36:
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483:. Its limited range and fragile specialized habitat place severe restrictions to the viability of this species. There is no definitive population estimate for the Santa Cruz long-toed salamander, but the numbers are deemed to be quite small. Further disturbance of its limited habitat could lead to this species' extinction.
361:. The genetic relationship, however, is still unclear, as more evidence is needed from additional genes and individuals In both species, eggs are laid singly near the water surface on rush-like spikes, but sometimes in small clusters at the base of logs or sticking to vegetation in the deeper parts of a pond. Hatching
412:
forest in small animal burrows during the long dry season (May to
October) in coastal California. Once winter rains have soaked the soil and filled ephemeral streams, both males and females migrate up to 2 km to breeding ponds that exist only in winter. In January, the males arrive at the ponds
448:
The breeding ponds of most species of long-toed salamanders completely dry up during the dry season. The year-round ponds likely harbor frogs, fish, and other aquatic predators that eat young salamanders, so these salamanders prefer ephemeral ponds. Most species of long-toed salamanders migrate up
394:
in 1968. The next study of
Valencia Lagoon occurred in 1974 by Earth Metrics, whose staff examined the lagoon to develop further migration strategies to allow the creature to better breed and migrate; that study also called for the permanent protection of Valencia Lagoon, which was later effected
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are about 10 mm long, and in their first summer, they grow to 50 to 100 mm, but the Santa Cruz long-toed salamander is generally considered the smaller species. The precise times of migration for both species, to and from the breeding ponds, occur during periods of sustained nighttime
399:
should decrease once the vegetation became re-established on these slopes and allow the habitat to improve; moreover, the Earth
Metrics study derived additional mitigation for the County of Santa Cruz to follow in considering any further discretionary actions around Valencia Lagoon.
395:
when the State of
California purchased the lagoon. Hogan's study also noted the adverse effects of siltation occurring in Valencia Lagoon from the highway embankment erosion created by widening of Route 1; it was reasoned that the
345:
on its feet. The Santa Cruz long-toed salamander has an irregular broken yellow stripe on its back, whereas the common long-toed salamander has a more regular yellow, vertical stripe. Both species have 12 or 13
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456:, though, often spend their first summer close to the breeding pond in a rodent burrow or rock fissure, only later migrating uphill into the forest. This may be because
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first, in time to prepare for a nighttime courtship. When the male and female have completed their courtship, the male deposits a packet of sperm, the
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818:
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of 1973), and endangered by the State of
California in 1971;. It has also been designated as Critically imperiled at the global and state level by
844:
616:, ed, by David C. Zeiner, William F. Laudenslayer and Kenneth E. Meyer, published by the California Department of Fish and Game, May 2, 1988.
552:
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her eggs. She may lay the eggs singly or in loose clusters of six to eight eggs in shallow water 5–8 cm deep. Neither parent tends the
926:
732:, Proceedings of California Herpetology. H.F. DeLisle, P.R. Brown, B. Kaufman, B.M. McGurty, editors, Southwestern Herpetologists Society.
526:
M. D. Thompson; A. P. Russell (2005). "Glacial
Retreat and its Influence on Migration of Mitochondrial Genes in the Long-toed Salamander (
309:. It has a black body, broken yellow or orange irregular striping along its spine, and a tail fin well evolved for swimming. Like other
57:
516:. The results are based on one individual from Monterey County linking to the nearest sampling neighbor, which came from southern Oregon.
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79:
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130:
640:
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Russell, R. W.; Anderson, J. D. (1956). "A disjunct population of the long-nosed salamander from the coast of
California".
298:
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into nearby forests and do not spend any time near the breeding pond once they have metamorphosed and the pond is dry.
334:
302:
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in Santa Cruz and
Monterey Counties. Like other long-toed salamanders, its belly is sooty to dark brown, and it has
50:
44:
875:
145:
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313:, it is found near pools or slow-moving streams and has a very secretive lifestyle, making it difficult to find.
61:
391:
374:
On
December 2, 1954, the Santa Cruz long-toed salamander was discovered in Valencia Lagoon by R.W. Russell and
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2014. NatureServe
Explorer. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Accessed: January 8, 2015
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The Santa Cruz long-toed salamander range is geographically separate from other subspecies of the
718:
577:
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140:
601:, prepared for Santa Cruz County by Earth Metrics Inc., Palo Alto, California. October 15, 1974.
