Sapphire - Knowledge (XXG)

910: 1391:

identified by its characteristic silky appearance and exceptional hue. The unique blue appears lustrous under any kind of light, unlike non-Kashmir sapphires which may appear purplish or grayish in comparison. Sotheby's has been in the forefront overseeing record-breaking sales of Kashmir sapphires worldwide. In October 2014, Sotheby's Hong Kong achieved consecutive per-carat price records for Kashmir sapphires – first with the 12.00 carat Cartier sapphire ring at US$ 193,975 per carat, then with a 17.16 carat sapphire at US$ 236,404, and again in June 2015 when the per-carat auction record was set at US$ 240,205. At present, the world record price-per-carat for sapphire at auction is held by a sapphire from Kashmir in a ring, which sold in October 2015 for approximately

1057:') show similar absorption/transmission features in the visible spectrum. This is an absorption band in the yellow (~590 nm), along with valleys of transmission in the blue-green and red. Thus the color one sees depends on the spectral composition of the light source. Daylight is relatively balanced in its spectral power distribution (SPD) and since the human eye is most sensitive to green light, the balance is tipped to the green side. However incandescent light (including candle light) is heavily tilted to the red end of the spectrum, thus tipping the balance to red. 1702: 1639: 1954: 1436:, and have high uniform clarity. When Intergem Limited began marketing the Yogo in the 1980s as the world's only guaranteed untreated sapphire, heat treatment was not commonly disclosed; by the late 1980s, heat treatment became a major issue. At that time, much of all the world's sapphires were being heated to enhance their natural color. Intergem's marketing of guaranteed untreated Yogos set them against many in the gem industry. This issue appeared as a front-page story in 1408:

for several hours, or even weeks at a time. Different atmospheres may be used. Upon heating, the stone becomes bluer in color, but loses some of the rutile inclusions (silk). When high temperatures (1400 °C+) are used, exsolved rutile silk is dissolved and it becomes clear under magnification. The titanium from the rutile enters solid solution and thus creates with iron the blue color. The inclusions in natural stones are easily seen with a

1491:

treatment combined with the deliberate addition of certain specific impurities (e.g. beryllium, titanium, iron, chromium or nickel, which are absorbed into the crystal structure of the sapphire) is also commonly performed, and this process can be known as "diffusion" in the gem trade. However, despite what the terms "heating only" and "diffusion" might suggest, both of these categories of treatment actually involve diffusion processes.

5539: 2435: 999:, is another example of a large blue star sapphire. The value of a star sapphire depends not only on the weight of the stone, but also the body color, visibility, and intensity of the asterism. The color of the stone has more impact on the value than the visibility of the star. Since more transparent stones tend to have better colors, the most expensive star stones are semi-transparent "glass body" stones with vivid colors. 1464:) orange sapphires were created, although now the process has been advanced and many colors of sapphire are often treated with beryllium. Due to the small size of the beryllium ion, the color penetration is far greater than with titanium diffusion. In some cases, it may penetrate the entire stone. Beryllium-diffused orange sapphires may be difficult to detect, requiring advanced chemical analysis by gemological labs ( 1785: 1416: 1217: 818: 1823: 5527: 559: 370: 951:; the first results in a whitish star and the second results in a golden-colored star. During crystallization, the two types of inclusions become preferentially oriented in different directions within the crystal, thereby forming two six-rayed stars that are superimposed upon each other to form a twelve-rayed star. Misshapen stars or 12-rayed stars may also form as a result of 850: 1534:, and this is directed downward against a ceramic pedestal. Following the successful synthesis of ruby, Verneuil focused his efforts on sapphire. Synthesis of blue sapphire came in 1909, after chemical analyses of sapphire suggested to Verneuil that iron and titanium were the cause of the blue color. Verneuil patented the process of producing synthetic blue sapphire in 1911. 1450:

natural sapphire. Today, titanium diffusion often uses a synthetic colorless sapphire base. The color layer created by titanium diffusion is extremely thin (less than 0.5 mm). Thus repolishing can and does produce slight to significant loss of color. Chromium diffusion has been attempted, but was abandoned due to the slow diffusion rates of chromium in corundum.

1118: 38: 1339:. Prior to the opening of the Ilakaka mines, Australia was the largest producer of sapphires (such as in 1987). In 1991 a new source of sapphires was discovered in Andranondambo, southern Madagascar. The exploitation started in 1993, but was practically abandoned just a few years later because of the difficulties in recovering sapphires in their bedrock. 1110: 1312:. Sapphires from different geographic locations may have different appearances or chemical-impurity concentrations, and tend to contain different types of microscopic inclusions. Because of this, sapphires can be divided into three broad categories: classic metamorphic, non-classic metamorphic or magmatic, and classic magmatic. 1549:" of sapphire material. This step is continued until the desired size is reached, the flame is shut off and the crystal cools. The now elongated crystal contains a lot of strain due to the high thermal gradient between the flame and surrounding air. To release this strain, the now finger-shaped crystal will be tapped with a 2697: 691:. Sapphire and rubies are often found in the same geographical settings, but they generally have different geological formations. For example, both ruby and sapphire are found in Myanmar's Mogok Stone Tract, but the rubies form in marble, while the sapphire forms in granitic pegmatites or corundum syenites. 1724:

The boules are sliced up into the desired window thickness and finally polished to the desired surface finish. Sapphire optical windows can be polished to a wide range of surface finishes due to its crystal structure and its hardness. The surface finishes of optical windows are normally called out by

1573:

samples. Artificial sapphire material is identical to natural sapphire, except it can be made without the flaws that are found in natural stones. The disadvantage of the Verneuil process is that the grown crystals have high internal strains. Many methods of manufacturing sapphire today are variations

1556:

Due to the vertical layered growth of the crystal and the curved upper growth surface (which starts from a drop), the crystals will display curved growth lines following the top surface of the boule. This is in contrast to natural corundum crystals, which feature angular growth lines expanding from a

1407:

Sapphires can be treated by several methods to enhance and improve their clarity and color. It is common practice to heat natural sapphires to improve or enhance their appearance. This is done by heating the sapphires in furnaces to temperatures between 800 and 1,800 °C (1,470 and 3,270 °F)

959:

effect if the girdle plane of the cabochon is oriented parallel to the crystal's c-axis rather than perpendicular to it. To get a cat's eye, the planes of exsolved inclusions must be extremely uniform and tightly packed. If the dome is oriented in between these two directions, an off-center star will

1490:

There are several ways of treating sapphire. Heat-treatment in a reducing or oxidizing atmosphere (but without the use of any other added impurities) is commonly used to improve the color of sapphires, and this process is sometimes known as "heating only" in the gem trade. In contrast, however, heat

2160:

decreed that rings of bishops should be made of pure gold, set with an unengraved sapphire, as possessing the virtues and qualities essential to its dignified position as a seal of secrets, for there be many things "that a priest conceals from the senses of the vulgar and less intelligent; which he

808:

Particolored sapphires (or bi-color sapphires) are those stones that exhibit two or more colors within a single stone. The desirability of particolored or bi-color sapphires is usually judged based on the zoning or location of their colors, the colors' saturation, and the contrast of their colors.

1449:

Lattice ('bulk') diffusion treatments are used to add impurities to the sapphire to enhance color. This process was originally developed and patented by Linde Air division of Union Carbide and involved diffusing titanium into synthetic sapphire to even out the blue color. It was later applied to

1089:

and sapphires of poor transparency are frequently used with suspect appraisals that vastly overstate their value. This was the case of the "Life and Pride of America Star Sapphire". Circa 1985, Roy Whetstine claimed to have bought the 1905-ct stone for $ 10 at the Tucson gem show, but a reporter

4701:

The Curious Lore of Precious Stones: Being a Description of Their Sentiments and Folk Lore, Superstitions, Symbolism, Mysticism, Use in Medicine, Protection, Prevention, Religion, and Divination. Crystal Gazing, Birthstones, Lucky Stones, and Talismans, Astral, Zodiacal, and Planetary by George

1446:. However, the biggest problem the Yogo mine faced was not competition from heated sapphires, but the fact that the Yogo stones could never produce quantities of sapphire above one carat after faceting. As a result, it has remained a niche product, with a market that largely exists in the US. 1390:

of Jammu and Kashmir in India. They have a superior vivid blue hue, coupled with a mysterious and almost sleepy quality, described by some gem enthusiasts as ‘blue velvet”. Kashmir-origin contributes meaningfully to the value of a sapphire, and most corundum of Kashmir origin can be readily

1197:

Intervalence charge transfer is a process that produces a strong colored appearance at a low percentage of impurity. While at least 1% chromium must be present in corundum before the deep red ruby color is seen, sapphire blue is apparent with the presence of only 0.01% of titanium and iron.

761:" of the gemstone. Saturation refers to the vividness or brightness of the hue, and tone is the lightness to darkness of the hue. Blue sapphire exists in various mixtures of its primary (blue) and secondary hues, various tonal levels (shades) and at various levels of saturation (vividness). 1412:. Evidence of sapphire and other gemstones being subjected to heating goes back at least to Roman times. Un-heated natural stones are somewhat rare and will often be sold accompanied by a certificate from an independent gemological laboratory attesting to "no evidence of heat treatment". 1544:

Next, more oxygen is added to the flame, causing it to burn slightly hotter. This expands the growing crystal laterally. At the same time, the pedestal is lowered at the same rate that the crystal grows vertically. The alumina in the flame is slowly deposited, creating a teardrop shaped

1770: – originally called the "Cermax" and now known generically as the "ceramic-body xenon lamp" – uses sapphire crystal output windows that tolerate higher thermal loads and consequently can provide higher output powers than conventional Xe lamps with pure 738: 796: 772:

are the most common secondary hues found in blue sapphires. The highest prices are paid for gems that are pure blue and of vivid saturation. Gems that are of lower saturation, or are too dark or too light in tone are of less value. However, color preferences are a personal taste.

4940: 947:, typically with the center of the star near the top of the dome. Occasionally, twelve-rayed stars are found, typically because two different sets of inclusions are found within the same stone, such as a combination of fine needles of rutile with small platelets of 1145:

Unlike localized ("intra-atomic") absorption of light, which causes color for chromium and vanadium impurities, blue color in sapphires comes from intervalence charge transfer, which is the transfer of an electron from one transition-metal ion to another via the

3855: 1507: 3977: 694:

Every sapphire mine produces a wide range of quality, and origin is not a guarantee of quality. For sapphire, Jammu and Kashmir receives the highest premium, although Burma, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar also produce large quantities of fine quality gems.

