Saqifa - Knowledge (XXG)

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according to Mavani. In contrast with Muhammad's lifetime, Ali is believed to have retired from public life during the caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman, which has been interpreted as a silent censure of the first three caliphs. While he reputedly advised Abu Bakr and Umar on government and religious matters, the mutual distrust and hostility of Ali with the two caliphs is well-documented, but largely downplayed or ignored in Sunni sources. Their differences were epitomized during the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs. In contrast, Shias tend to view Ali's pledge of allegiance to Abu Bakr as a (coerced) act of political expediency or

636:, the Sunni al-Baladhuri partly follows Ibn Sa'd's pious technique but also retains some of the controversial material about the Saqifa event in favor of Ali. On the other hand, the contentious content in the work of the Shia al-Ya'qubi is often dismissed by later Sunni authors as fabricated, while Jafri views his work as a valuable collection of documents which survived the tendentious efforts of the Sunni majority historians, who largely suppressed or dismissed divergent views. Madelung similarly believes that the Shia or Sunni partiality of a report alone does not imply its fabrication. The account of the Saqifa meeting by al-Tabari is mostly balanced and unbiased, notes Jafri, and the most detailed, writes 962:

others maintain that Ali viewed himself as the most qualified person to lead the Muslim community after Muhammad by virtue of his merits and his kinship with Muhammad. These authors argue that Ali eventually relinquished his claims to the caliphate for the sake of the unity of a nascent Islam in crisis when it became clear that Muslims did not broadly support his cause. Had the Muslim community favored Ali, Madelung suggests, he would have no longer considered the caliphate just as his right, but also as his duty. Indeed, in speeches and letters attributed to Ali, it is repeatedly emphasized that the leadership of the Muslim community is the prerogative of the family of Muhammad (

977:. Ayoub disagrees, but concedes that Ali and some others indeed considered him as the most qualified to lead. To support his claims, Madelung cites a Sunni statement attributed to Ali when he pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr after a long delay. He also notes that Ali publicly referred to the Ghadir Khumm after his ascension to the caliphate in 656. Mavani similarly cites some Sunni and Shia reports, including the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs. Another report by al-Tabari indicates that Ali again publicly excluded the practices of Abu Bakr and Umar from the 1052:, a chief of the Banu Aws, must have backed Abu Bakr at the Saqifa and carried with him the majority of the Aws, as also apparent from a related report by al-Tabari. Jafri likewise suggests that the deep-rooted enmity between the minority Banu Aws and the majority Banu Khazraj made it preferable for the former to instead submit to the Qurayshite rule. Momen has a similar opinion, and Ayoub regards the rivalry between the Banu Khazraj and the Banu Aws as the decisive factor in the appointment of Abu Bakr, who reportedly reminded the Ansar about this rivalry in the Saqifa account of the Sunni 899:

on the basis that he led the prayer in Muhammad's final days reflect later theological developments. He also finds the related traditions to be confused and contradictory. In the same vein, Lecomte writes that Muhammad respected Abu Bakr but considers the prayer story inconclusive because it does not formally relate to the political leadership of the community. Shaban goes further and assigns no significance to the prayer story, saying that Muhammad had frequently delegated this task to others in the past.

942: 805:, countered Abu Bakr with the suggestion that the Quraysh and the Ansar should choose their separate rulers among themselves. A heated argument then followed, reports Umar, until he asked Abu Bakr to stretch his hand and pledged allegiance to him. Others followed suit, he claims, adding that, "Then we jumped upon Sa'd until one of them called out: 'You killed Sa'd ibn Ubada.' I said, 'May God kill Sa'd.'" 346: 875:, in which Ali was to be on option, would have led to the election of Ali: The Ansar would have supported Ali because of their family ties with Muhammad. Among the Muhajirun, the candidacy of Ali would have likely been supported by the powerful Abd Shams clan of the Quraysh because of their close ties with the Banu Hashim and despite their conflicts. Their chief 993:

to the caliphate, it seems that he accepted the first three caliphs as administrators and rulers. Indeed, Madelung highlights some Sunni hadiths, according to which Ali praised Abu Bakr and Umar, while some others note the Sunni tendency to minimize and neutralize the conflicts among companions after Muhammad, particularly about the Saqifa affair. In

933:) similarly enjoys an eminent position in the Quran. As such, insofar as the Quran reflects the views of Muhammad, Madelung argues that he could have not seen his succession differently from the past prophets or considered Abu Bakr as his natural successor. Jafri develops a similar line of argument. This is also the Shia view. 358: 850:

allegiance at the Saqifa because, he claimed, they might have had otherwise elected one of their own to succeed Muhammad. Referring to this claim, Madelung suggests that Umar was partly fearful that the Ansar would put forward the case of Ali among themselves. This is also a proposal entertained by McHugo.

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to subdue Ali at the order of Abu Bakr. Sunnis categorically reject these allegations. After Fatima's death and in the absence of popular support, Ali is said to have relinquished his claims to the caliphate for the sake of the unity of a nascent Islam, which was facing internal and external threats,

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Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim, and particularly his notable uncle Abbas supported the succession of Ali. Aslan suggests that the exclusion of Ali from the Saqifa affair was deliberate and reflected the fear among the Quraysh that combining the prophethood and the caliphate in the Banu Hashim would

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In terms of merits, the same arguments that favored Abu Bakr over the Ansar (kinship, service to Islam, lineage, etc.) would have likely favored Ali over Abu Bakr, as often evoked by Shia authors in support of Ali's right to succession. For Jafri, the Sunni arguments that justify Abu Bakr's caliphate

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Once there, Umar says he "realized that they intended to cut us off from our root and to usurp the rule from us." Abu Bakr then rose and warned the Ansar that Arabs will not recognize the rule of anyone outside of Muhammad's tribe, the Quraysh. The Muhajirun, Abu Bakr argued, were the best of Arabs

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Umar narrates that "the Muhajirun" joined Abu Bakr, and then Umar suggested they go to the Ansar gathered at the Saqifa. Madelung rejects this, noting that Abu Bakr, Umar, and Abu Ubaida were the only members of the Muhajirun in the Saqifa meeting, possibly accompanied by a few relatives and clients.

