457:
1307:
224:
660:
29:
1665:
242:(high moor) in South America. The isolated Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta has an elevation of 5,775 metres (18,947 ft). The páramo is found between the treeline around 3,300 metres (10,800 ft) and the snowline around 5,000 metres (16,000 ft), with some variations due to differences in slope, rainfall and exposure to the wind and sun. The area is almost all
474:, thicket, bogs and marshes. Vegetation on the northern side receives more rain and is rougher than the vegetation on the southern side, which is protected from the trade winds. 125 species of angiosperms have been recorded that are endemic to the Sierra Nevada, of which 61 are found only in the páramo. 135 genera of vascular plants have been recorded.
41:
383:
epoch there were alternating glacial and interglacial periods, with short, cold and dry periods alternating with warmer and more humid periods. The páramo belts moved lower and joined together in the cold periods, and moved higher into unconnected enclaves when the temperatures rose. The result is a
778:
indigenous people have reserves that cover parts of the páramo and have special rights within the park. They graze large herds of cattle and sheep up to elevations of 3,800 metres (12,500 ft), and hunt cougars and condors to protect their livestock. They extract wood for fuel and building. In
438:
A 2013 analysis of the páramo units in
Colombia evaluated similarities between their endemic flora. It found that the units naturally formed into five biogeographical provinces: The definition of the Páramos del Norte province differs from the traditional grouping, where the Santa Marta páramo is
304:
mean monthly temperatures ranged from 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) in
January to 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) in June. Yearly average temperature was about 13 °C (55 °F), with average minimum of 8 °C (46 °F) and maximum of 18.5 °C (65.3 °F). Average total rainfall was
165:
mountain range on the
Caribbean coast of Colombia. The isolated position of the range has allowed unique species to evolve. Some are related to those found in Central America and the Caribbean coastal areas, and some to species from the Andes. The habitat is relatively stable, but has been
305:
about 1,800 millimetres (71 in). Mean monthly rainfall varied from 33.3 millimetres (1.31 in) in
January to 245.2 millimetres (9.65 in) in May, falling back to 115.2 millimetres (4.54 in) in July and rising again to 304.5 millimetres (11.99 in) in October.
333:
terrestrial ecoregions. The plants and animals are adapted to the cold, dry conditions of the high peaks. There is a high level of local endemism, particularly on the more isolated peaks. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta has been designated a
443:
páramo is included in the
Cordillera Oriental province. The flora of these two is closer to the Páramos de Chirripó of Central America than to the rest of the Northern Andean páramo, despite their being separated by the
354:
during a period of strong volcanic activity between four and five million years ago. This was the period when land rose above the tree line and the protopáramo vegetation was formed with new species of the
1630:
1620:
415:. The species evolved from warm tropical species adapted to moist conditions and from Andean species that migrated along the eastern cordillera of Colombia. The flora is closer to the flora of the
762:
gives a status of "Relatively Stable/Intact". The páramo is expanding as the Andean forest at lower levels is cleared and the glaciers recede in the upper areas. The ecoregion is protected by the
262:
is generally humid throughout the year with moisture delivered in the form of rain, clouds and fog as air masses are lifted up over the mountains, the Santa Marta páramo is similar to the
1328:
403:
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta páramo is isolated and has a unique composition of flora and fauna. The isolation has given time for endemic species to evolve including the genera
1579:
779:
the subpáramo they have expanded the scrublands by burning and grow potatoes and onions. These changes reduce biodiversity, change the balance of vegetation and increase erosion.
1507:
1532:
1196:
1650:
270:, where the northeast trade winds create a distinct dry season. Moist air currents rise every day and produce mist and rain. Most rain falls in May and September.