909: 1166:

of the energy absorbed corresponds to yellow light. When this light is subtracted from incident white light, the complementary color blue results. Sometimes when atomic spacing is different in different directions, there is resulting blue-green

902: 1154:. The iron can take the form Fe or Fe, while titanium generally takes the form Ti. If Fe and Ti ions are substituted for Al, localized areas of charge imbalance are created. An electron transfer from Fe and Ti can cause a change in the 1754:

Several attempts have been made to make sapphire screens for smartphones viable. Apple contracted GT Advanced Technologies, Inc. to manufacture sapphire screens for iPhones, but the venture failed, causing the bankruptcy of GTAT. The

1381:

The sapphire deposits of Kashmir are well known in the gem industry, although their peak production took place in a relatively short period at the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These deposits are located in the

1762:

Sapphire is used for end windows on some high-powered laser tubes, as its wide-band transparency and thermal conductivity allow it to handle very high power densities in the infrared and UV spectrum without degrading due to heating.

1315:

Sapphires from certain locations, or of certain categories, may be more commercially appealing than others, particularly classic metamorphic sapphires from Kashmir, Burma, or Sri Lanka that have not been subjected to heat-treatment.

1060:

Color-change sapphires colored by the Cr + Fe/Ti chromophores generally change from blue or violet-blue to violet or purple. Those colored by the V chromophore can show a more pronounced change, moving from blue-green to purple.

1612:

In 2003, the world's production of synthetic sapphire was 250 tons (1.25 × 10 carats), mostly by the United States and Russia. The availability of cheap synthetic sapphire unlocked many industrial uses for this unique material.

4932: 1627: 809:

Australia is the largest source of particolored sapphires; they are not commonly used in mainstream jewelry and remain relatively unknown. Particolored sapphires cannot be created synthetically and only occur naturally.

1068:

and they are sometimes marketed as "alexandrium" or "synthetic alexandrite". However, the latter term is a misnomer: synthetic color-change sapphires are, technically, not synthetic alexandrites but rather alexandrite

2878: 577:(defined as corundum in a shade of red). Although blue is the best-known sapphire color, it occurs in other colors, including gray and black, and also can be colorless. A pinkish orange variety of sapphire is called 1590:, containing molten alumina, and then slowly withdrawn upward at a rate of 1 to 100 mm per hour. The alumina crystallizes on the end, creating long carrot-shaped boules of large size up to 200 kg in mass. 3119: 892:

Among the fancy (non-blue) sapphires, natural padparadscha fetch the highest prices. Since 2001, more sapphires of this color have appeared on the market as a result of artificial lattice diffusion of beryllium.

4884: 3294: 1090:

discovered that L.A. Ward of Fallbrook, California, who appraised it at the price of $ 1200/ct, had appraised another stone of the exact same weight several years before Whetstine claimed to have found it.

2669: 3998: 4464: 472:. It is typically blue, but natural "fancy" sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; "parti sapphires" show two or more colors. Red corundum stones also occur, but are called 1186:

and come in a variety of shades. Corundum that contains extremely low levels of chromophores is near colorless. Completely colorless corundum generally does not exist in nature. If trace amounts of

2922:

Emmett, John L.; Scarratt, Kenneth; McClure, Shane F.; Moses, Thomas; Douthit, Troy R.; Hughes, Richard; Novak, Steve; Shigley, James E.; Wang, Wuyi; Bordelon, Owen; Kane, Robert E. (Spring 2003).

702:, and overall quality. Sapphires that are completely untreated are worth far more than those that have been treated. Geographical origin also has a major impact on price. For most gems of one 476:

rather than sapphires. Pink-colored corundum may be classified either as ruby or sapphire depending on the locale. Commonly, natural sapphires are cut and polished into gemstones and worn in

2013:

Monocrystalline sapphire is fairly biocompatible and the exceptionally low wear of sapphire–metal pairs has led to the introduction (in Ukraine) of sapphire monocrystals for hip joint

3741: 3712: 1541:

cone on the pedestal. When the tip of that cone reaches the hottest part of the flame, the tip melts. Thus the crystal growth is started from a tiny point, ensuring minimal strain.

1002:

On 28 July 2021, the world's largest cluster of star sapphires, weighing 510 kg (1,120 lb), was unearthed from Ratnapura, Sri Lanka. This star sapphire cluster was named "

1014:

A rare variety of natural sapphire, known as color-change sapphire, exhibits different colors in different light. Color change sapphires are blue in outdoor light and purple under

726:

Sapphires in colors other than blue are called "fancy" sapphires. "Parti sapphire" is used for multicolor stones with zoning of different colors (hues), but not different shades.

4433: 4094: 2900: 4493: 3111: 3918:

Verneuil, M.A. (September 1904). "Mémoire sur la reproduction artificielle du rubis par fusion" [Memoire on the artificial reproduction of rubies by fusion].

2691: 1018:

indoor light, or green to gray-green in daylight and pink to reddish-violet in incandescent light. Color-change sapphires come from a variety of locations, including

4337: 3950: 3559: 3150: 2950: 4876: 3290: 4211: 4287: 2661: 2765: 4006: 4820: 4456: 4403: 3488: 3457: 3089: 1713:

Some sapphire-glass windows are made from pure sapphire boules that have been grown in a specific crystal orientation, typically along the optical axis, the

4978: 3764: 3690: 1922:

In one process, after single crystal sapphire boules are grown, they are core-drilled into cylindrical rods, and wafers are then sliced from these cores.

2520: 1335:

originate from Sri Lankan mines. Madagascar is the world leader in sapphire production (as of 2007) specifically its deposits in and around the town of

1709:. Approximately 200 millimetres (8 in) in diameter, weighing approximately 30 kg (66 lb). (A second boule is visible in the background.) 5577: 4261:"Corning® Gorilla® Glass Now Found On More Than 1.5 Billion Devices: Continuing innovation to fuel future versions, Sapphire not seen as major threat" 3660: 3424: 4854: 4169: 933:

that causes the appearance of a six-rayed "star"-shaped pattern when viewed with a single overhead light source. The inclusion is often the mineral

1190:

are present, a very pale yellow to green color may be seen. However, if both titanium and iron impurities are present together, and in the correct

4260: 1569:

can be added to create artificial versions of the ruby, and all the other natural colors of sapphire, and in addition, other colors never seen in

2830: 1201:

Colorless sapphires, which are uncommon in nature, were once used as diamond substitutes in jewelry, and are presently used as accent stones.

4331: 4244: 4205: 4163: 3799: 3611: 3553: 2988: 2861: 2798: 2642: 6743: 5978: 3196: 3733: 3716: 5732: 5008: 4910: 3005: 620: 4036: 5608: 2387: 2362: 2293: 2226: 992: 980: 781: 4425: 4124: 4086: 3384: 1142:(Cr) substituting for the (Al) ion in the corundum structure. The color can be modified by both iron and trapped hole color centers. 4656: 3853:, Ronald R Carr & Stephen D Nisevich, "Altering the appearance of corundum crystals", published 29 July 1975 3627: 1862: 979:

mined in Sri Lanka and weighing 563.4 carats is thought to be the third-largest star sapphire, and is currently on display at the

4525: 3920: 1473: 707: 349: 4742: 4626: 4486: 5633: 3328: 2301: 3875:

Chapter I of Title 16 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 23, Guides for Jewelry and Precious Metals and Pewter Industries

6773: 6763: 3581: 3362: 1844: 1687: 799:

Dark blue sapphire, probably of Australian origin, showing the brilliant surface luster typical of faceted corundum gemstones

489: 207: 2804: 2477:

Harman, Alang Kasim; Ninomiya, Susumu; Adachi, Sadao (1994). "Optical constants of sapphire (alpha-Al2O3) single crystals".

4795: 4712: 1046:

chromophore that produces the blue color in sapphire. A rarer type, which comes from the Mogok area of Myanmar, features a

913:

68 carat star sapphire in round mogul cut - men's ring version - 750 yellow gold - Russian goldsmith - handmade around 1990

876:. Padparadscha sapphires are rare; the rarest of all is the totally natural variety, with no sign of artificial treatment. 463: 5570: 4310: 3253: 3142: 2923: 523: 240: 3860: 3053: 6758: 5699: 5530: 5499: 4775: 3982: 2070:), meaning "to score with a mark," presumably because gemstones can be used to scratch stone surfaces due to their high 1653:—is commonly used for small windows, because it is both highly transparent to wavelengths of light between 150 nm ( 4279: 6728: 6723: 4687: 4362: 2757: 2732: 2582: 6768: 6748: 5598: 4385: 2207: 4812: 4791:

The Book of Talismans, Amulets and Zodiacal Gems, by William Thomas and Kate Pavitt, , p.154 at sacred-texts.com,

3520: 3480: 3447: 3079: 1833: 1598:

Synthetic sapphire is also produced industrially from agglomerated aluminum oxide, sintered and fused (such as by

1537:

The key to the process is that the alumina powder does not melt as it falls through the flame. Instead it forms a

6189: 5694: 5514: 4058:

Nassau, K.; Broyer, A. M. (1962). "Application of Czochralski Crystal-Pulling Technique to High-Melting Oxides".

2458: 1958: 1930: 1876: 1840: 20: 4967:, Webmineral Corundum page, Webmineral with extensive crystallographic and mineralogical information on Corundum 3768: 2419:

Extensive tables listing over a hundred important and famous rubies and sapphires can be found in Chapter 10 of

1899:

chips on sapphire are especially useful for high-power radio-frequency (RF) applications such as those found in

1487:

guidelines, disclosure is required of any mode of enhancement that has a significant effect on the gem's value.

6025: 5847: 5603: 5563: 5509: 3686: 2234: 1986: 1484: 968: 3230: 2512: 967:

is the largest known blue star sapphire. The gem was mined in the city of Ratnapura, southern Sri Lanka. The

6753: 6656: 6030: 5749: 5725: 5643: 5001: 4850: 4549: 4390: 3452: 2980: 1908: 1438: 527: 520: 3656: 3420: 1457:

is diffused into a sapphire under very high heat, just below the melting point of the sapphire. Initially (

5613: 1599: 1204:

The most complete description of the causes of color in corundum extant can be found in Chapter 4 of

1159: 729:

Fancy sapphires are found in yellow, orange, green, brown, purple, violet, and practically any other hue.

4842: 4150: 2553: 1981:

are popular due to their relatively rare capacity to be tuned to various wavelengths in the red and near-

1158:

state of both. Because of the valence change, there is a specific change in energy for the electron, and

6556: 2165: 2066:, as sapphires were only discovered in Roman times. The term is believed to derive from the root סָפַר ( 1953: 1942: 1937:(GaN). The use of sapphire significantly reduces the cost, because it has about one-seventh the cost of 1638: 480:. They also may be created synthetically in laboratories for industrial or decorative purposes in large 358: 197: 4264: 1701: 6738: 6393: 6050: 5648: 2826: 2486: 2150: 1892: 1888: 1582:. In this process, a tiny sapphire seed crystal is dipped into a crucible made of the precious metal 1392: 1363: 1003: 535: 1799:, synthetic sapphire is used for shatter-resistant windows in armored vehicles and various military 1453:

In the year 2000, beryllium diffused "padparadscha" colored sapphires entered the market. Typically

178:

Both growth twins (in various orientations) and polysynthetic glide twinning on the rhombohedron [10

6388: 5673: 5628: 5623: 4309:

Dobrovinskaya, Elena R.; Lytvynov, Leonid A.; Pishchik, Valerian (2009). "Properties of Sapphire".

