411:; the rest was to be fitted with one once the drill bit was out. After the workers pulled the drill bit out, with some difficulty, an enormous spout of oil, gas, and drilling mud burst into the air into the rig, splattering the men with filth; several of them attempted to screw a blowout-preventer onto the pipe, but against a pressure of over 1,000 pounds per square inch (7 MPa), this proved to be impossible; all workers except for those engaged in the plugging attempt were evacuated, due to the danger of explosion from the abundant natural gas blown from the hole; finally, the workers tried the method of last resort, dropping the remaining drill pipe – almost 0.5 miles (800 m) long – into the hole, and then crushing the top of the well pipe from the sides with a pair of "blind rams", enormous steel blocks slamming together with force sufficient to stop anything from escaping from the well. It took thirteen minutes from the time of the initial blowout to the time the blind rams were activated. Only then did the workers both on the rig and in boats nearby notice the increase in bubbling at the ocean surface hundreds of feet from the rig. Plugging the well at the top had failed to stop the blowout, which was now tearing through the ocean floor in several places.
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prevailing north-northwesterly winds typical of the area between storm systems, this pushed the expanding oil slick away from the shore, and it seemed for several days that the beaches of Santa
Barbara would be spared. However, another huge storm system affected the region on February 4, with winds moving around the compass clockwise from southeast to west; this pushed the oil slick north into Santa Barbara harbor and onto all the beaches of southern Santa Barbara County and northwestern Ventura County. Booms had been placed around the harbor and beaches, but the surf was heavy in the storm, and the oil was up to 8 inches (200 mm) deep at the boom by late afternoon on the 4th. That evening the booms failed completely, breaking under the assault of the storm and by the morning the entire harbor, containing around 800 boats, was several inches deep in fresh crude oil, and all the boats were blackened. Residents were evacuated, due to the risk of explosion from the abundant hydrocarbon vapors, and both the oil contractors and the Coast Guard began using chemical dispersants on the oil near the shore.
578:, he then took a helicopter tour of the Santa Barbara Channel, Platform A, and the polluted, partially cleaned beaches. He landed in Santa Barbara and spoke to residents, promising to improve his handling of environmental problems, telling the crowd, "...the Santa Barbara incident has frankly touched the conscience of the American people." He also mentioned that he would consider a halt to all offshore drilling, and told assembled reporters that the Department of the Interior had expanded the former buffer zone in the Channel by an additional 34,000 acres (140 km), and was converting the previous buffer zone into a permanent ecological preserve. However, on April 1, the ban was lifted, and drilling allowed to proceed on five leases in the channel, under stricter oversight. Anger of local residents increased after this reversal.
550:, Catalina Island, and Silver Strand Beach in San Diego. Despite attempts by Union to cement the cracks in the ocean floor, leaks continued, with a leak near one of the platform legs predominating on February 23. By the end of the month, its flow had reduced, but oil was still seeping, at a diminishing rate, from cracks both east and west of the platform. Leaking continued at a rate of about 30 barrels (4.8 m) a day, diminishing but never completely stopping, reaching a stable leak rate of between 5 and 10 barrels (0.79 and 1.59 m) a day by May and June 1969, a leak rate which persisted at least into 1970. One last spill occurred at Platform A: a release of about 400 barrels (64 m) between December 15 and 20, 1969, from a pipeline break.
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steam to clean the oil off boulders, in the process boiling rock-clinging marine life such as mussels. Airplanes dropped chemical dispersants to help break up the oil, even though those chemicals were themselves toxic to wildlife. Bulldozers pushed contaminated sand into piles for offsite disposal. Civilian volunteers rescued many tarred birds by taking them to numerous rescue facilities put together during the first days, but even after rescue the survival rate for birds was only around 12 percent. The first dead dolphin was found, its blowhole clogged by oil. Offshore, ships skimmed oil from the ocean surface into holding tanks, but as fast as they skimmed it up, new oil rolled in from the south.
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the shore were not cleaned until around August 15. Yet oil continued to pool and wash up on shore; on August 26, the harbor was so full of oil that once again it had to be closed, with cleanup crews spreading straw from boats to bunch the oil up again, just as they had six months before. Indeed, oil from the spill persisted in the ocean into 1970, with large areas of crude still being observed. Since the spill occurred during the stormy season, when beach sand is at its lowest levels (it replenishes during the course of a normal spring and summer), one fear was that regions of oily sand would be revealed during the following winter; however this did not happen.
331:. After two more years of wrangling with state legislature, Santa Barbara arrived at a compromise with the oil companies, creating a no-drilling zone in the Channel 16 miles (26 km) long and 3 miles (5 km) wide adjacent to the city of Santa Barbara. However, several major oil fields were found within state waters on either side of this zone, and the State granted leases in these fields beginning in 1957. Development of these resources commenced, with the first offshore oil platform – Hazel – being built in 1957. Platform Hilda, adjacent to Hazel, was erected in 1960. Both platforms tapped into the
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intended to prevent blowout of high-pressure gas out of the sides of the well bore into and through adjacent geologic formations. At Well A-21, this is exactly what happened. Since there was no casing below 238 feet (73 m) sufficient to stop the immense pressure of gas, once the well was plugged at the rig, the oil and gas left the well bore, ripping right through the soft sandstones on the floor of the Santa
Barbara Channel, and spewing a huge amount of oil and gas all the way to the water surface where a thick bubbling oil slick quickly began to grow and spread.
