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293:. Provided with some military equipment and troops by Abd al-Qadir Dalil before his departure, Sanin was left behind and appointed acting governor of western Darfur in 1896. He further bolstered his arsenal by recovering guns left hidden by Osman Adam's old army which had mostly died of starvation and disease in the area close to Kabkabiya. Isolated from the rest of the Mahdist State, Sanin became largely autonomous and very influential within the region. He was still maintaining his base and army by the time the Mahdist State was destroyed by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1899.
68:
364:. Most fought to the death, including Sanin and his lieutenants. Those who were captured alive, including Sanin's son Abdel-Shafi, were branded with an "H" on the face as sign of servitude. The head of the "gallant old man" was presented to Ali Dinar. The heads of Sanin and his commanders were sent to "decorate" the market of al-Fashir. The Sultan also sent Sanin's flag to Khartoum as a gift, and ordered the old mosque at Kabkabiya (which had been destroyed by Mahdists) to be rebuilt.
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weaponry. He successfully repelled their attacks as well. He was aided by the well defendable situation of
Kabkabiya which was protected by a series of hills. Despite this, Sanin was factually isolated and the other Mahdist holdouts as well as anti-Ali Dinar groups were gradually destroyed. Sanin's resistance was described by researcher Samuel Bey Atiya as the "last organised Mahdist stand in the Sudan". Despite this, Sanin sent a letter to
281:
Sanin became his assistant. Both served under the command of Osman Adam, the chief governor of Darfur. However, Mahdist rule in Darfur became extremely unstable as the government of
Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad implemented unpopular policies. Several revolts broke out, gradually driving the Mahdists from Darfur. In 1890, Osman Adam was killed in battle, whereupon the sub-governors of Darfur, including Abd al-Qadir Dalil, were recalled to
252:, Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad's successor. After an interview with the Khalifa, Sanin's position was confirmed and he was sent back to the Nuba Mountains, where he fought from 1885 to 1887. He then returned to Omdurman for a short time before being dispatched east alongside Abdel-Rahman. They joined an army led by Hamdan Abu Anja which was part of the Mahdist campaign against the
341:
In 1902, the ruler of Dar Gimr promised Sultan Ali Dinar his daughter's hand in marriage under the condition that he defeated Sanin Husain. Considering Sanin Husain far too tough for this kind of deal, Ali Dinar opted to instead conquer Dar Gimr and take the ruler's daughter by force. In 1903, Sanin
329:
Ali Dinar sent several armies numbering thousands of troops against Sanin, but the
Kabkabiya leader repeatedly defeated them. He defeated two enemy armies in 1900, and won another victory in 1901. Sanin also had to face several other hostile states and tribes surrounding him, all of whom coveted his
313:
Despite the death of
Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, Sanin remained faithful to the Mahdist cause and gathered other loyalists, maintaining a strong military. Many surviving Mahdists from the east travelled to Kabkabiya to join him. His force eventually grew to be about 4,000 strong. Of these, 1,000
280:
Following the
Ethiopian campaign, Sanin's talent and loyalty as commander were gradually being recognized, and he was chosen to join the force of Abd al-Qadir Dalil that was sent to western Darfur in 1889. Abd al-Qadir Dalil was appointed governor of western Darfur with Kabkabiya as his seat, while
372:
Researcher Martin W. Daly described Sanin Husain as Ali Dinar's "most formidable challenger", and Jánszky stated that he remains the most famous Tama leader up to today. Sanin's opponent Mahmud al-Dadingawi would later tell the
English about him in a respectful manner, regarding him as talented
325:
used the power vacuum to reestablish the
Sultanate of Darfur under his own leadership. The new Sultan then attempted to take full control of the region, but Sanin refused to submit to him. The two knew each other from a time when Ali Dinar had been a refugee, and disliked each other then. Sanin
320:
who were religiously motivated, while the rest were more interested in a life as warriors and in gaining plunder. Along with Arabi
Dafalla of Dar Taaisha and Sultan Abuker Ismail of Dar Masalit, Sanin was one of three Mahdist commanders who continued to operate in Darfur after the Mahdist
345:
In 1907, Ali Dinar diverted his full attention to Sanin and sent a massive army led by his best generals, Adam Rijal and Mahmud al-Dadingawi, to finally crush the
Kabkabiya holdout. Instead of forcing a battle, the Sultanate's army surrounded Kabkabiya and built several fortified camps
199:, and researcher Babett Jánszky consequently described Sanin as Sudanese Tama. From an early point, Sanin took an interest in religious matters and gradually garnered respect as an authority on religion in Dar Tama, eventually becoming a local "holy man".