2370: 2117: 2002: 1912: 1900: 1884: 1812: 1796: 1575: 1433: 1359: 1324: 1191: 1155: 976: 926: 922: 516: 230: 220: 3975:, August Verneuil, "Process of producing synthetic sapphires", published 28 March 1911 1887:

or "SOS"; now other substrates can also be used for the class of circuits known more generally as

1725:

the scratch-dig specifications in accordance with the globally adopted MIL-O-13830 specification.

5797: 5777: 5718: 5437: 4994: 3606:(March 1995 printing, 1987 ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing. pp. 151–181. 3258: 1916: 1880: 1740:, since the material's exceptional hardness and toughness makes it very resistant to scratching. 1371: 1054: 187: 3173: 2931: 2883: 1409: 825:

Pink sapphires occur in shades from light to dark pink, and deepen in color as the quantity of

500:

at 9.5) – sapphires are also used in some non-ornamental applications, such as

6733: 6244: 5827: 4577:"A novel concept for the manufacture of individual sapphire-metallic hip joint endoprostheses" 4575:

Mamalis, AG; Ramsden, JJ; Grabchenko, AI; Lytvynov, LA; Filipenko, VA; Lavrynenko, SN (2006).

4395: 4327: 4280:"Everything You Wanted To Know About Sapphire Glass, But Were Afraid To Ask [Q&A]" 4240: 4201: 4159: 3944: 3795: 3607: 3549: 3543: 3084: 2984: 2857: 2794: 2638: 1978: 1792: 1706: 1531: 930: 754: 737: 4906: 4234: 3012: 2001:

impurities is irradiated with intense light from a special lamp, or another laser, to create

1064:

Certain synthetic color-change sapphires have a similar color change to the natural gemstone

6154: 5983: 5937: 5857: 5653: 5638: 5504: 5143: 4598: 4588: 4319: 4195: 4067: 4028: 3898: 3188: 2940: 2892: 2494: 2323: 2124: 1778: 1523: 1515: 1396: 1328: 996: 964: 952: 938: 885: 795: 785: 547: 543: 272: 250: 173: 70: 3815:

Kane, Robert E. (January–February 2003). "The Sapphires of Montana – A Rainbow of Colors".

6249: 6184: 5995: 5968: 5678: 5658: 5543: 5392: 4799: 4518: 4116: 3986: 3864: 3395: 2440: 2411: 2395: 1970: 1934: 1737: 1606: 1579: 1546: 1429: 1355: 1232:

locations for sapphire and ruby include (but are not limited to) the following countries:

1147: 563: 531: 481: 389: 79: 4648: 4457:"Meet the world's first smartphone with Sapphire Shield display (no, it's not an iPhone)" 3631: 1494:

The most complete description of corundum treatments extant can be found in Chapter 6 of

925:; red stones are known as "star rubies". Star sapphires contain intersecting needle-like 4972: 2490: 1101:. As of November 2019, no sapphire has ever sold at auction for more than $ 17,295,796. 6602: 6546: 6534: 6463: 6107: 6045: 5822: 5668: 5618: 5400: 5237: 4071: 3511:"Ilakaka Commune, Ranohira District, Horombe Region, Fianarantsoa Province, Madagascar" 2345: 2276: 1974: 1767: 1631: 1477: 1387: 1351: 1332: 1320: 1094: 988: 830: 777: 765: 711: 99: 47: 1784: 849: 6717: 6677: 6607: 6566: 6234: 5988: 5973: 5922: 5432: 4738: 4618: 2096: 1926: 1718: 1677: 1425: 1419: 1383: 1367: 1343: 984: 680: 316: 296: 163: 111: 63: 3316: 1919:

circuitry all on one IC chip, and the construction of extremely low power circuits.

6702: 6697: 6692: 6644: 6597: 6427: 6373: 6159: 6040: 6000: 5892: 5663: 5478: 5464: 5460: 5447: 5298: 5043: 2157: 2128: 2089: 2063: 1990: 1904: 1729: 1415: 1375: 1151: 1015: 972: 750: 703: 469: 43: 4318:. Micro- and Opto-Electronic Materials, Structures, and Systems. pp. 55–176. 3585: 3350: 1665:

extends about 380 nm to 750 nm), and extraordinarily scratch-resistant.

1216: 817: 3545:

Use with care: managing Australia's natural resources in the twenty-first century

2788: 1050:

chromophore, the same as is present in Verneuil synthetic color-change sapphire.

6639: 6529: 6368: 6318: 6313: 6229: 6071: 5947: 5897: 5772: 5767: 5304: 5215: 5072: 4792: 4716: 4323: 3358: 3324: 2146: 1822: 1654: 1506: 1399:

52,280,000 in total, including buyer's premium, or more than US$ 6.74 million).

1233: 1074: 1065: 943: 873: 589: 306: 264: 134: 37: 3267: 3041: 558: 369: 6473: 6418: 6293: 6206: 6174: 6164: 6066: 6015: 5952: 5927: 5802: 5452: 5426: 5184: 5178: 4562: 4263:(Press release). Corning, N.Y.: Corning Incorporated. May 2013. Archived from 3850: 3515: 3143:"World's largest sapphire cluster worth $ 100M found in backyard in Sri Lanka" 2430: 2169: 2135: 2100: 2014: 1800: 1744: 1691: 1642: 1587: 1570: 1297: 1273: 1163: 1019: 956: 833:. In the United States, a minimum color saturation must be met to be called a 699: 698:

The cost of natural sapphires varies depending on their color, clarity, size,

648: 640: 539: 497: 450: 336: 326: 122: 4764:

Encyclopedia of Superstitions, Folklore, and the Occult Sciences of the World

4593: 4576: 4399: 3972: 1683:

Significantly stronger than other optical materials or standard glass windows

1097:

maintains an updated listing of world auction records of ruby, sapphire, and

1053:

Virtually all gemstones that show the "alexandrite effect" (color change or '

6619: 6612: 6483: 6478: 6458: 6383: 6308: 6302: 6283: 6179: 6120: 6035: 5932: 5867: 5842: 5832: 5762: 5741: 5455: 5405: 5337: 5332: 5289: 5243: 5223: 5219: 5120: 5105: 5100: 5032: 4964: 4682: 1938: 1891:. Besides its excellent electrical insulating properties, sapphire has high 1538: 1454: 1293: 1237: 1168: 1027: 865: 668: 585: 477: 433: 395: 83: 1374:. A few gem-grade sapphires and rubies have also been found in the area of 1117: 4370: 3946:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, 1911

3903: 3886: 3192: 2724: 2103:

came to refer to blue corundum crystal by "sapphire", a derivative of the

901: 6687: 6661: 6650: 6587: 6514: 6453: 6443: 6398: 6338: 6328: 6288: 6270: 6259: 6254: 6169: 6125: 6010: 6005: 5942: 5882: 5872: 5837: 5812: 5787: 5782: 5474: 5442: 5421: 5367: 5355: 5309: 5284: 5274: 5232: 5194: 5017: 4550:

https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-35-lightning-ii-eots.html

2945: 2896: 2578: 2078: 2071: 1998: 1982: 1662: 1658: 1305: 1301: 1289: 1257: 1249: 1225: 1183: 1175: 1139: 1135: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1031: 948: 861: 826: 676: 672: 628: 613: 609: 605: 597: 593: 570: 501: 485: 429: 425: 413: 385: 381: 104: 1728:

Sapphire windows are used in both high-pressure and vacuum chambers for

562:

An uncut, rough yellow sapphire found at the Spokane Sapphire Mine near

6682: 6592: 6504: 6413: 6378: 6363: 6348: 6333: 6323: 6196: 6130: 6081: 6020: 5877: 5852: 5817: 5468: 5395: 5279: 5206: 5155: 5062: 5052: 3548:. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales Press. p. 102. 3510: 2448: 2212: 1994: 1847: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1756: 1583: 1527: 1498:(chapter authored by John Emmett, Richard Hughes and Troy R. Douthit). 1347: 1336: 1309: 1285: 1241: 1023: 869: 688: 684: 660: 652: 493: 441: 4426:"The desperate struggle at the heart of the brutal Apple supply chain" 4194:

Elena R. Dobrovinskaya; Leonid A. Lytvynov; Valerian Pishchik (2009).

2088:

The Greek term for sapphire quite likely was instead used to refer to

1759:

Brigadier was the first production smartphone with a sapphire screen.

1208:(chapter authored by John Emmett, Emily Dubinsky and Richard Hughes). 1138:

with a dominant red body color. This is generally caused by traces of

860:

is a delicate, light to medium toned, pink-orange to orange-pink hued

764:

Blue sapphires are evaluated based upon the purity of their blue hue.

6582: 6488: 6448: 6423: 6358: 6343: 6239: 6224: 6219: 6135: 6086: 6076: 5792: 5757: 5387: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5227: 5211: 5110: 4603: 2498: 2142: 1771: 1748: 1603: 1566: 1550: 1277: 1229: 1131: 1098: 934: 664: 644: 624: 508: 504: 455: 417: 401: 89: 1875:

Thin sapphire wafers were the first successful use of an insulating

1747:

consumed "one-fourth of the world's supply of sapphire to cover the

1109: 921:

is a type of sapphire that exhibits a star-like phenomenon known as

3734:"1860: THE JEWEL OF KASHMIR, Exceptional Sapphire and Diamond Ring" 3222: 2579:"Queen's Sapphire Jubilee: Gun salutes mark 65 years on the throne" 1781:

Electro Optical Targeting System window, due to its high strength.

706:

or more, an independent report from a respected laboratory such as

6561: 6551: 6541: 6524: 6519: 6509: 6468: 6298: 6278: 6214: 6146: 5887: 5862: 5807: 5555: 5327: 5294: 5200: 5190: 5149: 5077: 4933:"Lot 382: A MAGNIFICENT AND HISTORIC SAPPHIRE PENDANT, BY CARTIER" 2453: 2104: 2082: 1966: 1952: 1911:

systems. "SOS" also allows for the monolithic integration of both

1783: 1733: 1700: 1637: 1626: 1625: 1505: 1432:

color is attractive out of the ground; they are generally free of

1414: 1281: 1265: 1261: 1253: 1245: 1215: 1116: 1108: 1038:

chromophore that creates the red color of ruby, combined with the

908: 900: 883:(padma = lotus; ranga = color), a color akin to the lotus flower ( 848: 816: 794: 789: 769: 758: 736: 656: 632: 617: 601: 557: 512: 437: 368: 4766:, Volume 2 edited by Cora Linn Daniels, C. M. Stevans p. 747 3765:"Identification of heated / unheated status on ruby and sapphire" 2633:

Hughes, Richard W.; Manorotkul, Wimon; Hughes, E. Billie (2017).

