686:, Chinese tallow trees account for a full 23 percent of all trees, more than any other tree species and is the only invasive tree species in the 14 most common species in the area. The Texas Department of Agriculture lists Chinese Tallow as one of the 24 most invasive plants, and includes Chinese Tallow in a list of Noxious and Invasive Plants which are illegal to sell, distribute or import into Texas. Herbivores and insects have a conditioned behavioral avoidance to eating the leaves of Chinese tallow tree, and this, rather than plant toxins, may be a reason for the success of the plant as an invasive.
93:
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can produce 4,500 kilograms of seeds per hectare per year. These seeds are easily carried to different places by birds and water. Tallow trees can remain productive for 100 years. It is also extremely hard to kill—its poisonous features in its leaves and berries leave it with few to no predators, and
452:
Fruits are three-lobed, three-valved capsules. As the capsules mature, their color changes from green to a brown-black. The capsule walls fall away and release three globose seeds, about 12 mm in diameter and weighing about 0.15 g, with a white, tallow-containing covering. Seeds usually hang on
646:
there. Tallow trees present a danger of expansion that can hurt local ecosystems by out-competing native vegetation and creating a monoculture. The monoculture lowers species diversity and overall resilience of the area. The tree's tenacious nature, high growth rates, and high reproductive ability
448:
up to 20 cm long. Light green in color, these flowers are very conspicuous in the spring. Each pistillate (female) flower is solitary and has a three-lobed ovary, three styles, and no petals. They are located on short branches at the base of the spike. The staminate (male) flowers occur in
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and cuttings and are quick to invade after a disturbance occurs in an area, due to the clearing out of land. A single tallow tree can produce nearly 100,000 viable seeds annually that can remain in the soil for several years before sprouting. A mature
44:
622:, fast growing, and a provides shade. It is especially noteworthy if grown in areas that have strong seasonal temperature ranges with the leaves becoming a multitude of colours rivaling maples in the autumn. It is not choosy about
573:. It grows especially well in open fields and abandoned farmland coastal prairie regions featuring disturbed ground—such as abandoned farmland, spoil banks, roadsides, and storm-damaged forests—and along the edges of the
1362:
1338:. Houston's Regional Forest Report: A Report of Structure, Functions, and Values. U.S. Forest Service and the Texas Forest Service. Published October 24, 2005. Last accessed April 13, 2008.
1413:"REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species"
630:, but will not grow in deep shade. It has naturalized all over in Japan, and is reasonably hardy. It should not be planted outside of its native range due to its invasive tendencies.
1353:
Natural
Resources and Conservation Service, Texas Administrative Code. 2005. Quarantines and noxious plants, Chapter 19 (24 May 2006). State of Texas. Last accessed June 2, 2012.
549:, who mentioned having obtained some seeds in a letter dated October 1772, but it may have actually been introduced to South Carolina, Georgia and Florida in early 1773 by
2254:
1828:
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611:. The honey is of high quality, and is produced copiously during the month of June, on the Gulf Coast. In the Gulf coast states, beekeepers migrate with their
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433:. The leaves are bright green in color and slightly paler underneath. They become bright yellows, oranges, purples and reds in the autumn. The tree is
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720:, whose caterpillars attack the leaves. In those areas, the resulting prospect of losing the Chinese tallow as a honey source has caused concern in
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to many places around the world. Its introduced status in North
America along with the harm it causes to ecosystems makes the tree considered an
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898:
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Constraints on the utilisation of the invasive
Chinese tallow tree Sapium sebiferum by generalist native herbivores in coastal prairies
1301:
1425:
1132:
Batchelor, Robert (December 2017). "John Bradby Blake, the
Chinese tallow tree and the infrastructure of botanical experimentation".
600:
The seed's white waxy aril is used in soap making. The seed's inner oil ("stillingia oil") is toxic but has industrial applications.
989:
2192:
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401:, and many papers about the oil still refer to the tree by this name. In 2002 or so it was reclassified again into the genus
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are the only effective treatments available to contain and control
Chinese tallow. The USDA is evaluating the flea beetle (
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to ovate in shape and have smooth edges, heart shaped and sometimes with an extended tail often resembling the bo tree,
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1372:. Texas Administrative Code, Title 4, Part 1, Chapter 19, Subchapter T, Rule 19.300,, Last accessed June 2, 2012.