494:. During the meeting, local officials made their case that the Federal government had a conflict of interest, in that they were making money from the same drilling they were mandated to oversee and regulate. Hartley defended Union's record and denied that the event was a disaster: "I don't like to call it a disaster, because there has been no loss of human life. I am amazed at the publicity for the loss of a few birds." Most controversially, offshore drilling operations – all of which were suspended immediately on February 3, by direct request of the
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washed oil up beyond the normal high-tide line. Both governmental entities and private individuals filed class-action lawsuits against Union Oil to recover damages. These were settled within about five years. The City of Santa
Barbara received $ 4 million in 1974 for damages inflicted. Owners of hotels, beachfront homes, and other facilities damaged by the spill received $ 6.5 million; the commercial fishing interests received $ 1.3 million for their losses; and cities, the state, and the County of Santa Barbara settled for $ 9.5 million in total.
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some wells to attempt to intercept oil underneath the sea floor, and even reopening A-21; neither method worked. The next measure involved pumping oil at a maximum rate from all five wells on
Platform A, on the theory that such action would reduce reservoir pressure and thus the leak rate, but this only increased the rate at which oil spewed from the rents in the ocean floor. Meanwhile, the cleanup progressed with setbacks, as huge waves of newly spilled oil fouled partially cleaned beaches, and oil from the spill reached locations as distant as
259:. Residential construction in the vicinity of the Mesa field halted, as oil presented easier and faster money to the land developers. Oil derricks sprouted on the hilltop within easy view of the harbor, on narrow town lots intended originally for houses. While local protests were vocal, they failed to shut down the oil development, as there was a city ordinance at the time specifically allowing drilling on the Mesa. The oil derricks only went away when production on the small Mesa field abruptly declined and ended in the late 1930s.
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Hillhouse flopped over in the water, legs-up, about two hundred yards from the fleet of protestors. While this was going on, the
Supreme Court denied the appeal, allowing Sun Oil to proceed, even though their platform floated upside down – an absurd and discomforting sight to local residents hopeful that the spill might have made oil industry accidents less likely. By November 26, Hillhouse was installed correctly, and Platform C, the final platform to be built of the four in the Dos Cuadras field, went up in 1977.
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Second, the abundance of oil-eating bacteria in the water may be greater because of that routine presence of oil in the water. Third, the spill happened between two large
Pacific storms; the storms broke up the oil, scattering it more quickly than happens in many other oil spills, and additionally the sediment load in the seawater from freshwater runoff would have been greater, and this assisted the oil in quickly sinking. Fourth, Santa Barbara Channel crude oil is heavy, having
222:. The spill had a significant impact on marine life in the Channel, killing an estimated 3,500 sea birds, as well as marine animals such as dolphins, elephant seals, and sea lions. The public outrage engendered by the spill, which received prominent media coverage in the United States, resulted in numerous pieces of environmental legislation within the next several years, legislation that forms the legal and regulatory framework for the modern environmental movement in the U.S.
730:, Ohio. At the time, the Santa Barbara spill was the largest oil spill ever in U.S. waters, and its occurrence during a fierce battle between local residents and the very oil company responsible for the spill only made the controversy more intense, the battle more public, and the anti-oil cause seem more valid to a wider segment of the populace. In the several years after the spill, more environmental legislation was passed than in any other similar period in U.S. history.
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the meeting, were furious that "complete reevaluation and reassessment" could have occurred in such a short time, and in a meeting that excluded them; the fierce exchange was covered on national television, along with grim footage of the thousands of dying birds on the tarred beaches of Santa
Barbara, and the spontaneous efforts of hundreds of civilian volunteers to pile straw on the oil, scrub rocks with detergent, and struggle to save a few of the less-oiled birds.
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1890s, when the
Summerland field began to expand much closer to the city of Santa Barbara, a crowd of midnight vigilantes headed by local newspaper publisher Reginald Fernald tore down one of the more unsightly rigs erected on Miramar Beach itself (in 2010 the location of a luxury hotel). In 1927, the discovery of oil west of Santa Barbara led to the development of
432:(100 m) west of the platform, and several smaller areas of bubbling could be observed around the platform itself. Even after the well was further plugged at the platform with drilling mud during the next week, these continued to boil up. Investigators later determined that oil and gas was emerging uncontrolled through five separate rips on the ocean floor.
364:. The rig the three companies emplaced – Platform Hogan – was the first oil platform offshore of California in Federal waters. It became operational on September 1, 1967. On February 6, 1968, a total of 72 leases went up for bid. A partnership between Union Oil, Gulf Oil, Texaco, and Mobil acquired the rights to Lease 241 in the
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I come out here all the time to watch the sea and the birds and animals. I can't think of coming down here for a stroll again. I can't think of some day bringing my children here to watch and to play. I don't know now," she said, with the tears streaming down her cheeks, "if it will ever be the same again, and no one can tell me."