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tribe in Medina with great numbers that filled the streets of Medina. The Banu Aslam tribe were known for their hostility towards the Ansar and readily supported Abu Bakr's bid for power. Umar would often point out, "It was only when I saw the Banu Aslam that I became certain of victory." It is not

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indeed offered his support to Ali after the appointment of Abu Bakr, but was turned down by Ali who said he was concerned about the unity of the nascent Islam. The joint support of the Ansar and Abd Shams would have carried Ali to the caliphate, conjectures Madelung. He adds that the straightforward

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Madelung is not certain whether the succession of Ali was discussed at the Saqifa but considers it likely, commenting that the Ansar would have naturally turned to Ali because of their family ties with the prophet. Umar in his sermon explained that they had pressed the Ansar for an immediate oath of

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Returning to Ibn Ishaq's account, Abu Bakr then reportedly invited the Ansar to choose Umar or Abu Ubaida as Muhammad's successor. Umar reports that he was displeased with this offer because he considered Abu Bakr to be more entitled to rulership than himself. Madelung regards this as a manoeuvre by

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For Madelung, the absence of the Muhajirun instead indicates that the Ansar met to re-establish their control over Medina under the belief that the Muhajirun would mostly return to Mecca after Muhammad. Alternatively, Jafri suspects that the Ansar met preemptively because they were fearful of Meccan

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scholarly circles. He witnessed the event himself and also received the first-hand account of his father Abbas, who was politically active then. Madelung accepts the authenticity of Ibn Abbas' narration, noting that it reflects his characteristic view point. The bulk of Ibn Abbas' narration concerns

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Jafri notes the prominence of Abu Bakr but comments that his appointment was the decision of a group of companions, hastily forced upon others, and its success was due to the delicate group conflicts in Medina. Some contemporary authors have further criticized the Saqifa affair as a "backroom deal"

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The position of the Banu Khazraj was further weakened by internal rivalries, particularly between their chief Sa'd ibn Ubada and his cousin Bashr ibn Sa'd. The latter was among the first to break ranks and support Abu Bakr. Once an agreement over Abu Bakr was nearly reached, Jafri believes that the

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have similar opinions, whereas Veccia Vaglieri considers Shia beliefs to be fabricated because Ali "showed no inclination to legitimism." By contrast, some others detail the public opposition of Ali to the appointment of Abu Bakr at the Saqifa. Even though Ali most likely did not give up his claims

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and Jafri are confident that Abu Bakr and Umar had earlier planned or formed an alliance in anticipation of Muhammad's death, while Madelung attributes the planning only to Abu Bakr. In Ibn Ishaq's report, someone then informs Abu Bakr and Umar about the Saqifa meeting, "If you want to have command

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because it excluded from decision making the majority of the Muhajirun and particularly Muhammad's kin, whose participation was vital for a legitimate outcome. Possibly because of its questionable legal authority, Umar also warned Muslims in his speech against ever following the example of Saqifa.

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and Mavani have challenged this point. In particular, Mavani writes that tribal values were deeply entrenched in the Arab society of that time, according to which kinship and noble lineage were the primary marks of identity and source of authority. Keaney believes that leadership was hereditary in

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dismisses this report because of its Shia coloring, while Madelung accepts it, noting that al-Nakha'i is not known for Shia sympathies and his account is otherwise distinctly Sunni. Similarly, al-Ya'qubi writes that the Ansar al-Mundhir ibn Arqam interrupted the proceedings and nominated Ali for

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Veccia Vaglieri is uncertain whether Ali actually hoped to succeed Muhammad because he made no effort in Sunni sources to seize the rule, despite being advised to do so by Abbas and Abu Sufyan. Alternatively, Ayoub describes the mild opposition of Ali in Sunni sources as apologetic. He and some

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While there is considerable uncertainty about the events, Ali most likely did not pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr until his wife Fatima died within six months of her father Muhammad, as reported by some canonical Sunni works. In Shia sources, the death (and miscarriage) of the young Fatima are

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comment that Muhammad was already buried by this time, with the exclusion of Abu Bakr from the funeral rites. With the help of the Banu Aslam and Banu Aws tribes, Umar is then said to have dominated the streets to secure the pledges of allegiance from the Medinans, according to Madelung. In

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The outburst of violence at the Saqifa indicates that a substantial number of the Ansar must have initially refused to follow Umar's lead, writes Madelung. Otherwise, he argues, there would have been no need to beat up their chief Sa'd ibn Ubada. Sa'd remained defiant until his murder by a

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in lineage and location, as quoted by Ibn Ishaq. Abu Bakr also noted that the Muhajirun had accepted Islam earlier and were closer to Muhammad in kinship, adds al-Baladhuri. The Quraysh's relation with Muhammad is also noted by al-Ya'qubi and al-Tabari, and also by the contemporary

618:) has reached us. Uncharacteristically, Ibn Hisham refrains from modifying Ibn Ishaq's account of the Saqifa affair, which is thus a report written by a Shia author and approved by a Sunni editor-critic. Ibn Ishaq's account is the basis of the contemporary studies of Jafri and 764:

of the people, then take it before their action becomes serious." The two then rushed to the Saqifa, accompanied by Abu Ubaida, perhaps to prevent any unexpected development. Some encouraged the three men not to do so but they pressed on anyway, reports Umar.

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and Umar is cited by Momen and Madelung. The former author voices a similar view to Aslan, while the latter acknowledges the "jealousy of the Quraysh," but believes that the simple logic of dynastic succession would have nevertheless prevailed in a broad

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era. These conflicts after Muhammad's death are considered as the roots of the current division among Muslims. Those who accepted Abu Bakr's caliphate were later labeled Sunnis, while the supporters of Ali's right to caliphate went on to form the Shia.

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a Friday sermon by Umar in 23/644. Though this is omitted from most Sunni reports, Madelung and Jafri are confident that the second caliph delivered the speech to discourage those who might have planned to back Ali's nomination as caliph after Umar.

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Abu Bakr to present himself as an acceptable alternative to Umar and Abu Ubaida for the Ansar, adding that Abu Ubaida lacked prominence while Umar had apparently just discredited himself before the meeting by publicly denying Muhammad's death.

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Umar in his sermon asserted that "the necks of all Muslims were stretched for Abu Bakr," though Madelung considers it more likely that his authority was highly precarious at first. After the Saqifa meeting, Abu Bakr reportedly headed to the

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argues that Ali regularly took key responsibilities despite his youth when Muhammad was alive. Alternatively, Madelung argues that Ali's youth would have only mattered if there had been an agreement on the hereditary succession to Muhammad.