445:. Other species of salamander tadpoles (larvae) compete with those of the long-toed salamander.
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grooves visible from the side. The Santa Cruz long-toed salamander has a measurable degree of
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into adult salamanders when the pond begins to dry out. The tadpoles commonly eat small
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386:, measured only about 30 m by 150 m (100 ft by 500 ft) at that time.
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Bury RB, Ruth SB (1972) "Santa Cruz long-toed salamander: survival in doubt",
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north, the Santa Cruz long-toed salamander is found only near a few isolated
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The Life History and Current Status of the Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander
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in 1967 under the Endangered Species Preservation Act (a precursor to the
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329:) by over 240 kilometers (150 mi). Whereas the nearest subspecies,
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539:. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag Publishers. pp. 205–246.
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Environmental Impact Report for Stern Medical Office Complex, Aptos
433:. Predators that eat long-toed salamander larvae include aquatic
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Climatology, Geography, Ecology: Causes of Migration in Organisms
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A Population of the Endangered Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (
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Photographs and life history information- California Herps.com
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29:
715:, California Department of Fish and Game. 66: 184–186. 1980.
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Most of this salamander's adult life is spent in upland
417:, in the water, which the female retrieves and uses to
297:, which is found only close to a few isolated ponds in
530:) in Western North America.". In Ashraf Elewa (ed.).
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674:J.D. Anderson, A Comparison of the Food Habits of
647:), 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation (Report).
942:Natural history of Santa Cruz County, California
723:A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians
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937:Natural history of Monterey County, California
932:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
611:California Wildlife, Volume I, Amphibians and
357:from the 'coastal' or 'western' subspecies of
333:("Southern long-toed salamander") ranges from
643:(May 2009). Santa Cruz Long-Toed Salamander (
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390:filled half of the lagoon with a widening of
8:
378:. This small, seasonal lagoon clogged with
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370:Valencia Lagoon, the modern discovery site
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102:
93:
952:Critically endangered fauna of California
425:, which hatch into tadpoles in March and
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
912:NatureServe critically imperiled species
698:Field Guide to North American Amphibians
460:breeding ponds retain water all summer.
317:Comparison with the long-toed salamander
43:This article includes a list of general
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7:
676:Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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725:, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin. 1985.
700:, National Audubon Society. 1996.
684:Ambystoma tigrinum californiense
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97:Santa Cruz long-toed salamander
34:
922:Amphibians of the United States
800:Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum
770:Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum
707:Ambystoma macrocactylum croceum
680:Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum
645:Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum
504:Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum
469:Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum
287:Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum
283:Santa Cruz long-toed salamander
264:Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum
18:Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander
641:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1:
703:L.G. Talent and C.L. Talent
471:was designated as federally
927:Endemic fauna of California
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630:, 32, 4001, March 10, 1967
597:C. Michael Hogan et al.,
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141:Scientific classification
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545:10.1007/3-540-26604-6_8
528:Ambystoma macrodactylum
64:more precise citations.
27:Subspecies of amphibian
957:ESA endangered species
750:California Salamanders
477:Endangered Species Act
659:Herpetological Review
232:A. macrodactylum
127:Critically Imperiled
359:long-toed salamander
323:long-toed salamander
295:long-toed salamander
464:Conservation status
113:Conservation status
690:24: 273–284. 1968.
293:subspecies of the
246:A. m. croceum
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884:Open Tree of Life
762:Taxon identifiers
554:978-3-540-26604-4
384:Aptos, California
352:mitochondrial DNA
303:Monterey Counties
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481:NatureServe
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131:NatureServe
62:introducing
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487:References
473:endangered
404:Life cycle
366:rainfall.
307:California
299:Santa Cruz
291:endangered
45:references
454:juveniles
419:fertilize
397:siltation
343:tubercles
226:Species:
219:Ambystoma
164:Kingdom:
158:Eukaryota
863:2.103392
785:Q7419459
779:Wikidata
613:Reptiles
431:copepods
388:Caltrans
380:cattails
289:) is an
272:Anderson
204:Family:
188:Amphibia
178:Chordata
174:Phylum:
168:Animalia
154:Domain:
824:6170146
661:4:20-22
582:3889945
214:Genus:
198:Urodela
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184:Class:
129: (
58:improve
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850:195693
837:196977
808:ECOS:
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363:larvae
348:costal
274:, 1956
47:, but
578:JSTOR
537:(PDF)
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