326:, ‘converting pastures to grasslands’ program, which got its start in 2000. In this program there were three types of zones to address the problem of degraded pastures: zones in which grazing was permanently banned, zones in which grazing was to be banned for typically three to ten years, and zones which were seasonally closed to grazing or allowed seasonal rotational grazing. The implementation of four kinds of zones in Yushu and Guoluo prefectures also seem to provide a precedent, if these are not the SNNR map's zones themselves described differently. The first two of these zones correspond to what is referred to on the SNNR map as the ‘core zone’, the third to the ‘buffer zone’, and the fourth to the ‘experimental zone’. In the third (i.e. buffer) zone there was to be a reduction in grazing or a ban on grazing for five or ten years, and in the fourth (i.e. experimental) zone there was to be rotational grazing to capacity.
289:
Prefecture. The
Sanjiangyuan Area's population is about 600,000, 90% of which are Tibetan. 70% of the Sanjiangyuan Area's population are considered to be ‘impoverished’, with the average income of about 2000 RMB (roughly $ 300) per person/year. Since animal husbandry is the primary source of income, and many people are nomadic, this figure does not reflect the actual standard of living in a largely non-cash economy. The Sanjiangyuan Area in general has no special legal status, and the term is used to indicate the region in which the three rivers arise, and the Sanjiangyuan National Park exists.
280:
mining firms have replaced the uncontrolled miners, trees have been planted, and measures have been taken to protect endangered species. To protect the grasslands, pastoralists are not permitted to graze their animals in designated ‘core zones’ (see below), and grazing is supervised elsewhere in the SNNR. In addition, residents have been resettled from core zones and other grassland areas of the SNNR, and rangeland has been fenced and is in the process of being privatized throughout the
Sanjiangyuan Area.
1719:
40:
1731:
310:
degraded areas are being resettled. The core zone was supposed to be strictly managed with no grazing and measures to protect endangered species. All development and use were prohibited. It was a ‘no man's zone’, with all its residents resettled elsewhere. The buffer zone promoted conservation but allowed limited and
288:
The
Sanjiangyuan Area covers the southern and eastern parts of Qinghai and has an area of about 363,000 km, 50.4% of Qinghai. Included in it wholly or partially are 18 counties of the four Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures Yushu, Guoluo, Hainan, and Huangnan, and Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous
292:
The
Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve (SNNR) was a subarea of the Sanjiangyuan Area which covered an area of about 152,300 km, 21% of Qinghai, 42% of the Sanjiangyuan Area. It was larger than England and Wales combined. About 200,000 people traditionally live within the area that was covered
309:
The SNNR consisted of 18 subareas. These are of three types: wetland conservation (8 subareas), wildlife conservation (3 subareas), and shrubland or forest conservation (7 subareas). Each SNNR subarea had three zones: a core zone; a buffer zone; and a multiple-use experimental zone. Residents from
279:
Along with wetland and waters protection, other ecological values, such as grassland, forest, and wildlife enhancement, have also been presented as goals. To advance the goals of the SNNR uncontrolled or poorly managed mining, logging, hunting, and grazing have been curtailed. Foreign and other
276:. The reserve consisted of 18 subareas, and each contained three zones which were managed with differing degrees of strictness. In 2015, the Chinese government decided to implement a new national park system, and created Sanjiangyuan National Park, which is set to open officially in 2020.
329:
Since the government also has a poverty reduction and a major project (e.g. dams) resettlement program, and plans to resettle all nomads by 2011, residents from the buffer and the experimental zones may be resettled under these programs rather than the ecological resettlement program.
1171:, Hodgson's redstart, Daurian redstart, white-winged redstart, white-capped water redstart, common starling, wallcreeper, sand martin, Asian house martin, white-browed tit warbler, Tibetan lark, Oriental skylark, horned lark, house sparrow,
399:
In addition, only the 3 functional subareas of the SNNR, those with protection stations, have definite boundaries. The other 15 subareas are more a plan for their final delineation. The three functional subareas are
1521:
297:
and the
Qinghai government legally established the SNNR in May 2000. Its Management Bureau was founded September 2001, and the SNNR obtained State-level (national) status January 2003. The Management Bureau is in
294:
1409:
Wu J., Wu G., Zheng T., Zhang X., Zhou K. (2020), "Value capture mechanisms, transaction costs, and heritage conservation: A case study of
Sanjiangyuan National Park, China", Land Use Policy, Vol. 90:104246.
395:
The boundaries and characters of the zones are likely open to negotiation. For example, the
Canadian mining company Inter-Citic's Dachang gold prospect is in either a buffer or experimental zone (or both).