326:
considered Ali Dinar a traitor, as the latter had once deserted from the
Mahdist military. In turn, the Sultan considered the Kabkabiya holdout an obstacle in expanding his influence westwards, while coveting the arms which Sanin had under his control.
237:. Despite having barely seen the Mahdi and not even talked with him directly, the group was very impressed that he had singled them out in the great crowd. Sanin and his comrades promptly joined the Mahdists and travelled to join a unit led by an
342:
Husain scored two more victories over Ali Dinar's forces. Afterwards, the Sultan refrained from any more large attacks while building up his strength. However, he continued to send out small raiding parties to constantly harass Sanin's forces.
244:
Sanin consequently ventured to the Nuba Mountains, but word soon reached the Mahdist forces there that Muhammad Ahmad had unexpectedly died. Sanin Husain and Abdel-Rahman were subsequently recalled to Omdurman to pledge allegiance to
380:
of 1916. Afterwards, Abdel-Shafi got free and offered his services to the Anglo-Egyptian government, while starting to collect the people and goods which had survived the siege of Kabkabiya, regarding them as his inheritance.
288:
In 1895, Emir Mahmud invaded Dar Gimr and Dar Tama, with Sanin acting as his guide and advisor. However, most Mahdist armies stationed in Darfur and the governors were recalled to Omdurman to assist the resistance against the
223:
prayers led by Muhammad Ahmad. The Mahdi noticed the group from Dar Tama, and sent a messenger to learn who they were. From his podium, Muhammad Ahmad then singled them out, and prayed the
352:). The siege lasted 17 to 18 months, and most of Sanin's starving troops gradually deserted while his ammunition ran out. In January 1909, Ali Dinar's troops finally stormed Sanin's
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as official and provided with help. The Khartoum government had already acknowledged Ali Dinar as their subject, and accordingly did not wish to support Sanin.
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and established the Mahdist State. After hearing of Muhammad Ahmad's achievements, Sanin Husain decided to travel with his followers to the Mahdist capital of
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to await the arrival of a new chief governor, Emir Mahmud. Sanin remained behind at Kabkabiya, and was appointed official head of Kabkabiya District in 1891.
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to swear allegiance to Muhammad Ahmad. Upon arriving at Omdurman, Sanin and his companions joined a thousands-strong crowd who were taking part in the
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256:. Sanin fought in Ethiopia from 1887 to 1889, returning to Omdurman after Hamdan Abu Anja had died and the Ethiopians been defeated in the
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to them. Following the prayers, the Mahdi sent another messenger to Sanin, telling him that he and his comrades should join the
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G.D. Lampen stated that the final campaign began in 1908 and that Sanin Husain was killed in the same year.
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162:. Sanin Husain was finally killed by Ali Dinar's forces in a siege of Kabkabiya lasting 17 to 18 months.
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forces in 1899, Sanin refused to surrender and continued to maintain a Mahdist holdout at
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Also known as "Sanin Husayn", "Senin Wad Hussein", "Ali Feki Senin", and "Fekhi Senin"
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of Tama origin, Abdel-Rahman, who was already serving under Hamdan Abu Anja.
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Sultan Ali Dinar of Darfur was eventually overthrown and killed during the
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863:Überleben an Grenzen. Ressourcenkonflikte und Risikomanagement im Sahel
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348:
306:
192:
151:
91:
845:(2nd (digital) ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Frank and Cass Company.