1077:: not sapphire, but an entirely different mineral from corundum. 6433: 6408: 6403: 6353: 6115: 5482: 5416: 5409: 5361: 5160: 5115: 5057: 5026:

Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated

3767:. Gemmological Association of All Japan Co., Ltd. Archived from 2153:, owned a medicinal sapphire worn as a pendant to rub sore eyes. 2026:

Etymologically, the English word "sapphire" derives from French

1896: 1519: 1469: 1269: 1187: 1179: 1086: 1039: 834: 718:, is often required by buyers before they will make a purchase. 715: 636: 574: 473: 421: 409: 5714: 5559: 4990: 4971: 3940:

The production and identification of artificial precious stones

2662:"Gem Testing Labs • Tips on Choosing a Colored Gem Testing Lab" 3630:. Franklin, North Carolina Chamber of Commerce. Archived from 3049: 2545: 1816: 1602:) in an inert atmosphere, yielding a transparent but slightly 1444:

Carats and Schticks: Sapphire Marketer Upsets The Gem Industry

746: 461: 5710: 4986: 3651: 3649: 3394:. Gemological Institute of America Inc. 2007. Archived from 971:, the second largest star sapphire in the world, weighs 733 2752: 2750: 2131:

marked the sapphire jubilee of her accession to the throne.

1673: 1228:

deposits or from primary underground workings. Commercial

4492:. Fremont, California, USA: PerkinElmer Optoelectronics. 3112:"World's largest star sapphire cluster found in backyard" 3042:"World's largest blue star sapphire 'found in Sri Lanka'" 2081:

belief holds that the sapphire causes the planet Saturn (

960:

be visible, offset away from the high point of the dome.

1941:. Gallium nitride on sapphire is commonly used in blue 1925:

Wafers of single-crystal sapphire are also used in the

829:

increases. The deeper the pink color, the higher their

3949:. USA: Government Printing Office. 1912. p. 217. 2977:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements

1686:

Highly resistant to scratching and abrasion (9 on the

1073:. This is because genuine alexandrite is a variety of 3080:"For some, a sapphire has not been their best friend" 1557:

single point and following the planar crystal faces.