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Clarke, p. 159. Easton gives the quotation differently, or it may have been
Hartley speaking on a different occasion: "I am always tremendously impressed," said, "at the publicity that death of birds receives versus the loss of people ... Although it has been referred to as a disaster, it is not a
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Economic effects of the spill were most severe during 1969, as all commercial fishing was suspended in the affected area, and tourism suffered a precipitous drop. Most ocean-related industries were affected in some way. Property damage along the shoreline was also considerable, since the storms had
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staged a "fish-in" with boats and even helicopters fishing (unsuccessfully) at the planned platform site, one mile east of
Platform A. They refused to move until the Supreme Court responded to their appeal. Then the crane lifting the platform from the barge bungled the platform transfer, and Platform
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Total cleanup time for most of the beaches was about 45 days after the initial spill, although globs of tar continued to wash ashore due to the high seep rate, and bigger patches came ashore during subsequent spills. Most beaches were open to the public by June 1, although some of the rocky areas on
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The seriousness of the spill became evident the next morning, as a Coast Guard helicopter took Brown along with a State Fish and Game warden out over the platform, where they were able to see a central slick extending for several miles east, west, and south of the platform. They estimated a total of
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birds and intertidal organisms. First, creatures there may have evolved a tolerance to oil in the water due to the presence of natural seeps in the vicinity for at least tens of thousands of years; the area around Coal Oil Point has one of the most active natural underwater oil seeps in the world.
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Five days after workers killed Well A-21, on February 12, a Commercial Fisheries research vessel studying dissolved oxygen levels in the water made an unpleasant discovery: from the ocean floor itself, three large new boils of gas and oil were emerging from ruptures each about ten yards across, and
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into the well at pressures of thousands of pounds per square inch. They had almost exhausted their supply of mud when the oil and gas boiling up from the ocean began to slow down, and by 8:00 p.m. it had stopped. Delivering the coup de grâce, the crews rammed over 1,000 sacks of concrete into
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As the nation watched the spill on the television news, the hastily assembled volunteer crews gathered to clean up the oil in any way they could. They distributed enormous piles of straw, spreading them over oiled sections of the beach, and then raking them into disposable piles. Other workers used
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found her she was crying. Smith saw the reason. Nearby on the sand a dying loon was in convulsions, covered from head to foot with black, sticky crude oil. Tears ran down the girl's face as she watched the loon die. "You want to talk about The Establishment?" she asked. "This is my life — out here.
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Normally, an offshore well would have been built with at least 300 feet (91 m) of conductor casing, as required by federal regulations at the time, as well as approximately 870 feet (270 m) of a secondary, inner steel tube known as the surface casing. Both of these protective casings were
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limit up for lease. This was possible because a 1965 Supreme Court decision finally settled the competing claims on the submerged lands outside of 3 miles (5 km) limit, giving them to the federal government. The first lease sale took place on December 15, 1966, after a notice of the impending
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under the Channel began shortly after the Second World War, in an attempt to locate the suspected petroleum reservoirs deep underneath the ocean floor. The testing was noisy and disruptive; explosions rattled windows, cracked plaster, and filled the beaches with dead fish; local citizens as well as
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Oil development in the Channel and adjacent coastline was controversial even from the earliest days, as by the late 19th century the city was beginning to establish itself as a health resort and tourist destination with dramatic natural scenery, unspoiled beaches, and a perfect climate. In the late
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varied. Fish populations seemed to be unaffected in the long term, although data from 1969 showed a drop in counts of several species. Authors of a Marine Fisheries Review study were unwilling to make a firm link with the oil spill, since other variables such as water temperature and a subsequent
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to the existence of a new oil spill from the supposedly killed well – only now the oil was coming from the ocean floor, seeping from somewhere other than the filled borehole. Community outrage reached new heights: particularly infuriating was that it was private citizens that had again discovered
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Secretary of the Interior, pending a "complete reevaluation and reassessment of the situation" – had resumed after just a break of several hours, just long enough for a closed-door meeting between oil company representatives and Department of the Interior officials. Local officials, not invited to
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On the morning of February 5, residents of the entire populated zone on the coast awoke to the stink of crude oil, and the sight of blackened beaches, sprinkled with dead and dying birds. The sound of the waves breaking was eerily muted by the thick layer of oil, which accumulated on shore in some
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Because of the abundance of oil in the thick sedimentary rock layers beneath the Santa Barbara Channel, the region has been an attractive resource for the petroleum industry for more than a hundred years. The southern coast of Santa Barbara County was the location of the world's first offshore oil
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This time the problem needed to be solved on the ocean bottom. Union put a large steel cap over much of the leaking area, but leaks continued from other nearby locations. The company estimated the leak rate at up to 4,000 US gallons (15 m) per day. The federal government approved reopening
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The first announcement of the potential disaster was made by Don Craggs, Union Oil's regional superintendent to Lieutenant George Brown of the U.S. Coast Guard, about two and a half hours after the blowout. He told Brown that a well had blown out but no oil was escaping. Craggs declined an offer
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Media coverage of the spill was intense from the moment the oil reached the shore. The spill was the major headline in many morning newspapers on February 5, also receiving wide coverage on radio and television. The same morning, a U.S. Senate subcommittee interviewed local officials as well as
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Platform A was positioned in 188 feet (57 m) of water, 5.8 miles (9 km) from the shore at Summerland. It had 57 slots for wells from which it could drill directionally into the oil reservoir from different angles. At the time of the spill, it was one of twelve platforms already in the
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Local hostility to the oil industry had been growing during the period from 1966 to 1968, despite assurances from the oil industry and the federal government that the wells would be installed and operated safely. On June 7, 1968, 2,000 US gallons (8 m) of crude oil spilled into the sea from
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spoke at the Environmental Rights Day conference and endorsed the Declaration of Environmental Rights. Hayes said this was the first giant crowd he spoke to that "felt passionately, I mean really passionately, about environmental issues," and that he thought then this might be the beginning of a
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NEPA in particular completely changed the regulatory situation, in that it required that all projects by any federal government agency be scrutinized for their potential adverse environmental impacts prior to approval, including a period for public comment. This included proposals to place new
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Santa Barbara was experiencing a stormy winter, with a large flood event having occurred on January 25, just three days before the blowout. Enormous amounts of fresh water were still running offshore from local streams, flowing south and southwest in the vicinity of the rig. Combined with the
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The disturbances on the surface of the ocean, which began to appear only 14 minutes after the blowout, expanded during the next 24 hours. The largest was a dramatic boil-up about 800 feet (200 m) east of the platform; another smaller disturbance broke the ocean surface about 300 feet
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installed Platforms Harmony and Heritage in the Santa Barbara Channel in 1989, in over 1,000 feet (300 m) of water, completing development of their Santa Ynez Unit (which includes the Hondo and Pescado Oil Fields). Several federal leases remain undeveloped, including the Gato Canyon Unit
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The issue of drilling beyond the three-mile limit, in federal waters of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), has been more complicated. Production from existing leases has been allowed almost without break since the spill, as well as new drilling from existing platforms within lease boundaries.