92:
391:(meaning "to bear"), thus "tallow-bearing". At some time before 1950, this tree was reclassified into the genus
1880:
1853:
554:
302:
2425:
861:
Ye, J.; Botanic
Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019).
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1176:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
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and leaves are reputed to be toxic, and decaying leaves from the plant are toxic to other species of
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1388:, Ecological Entomology, Volume 29, p. 66-75. Published February 2004. Last accessed April 13, 2008.
330:
production because it is the third most productive vegetable oil producing crop in the world, after
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1936:
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457:, the flowers typically mature from April to June and the fruit ripens from September to October.
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581:. The Chinese Tallow Tree is listed as an invasive species to the state of South Carolina.
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651:, tallow trees begin producing viable seed in as soon as three years. They can spread by
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1196:"Founders Online: From Benjamin Franklin to John Bartram, [7?] October 1772"
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who had access to the seeds earlier in late 1770 or early 1771. The tree has become
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Sapium sebiferum var. pendulum B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao, Fl. Henan 2: 481. 1988.
693:. This means it is now illegal to import or sell this plant in the European Union.
483:
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region, and from there it spread westward and southward. The trees reached the
17:
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is a tree native to eastern Asia (Chinese 乌桕, wū jiù). It is commonly called
1994:
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1988:
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and
Natural Resources Conservation Service. Last accessed April 13, 2008.
1006:"Chinese Tallowtree (Triadica sebifera) Species Details and Allergy Info"
627:
473:
403:
375:(hence the name still used for the oil and tallow). The specific epithet
335:
186:
143:
1145:
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The waxy green leaves set off the clusters of greenish-yellow and white
2505:
2184:
2104:
1703:
1697:
1646:
1528:
1505:
1115:
982:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region
499:
482:. Cultivation of the tree may have begun in the 7th century during the
424:
354:. The species is classified as a noxious invader in the southern U.S.
43:
1439:
1106:
S. A. Narang and
Sadgopal (1958): "Indian stillingia oil and tallow".
2223:
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1597:
1543:
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495:
441:
393:
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used in paints and varnishes. The fatty coat of the seeds, used for
1022:
A Sketch of the Botany of South
Carolina and Georgia in Two Volumes
2246:
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1969:
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B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao, Fl. Henan 2: 480, fig. 1394. 1988.
423:
The simple, deciduous leaves of this tree are alternate, broad
1671:
1302:"'Super invader' tree hits South, but flea beetle may be hero"
511:
347:
1463:. Lists general information and resources for Chinese Tallow.
1466:
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means even freshly cut trees can quickly regrow. Currently,
705:
of the Chinese tallow tree has been considered, using the
1270:
USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center; Urbatsch, Lowell.
444:
at bloom time. The flowers occur in terminal spike-like
783:
Y. C. Tseng, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 105, fig. 1. 1982.
437:, producing male and female flowers on the same plant.
1426:
Honey bees and Chinese tallow: What’s really going on?
959:
Plant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group
913:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
777:
S. B. Ho, Fl. Tsingliensis 1(3): 451, fig. 155. 1981.
647:
contribute to its invasive success. According to the
476:
area, and it was described in the Tang pharmacopoeia
809:
B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao, Fl. Henan 2: 481. 1988.
767:
S. K. Lee, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 5: 121, pl. 22. 1956.
2462:
1978:
1889:
1821:
1737:
1628:
1504:
603:The nectar is non-toxic, and it has become a major
449:clusters at the upper nodes of the inflorescence.
1028:. Charleston SC: JR Schenck. p. 651 Vol. II.
1459:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
755:(L.) MĂĽll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 1210. 1866.
569:, where it grows profusely along ditchbanks and
1829:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
1227:"Invasive Plant Pest Species of South Carolina"
506:by the 17th century. It was also introduced to
743:(L.) Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 411, 412. 1877.
714:, whose larvae attack the roots, and the moth
514:period. By the 18th century, it had spread to
1482:
1384:. Richard A. Lankau1, William E. Rogers, and
1108:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
832:Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 63. 1838, nomen superfl.