3887:"Heat Treating Ruby and Sapphire: Technical Aspects" 2057: 1993:. In these lasers a synthetically produced sapphire 1346:, sapphires have been mined mostly from deposits in 6632: 6575: 6497: 6268: 6205: 6144: 6106: 6099: 6059: 5961: 5915: 5908: 5748: 5492: 5380: 5318: 5265: 5256: 5169: 5129: 5086: 5041: 5031: 4560:"Gallium nitride collector grid solar cell" (2002) 3999:"Verneuil Synthetic Corundum ID • Dangerous Curves" 3035: 3033: 1690:scale, the third-hardest natural substance next to 345: 335: 325: 315: 305: 295: 271: 259: 249: 239: 229: 219: 206: 196: 186: 172: 162: 154: 149: 133: 110: 98: 69: 59: 54: 30: 4909:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 1442:on 29 August 1984 in an article by Bill Richards, 2758:"Parti Sapphires: the Colored Gemstones for 2021" 2141:An Italian superstition holds that sapphires are 1697:Extremely high melting temperature (2030 °C) 4197:Sapphire: Materials, Manufacturing, Applications 3687:"Sapphire Value, Price, and Jewelry Information" 2656: 2654: 2116:The sapphire is the traditional gift for a 45th 4619:"H5601 - sapîr - Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (net)" 3680: 3678: 2062:), a term that probably originally referred to 1578:, which was invented in 1916 by Polish chemist 5138: 4847:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History 4087:"Rubicon Technology Grows 200kg "Super Boule"" 3833: 3831: 3597: 3595: 515:crystals and movement bearings, and very thin 5726: 5571: 5002: 4813:"State gem | State flags, emblems, and icons" 4793:http://www.sacred-texts.com/sym/bot/bot17.htm 3291:"Ruby, Sapphire & Spinel Auction Records" 955:. The inclusions can alternatively produce a 8: 3223:"An Introduction to Synthetic Gem Materials" 2051: 2028: 1518:announced a process for producing synthetic 745:Gemstone color can be described in terms of 569:Sapphire is one of the two gem-varieties of 4581:Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry 3584:. Madagascar sapphire. 2003. Archived from 3073: 3071: 2108: 2036: 1705:Single-crystal sapphire boule grown by the 1476:, American Gemological Laboratories (AGL), 584:Significant sapphire deposits are found in 6103: 5912: 5733: 5719: 5711: 5578: 5564: 5556: 5526: 5262: 5038: 5009: 4995: 4987: 4149:Scheel, Hans Jr̲g; Fukuda, Tsuguo (2003). 3728: 3726: 3172:Gübelin, E.; Schmetzer, K. (Winter 1982). 2924:"Beryllium diffusion of ruby and sapphire" 2180: 1879:upon which to deposit silicon to make the 1668:The key benefits of sapphire windows are: 1174:Purple sapphires contain trace amounts of 1034:. Two types exist. The first features the 837:, otherwise the stone is referred to as a 36: 4939:. Geneva, Switzerland. 19 November 2003. 4602: 4592: 4384:Wakabayashi, Daisuke (19 November 2014). 4144: 4142: 3902: 3011:. GIA Laboratory, Bangkok. Archived from 2944: 2635:Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2421:Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide 1863:Learn how and when to remove this message 1672:Very wide optical transmission band from 1496:Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide 1206:Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide 408:) with trace amounts of elements such as 4386:"Inside Apple's Broken Sapphire Factory" 3229:. Gemological Institute of America Inc. 3006:"Twelve-Rayed Star Sapphire of Interest" 2731:. Gemological Institute of America Inc. 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2552:. Gemological Institute of America Inc. 1807:As substrate for semiconducting circuits 1751:'s camera lens and fingerprint reader". 1428:do not need heat treating because their 991:, mined in Sri Lanka and located in the 792:gem-quality blue sapphires in existence. 488:of sapphires – 9 on the 4060:Journal of the American Ceramic Society 3837: 2696:. Scientific Publishing Company. 1921. 2469: 2161:keeps locked up as it were under seal." 1803:suits, in association with composites. 1649:Synthetic sapphire—also referred to as 4519:"Cermax® Xenon Lamp Engineering Guide" 4499:from the original on 12 September 2017 4097:from the original on 10 September 2013 4039:from the original on 28 September 2011 3040:Sivaramakrishnan, P (4 January 2016). 2877:Crowningshield, Robert (Spring 1983). 2585:from the original on 25 September 2018 2540: 2538: 879:The name is derived from the Sanskrit 542:for September and the gem of the 45th 27: 4676: 4674: 4487:"Cermax® Products and Specifications" 4467:from the original on 14 December 2021 4436:from the original on 14 December 2021 4343:from the original on 15 February 2017 4175:from the original on 5 September 2012 4158:. Chichester, West Sussex: J. Wiley. 3523:from the original on 11 December 2011 3233:from the original on 12 November 2013 2719: 2717: 2715: 2573: 2571: 2127:occurs after 65 years. In 2017 Queen 1645:with synthetic sapphire watch crystal 1634:with synthetic sapphire output window 757:. Hue is commonly understood as the " 7: 4823:from the original on 27 October 2021 4713:"History and origin of the Sapphire" 4406:from the original on 4 December 2014 4290:from the original on 11 October 2014 4127:from the original on 25 October 2019 3491:from the original on 2 February 2014 3460:from the original on 2 February 2014 3427:from the original on 1 February 2014 3297:from the original on 5 November 2019 3202:from the original on 5 November 2019 2852:Hughes, Richard W. (December 1997). 2787:Matlins, Antoinette Leonard (2010). 2672:from the original on 5 November 2019 2556:from the original on 30 October 2016 2523:from the original on 5 December 2022 1845:adding citations to reliable sources 1194:states, the result is a blue color. 5095: 4913:from the original on 15 August 2016 4745:from the original on 10 August 2014 4649:"SAPPHIRE - JewishEncyclopedia.com" 4531:from the original on 30 August 2014 4239:. Thomson Brooks/Cole. p. 94. 3663:from the original on 6 January 2018 3174:"Gemstones with alexandrite effect" 3092:from the original on 8 January 2010 3056:from the original on 5 January 2016 2637:. RWH Publishing/Lotus Publishing. 2052: 1933:for the growth of devices based on 5609:Hall Sapphire and Diamond Necklace 5067: 4943:from the original on 7 August 2017 4887:from the original on 16 March 2020 4857:from the original on 8 August 2017 4278:Dormehl, Luke (19 February 2014). 4236:Biology: Concepts and Applications 4214:from the original on 23 March 2024 4072:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1962.tb11037.x 3953:from the original on 23 March 2024 3744:from the original on 23 March 2016 3562:from the original on 23 March 2024 3519:. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. 2956:from the original on 1 August 2020 2807:from the original on 23 March 2024 2700:from the original on 23 March 2024 2388:American Museum of Natural History 2363:National Museum of Natural History 2294:National Museum of Natural History 2227:National Museum of Natural History 2021:Historical and cultural references 1957:Ti-Sapphire laser in operation at 993:National Museum of Natural History 981:American Museum of Natural History 937:, a mineral composed primarily of 782:National Museum of Natural History 492:(the third-hardest mineral, after 14: 4659:from the original on 2 March 2023 4629:from the original on 2 March 2023 3693:from the original on 14 July 2017 3689:. International Gem Society LLC. 3604:Yogo, The Great American Sapphire 3446:Michelle, Amber (December 2007). 3252:Hughes, Richard W. (March 2001). 3153:from the original on 28 July 2021 3122:from the original on 28 July 2021 2879:"Padparadscha: What's in a Name?" 2833:from the original on 6 March 2016 1777:Sapphire window was used for the 578: 373:Main sapphire-producing countries 168:As crystals, massive and granular 5537: 5525: 4907:"Logan Sapphire [G3703]" 4005:. Lotus Gemology. Archived from 3921:Annales de Chimie et de Physique 3738:Magnificent Jewels & Jadeite 3385:"Your Ruby and Sapphire Reports" 3365:from the original on 10 May 2020 3078:Kim, Victoria (5 January 2010). 2768:from the original on 20 May 2021 2735:from the original on 2 July 2016 2433: 2085:) to be favorable to the wearer. 1821: 1370:are found at Yogo Gulch west of 868:, but also found in deposits in 530:such as integrated circuits and 350:Coefficient of thermal expansion 5634:Queen Marie of Romania Sapphire 5139:Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires 4782:(Edinburgh, 1863), pp. 81, 101. 4117:"What are Lab-Grown Sapphires?" 3685:Arem, Dr. Joel; Clark, Donald. 3331:from the original on 9 May 2020 2856:. Boulder, CO: RWH Publishing. 2793:. Gemstone Press. p. 203. 1832:needs additional citations for 1736:, and windows in grocery-store 1522:crystals. In the flame-fusion ( 448:is derived from the Latin word 3657:"History of Kashmir Sapphires" 2182:Overview of notable sapphires 1688:Mohs scale of mineral hardness 1: 4877:"10 jewels that made history" 4085:Huang, Judy (21 April 2009). 3141:Salo, Jackie (27 July 2021). 2581:. BBC News. 6 February 2017. 2164:The sapphire is the official 1553:to split it into two halves. 1458: 1122: 1113:Crystal structure of sapphire 741:Teardrop-shaped blue sapphire 454:, itself from the Greek word 5700:List of individual gemstones 5531:List of gemstones by species 5500:List of individual gemstones 5161:Precious White and Fire Opal 4843:"Bismarck Sapphire Necklace" 4802:, accessed 10 September 2018 4702:Frederick Kunz, 1913, p. 334 3794:. Butterworths. p. 95. 3763:Research Laboratory (2007). 3628:"Gem Mining in Franklin, NC" 3602:Voynick, Stephen M. (1985). 1514:In 1902, the French chemist 1358:, Dry Cottonwood Creek near 776:The 423-carat (84.6 g) 507:components, high-durability 484:. Because of the remarkable 456: 245:Transparent to nearly opaque 6744:Minerals in space group 167 4739:"Anniversary Gifts by Year" 4688:Online Etymology Dictionary 4455:T., Florin (31 July 2014). 4324:10.1007/978-0-387-85695-7_2 2058: 1483:According to United States 384:, a variety of the mineral 6790: 5599:Bismarck Sapphire Necklace 4524:. Excelitas Technologies. 3885:Nassau, Kurt (Fall 1981). 3851:USA Expired US3897529A 2668:. Lotus Gemology Co. Ltd. 2479:Journal of Applied Physics 2145:against eye problems, and 1989:. They can also be easily 1810: 1081:Large rubies and sapphires 462: 363:ε = 8.9–11.1 (anisotropic) 158:Typically blue, but varies 18: 6670: 5695:List of sapphires by size 5687: 5594: 5523: 5515:List of sapphires by size 5024: 4363:"Crystals – Introduction" 4152:Crystal growth technology 4121:International Gem Society 3254:"Digital Devil: Big Time" 2762:International Gem Society 2459:List of sapphires by size 2394: 2369: 2344: 2322: 2300: 2275: 2255: 2233: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 1224:Sapphires are mined from 929:following the underlying 116:Hexagonal scalenohedral ( 35: 21:Sapphire (disambiguation) 5604:Black Star of Queensland 5510:List of emeralds by size 4594:10.4024/30601.jbpc.06.03 2827:"Properties of Sapphire" 2235:Black Star of Queensland 1987:electromagnetic spectrum 1979:Titanium-sapphire lasers 1717: axis, for minimum 1485:Federal Trade Commission 1376:Franklin, North Carolina 1220:Sapphire from Madagascar 969:Black Star of Queensland 788:, is one of the largest 519:, which are used as the 6235:Nickel silver (alpacca) 4979:Encyclopædia Britannica 4851:Smithsonian Institution 4391:The Wall Street Journal 4200:. Springer. p. 3. 3985:5 November 2019 at the 3863:5 November 2019 at the 3485:Rapaport Diamond Report 3481:"A Fancy for Sapphires" 3453:Rapaport Diamond Report 2981:Oxford University Press 2513:"Greek Word Study Tool" 1909:satellite communication 1439:The Wall Street Journal 550:occurs after 65 years. 528:solid-state electronics 16:Gem variety of corundum 5614:James J. Hill Sapphire 4982:(11th ed.). 1911. 