1323:
1645:
108:
1716:
763:
1384:
1093:
1635:
1449:
1287:
423:
than to the
Northern Andean páramo. It is descended from flora growing on land that was lifted to intermediate elevations in the early and middle
1189:
420:
1706:
1604:
1343:
1158:
1527:
1394:
212:
1561:
1374:
1333:
1464:
1444:
1213:
1685:
1379:
1362:
1182:
318:
73:
1389:
188:
1726:
1711:
1669:
1353:
1282:
1542:
1599:
416:
326:
267:
1584:
1404:
456:
276:
1594:
1474:
1454:
1434:
1254:
1247:
322:
227:
180:
162:
1680:
1675:
1479:
1259:
1242:
1150:
Connectivity
Conservation Management: A Global Guide (with Particular Reference to Mountain Connectivity Conservation)
498:
has 9 of its 10 endemic species that grow only in the páramo. Other genera with species endemic to the páramo include
204:
1469:
1547:
1264:
759:
706:
208:
1459:
1235:
1230:
525:
The vegetation has strips of typical páramo vegetation formations. The lowest "subpáramo" strip along the Andean
330:
259:
440:
231:
192:
1429:
1337:
1205:
611:
599:
462:
1517:
1099:
623:
555:
1522:
1044:
735:
719:
565:
549:
647:
635:
629:
571:
537:
1589:
1077:
743:
617:
583:
531:
179:
The Santa Marta páramo has an area of 129,499 hectares (320,000 acres). It covers the upper levels of the
641:
697:
663:
223:
1306:
593:
577:
263:
605:
1625:
321:
biome. The ecoregion is part of the
Northern Andean Paramo global ecoregion, which also includes the
1721:
1010:
543:
512:
500:
56:
1664:
183:
in the north of
Colombia. This is a roughly triangular massif with its north side parallel to the
1537:
727:
506:
200:
258:
The Köppen climate classification is "Cwb": warm temperate, winter dry, warm summer. Where the
1491:
1424:
1292:
1154:
1148:
692:
335:
314:
61:
771:
1640:
1059:
1005:
471:
1113:
1414:
775:
389:
1700:
1439:
996:
987:
711:
526:
494:
1045:"Angiosperm flora and biogeography of the páramo region of Colombia, Northern Andes"
659:
28:
1399:
1131:
965:
963:
243:
1569:
1027:
627:. The upper "superpáramo" has scattered tussocks of grass. There are patches of
427:, and that differentiated when the land was lifted to high elevations during the
1512:
1063:
863:
861:
797:
795:
793:
791:
767:
675:
482:
476:
445:
432:
411:
196:
40:
1222:
488:
405:
380:
369:
363:
291:
278:
123:
110:
560:
518:
375:
184:
154:
1174:
239:
158:
338:
due to the endemic plants and animals, particularly at the higher levels.
428:
424:
397:
351:
247:
96:
1574:
902:
900:
385:
357:
347:
1043:
Londoño, Camilo; Cleef, Antoine; Madriñán, Santiago (February 2014),
683:
350:
epoch, but in the north did not reach their present height until the
166:
drastically changed from the original by long-term human activity.
658:
455:
393:
222:
68:
1178:
891:
1147:
Worboys, Graeme; Francis, Wendy L.; Lockwood, Michael (2010),
1052:
Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional
Ecology of Plants
581:. Shrubs found in protected valleys and rocky slopes include
492:
has 8 of its 11 endemic species that grow only in the páramo.
1305:
603:. Swamps and the margins of glacial lakes have clumps of
238:
The Santa Marta páramo is the most northern section of
969:
906:
867:
801:
954:
161:(high moorland) vegetation above the treeline in the
942:
930:
918:
1613:
1560:
1500:
1413:
1361:
1352:
1316:
1275:
1221:
1212:
379:and other families. During the later parts of the
139:
102:
92:
84:
79:
67:
55:
50:
21:
16:
Ecoregion in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia
1029:Northern South America: Northern Colombia (NT1007)
836:
834:
832:
830:
203:river valleys. The ecoregion is surrounded by the
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
559:. The central strip of true páramo has more open
187:sea, the southwest side facing the swamps of the
1011:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T54496A49534770.en
207:ecoregion, which in turn is surrounded by the
1190:
8:
986:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2017).
852:
143:Cwb: warm temperate, winter dry, warm summer
1508:Amazon–Orinoco–Southern Caribbean mangroves
313:The Santa Marta páramo ecoregion is in the
1358:
1218:
1197:
1183:
1175:
764:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta National Park
674:Endemic mammals include subspecies of the
670:), a critically endangered endemic species
1009:
396:that are found in most páramos, but many
439:treated as a separate ecoregion and the
1450:Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
787:
421:Cordillera de la Costa montane forests
18:
1385:Esmeraldas–Pacific Colombia mangroves
7:
907:Worboys, Francis & Lockwood 2010
639:. Areas shielded from the wind hold
563:with low shrubs. Open areas contain
273:At a sample location at coordinates
1533:Japurá–Solimões–Negro moist forests
1465:Northwestern Andean montane forests
1445:Cordillera Oriental montane forests
997:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
892:Northern Andean Paramo – WWF Global
840:
400:species in the individual páramos.