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The environmental effects of the spill were immediate and dramatic. At least 3,686 birds died – those being the ones that were counted; an unknown number died unseen. Some marine mammals, such as sea lions and elephant seals died, although the numbers are unknown. Effects on other organisms
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Platform A remains in the Santa Barbara Channel along with its three siblings, Platforms B, C, and Hillhouse, still pumping oil from the largely depleted field. As of 2010, the Dos Cuadras Field has produced 260 million barrels of oil; the Minerals Management Service estimated in 2010 that
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regarding the blowout, and the newspaper immediately obtained confirmation from Union Oil's headquarters in Los Angeles. The story was out. Union Oil Vice President, John Fraser, assured reporters and local officials that the spill was small, with a diameter of 1,000 to 3,000 feet (300 to
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900 m), and that the well would be quickly controlled; additionally, he gave an estimated spill rate of 5,000 US gallons (19 m) per day. Later estimates put the spill rate at 24,000 US gallons (91 m) per day, releasing about 210,000 US gallons (790 m) in the first days.
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Development of leases in the federal waters was next. As the technology became available, and after the seismic surveys of the Channel had revealed that the oil was probably there, the federal government put the portions of the Santa Barbara Channel outside of the 3 miles (5 km)
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Roughly three months before Earth Day, Santa Barbara celebrated Environmental Rights Day on January 28, 1970, the first anniversary of the oil blowout. Here the Declaration of Environmental Rights, created by Rod Nash, was read. The same people who organized this event, led by
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had been filed against Union Oil and their partners on Platform A. On the platform itself, workers labored continuously to try to kill the well. They made their final attempt that afternoon and evening, pumping 13,000 barrels (2,100 m) of the heaviest available
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Aerial view of the spill from Platform A. After the well was plugged on the rig, the high-pressure oil and gas left the well bore, ripping through the floor of the ocean itself 200 feet (61 m) down; this is causing the surface disturbance to the left of the
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vocally opposed the practice, which continued nonetheless, but after a delay and under tighter controls. Yet the testing had revealed what the oil company geologists had suspected, and the population feared: the probable presence of sizeable exploitable
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On the morning of January 28, 1969, workers drilling the fifth well, A-21, reached its final depth of 3,479 feet (1,060 m), attaining this depth in only 14 days. Of this depth, only the top 239 feet (73 m) had been fitted with a steel
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A report published by the California Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources in 1972 describes the geology involved, and also differentiates between the seepage caused by the underground blowout, and natural seepages in the channel:
700:(CEQA) – it was one of the most dramatic and visible of the several key events that led up to those changes. Through the 1960s, industrial pollution and its consequences had come more and more to the public attention, commencing with
776:, which oversees all activity within the coastal zone (3 nautical miles (6 km) from the shoreline, and inland in a band ranging from several hundred feet in urban areas to several miles in some rural parts of the coastline).
894:", when he succeeded in amassing some 20 million people to the cause of educating people on issues related to the environment on April 22, 1970, with the help of Denis Hayes, the organizer of the first Earth Day, and U.S. Rep.
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between 10 and 13, and is both minimally soluble in water, and sinks relatively easily. Therefore, fish and other organisms were exposed to the oil for a shorter time than was the case with other oil spills, such as the 1967
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A series of legal and legislative actions, however, delayed actual oil platform construction and drilling until the mid-1960s, as the Federal and State governments fought for ownership of submerged lands. Congress passed the
801:, have been allowed to continue. A proposal to slant drill into the state-controlled zone from an existing platform outside of it, on the Tranquillon Ridge, was rejected in 2009 by the State Lands Commission by a 2–1 vote.
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While the Santa Barbara oil spill was not the sole event which built the regulatory and legislative superstructure of the modern environmental movement in the United States – some prominent pieces of which include the
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waters off California, and one of two operated by Union Oil in the Dos Cuadras field. Four oil wells had already been drilled from the new platform, though not yet put in production. Work on the fifth was under way.
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Fred Hartley, president of Union Oil, on the disaster in the making. Three major television networks were there along with over 50 reporters, the largest media turnout for any Senate subcommittee meeting since the
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has not granted any new leases for offshore drilling within its jurisdiction – out to the 3 nautical miles (6 km) limit – since 1969, although existing operations, such as at Platform Holly on the
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to construct their Platform Hillhouse adjacent to Union's Platform A. Protestors harassed the convoy bringing the platform all the way from the Oakland shipyard, down the coast, and into the Channel.