789:(L.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. Ed. 1832, 3: 693. 1832.
545:The tree was said to have been introduced by
8:
1348:PLANTS Database: Invasive and Noxious Weeds.
1127:
1125:
1123:
1081:
1079:
838:(L.) Hurus., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 61: 30. 1948.
326:; hence its common name. It is relevant to
1461:United States National Agricultural Library
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1966:
1489:
1475:
1467:
1097:, volume 7, issue 1, pages 17-21 (5 pages)
66:
42:
31:
1834:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
761:(L.) Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 213. 1803.
1163:
1161:
1159:
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615:to good tallow locations near the gulf.
1351:United States Department of Agriculture
1213:United States Department of Agriculture
1063:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
1041:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
853:
689:In Europe, the species features on the
1300:Plaisance, Stacey (14 November 2017).
361:were formerly classified in the genus
1440:University of Florida: Chinese tallow
961:. United States National Park Service
911:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
7:
2542:a8f12111-76f4-48be-9ca0-de4f66ca8d9f
2348:e825b855-dfe9-4ef2-b48b-25b64c9c2d95
1902:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
691:Union list of invasive alien species
300:The seeds (as well as from those of
2604:IUCN Red List least concern species
1110:, volume 35, issue 2, pages 68-71.
872:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
799:S. Y. Wang, Fl. Henan 2: 480. 1988.
749:("sebiferus"), Sp. Pl.: 1004. 1753.
1453:Species Profile - Chinese Tallow (
1272:"Plant Guide: CHINESE TALLOW TREE"
25:
905:Triadica sebifera
530:in the United States through the
453:the plants for several weeks. In
2426:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:256588-2
1950:
1949:
1236:. Southern Weed Science Society.
984:. New York: Knopf. p. 542.
844:Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 610. 1790.
91:
2555:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:70867-2
1363:Noxious and Invasive Plant List
1329:Tree Population Characteristics
575:Western Gulf coastal grasslands
679:) as a natural control agent.
649:U.S. Department of Agriculture
1:
472:, probably originally in the
2639:Naturalized trees of Alabama
1932:Issues relating to biofuels
1922:Energy return on investment
1134:Curtis's Botanical Magazine
1085:Hans-Joachim Esser (2002):
2655:
980:Little, Elbert L. (1980).
346:to treat boils. The plant
1945:
1907:Energy content of biofuel
1019:Elliott, Stephen (1824).
728:Synonyms and former names
577:biome, sometimes forming
244:
237:
215:
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88:Scientific classification
86:
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55:
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41:
34:
1881:Thermal depolymerization
1854:Industrial biotechnology
1445:ISSG Database entry for
1281:. U.S. Geological Survey
1095:Harvard Papers in Botany
732:The species has several
303:Triadica cochinchinensis
2084:triadica-sebifera-plant
1849:Fischer–Tropsch process
1839:Biomass heating systems
879:: e.T18435729A147645142
407:with its present name.
1091:Lour. (Euphorbiaceae)"
597:
534:. It is also found in
420:
379:is derived from Latin
1253:by Jeff Horchoff Bees
933:"Chinese Tallow Tree"
638:The tallow tree is a
592:
418:
322:making, is known as
306:) are the sources of
701:In parts of the USA
561:southward along the
1937:Sustainable biofuel
1307:The Washington Post
1209:CHINESE TALLOW TREE
1170:"Triadica sebifera"
955:"Triadica sebifera"
765:Sapium chihsinianum
759:Stillingia sebifera
753:Excoecaria sebifera
741:Carumbium sebiferum
373:Stillingia discolor
369:Stillingia sebifera
58:Conservation status
1368:2012-10-24 at the
1334:2008-12-10 at the
1116:10.1007/BF02672656
1066:A Latin Dictionary
1044:A Latin Dictionary
836:Seborium sebiferum
781:Sapium pleiocarpum
736:and former names:
703:biological control
697:Biological control
640:non-native species
598:
532:East India Company
421:
359:T. cochinchinensis
279:Chinese tallowtree
2591:
2590:
2369:Open Tree of Life
2010:Triadica sebifera
1980:Triadica sebifera
1972:Taxon identifiers
1963:
1962:
1876:Sabatier reaction
1455:Triadica sebifera
1447:Triadica sebifera
1250:Christmas in May!