4798:27 August 2018 at the 4653:jewishencyclopedia.com 3713:"The Jewel of Kashmir" 3421:"Origin Determination" 2725:"Sapphire Description" 2302:Queen Marie of Romania 2109: 2046:from Greek σαπφειρος ( 2037: 2029: 1962: 1788: 1710: 1646: 1635: 1600:hot isostatic pressing 1530:powder is added to an 1511: 1422: 1362:, and Rock Creek near 1221: 1160:electromagnetic energy 1128: 1114: 914: 906: 864:, originally found in 854: 822: 800: 742: 566: 374: 6774:Symbols of Queensland 6764:Transparent materials 6576:Other natural objects 5078:Natural marine pearls 4563:U.S. patent 6,447,938 4029:"Czochralski process" 3904:10.5741/GEMS.17.3.121 3825:Revised January 2004. 3790:Nassau, Kurt (1984). 3659:. 13 September 2019. 3193:10.5741/GEMS.18.4.197 2975:Emsley, John (2001). 2517:www.perseus.tufts.edu 1956: 1943:light-emitting diodes 1787: 1721:for the application. 1704: 1641: 1629: 1509: 1418: 1308:, United States, and 1219: 1120: 1112: 1010:Color-change sapphire 941:. The stones are cut 912: 904: 852: 820: 798: 740: 561: 468:), which referred to 372: 359:relative permittivity 346:Other characteristics 202:Conchoidal, splintery 6051:Wire wrapped jewelry 6031:Repoussé and chasing 5649:Serendipity Sapphire 5644:St Edward's Sapphire 5197:, pink, yellow-green 4432:. 14 November 2014. 4233:Cecie Starr (2005). 3792:Gemstone Enhancement 3542:Cocks, Doug (1992). 3448:"The Kashmir Legend" 3423:. Gubelin Gem Labs. 3270:on 17 September 2019 2946:10.5741/GEMS.39.2.84 2897:10.5741/GEMS.19.1.30 2693:The Mineral Industry 2151:Mary, Queen of Scots 2134:The sapphire is the 1969:was made in 1960 by 1893:thermal conductivity 1889:silicon on insulator 1841:improve this article 1657:) and 5500 nm ( 1594:Other growth methods 1364:Philipsburg, Montana 1004:Serendipity Sapphire 853:Faceted padparadscha 19:For other uses, see 6759:Superhard materials 6593:Ebonite (vulcanite) 5624:Millennium Sapphire 5544:Minerals portal 5116:Precious Black Opal 4373:on 10 October 2007. 4093:. TrendForce Corp. 3891:Gems & Gemology 3289:Hughes, Richard W. 3266:(4). Archived from 3181:Gems & Gemology 2983:. pp. 451–53. 2932:Gems & Gemology 2884:Gems & Gemology 2854:Ruby & Sapphire 2491:1994JAP....76.8032H 2256:Blue Belle of Asia 2183: 2118:wedding anniversary 2003:stimulated emission 1901:cellular telephones 1885:silicon on sapphire 1881:integrated circuits 1813:Silicon on sapphire 1797:aluminum oxynitride 1576:Czochralski process 1395:242,000 per carat ( 1360:Deer Lodge, Montana 1350:: facies along the 1121:Sapphire ring made 963:At 1404.49 carats, 526:of special-purpose 6729:Corundum gemstones 6724:Aluminium minerals 5938:Jewellery designer 5366:Opaque iridescent 5257:Jewelry-Industrial 5203:yellow, blue, pink 4009:on 5 November 2019 3840:, pp. 165–181 2181: 2172:since August 1985. 1963: 1905:public-safety band 1789: 1711: 1680:(0.15–5.5 μm) 1647: 1636: 1512: 1510:Synthetic sapphire 1502:Synthetic sapphire 1423: 1372:Lewistown, Montana 1222: 1129: 1115: 915: 907: 855: 823: 801: 743: 573:, the other being 567: 538:. Sapphire is the 375: 260:Optical properties 6769:Trigonal minerals 6749:Optical materials 6711: 6710: 6628: 6627: 6498:Organic gemstones 6095: 6094: 5708: 5707: 5553: 5552: 5381:Industrial stones 5376: 5375: 5252: 5251: 4681:Harper, Douglas. 4623:Blue Letter Bible 4333:978-0-387-85694-0 4246:978-0-534-46226-0 4207:978-0-387-85694-0 4165:978-0-471-49059-3 4003:LotusGemology.com 3801:978-0-408-01447-2 3719:on 23 March 2016. 3634:on 19 August 2014 3613:978-0-87842-217-3 3588:on 16 April 2004. 3555:978-0-86840-308-3 3085:Los Angeles Times 2990:978-0-19-850341-5 2863:978-0-9645097-6-4 2800:978-0-943763-72-9 2790:Colored Gemstones 2644:978-0-9645097-1-9 2485:(12): 8032–8036. 2417: 2416: 2208:Bismarck Sapphire 2177:Notable sapphires 2009:In endoprostheses 1997:with chromium or 1873: 1872: 1865: 1707:Kyropoulos method 1622:Equipment windows 1532:oxyhydrogen flame 1162:is absorbed. The 931:crystal structure 621:Jammu and Kashmir 554:Natural sapphires 517:electronic wafers 367: 366: 6781: 6155:Britannia silver 6104: 5913: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5712: 5654:The Star of Adam 5639:Ruspoli Sapphire 5580: 5573: 5566: 5557: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5529: 5528: 5505:List of diamonds 5263: 5039: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4988: 4983: 4975: 4973:"Sapphire" 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4809: 4803: 4789: 4783: 4776:Joseph Robertson 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4715:. Archived from 4709: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4596: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4558: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4498: 4491: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4369:. Archived from 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4342: 4317: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4174: 4157: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4035:. ArticleWorld. 4033:articleworld.org 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3995: 3989: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3826: 3824: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3715:. Archived from 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3479:Brooke Showell. 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3400: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3221:Weldon, Robert. 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3201: 3178: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3118:. 28 July 2021. 3116:www.9news.com.au 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3075: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3037: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3018:on 28 March 2014 3017: 3010: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2928: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2899:. Archived from 2874: 2868: 2867: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2721: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2658: 2649: 2648: 2630: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2575: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2499:10.1063/1.357922 2474: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2340:Anonymous owner 2328:Sri Lanka, 2015 2318:Anonymous owner 2271:Anonymous owner 2251:Anonymous owner 2239:Australia, 1938 2184: 2125:sapphire jubilee 2112: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2040: 2032: 1868: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1825: 1817: 1779:F-35 Lightning 2 1738:barcode scanners 1524:Verneuil process 1516:Auguste Verneuil 1463: 1460: 1329:The Star of Adam 1127: 1124: 997:Washington, D.C. 987:. The 182-carat 965:The Star of Adam 939:titanium dioxide 886:Nelumbo nucifera 786:Washington, D.C. 548:sapphire jubilee 467: 466: 459: 407: 388:, consisting of 355: 273:Refractive index 251:Specific gravity 212: 181: 144: 128: 119: 76: 75:(repeating unit) 40: 28: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6666: 6624: 6613:Spondylus shell 6571: 6493: 6264: 6250:Stainless steel 6201: 6185:Sterling silver 6145:Precious metal 6140: 6108:Precious metals 6091: 6055: 5957: 5904: 5744: 5739: 5709: 5704: 5683: 5679:Stuart Sapphire 5659:Star of Artaban 5590: 5584: 5554: 5549: 5538: 5536: 5519: 5488: 5372: 5314: 5258: 5248: 5165: 5125: 5082: 5027: 5020: 5015: 4970: 4961: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4824: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4800:Wayback Machine 4790: 4786: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4722: 4720: 4719:on 4 March 2016 4711: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4680: 4679: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4367:The Quartz Page 4361: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4315: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4267:on 7 June 2013. 4259: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4208: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4155: 4148: 4147: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3987:Wayback Machine 3978: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3865:Wayback Machine 3856: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3829: 3817:Gem Market News 3814: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3771:on 9 March 2010 3762: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3684: 3683: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3601: 3600: 3593: 3582:"Andranondambo" 3580: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3556: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3361:online museum. 3355:Causes of Color 3351:"Blue Sapphire" 3349: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3327:online museum. 3321:Causes of Color 3315: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3077: 3076: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3039: 3038: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3004:DuToit, Garry. 3003: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2926: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2903:on 28 June 2017 2876: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2829:. Lazaro SoHo. 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2801: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2723: 2722: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2645: 2632: 2631: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2577: 2576: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2441:Minerals portal 2439: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2412:Tower of London 2396:Stuart Sapphire 2331:1404.49 carats 2179: 2107:word for blue: 2023: 2011: 1971:Theodore Maiman 1951: 1935:gallium nitride 1869: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1838: 1826: 1815: 1809: 1732:, crystals for 1661:) (the visible 1624: 1619: 1607:polycrystalline 1596: 1580:Jan Czochralski 1563: 1504: 1461: 1430:cornflower blue 1410:jeweler's loupe 1405: 1356:Helena, Montana 1214: 1125: 1107: 1083: 1012: 899: 847: 815: 806: 804:Parti sapphires 735: 724: 564:Helena, Montana 556: 406: 400: 393: 390:aluminium oxide 362: 357: 353: 290: 284: 282: 210: 179: 142: 126: 121: 117: 94: 88: 80:Aluminium oxide 74: 73: 50: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6787: 6785: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6754:Oxide minerals 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6716: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6674:Related topics 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6273: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6046:Wire sculpture 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5971: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5715: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5691:Related topics 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5669:Star of Bombay 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5619:Logan Sapphire 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5560: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5472: 5458: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5403: 5401:Petrified wood 5398: 5390: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5353: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5209: 5204: 5198: 5188: 5187:, polychromous 5182: 5175: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5036: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4968: 4965:Webmineral.com 4960: 4959:External links 4957: 4955: 4954: 4924: 4898: 4868: 4834: 4817:www.qld.gov.au 4804: 4784: 4768: 4756: 4730: 4704: 4694: 4670: 4640: 4610: 4587:(3): 113–117. 4567: 4553: 4542: 4510: 4478: 4447: 4417: 4376: 4354: 4332: 4301: 4270: 4252: 4245: 4225: 4206: 4186: 4164: 4138: 4108: 4077: 4050: 4020: 3990: 3964: 3938:Heaton, Neal; 3931: 3910: 3897:(3): 121–131. 