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The current operator of the drilling platform, along with the other three platforms on the Dos Cuadras field, is the private firm DCOR LLC, of Ventura, California. They acquired Platform A from
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in 1968. Officials from the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, created only in 1965, came to Santa Barbara to oversee not only the cleanup but the effort to plug the well.
360:, and Cities Service Oil Company, was awarded the first lease after paying over $ 21 million for the rights to drill on approximately 3 square miles (8 km) of ocean floor in the
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the well. Well A-21 would leak no more. Approximately 2 million US gallons (8,000 m) of oil had already spilled into the ocean at this point; but there was more to come.
251:. This caused the city to be bracketed on east and west with oil fields, the new one a bonanza and the depleted Summerland field a largely abandoned, blighted waste. In 1929, the
662:, famous for its colonies of elephant seals and sea lions. The team counted over one hundred dead animals in the stretch of beach they visited, which was still black with oil.
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being drilled to intersect the blown-out borehole. Still the spill continued to spew from fissures in the ocean floor, undiminished, and by noon on February 7 a $ 1.3 billion
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After a series of unsuccessful struggles in the courts to prevent further oil development in the Channel, the Department of the Interior gave the green light on August 15 to
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spill in which the crude was lighter, and emulsified during treatment with massive quantities of toxic dispersants and detergents, causing it to remain in place longer.
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Overall, long-term environmental effects of the spill seemed to be minimal. In a "no strings attached" study funded by the Western Oil and Gas Association, through the
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coast, resulting in the construction of Platforms Edith, Elly, Ellen, and Eureka; in 1979, Platforms Harvest and Hermosa were constructed in federal waters near
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After high school let out, Kathy Morales had gone down to the sandbar at the end of the breakwater. It was not the sandbar she had known. When Dick Smith of the
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magazine, published on June 13, 1969. In late May, reporters and photographers from the magazine visited uninhabited San Miguel Island, the westernmost of the
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813:, and in 1981, the oil fields in that area were further developed with the sale of another pair of leases which now contain platforms Hidalgo and Irene.
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Improved technology gradually allowed drilling farther and farther from shore, and by the middle of the 20th century drilling was being carried out near
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75 square miles (200 km) covered by oil at 8 a.m., less than 24 hours after the blowout. An anonymous worker on the drill rig telephoned the
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announced a complete cessation of drilling, as well as production, in federal waters of the Santa Barbara Channel, with the solitary exception of the
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in 1896, just 6 miles (10 km) from the spill site. An economic boom accompanied the development of the Summerland field, which transformed the
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Oil piled up at the seawall near the Santa Barbara Harbor. Note the blackness of the incoming wave; the water has a thick layer of oil on top.
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Extent of the spill on the ocean surface on February 5, 1969, showing the northward and southward extremes of observed oil during the year.
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202:. Within a ten-day period, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 barrels (13,000 to 16,000 m; 3,400,000 to 4,200,000 US gal) of
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Squire, James L. Jr. (1992). "Effects of the Santa Barbara, Calif. oil spill on the apparent abundance of pelagic fishery resources".
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State of California Department of Fish and Game – Office of Spill Prevention and Response. 1700 K St., Sacramento, Calif. 95814.
611:, 40 years after the spill. This colony was affected by the oil spill; many of these animals were oiled, and an unknown number died.
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Leases purchased in the 1960s in some cases were not developed until much later. Even though there was a moratorium on new leases,
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a large slick was again accumulating on the ocean surface. Once again, an anonymous telephone call from a rig worker alerted the
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Phillips' new Platform Hogan, in spite of the oil company's assurances that such a thing would not happen, and the assurances of
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1985:
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did not end at the shoreline, but extended underneath the Channel. Prospectors for oil sought ways to drill in deeper water.
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in relatively shallow water, approximately 200 feet (60 m) deep, within reach of developing ocean-drilling technology.
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in 2005. DCOR is the fourth company to run the platform since Unocal sold its Santa Barbara Channel operations in 1996.
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On March 21, President Nixon came to Santa Barbara to see the spill and cleanup efforts for himself. Arriving at the
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National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): Oil spill case history for the Santa Barbara blowout
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368:. Their first rig on that lease, Platform A, went into position on September 14, 1968, and commenced drilling.
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1206:. Vol. I (1998), Vol. II (1992), Vol. III (1982). p. 681. PDF file available on CD from www.consrv.ca.gov.
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Reports that large sea mammals were largely unaffected by the spill were flatly contradicted by a story in
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recounts a beachside encounter on February 5 between Dick Smith and a high school student, Kathy Morales:
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in 1953, which granted to the states all lands within 3 nautical miles (6 km) of shore, known as the
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McGinnes, J. Marc (May 2, 2014). "Environmental Law Series Links Campus and Community in Santa Barbara".
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11,400,000 barrels (1,810,000 m) remaining in the field are recoverable with present technology.
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places to a depth of 6 inches (150 mm). Residents visited the beaches and looked on in horror.
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However, no new leases have been granted in the OCS since 1981. In 1976, leases were sold off the
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tanker accident which devastated coastal areas in both England and France, and the burning of the
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year could not be ruled out as causes of the divergence. Intertidal organisms such as barnacles (
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1955:"Minerals Management Service, Pacific OCS Region: Field Reserve Estimate Summary, December 2008"
1893:
1352:
1202:
California Department of Conservation, Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR).