1168:Meyer, Rachelle.
865:Triadica sebifera
842:Triadica sinensis
830:Seborium chĂnense
594:Triadica sebifera
551:John Bradby Blake
547:Benjamin Franklin
466:Triadica sebifera
461:Range and habitat
357:This species and
324:stillingia tallow
291:gray popcorn tree
270:Triadica sebifera
266:
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219:Triadica sebifera
81:
36:Triadica sebifera
16:(Redirected from
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2634:Medicinal plants
2629:Flora of Vietnam
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813:Sapium sebiferum
803:Sapium sebiferum
793:Sapium sebiferum
787:Sapium sebiferum
747:Croton sebiferh.
711:Bikasha collaris
676:Bikasha collaris
644:invasive species
634:Invasive species
596:in autumn, Japan
399:Sapium sebiferum
295:candleberry tree
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256:Sapium sebiferum
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248:Croton sebiferum
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201:T. sebifera
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51:Leaves and buds
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771:Sapium discolor
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671:prescribed fire
663:generation time
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565:and the entire
538:, and southern
463:
430:Ficus religiosa
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344:herbal medicine
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1140:(4): 402–426.
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524:South Carolina
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1569:vegetable oil
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522:islands, and
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489:
488:Yangtze Delta
485:
481:
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479:Xinxiu bencao
475:
471:
468:is native to
467:
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455:North America
450:
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419:Seed capsules
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210:Binomial name
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177:Euphorbiaceae
175:
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73:Least Concern
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19:
2614:Energy crops
2463:
1979:
1795:
1789:
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1760:
1756:Big bluestem
1748:
1741:energy crops
1696:
1639:
1454:
1446:
1421:
1407:
1401:. June 2021.
1399:"Union list"
1393:
1386:Evan Siemann
1377:
1358:
1343:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1305:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1278:
1249:
1246:Example: in
1242:
1233:
1220:
1204:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1173:
1137:
1133:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1088:
1064:
1056:
1042:
1034:
1021:
1014:
1000:
981:
975:
963:. Retrieved
958:
949:
937:. Retrieved
927:
915:. Retrieved
910:
904:
893:
881:. Retrieved
876:
870:
864:
856:
841:
835:
829:
822:
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812:
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802:
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786:
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746:
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731:
715:
709:
700:
688:
684:Houston area
681:
674:
653:root sprouts
637:
618:The tree is
617:
602:
599:
593:
579:monocultures
544:
484:Tang dynasty
477:
465:
464:
451:
439:
428:
422:
402:
398:
392:
388:
380:
376:
372:
368:
362:
358:
356:
342:are used as
301:
299:
294:
290:
287:chicken tree
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
268:
267:
255:
247:
218:
216:
200:
199:
187:
167:Malpighiales
150:
137:
124:
111:
35:
29:
2609:Hippomaneae
2307:NatureServe
2219:iNaturalist
2004:Wikispecies
1912:Energy crop
1859:Pellet fuel
1844:Biorefinery
1808:Switchgrass
1652:Coconut oil
1630:Energy from
1564:Cooking oil
1549:Biogasoline
1524:Babassu oil
1314:14 November
1285:24 November
1234:se-eppc.org
1180:24 November
965:3 September
917:14 December
883:23 February
707:flea beetle
605:honey plant
555:naturalized
510:during the
498:, Northern
492:Philippines
411:Description
131:Angiosperms
2598:Categories
2400:kew-207675
2395:Plant List
2071:Calflora:
1822:Technology
1803:Salicornia
1786:Miscanthus
1709:Sugar beet
1581:cellulosic
1554:Bioliquids
1534:Biobutanol
899:USDA, NRCS
849:References
807:dabeshense
722:beekeepers
667:herbicides
661:its short
620:ornamental
613:honey bees
609:beekeepers
567:Gulf coast
435:monoecious
383:(meaning "
364:Stillingia
312:drying oil
259:(L.) Roxb.
