737:Geme
3684:ÊĂlÄ«
3679:ÆĂČfĂŹ
3536:Havu
3526:Buyu
3498:Soko
3493:Poke
3408:Logo
3403:Loki
3388:Lika
3383:Lese
3373:Kele
3368:Kari
3348:Hema
3343:Guru
3323:Budu
3318:Bila
3288:Asoa
3283:Alur
3265:Yaka
3220:Havu
3215:Amba
3156:Yazi
3151:Zela
3053:Luna
3015:Lele
2927:Mono
2902:Furu
2877:Bala
2854:Yaka
2844:Suku
2784:Ding
2774:Boma
2754:(by
2637:Yaka
2632:Pana
2622:Ngam
2617:Mbum
2612:Mbay
2607:Laka
2602:Kare
2597:Kako
2438:ISBN
2406:2011
2307:ISBN
2288:ISBN
2101:ISBN
1994:tone
1937:any
1935:cite
1864:and
1852:and
1592:bara
1588:yeke
1546:are
1542:The
1525:come
1507:rise
1495:help
1465:a-dĂŒ
1456:help
1436:a-gÀ
1361:hole
1335:size
1318:kĂźri
1310:kono
1295:-ngö
1271:-big
1232:kĂȘtĂȘ
1181:kĂȘtĂȘ
1125:banc
1121:bĂąan
1096:Tone
615:Open
505:Back
81:Chad
3934:Mba
3916:Mba
3813:Bai
3556:Shi
3483:Omi
3448:Mbo
3443:Mba
3328:Bwa
2395:doi
2065:at
2047:at
1948:by
1866:/É/
1862:/o/
1854:/É/
1850:/e/
1826:/É/
1572:Ăąla
1568:Ăąla
1548:mbĂŻ
1374:ngĂ»
1143:).
1088:or
1080:or
773:ÉĄÍĄb
725:kÍĄp
280:IPA
239:snj
232:sag
213:sag
3979::
3929:Ma
3423:Ma
2385:.
2381:.
2244:^
2229:^
2187:^
2148:^
2131:^
2115:^
1907:.
1899::
1895:,
1887:,
1872:.
1832:,
1813::
1798:,
1622:,
1616:na
1604:tĂź
1576:a-
1556:lo
1552:mo
1522:gÀ
1516:2S
1512:mo
1497:);
1480:3S
1476:lo
1469:SM
1458:);
1440:SM
1430:3S
1426:lo
1421:of
1418:tĂź
1411:PL
1400:a-
1369:of
1366:tĂź
1358:dĂ»
1351:tĂź
1269:PL
1258:Ăą-
1222:PL
1211:Ăą-
1114:dĂ»
1110:dĂŒ
1039:âżj
944:âżz
937:)
934:ᶏv
807:á”ÉĄ
796:âżd
789:á”b
750:)
607:ÉÌ
600:ÉÌ
454:,
195:sg
3615:e
3608:t
3601:v
2758:)
2737:)
2733:(
2676:e
2669:t
2662:v
2529:e
2522:t
2515:v
2446:.
2416:.
2408:.
2397::
2387:2
2315:.
2296:.
2109:.
1975:)
1969:(
1964:)
1960:(
1956:.
1942:.
1775:Z
1770:Y
1765:W
1760:V
1755:U
1750:T
1745:S
1740:R
1735:P
1730:O
1725:N
1720:M
1715:L
1710:K
1705:I
1700:H
1695:G
1690:F
1685:E
1680:D
1675:B
1670:A
1564:ĂŻ
1560:Ă«
1224:-
1017:w
1008:j
1001:l
970:r
931:(
911:z
902:v
888:h
875:s
866:f
837:n
830:m
766:ÉĄ
755:d
747:É
744:(
741:b
718:k
707:t
700:p
628:ĂŁ
621:a
593:É
586:É
566:o
559:e
545:Ć©
538:Ä©
531:u
524:i
300:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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