1400:
Worthy, F.R. & Foggin, J.M., "From the Field (Fall 2008), Conflicts between local villagers and
Tibetan brown bears in a remote region of the Tibetan Plateau", Human-Wildlife Conflicts 2(2).
317:
The
Sanjiangyuan National Park, as of 2019, consists of an area of 123,100 km, which is only slightly smaller than England. It encompasses most of the southern half of Qinghai Province.
1360:
Goodman, D. (2004), "Qinghai and the
Emergence of the West: Nationalities, Communal Interaction, and National Integration", The China Quarterly, Vol. 178, Cambridge University Press
1391:
Foggin, J.M. (2018), "Environmental conservation in the Tibetan Plateau region: lessons for China's Belt and Road Initiative in the mountains of Central Asia", Land, Vol. 7, No. 2.
1179:, Tibetan snowfinch, white-rumped snowfinch, rufous-necked snowfinch, plain-backed snowfinch, white wagtail, citrine wagtail, Richard's pipit, alpine accentor, robin accentor,
1566:
1397:
Richard, C. et al. (2006), "The Paradox of the Individual Household Responsibility System in the Grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau", USDA Forest Service Proceedings.
665:
1777:
1772:
1621:
302:, and is under the Qinghai Forest Bureau. Mr. Wang Zhibao, Director of the State Forest Administration, has said the goals of the nature reserve protect the
430:
425:
1369:
Yeh, E.T. (2005), "Green Governmentality and Pastoralism in Western China: Converting Pastures to Grasslands", Nomadic Peoples, Vol. 9, Issues 1&2.
1406:
Smith A.T. and Foggin J.M. (1998), "Plateau Pika (Ochotona curzoniae) as keystone species to the alpine biodiversity of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau".
1498:
1767:
293:
by the SNNR. Resettlement efforts were made to resettle all nomads in Qinghai by 2011, but it is unclear as to the outcome of those efforts. The
1385:
Banks, T. (2003), "Property Rights Reform in Rangeland China: Dilemmas On the Road to the Household Ranch", World Development, Vol. 31, No. 12.
637:
203:
1639:
1611:
1447:
1316:
609:
1382:
Banks, T. et al. (May 2003), "Community Based Grasslands Management in Western China", Mountain Research and Development, Vol. 23, No. 2.
522:
437:
1644:
1762:
1394:
Miller, J.D. (2007), "The World of Tibetan Nomads", in "DROKPA:Nomads of the Tibetan Plateau and Himalaya", Vajra Publishers.
1403:
Yeh, E. (2003), "Tibet Range Wars: Spatial Politics and Authority on the Grasslands of Amdo", Development and Change, 34(3).
655:
314:. The multiple-use experimental zones were also used for scientific investigations, eco-tourism, and other green industries.
76:
1757:
1558:
90:
1491:
416:
The SNNR is entirely in Qinghai. The following table lists the 71 townships which are wholly or partially in the SNNR.
1388:
Foggin, J.M. (Feb. 2008), "Depopulating the Tibetan Grasslands", Mountain research and Development, Vol. 28, No. 1.
1184:
1634:
1008:
702:
This table lists the names of the 18 conservation subareas and the counties they wholly or partially occupy.
306:
ecosystem, with a focus on alpine swamp meadow and the natural habitat of wildlife in the Sanjiangyuan Area.
1484:
1782:
1176:
1792:
1787:
1279:
1172:
1164:
303:
189:
20:
1068:
50:
1735:
1136:
1438:
1629:
1591:
1072:
1048:
1044:
311:
1263:
1207:
1156:
1100:
1096:
1080:
1040:
984:
676:
455:
150:
142:
1723:
1596:
1530:
1291:
1287:
1275:
1247:
1203:
1132:
1076:
1060:
1020:
996:
980:
333:
The absolute and relative sizes, and the populations before resettlement, of the zones are:
231:
168:
121:
1571:
1425:
1259:
1223:
1215:
1092:
1056:
1052:
497:
320:
The predecessors to the zones on the SNNR map may be grazing zones which were part of the
245:
642:
528:
1667:
1219:
1211:
1195:
1180:
1168:
1120:
1108:
1104:
1016:
1000:
614:
570:
405:
1751:
1235:
1124:
1028:
992:
627:
598:
556:
511:
483:
1704:
1606:
1601:
1576:
1283:
1239:
1231:
1160:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1112:
686:
584:
542:
469:
442:
253:
128:
252:
province, China which contains the headwaters of three great rivers of Asia: the
1662:
1295:
1187:, common rosefinch, streaked rosefinch, great rosefinch, red-fronted rosefinch.