1634:
1389:
2020:
Slick Policy: Environmental and Science Policy in the aftermath of the Santa Barbara Oil Spill
1638:
1183:
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1092:
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794:
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408:
336:
302:
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41:
1179:
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187:
at the time. It remains the largest oil spill to have occurred in the waters off California.
2023:
1787:
1032:
Clarke, K. C. and Jeffrey J. Hemphill (2002) The Santa Barbara Oil Spill, A Retrospective.
798:
373:
349:
287:
146:
80,000 to 100,000 barrels (13,000 to 16,000 m; 3,400,000 to 4,200,000 US gal)
1342:
Archives of the State Lands Commission: 1992 application for abandonment of Platform Hazel
976:
27:
Oil platform blow-out fouled the coast of California resulting in environmental legislation
2080:
1992:
1857:
1568:
1422:
1359:
816:
In 1981 Congress enacted a moratorium on new offshore oil leasing, with exceptions in the
689:
654:
624:) were killed in large numbers, with mortality in some areas as high as 80 to 90 percent.
582:
357:
1239:
Ira Leifer et al., "Oil emissions from nearshore and onshore Summerland: Final Report."
454:
1871:"'The Ocean Is Boiling': The Complete Oral History of the 1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill"
1627:
1594:
Biological and oceanographical survey of the Santa Barbara Channel oil spill, 1969–1970
895:
887:
858:
850:
817:
810:
757:
738:
723:
710:
and including such events as the passage of the Water Quality Act, the campaign to ban
252:
17:
1596:. Los Angeles: Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California. p. 2.
1036:, Editor Darrick Danta, University of Hawaiʻi Press, vol. 64, pp. 157–162. Available
2094:
2035:
866:
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761:
719:
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275:
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crude oil spewed out of the rupture at a rate of 1,000 gallons an hour for a month
2068:
862:
641:
543:
511:
491:
1465:"The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill that changed oil and gas exploration forever"
278:, it was constructed in 45 feet (14 m) of water near Punta Gorda, between
255:
was discovered within the city itself, on the blufftop adjacent to present-day
749:
617:
198:'s Platform A, located 6 miles (10 km; 5 nmi) from the coast in the
1659:"Bureau of Ocean Management, Regulation, and Enforcement: platform histories"
1435:
Straughan, Dale (1973). "Biological studies of the Santa Barbara oil spill".
352:
went unnoticed by local officials. A consortium of oil companies, including
87:
74:
891:
727:
603:
344:
328:
298:
203:
195:
131:
423:
1804:
107:
Main spill January 28 to February 7, 1969; gradually tapering off by April
1437:
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Trip 3, 1973 Annual Meeting
1120:
339:
about 15 miles (24 km) west of Santa Barbara, was emplaced in 1965.
1174:
Listening to the sea: the politics of improving environmental protection
538:
the problem, and the oil company only acknowledged its existence later.
2027:
756:. Additionally, Rod Nash (Declaration of Environmental Rights author),
636:
607:
Colony of marine mammals (elephant seals, sea lions) at western tip of
1144:"1969 Santa Barbara oil spill changed oil and gas exploration forever"
824:, that remained in effect until 2008 when Congress did not renew it.
821:
506:
Late on February 6, the day after the spill washed ashore, President
1178:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. p.
828:
744:
Local organizations formed in the aftermath of the spill included
602:
561:
453:
422:
392:
1960:. U.S. Minerals Management Service. December 2008. Archived from
1091:. Santa Barbara, California: Harbor Town Histories. p. 89.
748:(GOO), formed on the first day of the disaster, as well as the
711:
1629:
The Morning after Earth Day: Practical Environmental Politics
2085:
1320:
Black tide: the Santa Barbara oil spill and its consequences
745:
1453:. California Restoration Division, PBTP. November 27, 2008.
436:
for help, suggesting that the situation was under control.
297:
In the Santa Barbara Channel, geologists realized that the
1986:
U.S. Minerals Management Service Current Operatorship Book
1058:"Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism"
1229:. Santa Barbara, California: Tecolote Books. p. 80.
1119:. Daily Sound, Santa Barbara, California. Archived from
1034:
Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers
753:
1755:
Corwin, Miles. The Oil Spill Heard 'Round the Country.
1578:
1576:
1491:
1489:
1388:. Energy Division, Santa Barbara County. Archived from
975:. Energy Division, Santa Barbara County. Archived from
772:. A California ballot initiative created the powerful
765:
1851:
Minerals Management Service: Lease operatorship book
301:
trend which held the extremely productive Rincon and
1531:
Essay from Santa Barbara Wildlife Care Network, 2005
1204:
California Oil and Gas Fields, Volumes I, II and III
218:
as well as the northern shores of the four northern
973:"Brief Oil and Gas History of Santa Barbara County"
890:
of Wisconsin to organize what came to be known as "
784:
Moratoria and bans on offshore leasing and drilling
210:in Southern California, fouling the coastline from
150:
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137:
127:
116:
111:
103:
66:
55:
34:
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1117:"Locals remember oil spill like it was yesterday"
206:spilled into the Channel and onto the beaches of
190:The source of the spill was the January 28, 1969
558:President Nixon's visit; further oil development
1846:
1844:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
469:
1869:Wheeling, Kate; Ufberg, Max (April 18, 2017).
886:The aftermath of the spill inspired then-Sen.
557:
999:"Beaches sparkle after Santa Barbara cleanup"
231:drilling, which took place from piers at the
171:occurred in January and February 1969 in the
158:to the Mexican border, but concentrated near
8:
1919:"Oil and Gas Statistics: 2007 Annual Report"
1817:"National Environmental Policy Act overview"
1805:California Coastal Commission, "Who we are".