2479:Q21872921
2172:250084071
2159:250084071
2081:Cal-IPC:
1897:Agflation
1790:giganteus
1719:Sunflower
1714:Sugarcane
1632:foodstock
1539:Biodiesel
1498:Bioenergy
1174:Fs.fed.us
626:types or
520:Caribbean
328:biodiesel
195:Species:
101:Kingdom:
2568:12807123
2563:Tropicos
2473:Wikidata
2439:12805068
2434:Tropicos
2312:2.147870
2286:18435729
2260:10426794
2247:256588-2
2061:BioLib:
1989:Wikidata
1955:Category
1890:Concepts
1773:Duckweed
1762:Camelina
1739:Non-food
1687:Rapeseed
1677:Palm oil
1620:Wood gas
1593:Methanol
1586:mixtures
1506:Biofuels
1366:Archived
1332:Archived
1146:48505841
1089:Triadica
939:7 August
901:(n.d.).
797:cordatum
734:synonyms
628:drainage
563:Atlantic
474:Zhejiang
404:Triadica
377:sebifera
336:oil palm
239:Synonyms
188:Triadica
173:Family:
144:Eudicots
78:IUCN 3.1
2532:70867-2
2506:3917254
2294:MoBotPF
2185:3054399
2123:1149652
2105:Ecocrop
1995:Q702175
1704:Soybean
1698:Sorghum
1647:Cassava
1576:Ethanol
1559:Biomass
1529:Bagasse
1514:Alcohol
682:In the
528:Georgia
518:, the
500:Vietnam
486:in the
442:flowers
425:rhombic
387:") and
338:. The
183:Genus:
163:Order:
105:Plantae
76: (
2539:NZOR:
2493:227890
2408:PLANTS
2374:363561
2361:328875
2345:NZOR:
2338:139772
2299:368407
2273:522777
2211:410718
2146:triseb
2143:FEIS:
2064:210416
2054:170066
2041:108413
2038:APDB:
2018:AoFP:
1750:Arundo
1682:Potato
1598:Stover
1544:Biogas
1144:
988:
540:France
504:Hainan
496:Taiwan
394:Sapium
385:tallow
352:plants
340:leaves
316:candle
157:Rosids
2519:12424
2413:TRSE6
2255:IRMNG
2231:IPA:
2224:79388
2136:SAQSE
2097:7CP2C
2074:12096
2028:APA:
1869:stove
1724:Wheat
1667:Maize
1657:Grape
1610:Straw
1519:Algae
1275:(PDF)
1230:(PDF)
1142:JSTOR
1039:sebum
1026:(PDF)
815:var.
805:var.
795:var.
773:var.
658:stand
571:dikes
557:from
536:Sudan
516:India
508:Japan
470:China
381:sebum
367:, as
332:algae
293:, or
231:Small
151:Clade
138:Clade
125:Clade
112:Clade
2550:POWO
2527:IPNI
2514:GRIN
2501:GBIF
2488:APNI
2421:POWO
2382:PfaF
2333:NCBI
2281:IUCN
2268:ITIS
2242:IPNI
2234:3079
2206:GRIN
2193:GISD
2180:GBIF
2131:EPPO
2110:9558
2049:APNI
2031:1858
2021:1353
1864:mill
1813:Wood
1692:Rice
1662:Hemp
1603:corn
1316:2017
1310:. AP
1287:2015
1182:2015
1061:fero
986:ISBN
967:2012
941:2011
919:2015
885:2024
877:2019
669:and
624:soil
607:for
585:Uses
526:and
502:and
389:fero
371:and
334:and
320:soap
318:and
310:, a
2576:WFO
2447:WFO
2320:NBN
2198:712
2167:FoC
2154:FNA
2118:EoL
2092:CoL
1729:Yam
1672:Oat
1112:doi
1069:on
1047:on
512:Edo
397:as
348:sap
2600::
2578::
2565::
2552::
2529::
2516::
2503::
2490::
2475::
2449::
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2208::
2195::
2182::
2169::
2156::
2133::
2120::
2107::
2094::
2051::
2006::
1991::
1788:Ă—
1304:.
1277:.
1258:^
1232:.
1211:.
1172:.
1154:^
1138:34
1136:.
1122:^
1093:.
1078:^
957:.
909:.
875:.
869:.
724:.
542:.
494:,
297:.
289:,
285:,
281:,
277:,
251:L.
229:)
227:L.
153::
140::
127::
114::
1490:e
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