88:1,295 km (500 sq mi)
1380:Eastern Panamanian montane forests
943:Londoño, Cleef & Madriñán 2014
931:Londoño, Cleef & Madriñán 2014
919:Londoño, Cleef & Madriñán 2014
879:
470:The páramo contains high altitude
191:and the southeast side facing the
14:
1717:Montane grasslands and shrublands
704:) and Boulenger's backpack frog (
690:). Endangered amphibians include
319:montane grasslands and shrublands
74:Montane grasslands and shrublands
1663:
1528:Guajira–Barranquilla xeric scrub
1390:Magdalena Valley montane forests
734:). Endangered birds include the
213:Guajira–Barranquilla xeric scrub
39:
27:
529:is more shrubby. Flora include
346:The Andes began to rise in the
45:Ecoregion territory (in purple)
1:
1405:Western Ecuador moist forests
1395:Magdalena–Urabá moist forests
766:. The growing populations of
189:Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta
1707:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
1475:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
1455:Magdalena Valley dry forests
1435:Cauca Valley montane forests
1098:, WWF Global, archived from
228:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
181:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
163:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
1480:Santa Marta montane forests
1082:, Missouri Botanical Garden
1064:10.1016/j.flora.2013.11.006
417:Cordillera de Merida páramo
327:Cordillera de Merida páramo
268:Cordillera de Merida páramo
205:Santa Marta montane forests
22:Santa Marta páramo (NT1007)
1743:
1543:Negro–Branco moist forests
1375:Chocó–Darién moist forests
1136:, WWF: World Wildlife Fund
1032:, WWF: World Wildlife Fund
970:Santa Marta páramo – Myers
868:Santa Marta páramo – Myers
802:Santa Marta páramo – Myers
760:World Wide Fund for Nature
707:Cryptobatrachus boulengeri
680:Mazama americana carrikeri
1659:
1303:
955:Acosta-Galvis et al. 2010
323:Cordillera Central páramo
38:
26:
1470:Patía Valley dry forests
1430:Cauca Valley dry forests
1324:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
1206:Biodiversity of Colombia
612:Hypochaeris sessiliflora
600:Obtegomeria caerulescens
463:Hypochaeris sessiliflora
1548:Sinú Valley dry forests
1523:Catatumbo moist forests
736:Santa Marta bush tyrant
720:rufous-collared sparrow
624:Ranunculus limoseloides
615:. Water plants include
556:Hesperomeles lanuginosa
550:Escallonia myrtilloides
209:Sinú Valley dry forests
1727:Neotropical ecoregions
1712:Ecoregions of Colombia
1621:Alexander von Humboldt
1580:Bahía Portete–Kaurrele
1460:Northern Andean páramo
1310:
1120:, Myers Enterprises II
1095:Northern Andean Paramo
744:black-backed thornbill
671:
566:Acaena cylindrostachya
467:
331:Northern Andean páramo
260:Northern Andean páramo
235:
1605:Thomas van der Hammen
1518:Caquetá moist forests
1329:Eastern Hills, Bogotá
1309:
1004:: e.T54496A49534770.
710:). Birds include the
698:Guajira stubfoot toad
664:Guajira stubfoot toad
662:
648:Perissocaelum purdiei
636:Draba sanctae-marthae
630:Raouliopsis seifrizii
572:Castilleja fissifolia
538:Arcytophyllum nitidum
459:
226:
195:mountains across the
1114:"Santa Marta páramo"
748:Ramphomicron dorsale
724:Zonotrichia capensis
688:Puma concolor bangsi
618:Callitriche nubigena
589:Lachemilla polylepis
584:Alchemilla polylepis
532:Calamagrostis effusa
33:Pico Cristobal Colon
1590:Chamicero de Perijá
1288:Non-marine molluscs
740:Myiotheretes pernix
642:Valeriana karstenii
288: /
232:Serranía del Perijá
193:Serranía del Perijá
120: /
1538:Napo moist forests
1485:Santa Marta páramo
1311:
1076:Luteyn, James L.,
990:Atelopus carrikeri
732:Gallinago jamesoni
702:Atelopus carrikeri
672:
668:Atelopus carrikeri
468:
384:mix of species of
264:Costa Rican páramo
236:
151:Santa Marta páramo
1694:
1693:
1626:Fundación ProAves
1556:
1555:
1301:
1300:
1160:978-1-84407-603-1
1026:Carbono, Eduino,
972:, All Endangered.
693:Atelopus arsyecue
594:Simplocos nivalis
578:Lupinus carrikeri
472:tussock grassland
336:Biosphere Reserve
147:
146:
124:10.827°N 73.667°W
1734:
1667:
1631:John von Neumann
1585:Cerulean Warbler
1359:
1219:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1079:Páramo ecosystem
1072:
1071:
1070:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1013:
973:
967:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
933:, p. 83–84.
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
856:
853:WildFinder – WWF
850:
844:
838:
805:
799:
609:and rosettes of
606:Azorella crenata
303:
302:
300:
299:
298:
293:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
135:
134:
132:
131:
130:
125:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
43:
31:
19:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1686:Protected areas
1681:Natural regions
1676:Natural hazards
1655:
1609:
1600:Laguna de Sonso
1595:Colibri del Sol
1562:Nature reserves
1552:
1496:
1416:
1409:
1366:
1364:
1348:
1344:Magdalena River
1312:
1297:
1271:
1208:
1203:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1058:(2), Elsevier,
1047:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1016:
1014:
985:
981:
976:
968:
961:
953:
949:
941:
937:
929:
925:
917:
913:
905:
898:
890:
886:
878:
874:
870:, Climate Data.