1148:
1084:
1036:
1012:
401:
1267:
1227:
1152:
1144:
1088:
1032:
1462:
1449:
988:
39:
1683:
1419:
1317:"China's first national park, an experiment in living with snow leopards"
1251:
1064:
1654:
1581:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1507:
1199:
1004:
257:
249:
1432:
1349:
534:
XueShan, Xiadawu, Lajia, Dongqingou, Dawu, Youyun, Dangluo, Changmahe
1699:
1586:
1517:
1271:
1024:
670:
461:
Maozhuang, Ninagla, Baizha, Jinisai, Dongba, Gayong, Jiequ, Zhuoxiao
299:
261:
1119:, greater spotted eagle, eastern imperial eagle, Pallas fish eagle,
1426:
Case Western Reserve University's Center for the Research on Tibet
1255:
1243:
1476:
404:, Suojia-Qumahe (2 stations, one in each Qumahe and Suojia), and
1480:
208:
194:
1428:, a good source of downloadable articles about Tibetan nomads
1441:, download from the World Database On Protected Areas
704:
418:
335:
321:
244:'Source of Three Rivers'), is an area of the
196:
gtsang gsum 'bung khungs rang byung srung skyob khul/
147:
133:
1692:
1676:
1653:
1620:
1557:
1529:
202:
188:
183:
167:
162:
141:
127:
120:
115:
103:
89:
75:
70:
28:
517:Labu, Chengwen, Gaduo, Xiewu, Zaduo, Zhengqing
1439:Google Earth kmz file of the Sanjiangyuan Area
590:Zhiqing, Ya’rtang, Denta, Mouba, Jiangri Tang
107:Source of Three Rivers National Nature Reserve
1492:
447:Xiaosuomang, Zhongda, Anchong, Haxiu, Batang
210:tsang sum bung khung rang jung sung kyop khül
95:
81:
8:
475:Chari, Jieduo, Mouyun, Zhaqing, Aduo, Ansai
239:
1499:
1485:
1477:
264:. Parts of the area were protected as the
180:
174:གཙང་གསུམ་འབུང་ཁུངས་རང་བྱུང་སྲུང་སྐྱོབ་ཁུལ།
112:
1307:
604:Suhurima, Wasai, Mentang, Kansai, Riyu
149:
64: Shrubland or forest conservation
25:
1431:Information on Qinghai and the SNNR,
1420:Climate Change on the Tibetan Plateau
619:Zhongtie, Longzang, Wenquan, Qushian
548:Heihe, Huanghe, Huashixia, Zhalinghu
503:Maduo, Bagan, Dongfeng, Qumahe, Yege
7:
1730:
1640:Qinghai University for Nationalities
1612:Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
266:Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve
44:Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve
1778:Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
1773:Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
135:Sānjiāngyuán Guójiājí Zìrán Bǎohùqū
1645:Qinghai University Medical College
14:
885:Chengduo, Yushu, Qumalai, Zhiduo
1729:
1718:
1717:
815:Maduo, Qumalai, Chengduo, Dulan
38:
1768:Tourist attractions in Qinghai
927:Xinghai, Tongde, Henan, Maqen
209:
195:
148:
134:
96:
82:
1:
295:State Forestry Administration
647:Duohemao, Duofudun, Xibusha
322:
274:Three Rivers Nature Reserve
58: Wildlife conservation
1809:
18:
1713:
1635:Qinghai Normal University
1515:
1315:Wang, Yan (19 May 2017).