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The earliest reports about the Saqifa affair were put into writing in the first half of the second century AH or later. By this time, the Muslim community was firmly divided into Sunni and Shia camps. As a result, the reports of the Sunni

573:, where Ali is absent in particular. Jafri regards him as a pioneer of the Sunni "pious" technique, which preserves only the best qualities of companions and suppresses any controversial reports. Similarly, the late works of the Shia 1355:. Those who initially supported Ali gradually turned away and pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr, adds Jafri. At the same time, Ali turned down proposals to advance his claims by force, possibly for the unity of a nascent Islam. 680: 1018:

suggest that Ali viewed the succession of Abu Bakr as a digression which turned into a full-blown deviation with the rebellion of Mu'awiya during his own caliphate. This is also the Shia view, as represented by the Shia jurist

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Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law was preparing Muhammad's body for burial, alongside other close relatives, and was likely unaware of the ongoing Saqifa meeting. Following Umar's pledge to Abu Bakr, the Saqifa account of the

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Madelung believes that Abu Bakr later placed a boycott on Ali and also on the Banu Hashim to abandon their support for Ali. As a result, prominent men ceased to speak to Ali, as related in a Sunni hadith attributed to

461:, his cousin and son-in-law. The conflicts that arose soon after Muhammad's death are considered to be the main cause of the current division among Muslims. Those who accepted Abu Bakr's caliphate were later labeled 3875: 1043:

A question can be raised as to what enabled a handful of the Muhajirun to force their will upon the Ansar at the Saqifa. Ibn Ishaq and Caetani attribute this to an earlier collusion between the Muhajirun and the

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Families of the past prophets are given a prominent role in the Quran. After the past prophets, their kin are selected by God as the spiritual and material heirs to the prophets in the Quran. Muhammad's family

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For Madelung, the near absence of the Muhajirun at the Saqifa also explains why there are no other reports about the event, arguing that the Ansar must have been reluctant to recount their defeat later.

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denotes a covered communal place for conversation but the term is synonymous in historical texts with the specific meeting immediately after Muhammad's death in which his succession was debated.

457:). The Saqifa meeting is among the most controversial events in early Islam, due to the exclusion of a large number of Muhammad's companions, including his immediate family and notably 1122:

in favor of Ali. For Keaney, the Meccan elite were concerned that Ali's caliphate would have kept the future leadership of the community out of their hands and within the Banu Hashim.

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A common argument by Sunni and Western scholars is that the young Ali, aged about thirty at the time, could have not been a serious candidate for the caliphate. This is the view of

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Al-Baladhuri reports that the Banu Hashim and some companions gathered at Ali's house after learning about the appointment of Abu Bakr. Among them were Muhammad's uncle Abbas and

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Among three available traditions, Jafri chooses the one that appears in nearly all of his sources, according to which the news of the Saqifa meeting reached Abu Bakr, Umar, and

1003:, with the political leadership of Abu Bakr and Umar, even though he rejects their religious legitimacy. A related example is the account of the negotiations before the 1134:

Arabs. Among the Quraysh, he argues, hereditary leadership was not uncommon, reflecting their belief that noble qualities were inherited. This view is echoed by Aslan.

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Jafri suggests that the rivalries among the larger clans within the Muhajirun made it easier for them to accept the rule of Abu Bakr, who belonged to the small clan of

781:. Madelung, however, considers it unlikely that Abu Bakr brought up the Quraysh's kinship with Muhammad as that would have invited questions about the rights of the 1316:

the latter then led an armed mob to Ali's residence and threatened to set the house on fire if Ali and his supporters would not pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr.

1194:," adding that Muhammad had already designated Abu Bakr as his successor. In another narration by al-Baladhuri, Umar calls it a lie that the Saqifa affair was a 1330:

Alternatively, al-Baladhuri states that Ali capitulated and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr immediately after Umar's threat. In contrast, the canonical

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among themselves, with the intentional exclusion of the Muhajirun. This is also what Umar stated in his speech. The leading candidate was possibly

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Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam: The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Saʻd, Ibn Maʻīn, and Ibn Ḥanbal

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and Momen. Walker adds that Muhammad's relatives were disgruntled by Abu Bakr's hasty appointment which denied them a voice in the matter.

1014:), which quotes Ali as saying that Abu Bakr and Umar had governed justly, even though they had assumed the caliphate wrongfully. Mavani and 208: 3746: 3921: 3900: 3665: 3598: 388: 4251: 4211: 4153: 4111: 4092: 4073: 4054: 4022: 3986: 3965: 3944: 3864: 3823: 3800: 3777: 3756: 3735: 3684: 3654: 3555: 3536: 3517: 88: 173: 3527:

Gross, Max (2012). "Shi'a Muslims and Security: the Centrality of Iran". In Seiple, Chris; Hoover, Dennis; Otis, Pauletta (eds.).

3955: 4277: 201: 135: 1285:. These protesters held that Ali was the rightful successor to Muhammad, possibly referring to Muhammad's announcement at 954: 111: 4033: 255: 106: 3935:. In Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (eds.). 1418: 1365: 168: 4329: 1178:

Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham narrate that Umar in his speech famously said, "The oath of allegiance for Abu Bakr was a

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from a single family. However, Ali was Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law which, he claims, carries little weight.

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add that Ali further considered himself as the designated successor of Muhammad through a divine decree at the

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succession. The contemporary Jafri, Lalani, and Momen state that some advocated the case of Ali at the Saqifa.

756: 3854: 1377:, thus rejecting that Ali ever pledged. The charge that Ali pledged to Abu Bakr under duress appears also in 711:

In the immediate aftermath of Muhammad's death in 11/632, a gathering of the Ansar took place at the Saqifa (

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known today whether this happened by chance or the Banu Aslam were tipped off about the Ansar's ambitions.

313: 215: 1048:, the rival tribe of the Banu Khazraj among the Ansar. Madelung rejects this as unlikely but suggests that 1408: 1216: 585: 415: 381: 233: 196: 4122: 3932: 736: 3976: 3701: 1378: 1325: 1302: 1286: 1262: 908: 563: 220: 150: 941: 831: 3811: 3767: 3505: 1438: 1313:

Abu Bakr is said to have tasked Umar with securing Ali's pledge of allegiance. As noted by al-Tabari,

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Madelung holds that Ali's views about succession mostly match the Shia beliefs today, and Lalani and

760: 529:) reflect the Sunni beliefs, while those authors with Shia sympathies favored their views, including 124: 1270: 1245: 876: 728: 306: 71: 40: 1130:

Lammens believes that Arabs disliked hereditary leadership while Madelung limits this attitude to

841:) adds, "But the Ansar, or some of them, said: 'We will not swear allegiance to anyone but Ali.'" 759:

when they were most likely in the house of Abu Ubaida, possibly to discuss the leadership crisis.

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Madelung and Caetani both hold that a decisive factor for Abu Bakr was the timely arrival of the

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Some others similarly consider it likely that Ali would have been elected in a formal assembly.

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Vowing to Abu Bakr at the Saqifa, with Umar on the right. Persian miniature created circa 1595.

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and a "coup" which was heavily influenced by the pre-Islamic tribal politics. The evil of the

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the traditional Arab society and something that ran in families in a broad sense of the word.

1020: 798: 374: 191: 47: 23: 3834: 3725: 3569: 4312: 4175: 3642: 3622: 1332: 1290: 1184:, but God averted the evil of it." Alternatively, the Sunni al-Baladhuri quotes Umar in his 1049: 1004: 970: 637: 619: 450: 362: 330: 323: 4164: 566:

thus emphasizes the need for surveying all reports to obtain a sound account of the event.