1110:
1108:
1038:The Santa Barbara Oil Spill: A Retrospective
849:, had been working closely with Congressman
2121:History of Santa Barbara County, California
1894:"Reference: Earth Day: Facts & History"
1416:Carpinteria Offshore Field: Platform Hogan
780:drilling platforms in offshore oil leases.
764:and others created the first undergraduate
2151:Environmental history of the United States
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1089:Santa Barbara: Another Harbor Town History
123:during drilling from offshore oil platform
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1362:: County of Santa Barbara Energy Division
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770:University of California at Santa Barbara
733:The spill was the first test for the new
286:, to exploit the offshore portion of the
2057:County of Santa Barbara, Energy Division
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1633:. Brookings Institution Press. p.
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1451:"The Santa Barbara Restoration Project"
1241:OSPR Technical Publication No. 07- 001.
964:
716:National Wilderness Preservation System
1780:The Journal of Environmental Education
1605:
1603:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1322:. New York, New York: Delacorte Press.
243:into an oil town in just a few years.
2086:Oil spills, Richard Nixon and the EPA
2069:A history of the 1969 oil spill event
2045:California Offshore Oil and Gas Seeps
2008:A Lasting Legacy of Offshore Drilling
1926:California Department of Conservation
7:
1514:disaster to people." (Easton, p. 69)
1425:, at the Minerals Management Service
934:History of Santa Barbara, California
698:California Environmental Quality Act
682:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
570:visiting the beach on March 21, 1969
2141:1969 disasters in the United States
1928:. December 31, 2007. Archived from
1386:"Blowout at Union Oil's Platform A"
1142:Mai-Duc, Christine (May 20, 2015).
1115:Frazier, Colby (January 28, 2009).
912:Plains Exploration & Production
735:National Pollution Contingency Plan
183:. It was the largest oil spill in
2111:Environmental issues in California
2022:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
2006:Daniel Haier (2005, January 31). "
949:2015 Refugio State Beach oil spill
939:Offshore oil and gas in California
481:Media coverage and public response
25:
2062:Blowout at Union Oil's Platform A
855:National Environmental Policy Act
790:California State Lands Commission
686:National Environmental Policy Act
633:University of Southern California
944:1971 San Francisco Bay oil spill
294:, remains in active production.
2101:Oil spills in the United States
1227:Santa Barbara, Past and Present
853:(R-CA) for the creation of the
754:Community Environmental Council
737:, signed into law by President
274:. Named Richfield Island, now
1792:10.1080/00958964.1981.10801903
1711:Snell, David (June 13, 1969).
488:Committee on Foreign Relations
366:Dos Cuadras Offshore Oil Field
362:Carpinteria Offshore Oil Field
200:Dos Cuadras Offshore Oil Field
1:
2018:Spezio, Teresa Sabol (2018).
1692:Straughan (1971), pp. 411–412
1318:Easton, Robert Olney (1972).
924:California Coastal Commission
774:California Coastal Commission
694:California Coastal Commission
660:Santa Barbara Channel Islands
333:Summerland Offshore Oil Field
2074:1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill
1225:Tompkins, Walker A. (1975).
954:2021 Orange County oil spill
750:Environmental Defense Center
576:Point Mugu Naval Air Station
290:; this island, now owned by
2126:History of environmentalism
1759:, January 28, 1989, p. I23.
1683:Straughan (1973), pp. 11–12
768:program of its kind at the
2167:
1856:December 31, 2010, at the
1567:November 21, 2011, at the
1353:Platform Holly information
1170:Wilder, Robert J. (1998).
378:Department of the Interior
257:Santa Barbara City College
2136:1969 industrial disasters
1713:"Iridescent Gift of Life"
1504:Straughan (1971), pp. 2–3
797:and Rincon Island on the
51:
39:
1592:Straughan, Dale (1971).
1541:Straughan (1971), p. 314
840:Environmental Rights Day
692:, and in California the
535:Santa Barbara News-Press
443:Santa Barbara News-Press
312:Santa Barbara News-Press
2131:1969 in the environment
2116:Petroleum in California
2106:Disasters in California
1612:Marine Fisheries Review
760:, environmental lawyer
376:, the Secretary of the
169:Santa Barbara oil spill
35:Santa Barbara Oil Spill
18:Santa Barbara oil spill
2079:July 20, 2011, at the
1701:Straughan (1973), p. 8
1582:Straughan (1973), p. 6
1495:Straughan (1973), p. 7
1421:July 17, 2010, at the
820:and parts of offshore
714:, the creation of the
612:
571:
548:San Luis Obispo County
478:
459:
428:
419:Expansion of the spill
399:
154:Southern California:
88:34.33167°N 119.61306°W
1991:May 28, 2010, at the
1665:on September 10, 2010
1625:Graham, Mary (1999).
1358:July 3, 2010, at the
1087:Baker, Gayle (2003).
857:. McCloskey, Senator
766:Environmental Studies
606:
599:Environmental effects
565:
457:
426:
396:
389:Blowout on Platform A
272:Richfield Oil Company
173:Santa Barbara Channel
138:Spill characteristics
61:Santa Barbara Channel
1056:Rinde, Meir (2017).
516:class action lawsuit
317:petroleum reservoirs
233:Summerland Oil Field
208:Santa Barbara County
185:United States waters
93:34.33167; -119.61306
1768:Clarke, pp. 161–162
1003:The Odessa American
675:Policy consequences
587:Get Oil Out! (GOO!)