924:Hainan, Huangnan, Guoluo
235:
220:
179:
173:
111:
37:
33:
1763:Nature reserves in China
1009:Eastern spot-billed duck
77:Traditional Chinese
19:Not to be confused with
1185:Brandt's mountain finch
632:Xiuma, Tanggan, Gumang
91:Simplified Chinese
16:Protected area in China
1177:white-winged snowfinch
1463:34.00917°N 96.20667°E
1280:Tibetan dwarf hamster
1173:Eurasian tree sparrow
1165:white-throated dipper
812:Guoluo, Yushu, Haixi
745:Jiuzhi, Gande, Banma
698:Conservation subareas
489:Soujia, Lixin, Zhahe
304:Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
21:Three Parallel Rivers
1758:Geography of Qinghai
1433:Plateau Perspectives
1350:Plateau Perspectives
1069:little ringed plover
576:Xiazangke, Ganglong
51:Wetland conservation
1693:Visitor attractions
1459: /
1137:great crested grebe
731:Maduo, Dari, Maqen
272:), also called the
1630:Qinghai University
1592:Tanggula Mountains
1468:34.00917; 96.20667
1073:lesser sand plover
1049:Tibetan sandgrouse
1045:black-necked crane
412:Townships affected
312:rotational grazing
1745:
1744:
1208:Tibetan blue bear
1157:red-billed chough
1101:cinereous vulture
1097:Himalayan vulture
1081:brown-headed gull
1051:, Chinese monal,
1041:red collared dove
985:Tibetan partridge
973:
972:
960:Shrubland/forest
946:Shrubland/forest
932:Shrubland/forest
921:Zhongtie Jungong
918:Shrubland/forest
904:Shrubland/forest
893:Dongzhong Batang
890:Shrubland/forest
876:Shrubland/forest
809:Zhaling-Eling Hu
695:
694:
393:
392:
284:Sanjiangyuan Area
242:
224:
223:
216:
215:
158:
157:
122:Standard Mandarin
1800:
1733:
1732:
1721:
1720:
1597:Kunlun Mountains
1501:
1494:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1288:large-eared pika
1276:Himalayan marmot
1248:Alpine musk deer
1204:Tibetan sand fox
1133:peregrine falcon
1061:common sandpiper
1021:common merganser
997:bar-headed goose
981:Tibetan snowcock
857:Yushu, Nangqian
843:Zhiduo, Qumalai
705:
419:
336:
325:
243:
240:
237:
212:
211:
198:
197:
181:
175:
154:
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152:
137:
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113:
99:
98:
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84:
63:
57:
48:
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26:
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1799:
1798:
1797:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1709:
1688:
1672:
1649:
1616:
1572:Tibetan Plateau
1553:
1525:
1511:
1505:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1416:
1379:
1377:Further reading
1374:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1260:Tibetan gazelle
1224:European badger
1216:Siberian weasel
1193:
1163:, Sichuan jay,
1093:bearded vulture
1057:green sandpiper
1053:common redshank
978:
795:Yuegu Zhonglie
700:
595:Golog (Guoluo)
581:Golog (Guoluo)
567:Golog (Guoluo)
553:Golog (Guoluo)
539:Golog (Guoluo)
414:
361:81,882 km
358:39,242 km
355:31,218 km
286:
246:Tibetan Plateau
104:Literal meaning
66:
65:
61:
59:
55:
53:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1806:
1804:
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1429:
1423:
1422:, Asia Society
1415:
1414:External links
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1333:
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1303:
1300:
1264:Thorold's deer
1220:Steppe polecat
1212:European otter
1196:Himalayan wolf
1192:
1189:
1181:brown accentor
1169:black redstart
1121:common kestrel
1109:upland buzzard
1105:common buzzard
1017:common pochard
1001:ruddy shelduck
977:
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837:Suojia-Qumahe
835:
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827:
824:
823:Guozong Mucha
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725:Xingxing Hai
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184:Transcriptions
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116:Transcriptions
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1783:Yangtze River
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1582:Yangtze River
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1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:Glover's pika
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:Eurasian lynx
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:Pallas's gull
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:Pacific swift
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:greylag goose
990:
986:
982:
975:
968:
965:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
920:
917:
916:
912:
909:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:
884:
881:
878:
875:
874:
870:
867:
864:
861:
860:
856:
853:
850:
847:
846:
842:
839:
836:
833:
832:
828:
825:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
794:
791:
790:
787:Maqen, Maduo
786:
783:
780:
777:
776:
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:
744:
741:
739:Nianbao Yuzi
738:
735:
734:
730:
727:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
703:
697:
690:
688:
685:
682:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
659:
657:
654:
651:
650:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
629:
626:
623:
622:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:
516:
513:
510:
507:
506:
502:
499:
496:
493:
492:
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
468:
465:
464:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
432:
429:
427:
424:
421:
420:
417:
411:
409:
407:
403:
397:
388:
385:
382:
379:
378:
374:
371:
368:
365:
364:
360:
357:
354:
351:
350:
347:Experimental
346:
343:
340:
338:
337:
334:
331:
327:
324:
323:tuimu huancao
318:
315:
313:
307:
305:
301:
296:
290:
283:
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
233:
229:
219:
207:
205:
201:
193:
191:
187:
182:
178:
172:
170:
166:
161:
151:
146:
144:
140:
132:
130:
126:
123:
119:
114:
110:
106:
102:
94:
92:
88:
80:
78:
74:
69:
52:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
1793:Mekong River
1788:Yellow River
1734:
1722:
1705:Qinghai Lake
1607:Qaidam Basin
1602:Qinghai Lake
1587:Mekong River
1577:Yellow River
1444:
1365:
1356:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1310:
1284:Plateau pika
1240:Snow leopard
1232:Amur leopard
1194:
1161:common raven
1141:little egret
1129:saker falcon
1117:golden eagle
1113:steppe eagle
979:
879:Tongtian He
767:Geladandong
701:
677:Tanggulashan
415:
398:
394:
332:
328:
319:
316:
308:
291:
287:
278:
273:
269:
265:
228:Sanjiangyuan
227:
225:
163:Tibetan name
129:Hanyu Pinyin
71:Chinese name
29:Sanjiangyuan
1663:Han Chinese
1466: /
1326:19 November
1296:woolly hare
1149:black stork
1085:common tern
1037:hill pigeon
1013:common teal
514:(Chengduo)
458:(Nangqian)
406:Tongtian He
380:Population
97:三江源国家级自然保护区
83:三江源國家級自然保護區
1752:Categories
1454:96°12′24″E
1451:34°00′33″N
1302:References
1268:blue sheep
1228:Pallas cat
1153:ground tit
1145:grey heron
1089:black kite
1033:little owl
781:A’nimaqin
714:Prefecture
673:(Ge’ermu)
500:(Qumalai)
422:Prefecture
260:, and the
23:in Yunnan.