3877: 3868: 3842: 3827: 3807: 3800: 3782: 3755: 3722: 3704: 3674: 3645: 3619: 3612: 3591: 3573: 3554: 3534: 3502: 3471: 3438: 3412: 3401:on 15 May 2012 3376: 3342: 3308: 3281: 3244: 3213: 3187:(4): 197–203. 3164: 3133: 3103: 3067: 3029: 2996: 2989: 2967: 2914: 2869: 2862: 2844: 2818: 2799: 2779: 2746: 2711: 2683: 2666:Lotus Gemology 2650: 2643: 2596: 2567: 2534: 2504: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2428: 2425: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2346:Star of Bombay 2342: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2309:478.68 carats 2307: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2284:422.99 carats 2282: 2279: 2277:Logan Sapphire 2273: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2262:392.52 carats 2260: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2162: 2154: 2139: 2132: 2121: 2114: 2093: 2086: 2077:A traditional 2075: 2050:) from Hebrew 2022: 2019: 2015:endoprostheses 2010: 2007: 1985:region of the 1975:synthetic ruby 1973:with a rod of 1950: 1947: 1871: 1870: 1829: 1827: 1820: 1811:Main article: 1808: 1805: 1768:xenon arc lamp 1699: 1698: 1695: 1684: 1681: 1651:sapphire glass 1632:xenon arc lamp 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1595: 1592: 1562: 1559: 1503: 1500: 1478:Lotus Gemology 1426:Yogo sapphires 1404: 1401: 1368:Yogo sapphires 1352:Missouri River 1333:Star of Bombay 1321:Logan sapphire 1213: 1210: 1106: 1105:Cause of color 1103: 1095:Lotus Gemology 1093:Bangkok-based 1082: 1079: 1011: 1008: 989:Star of Bombay 898: 895: 846: 843: 831:monetary value 814: 813:Pink sapphires 811: 805: 802: 778:Logan sapphire 734: 731: 723: 720: 712:Lotus Gemology 555: 552: 482:crystal boules 404: 398: 380:is a precious 365: 364: 347: 343: 342: 339: 333: 332: 329: 323: 322: 321:2,030–2,050 °C 319: 313: 312: 309: 303: 302: 299: 293: 292: 288: 283:= 1.768–1.772 280: 275: 269: 268: 263:Uniaxial (–), 261: 257: 256: 253: 247: 246: 243: 237: 236: 233: 227: 226: 223: 217: 216: 213: 204: 203: 200: 194: 193: 190: 184: 183: 176: 170: 169: 166: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 150:Identification 147: 146: 137: 131: 130: 114: 108: 107: 102: 100:Crystal system 96: 95: 92: 86: 77: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 52: 51: 48:Logan Sapphire 41: 33: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6786: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6678:Body piercing 6676: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6567:Tortoiseshell 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5923:Bench jeweler 5921: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5731: 5729: 5724: 5722: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5674:Star of India 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629:Queen of Asia 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5576: 5574: 5569: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5546: 5545: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5369: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5255: 5245: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5096:Pink sapphire 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5068:Blue Sapphire 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4981: 4980: 4974: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4757: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4698: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4543: 4527: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4495: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4448: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4313: 4305: 4302: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4229: 4226: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4187: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4154: 4153: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4051: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3783: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3743: 3740:. Sotheby's. 3739: 3735: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3538: 3535: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3472: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3439: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3245: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3214: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3168: 3165: 3152: 3148: 3147:New York Post 3144: 3137: 3134: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2939:(2): 84–135. 2938: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2845: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2780: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2684: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2378:563.4 carats 2377: 2374: 2372: 2371:Star of India 2368: 2365:, Washington 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2296:, Washington 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2229:, Washington 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2217:98.56 carats 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2185: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2138:of September. 2137: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097:Medieval Ages 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2034:, from Latin 2033: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927:semiconductor 1923: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1867: 1864: 1856: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1830:This section 1828: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1719:birefringence 1716: 1708: 1703: 1696: 1694:and diamonds) 1693: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1678:near infrared 1675: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1633: 1628: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1508: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1420:Yogo sapphire 1417: 1413: 1411: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1384:Paddar Valley 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:North America 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325:Star of India 1322: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1218: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1119: 1111: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1088: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 985:New York City 982: 978: 977:Star of India 974: 970: 966: 961: 958: 954: 950: 946: 945: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:star sapphire 911: 905:Star sapphire 903: 897:Star sapphire 896: 894: 890: 888: 887: 882: 877: 875: 872:and parts of 871: 867: 863: 859: 851: 844: 842: 840: 839:pink sapphire 836: 832: 828: 821:Pink sapphire 819: 812: 810: 803: 797: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 739: 733:Blue sapphire 732: 730: 727: 721: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 692: 690: 686: 682: 681:United States 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 565: 560: 553: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 465: 458: 453: 452: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 403: 397: 391: 387: 383: 379: 371: 360: 351: 348: 344: 340: 338: 334: 330: 328: 324: 320: 318: 317:Melting point 314: 310: 308: 304: 300: 298: 297:Birefringence 294: 291:= 1.760–1.763 287: 279: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 252: 248: 244: 242: 238: 234: 232: 228: 224: 222: 218: 214: 209: 205: 201: 199: 195: 191: 189: 185: 177: 175: 171: 167: 165: 164:Crystal habit 161: 157: 153: 148: 141: 138: 136: 132: 124: 115: 113: 112:Crystal class 109: 106: 103: 101: 97: 91: 85: 81: 78: 72: 68: 65: 64:Oxide mineral 62: 58: 53: 49: 45: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 6703:Wearable art 6698:Phaleristics 6693:Metalworking 6598:Gutta-percha 6438: 6374:Lapis lazuli 6160:Colored gold 6041:Stonesetting 5664:Star of Asia 5587: 5535: 5479:Pyrophyllite 5448:Serpentinite 5429:(green mica) 5319: 5299:Baltic amber 5266: 5170: 5130: 5087: 5042: 4977: 4945:. Retrieved 4936: 4927: 4915:. Retrieved 4901: 4889:. Retrieved 4880: 4871: 4859:. Retrieved 4846: 4837: 4825:. Retrieved 4816: 4807: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4747:. Retrieved 4733: 4721:. Retrieved 4717:the original 4707: 4697: 4686: 4661:. Retrieved 4652: 4643: 4631:. Retrieved 4622: 4613: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4556: 4545: 4535:12 September 4533:. Retrieved 4513: 4503:12 September 4501:. Retrieved 4481: 4469:. Retrieved 4460: 4450: 4438:. Retrieved 4430:the Guardian 4429: 4420: 4408:. Retrieved 4389: 4379: 4371:the original 4366: 4357: 4347:11 September 4345:. Retrieved 4311: 4304: 4292:. Retrieved 4283: 4273: 4265:the original 4255: 4235: 4228: 4216:. Retrieved 4196: 4189: 4177:. Retrieved 4151: 4129:. Retrieved 4120: 4111: 4101:23 September 4099:. Retrieved 4090: 4080: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4041:. Retrieved 4032: 4023: 4011:. Retrieved 4007:the original 4002: 3993: 3967: 3955:. Retrieved 3945: 3939: 3934: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3871: 3845: 3838:Voynick 1985 3820: 3816: 3810: 3791: 3785: 3773:. Retrieved 3769:the original 3758: 3748:12 September 3746:. Retrieved 3737: 3717:the original 3707: 3697:12 September 3695:. Retrieved 3665:. Retrieved 3636:. Retrieved 3632:the original 3622: 3603: 3586:the original 3576: 3564:. Retrieved 3544: 3537: 3525:. Retrieved 3514: 3505: 3493:. Retrieved 3484: 3474: 3462:. Retrieved 3451: 3441: 3429:. Retrieved 3415: 3403:. Retrieved 3396:the original 3391: 3379: 3367:. Retrieved 3354: 3345: 3333:. Retrieved 3320: 3317:"Red Rubies" 3311: 3299:. Retrieved 3284: 3272:. Retrieved 3268:the original 3263: 3257: 3247: 3235:. Retrieved 3226: 3216: 3204:. Retrieved 3184: 3180: 3167: 3155:. Retrieved 3146: 3136: 3124:. Retrieved 3115: 3106: 3094:. Retrieved 3083: 3058:. Retrieved 3045: 3020:. Retrieved 3013:the original 2999: 2976: 2970: 2958:. Retrieved 2936: 2930: 2917: 2905:. Retrieved 2901:the original 2891:(1): 30–36. 2888: 2882: 2872: 2853: 2847: 2835:. Retrieved 2821: 2809:. Retrieved 2789: 2782: 2770:. Retrieved 2761: 2737:. Retrieved 2728: 2702:. Retrieved 2692: 2686: 2674:. Retrieved 2665: 2634: 2587:. Retrieved 2558:. Retrieved 2549: 2525:. Retrieved 2516: 2507: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2420: 2418: 2359:Blue-violet 2324:Star of Adam 2158:Innocent III 2129:Elizabeth II 2090:lapis lazuli 2067: 2064:lapis lazuli 2047: 2043: 2035: 2027: 2012: 1964: 1929:industry as 1924: 1921: 1907:radios, and 1874: 1859: 1850: 1839:Please help 1834:verification 1831: 1790: 1776: 1766:One type of 1765: 1761: 1753: 1742: 1730:spectroscopy 1727: 1723: 1714: 1712: 1667: 1650: 1648: 1617:Applications 1611: 1597: 1564: 1555: 1543: 1536: 1513: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1465: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1424: 1406: 1388:Jammu region 1380: 1366:. Fine blue 1341: 1318: 1314: 1223: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1173: 1152:valence band 1144: 1130: 1092: 1084: 1070: 1063: 1059: 1052: 1016:incandescent 1013: 1001: 962: 942: 918: 916: 891: 884: 880: 878: 858:Padparadscha 857: 856: 845:Padparadscha 838: 824: 807: 775: 763: 744: 728: 725: 697: 693: 583: 579:padparadscha 568: 534:-based blue 470:lapis lazuli 449: 445: 377: 376: 285: 277: 139: 46:(85 g) blue 25: 6739:Dielectrics 6640:Art jewelry 6464:Tiger's eye 6369:Labradorite 6319:Chrysocolla 6314:Chrysoberyl 6230:Mokume-gane 6207:Base metals 5979:centrifugal 5948:Silversmith 5823:Ferronnière 5773:Belt buckle 5768:Belly chain 5461:Ophicalcite 5342:Colorless, 5305:Chrysoprase 5216:Spessartine 5181:– Verdelite 5073:Alexandrite 4891:22 December 4780:Inventaires 4471:14 December 4461:Phone Arena 4440:14 December 4410:14 December 4284:Cult of Mac 4066:(10): 474. 