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203:
821:
Darfur's Sorrow: The Forgotten History of a Humanitarian Disaster
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1847–1909) was a religious and military leader who served the
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Sanin Husain served as official during the rule of Khalifa
138:. Even after the Mahdists had been completely defeated by
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Lobban, Richard A. Jr.; Dalton, Christopher H. (2014),
824:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Darfur's Political Economy: A quest for development
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154:. From there, he resisted the reestablished
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842:A Biographical Dictionary of the Sudan
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233:to fight under Hamdan Abu Anja in the
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16:Mahdist religious and military leader
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942:Military personnel killed in action
869:(PhD thesis). University of Cologne
799:Atiya, Samuel Bey (December 1924).
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523:
264:Mahdist official in western Darfur
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378:Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition
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171:Early life and military service
902:Lampen, G.D. (December 1950).
860:Jánszky, Babett (April 2014).
321:government's fall. Meanwhile,
179:, a frontier area between the
1:
885:Libya: History and Revolution
336:new Anglo-Egyptian government
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50:
34:
839:Hill, Richard, ed. (2006) .
784:. New York City: Routledge.
211:Turco-Egyptian rule in Sudan
195:". His mother was an ethnic
778:Ali, Hamid Eltgani (2015).
90:Acting governor of western
963:
112:Mahdist–Ethiopian conflict
818:Daly, Martin W. (2010) .
368:Assessment and son's fate
175:Sanin Husain was born at
711:Lobban & Dalton 2014
373:soldier and "die hard".
909:Sudan Notes and Records
806:Sudan Notes and Records
291:Anglo-Egyptian invasion
310:
277:
274:Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
250:Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
801:"Senin and Ali Dinar"
304:
271:
79:Years of service
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297:Holdout at Kabkabiya
904:"History of Darfur"
185:Sultanate of Darfur
156:Sultanate of Darfur
49:January 1909 (aged
916:(Part 2): 177–209.
311:
278:
258:Battle of Gallabat
895:978-1-4408-2885-0
791:978-1-85743-711-9
677:, pp. 65–67.
616:, pp. 45–46.
577:, pp. 47–48.
538:, pp. 63–64.
356:. Only about 400
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209:overthrew the
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871:. Retrieved
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305:1914 map of
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189:Banu Khazraj
181:Wadai Empire
174:
128:Sanin Husain
127:
126:
118:War against
98:Battles/wars
25:Sanin Husain
18:
937:1909 deaths
932:1847 births
813:(2): 63–69.
771:Works cited
749:Lampen 1950
699:Lampen 1950
687:Lampen 1950
276:(pictured).
102:Mahdist War
926:Categories
734:Atiya 1924
675:Atiya 1924
660:Atiya 1924
643:Atiya 1924
631:Atiya 1924
563:Atiya 1924
536:Atiya 1924
492:Atiya 1924
414:References
362:last stand
62:Allegiance
761:Daly 2010
602:Hill 2006
575:Hill 2006
473:Daly 2010
434:Hill 2006
323:Ali Dinar
283:al-Fashir
226:Al-Fatiha
166:Biography
160:Ali Dinar
148:Kabkabiya
120:Ali Dinar
82:1885–1909
56:Kabkabiya
614:Ali 2015
524:Ali 2015
332:Khartoum
215:Omdurman
177:Dar Tama
144:Egyptian
109:campaign
40:Dar Tama
873:16 June
247:Khalifa
220:Jumu'ah
193:sharifi
892:
849:
828:
788:
354:zariba
349:zariba
307:Darfur
152:Darfur
92:Darfur
867:(PDF)
385:Notes
358:ansar
317:ansar
314:were
204:Mahdi
140:Anglo
890:ISBN
875:2021
847:ISBN
826:ISBN
786:ISBN
239:emir
197:Tama
183:and
87:Rank
46:Died
37:1847
31:Born
150:in
53:62)
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912:.
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