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After Saddam: American Foreign Policy and the Destruction of Secularism in the Middle East

1442: 1258: 1249: 1135: 915:, and also Shaban, who suggests that Ali was untried for the responsibility. In contrast, 406: 75: 4188: 4010: 4266: 3727:

Religious authority and political thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to post-Khomeini

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The scene soon grew violent, but the mob retreated without Ali's pledge after his wife

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and some other early Shia sources, Ali contrasts the corruption of the third caliph,

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For instance, Ibn Sa'd presents a highly polemic account of the Saqifa affair in his

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which, Umar thought, had been averted by God would erupt later in the form of the

727:) of the Banu Sa'ida clan, while his close relatives prepared for the burial. The 3911: 3816:

Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God

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Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God

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have made them too powerful. A conversation to this effect between the Hashemite

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Khazraj found it unwise to lag behind and risk losing favor with the new ruler.

703:, who were originally from Medina and had invited Muhammad to govern their city. 3714: 3705: 1266: 1232: 963: 930: 782: 687:

During Muhammad's lifetime, Muslims in Medina were divided into two groups: the

497: 462: 260: 4298: 1093: 916: 813:" during the reign of Umar, possibly at the instigation of the second caliph. 608: 541: 466: 454: 3695: 3571:

Classical Arabic Biography: The Heirs of the Prophets in the Age of al-Ma'mun

4302: 1112: 1081: 949: 688: 656: 552: 530: 519: 446: 1200:. Madelung rejects both of the reports by al-Baladhuri as highly unlikely. 1053: 1045: 442: 438: 31: 3889:"FATIMA (AL-ZAHRA') BINT MUHAMMAD (CA. 12 BEFORE HIJRA-1 1/CA. 610-632)" 1450: 1342:

relate that Ali pledged to Abu Bakr after Fatima died sometime later.

1320: 1131: 1063:), thus rekindling their pre-Islamic conflict, according to Ayoub. 278: 240: 880:

logic of dynastic succession would have likely prevailed in a general

679: 465:, while the supporters of Ali's right to caliphate were later labeled 1372: 1254: 1161: 1000: 981:(of Muhammad) when his supporters pledged their allegiance to him in 978: 696: 667: 595:) are polemic in nature with little historical value, claims Jafri. 478: 288: 83: 52: 3856:

Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600-750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation

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The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam

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After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam

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The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh

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The Erasure of Arab Political Identity: Colonialism and Violence

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Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources

982: 828: 810: 283: 4272:. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. 1188:

as saying, "By God, the oath of allegiance for Abu Bakr was no

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domination and possibly aware of their designs for leadership.

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maintain that kinship was not a factor in early Islam whereas

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is that the Ansar met there to decide on a new leader for the

458: 743:, the majority tribe of the Ansar, who was sick on that day. 3591:

Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir

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No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam

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Madelung suspects that Umar considered the Saqifa affair a

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The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam

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The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

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were also among the companions who supported Ali's cause.

3330: 3328: 2904: 2902: 2491: 2489: 2239: 2237: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2094: 2092: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1900: 1898: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 2946: 2944: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2506: 2504: 2476: 2474: 2055: 2053: 1573: 1571: 1569: 449:

and successor to Muhammad shortly after his death in 11

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The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought

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The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

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chronological order, Abu Bakr obtained the backing of

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Steigerwald, Diana (2004). Martin, Richard C. (ed.).

2141: 2139: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1508: 1506: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1370: 1225: 1209: 1195: 1189: 1179: 1170: 1159: 1117: 994: 881: 869: 859: 482: 420: 3814:. In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.). 3508:. In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.). 1414:

List of Sahabah who did not give bay'ah to Abu Bakr

4265: 3548:The Prophet's Heir: The life of Ali ibn Abi Talib 1158:) says that the Arab tradition was to choose the 429:clan refers to the location of an event in early 3253: 603:The earliest report is that of Ibn Ishaq in his 4187:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Afsaruddin, Asma (2021). 3697:The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought 3529:The Routledge handbook of religion and security 2181: 1248:and gave his inaugural speech there. Abbas and 3939:. Princeton University Press. pp. 524–6. 3916:(First ed.). Edinburgh University Press. 3893:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 3403: 4017:. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–2. 3910:Cortese, Delia; Calderini, Simonetta (2006). 739:, a companion of Muhammad and a chief of the 382: 8: 4146:Imam 'Ali: Concise History, Timeless Mystery 3913:Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam 1323:pleaded with them, as reported in the Sunni 3667:Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam 3214: 3202: 2881: 2689: 2446: 2378: 712: 4040:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online. 4004:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online. 3978:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 3616:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online. 2962: 389: 375: 18: 3882:(Third ed.). Brill Reference Online. 3818:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–7. 3415: 3241: 3063: 2662: 666:), Muhammad's cousin and an authority in 655:The main narrator of the Saqifa event is 4085:'Uthman ibn 'Affan: Legend or Liability? 3793:Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions 3439: 3319: 3132: 3120: 3099: 3075: 2986: 2920: 2869: 2857: 2638: 2611: 2537: 2465: 2407: 2351: 2315: 2291: 2279: 2243: 2196: 2160: 2130: 2098: 2023: 2006: 1994: 1960: 1948: 1904: 1872: 1853: 1773: 1729: 1652: 1613: 1577: 940: 785:, Muhammad's clan and his closest kin. 3512:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–4. 3175: 2599: 2510: 1485: 1465: 1430: 30: 4104:A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is 3463: 3361: 3277: 3190: 3156: 3144: 2998: 2950: 2935: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2761: 2725: 2674: 2650: 2623: 2580: 2561: 2522: 2419: 2211: 2113: 2083: 1814: 1693: 946:The Investiture of Ali at Ghadir Khumm 607:, the recension of which by the Sunni 4180:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition 3957:The First Muslims: History and Memory 3487: 3475: 3451: 3427: 3388: 3376: 3349: 3334: 3304: 3289: 3265: 3229: 3087: 3051: 3034: 3022: 3010: 2974: 2908: 2893: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2773: 2749: 2737: 2713: 2701: 2549: 2495: 2480: 2431: 2395: 2363: 2339: 2327: 2303: 2267: 2255: 2228: 2145: 2071: 2059: 2044: 1975: 1936: 1919: 1889: 1841: 1802: 1785: 1752: 1710: 1664: 1640: 1628: 1601: 1589: 1560: 1541: 1529: 1512: 1497: 867:Madelung is of the view that a broad 16:Meeting on the succession to Muhammad 7: 3751:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 3700:(PhD thesis). Princeton University. 1676: 1359:Attack on Ali's house and his pledge 1358: 797:Ibn Ishaq's account continues that 410: 3874:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2022). 14: 4011:"'Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599-661)" 3506:"ABU BAKR AL-SIDDIQ (C. 573-634)" 691:, who had converted to Islam in 356: 344: 4106:. Georgetown University Press. 3719:(Thesis). Concordia University. 1215:Similar concerns are raised by 4129:. Routledge. pp. 586–93. 4013:. In Bowering, Gerhard (ed.). 3895:. Routledge. pp. 248–50. 3859:. Cambridge University Press. 3677:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 3649:. Cambridge University Press. 3627:. Lexington Books. p. 3. 3574:. Cambridge University Press. 1: 3694:Soufi, Denise Louise (1997). 955:Chronology of Ancient Nations 4221:Dakake, Maria Massi (2008). 3996:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2022). 3442:, pp. 42, 52–54, 213–4. 3254:Cortese & Calderini 2006 1389: 1153: 1058: 1025: 1009: 836: 661: 642: 613: 590: 579: 557: 546: 535: 524: 513: 502: 441:pledged their allegiance to 4176:"ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB I. Life" 4127:The Qurʼan: an encyclopedia 4125:. In Leaman, Oliver (ed.). 4083:Keaney, Heather N. (2021). 3931:Shu'ayb, Fiazuddin (2013). 3891:. In Meri, Josef W. (ed.). 3810:Buehler, Arthur F. (2014). 3791:. In de-Gaia, Susan (ed.). 1371: 1226: 1210: 1196: 1190: 1180: 1171: 1160: 1118: 995: 882: 870: 860: 483: 421: 256:Hadith of the pen and paper 4351: 4200:Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). 4144:Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2022). 4121:Lalani, Arzina R. (2006). 4064:Arnold, Thomas W. (2016). 3887:Qutbuddin, Tahera (2006). 3787:Fedele, Valentina (2018). 3589:Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). 3404:Nasr & Afsaruddin 2021 1383:, sometimes attributed to 1276: 948:in a 14th-century copy of 4315:, Oxford University Press 4206:. Oneworld Publications. 4087:. Oneworld Publications. 4009:Anthony, Sean W. (2013). 3960:. Oneworld Publications. 3954:Afsaruddin, Asma (2013). 3745:Hazleton, Lesley (2009). 3679:. Yale University Press. 3550:. Yale University Press. 571:Kitab al-Tabaqat al-kabir 4243:A History of Shi'i Islam 4240:Daftary, Farhad (2014). 4174:Poonawala, I.K. (1982). 4045:Lucas, Scott C. (2004). 4036:. In Bearman, P. (ed.). 4000:. In Bearman, P. (ed.). 3839:, Taylor & Francis, 3795:. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. 3789:"FATIMA (605/15-632 CE)" 3612:. In Bearman, P. (ed.). 3504:Walker, Adam H. (2014). 2564:, pp. 113–5, 131–2. 1419:Attack on Fatima's house 4246:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4193:Encyclopedia Britannica 4163:Lewis, Bernard (1968). 1273:, and finally of Ali. 822:Absence from the Saqifa 771: 706: 699:with Muhammad, and the 599:Centrality of Ibn Ishaq 437:of the Islamic prophet 65:After Conquest of Mecca 4169:. Hutchinson & Co. 4068:. Taylor and Francis. 4038:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4002:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3880:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3724:Mavani, Hamid (2013). 3713:Khetia, Vinay (2013). 3675:Momen, Moojan (1985). 3614:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3546:Abbas, Hassan (2021). 1409:Succession to Muhammad 1007:(657) by Ibn Muzahim ( 969:Mavani, Madelung, and 958: 793:Violence at the Saqifa 751:Abu Bakr at the Saqifa 684: 251:Companions of Muhammad 89:Milestones and records 4102:McHugo, John (2018). 4032:Madelung, W. (2022). 3853:Shaban, M.A. (1976). 3664:Jafri, S.H.M (1979). 2342:, pp. 58, 64–66. 1380:al-Imama wa al-siyasa 1326:al-Imama wa al-siyasa 1263:Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf 1235:, suggests Madelung. 1126:Hereditary succession 944: 936: 682: 151:Splitting of the Moon 4166:The Arabs in History 3833:Hawa, Salam (2017), 3766:Aslan, Reza (2011). 3621:Badie, Dina (2017). 3608:Lecomte, G. (2022). 2525:, pp. 114, 117. 2410:, pp. 141, 253. 2182:Veccia Vaglieri 2022 363:Biography portal 3998:"ʿAlī B. Abī Ṭālib" 1366:attack on her house 1309:Threats against Ali 801:, a veteran of the 729:conventional wisdom 307:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 72:Farewell Pilgrimage 4136:9-78-0-415-32639-1 3670:. London: Longman. 3566:Cooperson, Michael 3391:, pp. 19, 20. 1500:, pp. 23, 32. 