465:Robert Olney Easton
325:Submerged Lands Act
181:Southern California
175:, near the city of
84: /
2146:1969 in California
2028:10.2307/j.ctvqhv2d
1873:. Pacific Standard
929:List of oil spills
902:Current operations
631:Foundation at the
613:
572:
460:
429:
400:
303:Ventura Oil Fields
151:Shoreline impacted
46:Platform A in 2006
1935:on April 12, 2019
1892:Bradford, Alina.
1757:Los Angeles Times
1644:978-0-8157-3235-8
1469:Los Angeles Times
1189:978-0-8229-5663-1
1149:Los Angeles Times
1123:on August 5, 2010
1098:978-0-9710984-1-1
1005:. August 25, 1969
622:Chthamalus fissus
609:San Miguel Island
337:Ellwood Oil Field
249:Ellwood Oil Field
165:
164:
16:(Redirected from
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2012:UCSB Daily Nexus
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1828:
1822:. Archived from
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666:Economic effects
409:conductor casing
374:Stewart L. Udall
350:Federal Register
288:Rincon Oil Field
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724:Cuyahoga River
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1332:DOGGR, p. 280
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1062:Distillations
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868:
867:Alan Cranston
864:
860:
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852:
848:
847:Marc McGinnes
839:
837:
835:
832:southwest of
830:
825:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
807:Orange County
802:
800:
796:
795:Ellwood field
791:
783:
781:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:Marc McGinnes
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
720:Torrey Canyon
717:
713:
709:
708:
707:Silent Spring
704:'s 1962 book
703:
702:Rachel Carson
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
674:
672:
665:
663:
661:
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656:
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647:Torrey Canyon
643:
638:
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629:Allan Hancock
625:
623:
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591:
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584:
579:
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569:
568:Richard Nixon
564:
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536:
527:
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522:
517:
513:
509:
508:Richard Nixon
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276:Rincon Island
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239:community of
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178:
177:Santa Barbara
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160:Santa Barbara
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97:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2019:
2011:
1981:
1971:December 30,
1969:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1930:the original
1925:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1898:Live Science
1897:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1864:
1831:. Retrieved
1824:the original
1811:
1800:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1723:December 10,
1721:. Retrieved
1716:
1706:
1697:
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1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1663:the original
1653:
1628:
1620:
1611:
1593:
1587:
1537:
1509:
1500:
1480:
1473:. Retrieved
1468:
1459:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1394:. Retrieved
1390:the original
1348:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1203:
1198:
1173:
1165:
1155:December 20,
1153:. Retrieved
1147:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:the original
1088:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1065:
1061:
1033:
1007:. Retrieved
1002:
993:
983:December 12,
981:. Retrieved
977:the original
967:
909:
905:
885:
875:David Brower
871:Paul Ehrlich
843:
826:
815:
803:
799:Rincon field
787:
778:
746:Get Oil Out!
743:
732:
726:in downtown
705:
688:(NEPA), the
678:
669:
653:
651:
626:
621:
614:
594:Consequences
580:
573:
552:
540:
534:
531:
521:drilling mud
505:
501:
484:
472:
470:
461:
449:
441:
438:
434:
430:
413:
405:
401:
370:
348:sale in the
341:
321:
296:
292:Greka Energy
261:
245:
237:spiritualist
229:
189:
168:
166:
121:Well blowout
29:
1009:January 15,
863:Denis Hayes
718:, the 1967
642:API gravity
544:Pismo Beach
512:relief well
492:Vietnam War
358:Continental
280:Carpinteria
156:Pismo Beach
91: /
79:119°36′47″W
67:Coordinates
2095:Categories
1939:August 25,
1786:(3): 4–6.
1719:. New York
1068:(1): 16–29
960:References
878:movement.
865:, Senator
566:President
473:News-Press
299:anticlinal
268:Long Beach
264:Seal Beach
241:Summerland
226:Background
76:34°19′54″N
2036:240460486
1903:April 22,
1614:: 1:7–14.
1475:April 22,
892:Earth Day
882:Earth Day
728:Cleveland
384:Oil spill
345:tidelands
329:tidelands
204:crude oil
196:Union Oil
132:Union Oil
2077:Archived
1989:Archived
1854:Archived
1833:July 30,
1669:July 30,
1565:Archived
1419:Archived
1396:June 21,
1356:Archived
1127:July 19,
1072:April 4,
918:See also
752:and the
354:Phillips
192:blow-out
128:Operator
56:Location
2014:85(68).
1439:: 4–16.
637:pelagic
618:El Niño
583:Sun Oil
284:Ventura
216:Ventura
2034:
1877:May 9,
1641:
1186:
1095:
834:Goleta
822:Alaska
684:, the
212:Goleta
143:Volume
2032:S2CID
1965:(PDF)
1958:(PDF)
1933:(PDF)
1922:(PDF)
1827:(PDF)
1820:(PDF)
829:Exxon
117:Cause
112:Cause
1973:2009
1941:2009
1905:2015
1879:2018
1835:2010
1725:2020
1717:Life
1671:2010
1639:ISBN
1477:2023
1398:2010
1184:ISBN
1157:2015
1129:2010
1093:ISBN
1074:2018
1011:2015
985:2008
788:The
696:and
655:Life
398:rig.
310:the
282:and
167:The
104:Date
2024:doi
2010:."
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712:DDT
546:in
214:to
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20:)
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