3973:USA 988,230 3359:WebExhibits 3325:WebExhibits 3259:GK Magazine 2907:12 February 2837:25 November 2403:104 carats 2390:, New York 2353:182 carats 2242:733 carats 2099:, European 2095:During the 1991:mode-locked 1791:Along with 1468:, Gübelin, 1462: 2000 1234:Afghanistan 1126: 1940 1075:chrysoberyl 1066:alexandrite 944:en cabochon 881:padma ranga 874:East Africa 590:Afghanistan 544:anniversary 444:. The name 307:Pleochroism 265:Abbe number 241:Diaphaneity 135:Space group 6718:Categories 6474:Tourmaline 6419:Prasiolite 6294:Aventurine 6165:Crown gold 6067:Draw plate 6016:Metal clay 5953:Watchmaker 5943:Lapidarist 5928:Clockmaker 5803:Collar pin 5798:Chatelaine 5465:Serpentine 5453:Aventurine 5427:Listwanite 5218:(malaya), 5185:Indicolite 5179:Tourmaline 5152:(Imperial) 5144:Aquamarine 4937:Christie’s 4827:27 October 4723:3 November 4683:"sapphire" 4131:25 October 4091:LED Inside 4013:5 November 3516:Mindat.org 3405:17 January 3301:5 November 3274:5 November 3206:5 November 2979:. Oxford: 2960:4 November 2676:5 November 2560:27 October 2546:"Sapphire" 2527:5 December 2465:References 2400:Sri Lanka 2384:Blue-gray 2375:Sri Lanka 2350:Sri Lanka 2306:Sri Lanka 2281:Sri Lanka 2259:Sri Lanka 2170:Queensland 2147:melancholy 2136:birthstone 2101:lapidaries 2048:sappheiros 1965:The first 1931:substrates 1853:March 2021 1801:body armor 1692:moissanite 1643:Wristwatch 1588:molybdenum 1571:geological 1434:inclusions 1403:Treatments 1298:Tajikistan 1274:Madagascar 1164:wavelength 1148:conduction 1055:metamerism 1020:Madagascar 927:inclusions 751:saturation 649:Mozambique 641:Madagascar 540:birthstone 524:substrates 521:insulating 513:wristwatch 498:moissanite 496:at 10 and 490:Mohs scale 457:sappheiros 337:Solubility 327:Fusibility 208:Mohs scale 123:H-M symbol 6620:Toadstone 6557:Operculum 6484:Variscite 6479:Turquoise 6459:Tanzanite 6394:Moonstone 6389:Marcasite 6384:Malachite 6309:Carnelian 6284:Amazonite 6271:gemstones 6245:Pinchbeck 6190:Argentium 6180:Shibuichi 6121:Palladium 6100:Materials 6036:Soldering 6026:Polishing 6001:Engraving 5996:Enameling 5962:Processes 5933:Goldsmith 5868:Tie chain 5843:Neck ring 5833:Lapel pin 5742:Jewellery 5588:sapphires 5456:quartzite 5408:(Porouse 5406:Cacholong 5368:feldspars 5338:Rhodonite 5333:Amazonite 5320:2nd order 5290:Malachite 5267:1st order 5244:Turquoise 5224:Almandine 5220:Rhodolite 5171:4th order 5131:3rd order 5121:Tanzanite 5106:Tsavorite 5101:Demantoid 5088:2nd order 5044:1st order 5018:Gemstones 4881:Christies 4749:11 August 4604:1826/2527 4400:0099-9660 4294:7 October 4218:6 October 3957:6 October 3823:(1): 1–8. 3667:6 January 3638:11 August 3566:6 October 3527:14 August 3495:14 August 3464:14 August 3431:14 August 3369:14 August 3335:14 August 3237:14 August 3096:5 January 3060:5 January 3022:14 August 2704:6 October 2202:Location 2187:Sapphire 2166:state gem 2110:sapphirus 2038:sapphirus 1949:In lasers 1939:germanium 1883:known as 1877:substrate 1774:windows. 1609:product. 1565:Chemical 1455:beryllium 1294:Sri Lanka 1238:Australia 1169:dichroism 1071:simulants 1028:Sri Lanka 957:cat's eye 866:Sri Lanka 669:Sri Lanka 586:Australia 464:σάπφειρος 451:sapphirus 434:magnesium 361:at 20 °C 352:(5.0–6.6) 341:Insoluble 331:Infusible 255:3.98–4.06 235:Colorless 6734:Crystals 6688:Gemology 6662:Fineness 6653:(purity) 6588:Bog-wood 6535:Precious 6515:Ammolite 6454:Sunstone 6444:Sodalite 6439:Sapphire 6399:Obsidian 6339:Fluorite 6329:Diopside 6289:Amethyst 6269:Mineral 6260:Tungsten 6255:Titanium 6170:Electrum 6126:Platinum 6011:Kazaziye 6006:Filigree 5984:lost-wax 5883:Toe ring 5873:Tie clip 5848:Pectoral 5838:Necklace 5813:Cufflink 5788:Bracelet 5783:Bolo tie 5763:Barrette 5475:Pagodite 5443:Fluorite 5438:Selenite 5422:Obsidian 5356:Hematite 5310:Charoite 5285:Nephrite 5275:Lazurite 5233:Amethyst 5195:Heliodor 4947:7 August 4941:Archived 4911:Archived 4885:Archived 4861:7 August 4855:Archived 4821:Archived 4796:Archived 4743:Archived 4657:Archived 4627:Archived 4526:Archived 4494:Archived 4465:Archived 4434:Archived 4404:Archived 4338:Archived 4312:Sapphire 4288:Archived 4212:Archived 4170:Archived 4125:Archived 4095:Archived 4037:Archived 3983:Archived 3951:Archived 3861:Archived 3775:21 March 3742:Archived 3691:Archived 3661:Archived 3560:Archived 3521:Archived 3489:Archived 3458:Archived 3425:Archived 3363:Archived 3329:Archived 3295:Archived 3231:Archived 3197:Archived 3151:Archived 3120:Archived 3090:Archived 3054:Archived 3046:BBC News 2951:Archived 2831:Archived 2805:Archived 2766:Archived 2733:Archived 2698:Archived 2670:Archived 2583:Archived 2554:Archived 2521:Archived 2427:See also 2312:Cushion 2287:Cushion 2265:Cushion 2072:hardness 2044:sappirus 1999:titanium 1983:infrared 1961:, Prague 1945:(LEDs). 1793:zirconia 1743:In 2014 1663:spectrum 1526:), fine 1331:and the 1306:Thailand 1302:Tanzania 1290:Pakistan 1258:Colombia 1250:Cambodia 1226:alluvial 1184:titanium 1176:chromium 1140:chromium 1136:corundum 1048:vanadium 1044:titanium 1036:chromium 1032:Tanzania 953:twinning 949:hematite 923:asterism 862:corundum 827:chromium 677:Thailand 673:Tanzania 629:Kishtwar 614:Ethiopia 610:Colombia 606:Shandong 598:Cameroon 594:Cambodia 571:corundum 502:infrared 486:hardness 446:sapphire 430:vanadium 426:chromium 414:titanium 386:corundum 382:gemstone 378:Sapphire 225:Vitreous 211:hardness 198:Fracture 188:Cleavage 174:Twinning 105:Trigonal 60:Category 42:The 423- 31:Sapphire 6683:Fashion 6657:Finding 6505:Abalone 6414:Peridot 6379:Larimar 6364:Kyanite 6349:Howlite 6334:Emerald 6324:Diamond 6197:Tumbaga 6175:Shakudō 6131:Rhodium 6082:Mandrel 6021:Plating 5974:Casting 5969:Carving 5878:Tie pin 5853:Pendant 5828:Genital 5818:Earring 5493:Related 5469:Calcite 5415:Marble 5396:granite 5393:Graphic 5360:Common 5280:Jadeite 5238:Citrine 5212:Garnets 5207:Peridot 5156:Elbaite 5148:Orange 5063:Emerald 5053:Diamond 5033:Jewelry 4917:20 July 4663:2 March 4633:2 March 4043:18 June 3157:28 July 3126:28 July 2811:3 March 2739:21 June 2589:21 June 2487:Bibcode 2449:Emerald 2213:Myanmar 2190:Origin 2143:amulets 2053:סַפִּיר 1995:crystal 1913:digital 1757:Kyocera 1734:watches 1630:Cermax 1584:iridium 1574:of the 1567:dopants 1561:Dopants 1528:alumina 1386:of the 1348:Montana 1337:Ilakaka 1310:Vietnam 1286:Nigeria 1242:Myanmar 1192:valence 1156:valence 1024:Myanmar 870:Vietnam 790:faceted 780:in the 689:Vietnam 685:Montana 661:Nigeria 653:Myanmar 509:windows 505:optical 494:diamond 478:jewelry 442:silicon 71:Formula 55:General 6647:(mass) 6583:Bezoar 6489:Zircon 6449:Spinel 6424:Quartz 6359:Jasper 6344:Garnet 6240:Pewter 6225:Copper 6220:Bronze 6147:alloys 6136:Silver 6087:Pliers 6077:Hammer 5989:vacuum 5916:People 5909:Making 5893:pocket 5793:Brooch 5758:Anklet 5586:Named 5388:Jasper 5351:quartz 5259:stones 5228:Pyrope 5111:Spinel 5035:stones 4398: 4330: 4243: 4204: 4179:24 May 4162: 3979: 3857: 3798: 3610: 3552: 2987: 2860: 2797: 2772:20 May 2641: 2248:Black 2220:Table 2199:Color 2068:sāp̄ar 2030:saphir 1917:analog 1772:silica 1749:iPhone 1604:porous 1551:chisel 1539:sinter 1323:, the 1278:Malawi 1230:mining 1212:Mining 1132:Rubies 1099:spinel 1087:rubies 1085:Large 975:. The 973:carats 935:rutile 766:Violet 753:, and 722:Colors 687:) and 665:Rwanda 645:Malawi 625:Padder 474:rubies 440:, and 418:cobalt 311:Strong 231:Streak 221:Luster 6651:Carat 6645:Carat 6633:Terms 6608:Shell 6562:Pearl 6552:Nacre 6542:Ivory 6530:Black 6525:Coral 6520:Copal 6510:Amber 6469:Topaz 6428:smoky 6299:Beryl 6279:Agate 6215:Brass 6060:Tools 5898:strap 5888:Watch 5863:Tiara 5808:Crown 5778:Bindi 5750:Forms 5344:smoky 5328:Agate 5295:Amber 5242:Blue 5201:Topaz 5191:Beryl 5150:topaz 4529:(PDF) 4522:(PDF) 4497:(PDF) 4490:(PDF) 4341:(PDF) 4316:(PDF) 4173:(PDF) 4156:(PDF) 3928:(20). 3399:(PDF) 3388:(PDF) 3200:(PDF) 3177:(PDF) 3016:(PDF) 3009:(PDF) 2954:(PDF) 2927:(PDF) 2454:Geuda 2408:Blue 2381:Star 2356:Star 2337:Blue 2334:Star 2315:Blue 2290:Blue 2268:Blue 2245:Star 2223:Blue 2193:Size 2156:Pope 2105:Latin 2083:Shani 2079:Hindu 2059:sapir 1967:laser 1745:Apple 1547:boule 1354:near 1282:Nepal 1266:Kenya 1262:India 1254:China 1246:Burma 1182:plus 784:, in 770:green 759:color 714:, or 704:carat 657:Burma 633:Kenya 618:India 602:China 438:boron 356:10/K 301:0.008 155:Color 44:carat 6603:Hair 6434:Ruby 6409:Opal 6404:Onyx 6354:Jade 6116:Gold 6072:File 5858:Ring 5483:Talc 5417:onyx 5410:opal 5362:opal 5348:pink 5346:and 5058:Ruby 4949:2017 4919:2016 4893:2019 4863:2017 4829:2021 4751:2014 4725:2016 4665:2023 4635:2023 4537:2017 4505:2017 4473:2021 4442:2021 4412:2021 4396:ISSN 4349:2017 4328:ISBN 4296:2014 4241:ISBN 4220:2020 4202:ISBN 4181:2006 4160:ISBN 4133:2019 4103:2013 4045:2012 4015:2019 3959:2020 3796:ISBN 3777:2010 3750:2017 3699:2017 3669:2018 3640:2014 3608:ISBN 3568:2020 3550:ISBN 3529:2014 3497:2014 3466:2014 3433:2014 3407:2013 3371:2014 3337:2014 3303:2019 3276:2019 3239:2014 3208:2019 3159:2021 3128:2021 3098:2010 3062:2016 3024:2014 2985:ISBN 2962:2019 2909:2014 2858:ISBN 2839:2014 2813:2016 2795:ISBN 2774:2021 2741:2016 2706:2020 2678:2019 2639:ISBN 2591:2018 2562:2016 2529:2022 2196:Cut 1915:and 1897:CMOS 1795:and 1520:ruby 1470:SSEF 1466:e.g. 1397:HK$ 1393:US$ 1319:The 1270:Laos 1188:iron 1180:iron 1178:and 1134:are 1040:iron 1030:and 835:ruby 768:and 755:tone 716:SSEF 637:Laos 575:ruby 546:. A 536:LEDs 422:lead 410:iron 267:72.2 192:Poor 129:2/m) 6547:Jet 6303:red 5433:Jet 4599:hdl 4589:doi 4320:doi 4068:doi 3942:in 3899:doi 3392:GIA 3227:GIA 3189:doi 3050:BBC 2941:doi 2893:doi 2729:GIA 2550:GIA 2495:doi 2168:of 1959:CAS 1843:by 1676:to 1586:or 1474:GIA 1342:In 1150:or 1006:". 995:in 983:in 889:). 747:hue 708:GIA 700:cut 659:), 631:), 608:), 532:GaN 215:9.0 125:: ( 120:m) 6720:: 5226:, 5222:, 5214:– 5193:– 4976:. 4935:. 4883:. 4879:. 4853:. 4849:. 4845:. 4819:. 4815:. 4778:, 4741:. 4685:. 4673:^ 4655:. 4651:. 4625:. 4621:. 4597:. 4583:. 4579:. 4463:. 4459:. 4428:. 4402:. 4394:. 4388:. 4365:. 4336:. 4326:. 4286:. 4282:. 4210:. 4168:. 4141:^ 4123:. 4119:. 4089:. 4064:45 4062:. 4031:. 4001:. 3924:. 3895:17 3893:. 3889:. 3830:^ 3821:22 3819:. 3736:. 3725:^ 3677:^ 3648:^ 3594:^ 3558:. 3513:. 3487:. 3483:. 3456:. 3450:. 3390:. 3357:. 3353:. 3323:. 3319:. 3293:. 3262:. 3256:. 3225:. 3195:. 3185:18 3183:. 3179:. 3149:. 3145:. 3114:. 3088:. 3082:. 3070:^ 3052:. 3048:. 3044:. 3032:^ 2949:. 2937:39 2935:. 2929:. 2889:19 2887:. 2881:. 2803:. 2764:. 2760:. 2749:^ 2727:. 2714:^ 2664:. 2653:^ 2599:^ 2570:^ 2548:. 2537:^ 2519:. 2515:. 2493:. 2483:76 2481:. 2423:. 2149:. 2123:A 2042:, 2017:. 2005:. 1977:. 1903:, 1895:. 1674:UV 1659:IR 1655:UV 1480:. 1472:, 1459:c. 1378:. 1327:, 1304:, 1300:, 1296:, 1292:, 1288:, 1284:, 1280:, 1276:, 1272:, 1268:, 1264:, 1260:, 1256:, 1252:, 1248:, 1240:, 1236:, 1171:. 1123:c. 1042:+ 1026:, 1022:, 917:A 841:. 749:, 710:, 679:, 675:, 671:, 667:, 663:, 651:, 647:, 643:, 639:, 635:, 627:, 616:, 612:, 600:, 596:, 592:, 588:, 581:. 511:, 436:, 432:, 428:, 424:, 420:, 416:, 412:, 396:Al 394:α- 84:Al 82:, 6430:) 6426:( 6305:) 6301:( 5734:e 5727:t 5720:v 5579:e 5572:t 5565:v 5485:) 5481:/ 5477:( 5471:) 5467:/ 5463:( 5412:) 5301:) 5297:( 5010:e 5003:t 4996:v 4951:. 4921:. 4895:. 4865:. 4831:. 4753:. 4727:. 4691:. 4667:. 4637:. 4607:. 4601:: 4591:: 4585:6 4539:. 4507:. 4475:. 4444:. 4414:. 4351:. 4322:: 4298:. 4249:. 4222:. 4183:. 4135:. 4105:. 4074:. 4070:: 4047:. 4017:. 3961:. 3926:3 3907:. 3901:: 3804:. 3779:. 3752:. 3701:. 3671:. 3642:. 3616:. 3570:. 3531:. 3499:. 3468:. 3435:. 3409:. 3373:. 3339:. 3305:. 3278:. 3264:3 3241:. 3210:. 3191:: 3161:. 3130:. 3100:. 3064:. 3026:. 2993:. 2964:. 2943:: 2911:. 2895:: 2866:. 2841:. 2815:. 2776:. 2743:. 2708:. 2680:. 2647:. 2593:. 2564:. 2531:. 2501:. 2497:: 2489:: 2120:. 2113:. 2092:. 2074:. 2056:( 1866:) 1860:( 1855:) 1851:( 1837:. 1715:c 1545:" 1244:/ 683:( 655:( 623:( 604:( 460:( 405:3 402:O 399:2 392:( 354:× 289:ε 286:n 281:ω 278:n 182:1 180:1 145:c 143:3 140:R 127:3 118:3 93:3 90:O 87:2 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index