959: 772:Abu Bakr's remarks 685: 433:where some of the 209:Medieval Christian 4330:7th-century Islam 4262:Tabatabai, S.M.H. 4232:978-0-7914-7033-6 3846:978-1-317-39006-0 3812:"FATIMA (d. 632)" 3643:Madelung, Wilferd 3634:978-1-4985-3900-5 3581:978-1-139-42669-5 2896:, pp. 118–9. 2704:, p. 255-84. 2614:, pp. 252–3. 2552:, pp. 9, 24. 2498:, pp. 19–20. 2366:, pp. 14–22. 2318:, pp. 12–16. 2306:, pp. 14–16. 2270:, pp. 117–8. 1856:, pp. 38–40. 1364:attributed to an 1021:Ruhollah Khomeini 799:Habab ibn Mundhir 605:Sirat rasul Allah 419: 399: 398: 4342: 4316: 4313:Alfred Guillaume 4311:, translated by 4283: 4271: 4257: 4236: 4217: 4196: 4183: 4170: 4159: 4140: 4117: 4098: 4079: 4060: 4041: 4028: 4005: 3992: 3971: 3950: 3927: 3906: 3883: 3870: 3849: 3829: 3806: 3783: 3772:. Random House. 3762: 3741: 3720: 3709: 3690: 3671: 3660: 3638: 3617: 3604: 3593:. I. B. Tauris. 3585: 3561: 3542: 3523: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3338: 3337:, pp. 40–1. 3332: 3323: 3322:, pp. 43–4. 3317: 3308: 3302: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3218: 3215:Steigerwald 2004 3212: 3206: 3203:Amir-Moezzi 2022 3200: 3194: 3188: 3179: 3173: 3160: 3159:, pp. 31–2. 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2911:, pp. 18–9. 2906: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2860:, pp. 33–4. 2855: 2849: 2848:, pp. 11–2. 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2824:, pp. 38–9. 2819: 2813: 2812:, p. 204n8. 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2690:Shah-Kazemi 2022 2687: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2584: 2578: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2499: 2493: 2484: 2483:, pp. 44–5. 2478: 2469: 2463: 2450: 2447:Shah-Kazemi 2022 2444: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2422:, p. 113-4. 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2382: 2379:Shah-Kazemi 2022 2376: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2354:, pp. 16–7. 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2232: 2226: 2215: 2209: 2200: 2199:, pp. 41–2. 2194: 2185: 2179: 2164: 2163:, pp. 40–1. 2158: 2149: 2143: 2134: 2128: 2117: 2111: 2102: 2096: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2062:, pp. 37–8. 2057: 2048: 2042: 2027: 2021: 2010: 2009:, pp. 34–5. 2004: 1998: 1992: 1979: 1973: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1951:, pp. 37–8. 1946: 1940: 1934: 1923: 1917: 1908: 1902: 1893: 1887: 1876: 1870: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1756: 1750: 1733: 1727: 1714: 1708: 1697: 1691: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1667:, pp. 34–5. 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1643:, pp. 25–6. 1638: 1632: 1626: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1564: 1558: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1516: 1510: 1501: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1454: 1435: 1393: 1391: 1376: 1333:Sahih al-Bukhari 1277:Ali's opposition 1246:Prophet's Mosque 1229: 1213: 1199: 1193: 1183: 1174: 1165: 1157: 1155: 1121: 1062: 1060: 1050:Usaid ibn Hudair 1029: 1027: 1013: 1011: 1005:Battle of Siffin 998: 885: 873: 863: 854:The case for Ali 840: 839: 96/714-15 838: 733:Muslim community 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 695:and migrated to 665: 663: 646: 644: 617: 615: 594: 592: 583: 581: 561: 559: 550: 549: 284/897-8 548: 539: 537: 528: 526: 517: 515: 506: 504: 486: 424: 414: 412: 391: 384: 377: 361: 360: 359: 351:Islam portal 349: 348: 347: 331:History of Islam 136:First revelation 19: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4320: 4319: 4297: 4294: 4292:Further reading 4288: 4286: 4280: 4260: 4254: 4239: 4233: 4220: 4214: 4199: 4186: 4173: 4162: 4156: 4148:. I.B. Tauris. 4143: 4137: 4120: 4114: 4101: 4095: 4082: 4076: 4063: 4057: 4044: 4031: 4025: 4008: 3995: 3989: 3974: 3968: 3953: 3947: 3930: 3924: 3909: 3903: 3886: 3873: 3867: 3852: 3847: 3832: 3826: 3809: 3803: 3786: 3780: 3765: 3759: 3744: 3738: 3723: 3712: 3693: 3687: 3674: 3663: 3657: 3641: 3635: 3620: 3607: 3601: 3588: 3582: 3564: 3558: 3545: 3539: 3526: 3520: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3341: 3333: 3326: 3318: 3311: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2963:Afsaruddin 2013 2961: 2957: 2949: 2942: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2587: 2579: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2502: 2494: 2487: 2479: 2472: 2464: 2453: 2445: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2385: 2377: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2235: 2227: 2218: 2210: 2203: 2195: 2188: 2180: 2167: 2159: 2152: 2144: 2137: 2129: 2120: 2112: 2105: 2097: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2051: 2043: 2030: 2022: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1982: 1974: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1926: 1918: 1911: 1903: 1896: 1888: 1879: 1871: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1759: 1751: 1736: 1728: 1717: 1709: 1700: 1692: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1620: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1567: 1559: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1519: 1511: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1443:Abd al-Muttalib 1436: 1432: 1427: 1405: 1388: 1361: 1348: 1311: 1279: 1241: 1206: 1176: 1152: 1128: 1108: 1103: 1090: 1078: 1069: 1057: 1041: 1036: 1034:Tribal politics 1024: 1016:Maria M. Dakake 1008: 939: 926: 909:Veccia Vaglieri 905: 896: 886:in favor of Ali 865: 856: 835: 824: 819: 795: 774: 753: 724: 721: 718: 715: 709: 707:Ansar's meeting 677: 664: 68/687-8 660: 653: 641: 633:Ansab al-ashraf 628: 612: 601: 589: 582: 548/1153 578: 556: 545: 534: 523: 512: 501: 493: 475: 395: 357: 355: 345: 343: 336: 335: 302: 294: 293: 274: 266: 265: 236: 226: 225: 187: 179: 178: 164: 156: 155: 144:Isra and Mi'raj 127: 117: 116: 102: 94: 93: 76:Farewell Sermon 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4348: 4346: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4293: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4278: 4258: 4252: 4237: 4231: 4225:. SUNY Press. 4218: 4212: 4197: 4184: 4171: 4160: 4154: 4141: 4135: 4118: 4112: 4099: 4093: 4080: 4074: 4061: 4055: 4042: 4029: 4023: 4006: 3993: 3987: 3972: 3966: 3951: 3945: 3928: 3923:978-0748617333 3922: 3907: 3902:978-0415966900 3901: 3884: 3876:"Ghadīr Khumm" 3871: 3865: 3850: 3845: 3830: 3824: 3807: 3801: 3784: 3778: 3763: 3757: 3742: 3736: 3721: 3710: 3691: 3685: 3672: 3661: 3655: 3639: 3633: 3618: 3605: 3600:978-1860644344 3599: 3586: 3580: 3562: 3556: 3543: 3537: 3524: 3518: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3430:, p. 122. 3420: 3416:Poonawala 1982 3408: 3393: 3381: 3366: 3354: 3339: 3324: 3309: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3244:, p. 249. 3242:Qutbuddin 2006 3234: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3180: 3178:, p. 186. 3161: 3149: 3137: 3125: 3104: 3102:, p. 147. 3092: 3080: 3068: 3064:Cooperson 2000 3056: 3039: 3027: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2965:, p. 185. 2955: 2940: 2925: 2913: 2898: 2886: 2884:, p. 524. 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2790: 2788:, p. 114. 2778: 2776:, p. 113. 2766: 2764:, p. 260. 2754: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2716:, p. 120. 2706: 2694: 2679: 2677:, p. 136. 2667: 2663:Tabatabai 1975 2655: 2653:, p. 590. 2643: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2585: 2583:, p. 117. 2566: 2554: 2542: 2540:, p. 253. 2527: 2515: 2500: 2485: 2470: 2468:, p. 141. 