866:
859:
851:
847:
839:
808:
804:, WWF Abstract.
800:
789:
785:
756:
728:Jameson's snipe
657:
460:Chikku Chikku (
454:
344:
311:
296:
294:
292:10.75°N 73.75°W
290:
287:
282:
279:
277:
275:
274:
256:
221:
177:
172:
153:(NT1007) is an
129:10.827; -73.667
128:
126:
122:
119:
114:
111:
109:
107:
106:
46:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1492:Sumapaz Páramo
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1425:Bogotá savanna
1421:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1317:Regional biota
1314:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1159:
1144:
1128:
1118:Global Species
1110:
1090:
1073:
1040:
1023:
982:
980:
977:
975:
974:
959:
947:
935:
923:
911:
909:, p. 193.
896:
884:
872:
857:
845:
806:
786:
784:
781:
755:
752:
716:Vultur gryphus
656:
653:
453:
450:
343:
340:
317:realm, in the
310:
307:
255:
252:
220:
217:
176:
173:
171:
168:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
77:
76:
71:
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1739:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:Proyecto Tití
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:Organizations
1612:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:Cocora Valley
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:General biota
1211:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1162:
1156:
1153:, Earthscan,
1152:
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1102:on 2017-02-05
1101:
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984:
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960:
956:
951:
948:
945:, p. 84.
944:
939:
936:
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927:
924:
921:, p. 82.
920:
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769:
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749:
745:
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733:
729:
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721:
717:
713:
712:Andean condor
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544:Stevia lucida
540:
539:
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528:
527:forest margin
523:
521:
520:
515:
514:
513:Perissocaelum
509:
508:
503:
502:
497:
496:
495:Diplostephium
491:
490:
486:are endemic.
485:
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297:10.75; -73.75
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42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1668:
1484:
1400:Panama Bight
1338:Hippopotamus
1164:, retrieved
1149:
1138:, retrieved
1132:
1122:, retrieved
1117:
1104:, retrieved
1100:the original
1094:
1084:, retrieved
1078:
1067:, retrieved
1055:
1051:
1034:, retrieved
1028:
1015:. Retrieved
1001:
995:
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938:
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392:origin with
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272:
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244:granodiorite
237:
215:ecoregions.
178:
150:
148:
140:Climate type
1513:Campinarana
1283:Butterflies
1223:Vertebrates
1017:11 November
682:), and the
676:red brocket
501:Micropleura
483:Obtegomeria
477:Raouliopsis
446:Cesar River
433:Pleistocene
412:Raouliopsis
315:neotropical
295: /
230:(left) and
157:containing
127: /
103:Coordinates
62:Neotropical
1701:Categories
1354:Ecoregions
1140:2017-04-17
1133:WildFinder
1124:2017-04-18
1106:2017-04-17
1086:2017-04-17
1069:2017-04-17
1036:2017-04-18
561:shrublands
507:Niphogetum
489:Pentacalia
406:Castenedia
381:Quaternary
370:Asteraceae
364:Cyperaceae
115:73°40′01″W
112:10°49′37″N
1570:Arví Park
1367:Magdalena
519:Cotopaxia
376:Ericaceae
246:from the
201:Ranchería
185:Caribbean
170:Geography
155:ecoregion
93:Countries
80:Geography
1415:Tropical
1334:Invasive
1255:Reptiles
1248:Primates
1166:19 April
448:valley.
429:Pliocene
425:Cenozoic
419:and the
386:tropical
352:Pliocene
250:period.
248:Jurassic
219:Physical
175:Location
97:Colombia
1722:Páramos
1575:Azufral
1260:Lizards
1243:Mammals
1236:Endemic
979:Sources
841:Carbono
776:Arhuaco
772:Arsario
398:endemic
358:Poaceae
348:Miocene
342:Origins
309:Ecology
283:73°45′W
280:10°45′N
254:Climate
234:(right)
51:Ecology
1670:Portal
1651:Sinchi
1363:Tumbes
1265:Snakes
1157:
880:Luteyn
754:Status
742:) and
726:) and
684:cougar
587:(syn.
441:Perijá
394:genera
390:boreal
240:páramo
159:páramo
1646:SINAP
1501:Other
1417:Andes
1365:Chocó
1293:Flora
1276:Other
1231:Birds
1048:(PDF)
783:Notes
655:Fauna
452:Flora
197:Cesar
69:Biome
57:Realm
1168:2017
1155:ISBN
1019:2021
1002:2017
774:and
768:Kogi
758:The
645:and
633:and
621:and
597:and
575:and
516:and
480:and
431:and
409:and
388:and
329:and
266:and
211:and
199:and
149:The
85:Area
1636:PNN
1060:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