1622:Education
1559:Geography
1183:, twite,
989:mute swan
952:Huangnan
935:Duoke He
871:Nangqian
862:Wildlife
848:Wildlife
834:Wildlife
717:Counties
660:Ningmute
652:Huangnan
601:(Jiuzhi)
525:(Guoluo)
486:(Zhiduo)
431:Townships
402:A'nimaqin
1724:Category
1684:Liangfen
1668:Tibetans
1544:Politics
1321:Mongabay
1252:wild yak
1065:ibisbill
963:Make He
851:Jiangxi
820:Wetland
806:Wetland
801:Qumalai
792:Wetland
778:Wetland
773:Ge’ermu
764:Wetland
750:Wetland
736:Wetland
722:Wetland
638:Huangnan
587:(Banma)
573:(Gande)
545:(Maduo)
531:(Maqin)
498:Qumarleb
472:(Zaduo)
389:120,000
386:50,000+
383:40,000+
366:% Total
1736:Commons
1677:Cuisine
1655:Culture
1549:Economy
1539:History
1531:General
1522:capital
1508:Qinghai
1200:red fox
1191:Mammals
1005:mallard
966:Guoluo
949:Maixiu
938:Guoluo
907:Angsai
865:Baizha
784:Guoluo
753:Dangqu
742:Guoluo
728:Guoluo
691:Balong
624:Hainan
615:Xinghai
562:Tehetu
559:(Dari)
456:Nangqên
258:Yangtze
250:Qinghai
232:Chinese
169:Tibetan
1700:Xining
1567:Cities
1518:Xining
1510:topics
1272:argali
1125:merlin
1025:hoopoe
969:Banma
941:Banma
913:Zaduo
910:Yushu
899:Yushu
896:Yushu
882:Yushu
868:Yushu
854:Yushu
840:Yushu
829:Zaduo
826:Yushu
798:Yushu
770:Haixi
759:Zaduo
756:Yushu
683:Haixi
671:Golmud
628:Tongde
610:Hainan
599:Jigzhi
557:Darlag
512:Chindu
508:Yushu
494:Yushu
484:Zhidoi
480:Yushu
466:Yushu
452:Yushu
426:County
375:53.7%
372:25.8%
369:20.5%
344:Buffer
300:Xining
262:Mekong
256:, the
254:Yellow
234::
62:
56:
49:
47:
1256:Chiru
1244:Kiang
976:Birds
955:Zeku
687:Dulan
666:Haixi
656:Henan
585:Baima
543:Madoi
529:Maqên
523:Golog
470:Zadoi
443:Yushu
438:Yushu
352:Area
190:Wylie
1328:2019
711:Name
708:Type
643:Zeku
571:Gadê
341:Core
270:SNNR
241:lit.
226:The
248:in
236:三江源
204:THL
143:IPA
1754::
1437:A
1336:^
1319:.
1298:.
1294:,
1290:,
1286:,
1282:,
1278:,
1274:,
1270:,
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1258:,
1254:,
1250:,
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1167:,
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1155:,
1151:,
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1143:,
1139:,
1135:,
1131:,
1127:,
1123:,
1115:,
1111:,
1107:,
1103:,
1099:,
1095:,
1091:,
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1083:,
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1067:,
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1019:,
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1011:,
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995:,
991:,
987:,
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408:.
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1520:(
1500:e
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1330:.
268:(
230:(
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