2451: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2383: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2258:, p. 117. 2248: 2233: 2231:, p. 118. 2216: 2201: 2186: 2165: 2150: 2135: 2118: 2103: 2088: 2076: 2064: 2049: 2028: 2011: 1999: 1980: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1924: 1909: 1894: 1877: 1858: 1846: 1819: 1807: 1790: 1778: 1757: 1734: 1715: 1698: 1681: 1669: 1657: 1645: 1633: 1618: 1606: 1594: 1582: 1565: 1546: 1534: 1517: 1502: 1490: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1447:Salma bint Amr 1429: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1404: 1401: 1360: 1357: 1347: 1346:Boycott of Ali 1344: 1310: 1307: 1278: 1275: 1261:, of Sa'd and 1240: 1237: 1205: 1202: 1175: 1168: 1127: 1124: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1089: 1086: 1077: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 938: 935: 925: 922: 904: 901: 895: 892: 864: 857: 855: 852: 823: 820: 818: 815: 803:Battle of Badr 794: 791: 773: 770: 752: 749: 737:Sa'd ibn Ubada 708: 705: 676: 673: 652: 649: 627: 624: 616: 218/833 600: 597: 560: 345/956 538: 151/768 527: 310/923 516: 279/892 505: 230/845 492: 491:Biased reports 489: 474: 473:Historiography 471: 397: 396: 394: 393: 386: 379: 371: 368: 367: 366: 365: 353: 338: 337: 334: 333: 327: 326: 321: 316: 310: 309: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 286: 281: 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 264: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 237: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 223: 218: 212: 211: 205: 204: 199: 194: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 171: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 147: 146: 140: 139: 128: 123: 122: 119: 118: 115: 114: 109: 103: 100: 99: 96: 95: 92: 91: 86: 80: 79: 68: 67: 61: 60: 55: 50: 44: 39: 38: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4347: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4289: 4281: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4268:Shi'ite Islam 4263: 4259: 4255: 4253:9781780768410 4249: 4245: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4213:9781780746746 4209: 4205: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4155:9781784539368 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4113:9781626165885 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4094:9781786076984 4090: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4075:9781315443225 4071: 4067: 4066:The Caliphate 4062: 4058: 4056:9789004133198 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4024:9780691134840 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3988:9780028656045 3984: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3967:9781780744483 3963: 3959: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3946:9780691134840 3942: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3866:9780521291316 3862: 3858: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3825:9781610691772 3821: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3802:9781440848506 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3779:9780812982442 3775: 3771: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3758:9780385532099 3754: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3737:9780415624404 3733: 3730:. Routledge. 3729: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3686:9780853982005 3682: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3656:0-521-64696-0 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3557:9780300252057 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3538:9781136239328 3534: 3531:. Routledge. 3530: 3525: 3521: 3519:9781610691772 3515: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3481: 3478:, p. 20. 3477: 3472: 3469: 3466:, p. 22. 3465: 3460: 3457: 3454:, p. 45. 3453: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3440:Madelung 1997 3436: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3379:, p. 98. 3378: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3364:, p. 78. 3363: 3358: 3355: 3352:, p. 44. 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320:Madelung 1997 3316: 3314: 3310: 3307:, p. 86. 3306: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3292:, p. 84. 3291: 3286: 3283: 3280:, p. 34. 3279: 3274: 3271: 3268:, p. 41. 3267: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3232:, p. 97. 3231: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3217:, p. 35. 3216: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3147:, p. 41. 3146: 3141: 3138: 3135:, p. 65. 3134: 3133:Hazleton 2009 3129: 3126: 3123:, p. 43. 3122: 3121:Madelung 1997 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100:Madelung 1997 3096: 3093: 3090:, p. 51. 3089: 3084: 3081: 3078:, p. 56. 3077: 3076:Madelung 1997 3072: 3069: 3066:, p. 25. 3065: 3060: 3057: 3054:, p. 94. 3053: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3037:, p. 58. 3036: 3031: 3028: 3025:, p. 93. 3024: 3019: 3016: 3013:, p. 41. 3012: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2989:, p. 22. 2988: 2987:Madelung 1997 2983: 2980: 2977:, p. 50. 2976: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2956: 2953:, p. 34. 2952: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2923:, p. 68. 2922: 2921:Madelung 1997 2917: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2872:, p. 34. 2871: 2870:Madelung 1997 2866: 2863: 2859: 2858:Madelung 1997 2854: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2836:, p. 23. 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2800:, p. 50. 2799: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2752:, p. 83. 2751: 2746: 2743: 2740:, p. 43. 2739: 2734: 2731: 2728:, p. 39. 2727: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2692:, p. 78. 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2665:, p. 10. 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2639:Madelung 2022 2635: 2633: 2629: 2626:, p. 62. 2625: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2612:Madelung 1997 2608: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2538:Madelung 1997 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2516: 2513:, p. 27. 2512: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466:Madelung 1997 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2449:, p. 79. 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2434:, p. 62. 2433: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2408:Madelung 1997 2404: 2401: 2398:, p. 24. 2397: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2381:, p. 81. 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2352:Madelung 1997 2348: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2330:, p. 16. 2329: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2316:Madelung 1997 2312: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2294:, p. 17. 2293: 2292:Madelung 1997 2288: 2285: 2281: 2280:Madelung 1997 2276: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2246:, p. 42. 2245: 2244:Madelung 1997 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2214:, p. 16. 2213: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2197:Madelung 1997 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2161:Madelung 1997 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2133:, p. 40. 2132: 2131:Madelung 1997 2127: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2101:, p. 36. 2100: 2099:Madelung 1997 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2077: 2074:, p. 14. 2073: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2047:, p. 40. 2046: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2026:, p. 35. 2025: 2024:Madelung 1997 2020: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2007:Madelung 1997 2003: 2000: 1997:, p. 33. 1996: 1995:Madelung 1997 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1978:, p. 38. 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1963:, p. 39. 1962: 1961:Madelung 1997 1957: 1954: 1950: 1949:Madelung 1997 1945: 1942: 1939:, p. 18. 1938: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1922:, p. 17. 1921: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1907:, p. 37. 1906: 1905:Madelung 1997 1901: 1899: 1895: 1892:, p. 37. 1891: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1875:, p. 32. 1874: 1873:Madelung 1997 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1854:Madelung 1997 1850: 1847: 1844:, p. 39. 1843: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1817:, p. 15. 1816: 1811: 1808: 1805:, p. 36. 1804: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1788:, p. 35. 1787: 1782: 1779: 1776:, p. 30. 1775: 1774:Madelung 1997 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1755:, p. 19. 1754: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1732:, p. 31. 1731: 1730:Madelung 1997 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1713:, p. 34. 1712: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1679:, p. 47. 1678: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1655:, p. 29. 1654: 1653:Madelung 1997 1649: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1634: 1631:, p. 15. 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1616:, p. 20. 1615: 1614:Madelung 1997 1610: 1607: 1604:, p. 32. 1603: 1598: 1595: 1592:, p. 31. 1591: 1586: 1583: 1580:, p. 28. 1579: 1578:Madelung 1997 1574: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1563:, p. 33. 1562: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1544:, p. 26. 1543: 1538: 1535: 1532:, p. 29. 1531: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1515:, p. 23. 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1356: 1354: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1239:Consolidation 1238: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1220: 1218: 1212: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1075: 1073: 1066: 1064: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1022: 1017: 1006: 1002: 997: 996:Waq'at Siffin 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 965: 957: 956: 951: 947: 943: 934: 932: 923: 921: 918: 914: 910: 902: 900: 893: 891: 889: 884: 878: 874: 872: 862: 858: 853: 851: 847: 844: 833: 830: 821: 816: 814: 812: 806: 804: 800: 792: 790: 786: 784: 780: 769: 765: 762: 758: 750: 748: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 681: 674: 672: 669: 658: 650: 648: 639: 635: 634: 626:Other authors 625: 623: 621: 610: 606: 598: 596: 587: 576: 572: 567: 565: 554: 543: 532: 521: 510: 499: 490: 488: 485: 480: 472: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 445:as the first 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 423: 417: 408: 404: 392: 387: 385: 380: 378: 373: 372: 370: 369: 364: 354: 352: 342: 341: 340: 339: 332: 329: 328: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 308: 305: 304: 298: 297: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 270: 269: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 235: 230: 229: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 183: 182: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 160: 159: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 141: 137: 133: 130: 129: 126: 121: 120: 113: 110: 108: 105: 104: 98: 97: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 77: 73: 70: 69: 66: 63: 62: 59: 56: 54: 51: 49: 46: 45: 42: 37: 36: 33: 29: 25: 21: 20: 4307: 4287: 4267: 4242: 4222: 4202: 4192: 4179: 4165: 4145: 4126: 4103: 4084: 4065: 4046: 4037: 4014: 4001: 3977: 3956: 3936: 3933:"succession" 3912: 3892: 3879: 3855: 3835: 3815: 3792: 3768: 3747: 3726: 3715: 3696: 3676: 3666: 3646: 3623: 3613: 3590: 3570: 3547: 3528: 3509: 3490:, p. 3. 3483: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3423: 3411: 3384: 3357: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3256:, p. 8. 3249: 3237: 3210: 3198: 3176:Buehler 2014 3152: 3140: 3128: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3030: 3018: 3006: 3001:, p. 2. 2994: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2916: 2889: 2882:Shu'ayb 2013 2877: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2619: 2607: 2600:Anthony 2013 2557: 2545: 2518: 2511:Daftary 2014 2427: 2415: 2403: 2359: 2347: 2335: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2287: 2282:, p. 8. 2275: 2263: 2251: 2148:, p. 9. 2086:, p. 3. 2079: 2067: 2002: 1956: 1944: 1849: 1810: 1781: 1696:, p. 3. 1672: 1660: 1648: 1636: 1609: 1597: 1585: 1537: 1493: 1486:Lecomte 2022 1441:, mother of 1433: 1385:Ibn Qutaybah 1379: 1362: 1349: 1339:Sahih Muslim 1337: 1331: 1324: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1287:Ghadir Khumm 1280: 1259:Banu Umayyad 1242: 1224: 1221: 1207: 1185: 1177: 1129: 1109: 1091: 1079: 1070: 1067:Banu Khazraj 1042: 1012: 827-8 987: 975:Ghadir Khumm 968: 960: 953: 945: 927: 924:In the Quran 906: 897: 887: 866: 848: 825: 807: 796: 787: 775: 766: 754: 745: 741:Banu Khazraj 710: 686: 654: 632: 629: 604: 602: 570: 568: 518:), and even 509:al-Baladhuri 494: 476: 402: 400: 246:Ghadir Khumm 186:Perspectives 3610:"Al-Saḳīfa" 3464:Lalani 2000 3362:Khetia 2013 3278:Khetia 2013 3191:Fedele 2018 3157:Khetia 2013 3145:McHugo 2018 2999:Mavani 2013 2951:Mavani 2013 2936:Keaney 2021 2810:Mavani 2013 2798:Dakake 2008 2786:Mavani 2013 2762:Dakake 2008 2726:Khetia 2013 2675:Keaney 2021 2651:Lalani 2006 2624:McHugo 2018 2581:Mavani 2013 2562:Mavani 2013 2523:Mavani 2013 2420:Mavani 2013 2212:Shaban 1976 2114:McHugo 2018 2084:Lalani 2000 1815:Arnold 2016 1694:Walker 2014 1257:and of the 1233:First Fitna 1156: 2018 1144:Amir-Moezzi 1101:Banu Hashim 1028: 1989 971:Shah-Kazemi 964:Ahl al-Bayt 937:Ali's views 931:Ahl al-Bayt 783:Banu Hashim 645: 2021 593: 1699 427:Banu Sa'ida 314:Possessions 261:Ahl al-Bayt 216:Historicity 4324:Categories 4299:Ibn Hisham 4279:0873953908 3488:Badie 2017 3476:Ayoub 2014 3452:Jafri 1979 3428:Aslan 2011 3389:Momen 1985 3377:Abbas 2021 3350:Jafri 1979 3335:Jafri 1979 3305:Soufi 1997 3290:Soufi 1997 3266:Jafri 1979 3230:Abbas 2021 3088:Lewis 1968 3052:Abbas 2021 3035:Gross 2012 3023:Abbas 2021 3011:Ayoub 2014 2975:Lewis 1968 2909:Momen 1985 2894:Aslan 2011 2846:Ayoub 2014 2834:Ayoub 2014 2822:Jafri 1979 2774:Ayoub 2014 2750:Soufi 1997 2738:Jafri 1979 2714:Soufi 1997 2702:Lucas 2004 2550:Ayoub 2014 2496:Momen 1985 2481:Jafri 1979 2432:Momen 1985 2396:Ayoub 2014 2364:Jafri 1979 2340:Abbas 2021 2328:Jafri 1979 2304:Jafri 1979 2268:Aslan 2011 2256:Aslan 2011 2229:Aslan 2011 2146:Ayoub 2014 2072:Ayoub 2014 2060:Jafri 1979 2045:Jafri 1979 1976:Jafri 1979 1937:Momen 1985 1920:Ayoub 2014 1890:Jafri 1979 1842:Jafri 1979 1803:Jafri 1979 1786:Jafri 1979 1753:Momen 1985 1711:Jafri 1979 1665:Jafri 1979 1641:Jafri 1979 1629:Ayoub 2014 1602:Jafri 1979 1590:Jafri 1979 1561:Jafri 1979 1542:Jafri 1979 1530:Jafri 1979 1513:Jafri 1979 1498:Jafri 1979 1461:References 1392: 889 1267:Banu Zuhra 1204:Legitimacy 1136:Afsaruddin 1094:Banu Aslam 1088:Banu Aslam 1061: 869 877:Abu Sufyan 832:al-Nakha'i 757:Abu Ubaida 609:Ibn Hisham 586:al-Majlesi 575:al-Tabarsi 553:al-Mas'udi 542:al-Ya'qubi 435:companions 234:Succession 174:Christians 112:Diplomatic 4303:Ibn Ishaq 4049:. 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