367:
262:(20%), and various West and Central African languages (50%), but it diverges considerably from all of them. The African component accounts for about 50% once ritual use is taken into account, the highest percentage in the Americas. When ritual use is excluded, 35% English-derived, 25% Portuguese-derived, with 35% derived from one or another African language. It is derived from
336:
Over a fourth of words are from
English. It is generally agreed that the Portuguese influence originated from enslaved peoples who lived on plantations with Portuguese masters and possibly with other slaves who spoke a Portuguese creole. The masters might have brought the latter in migrating to
1229:
To
English-speakers who are not familiar with it, Saramaccan's English basis is almost unrecognizable. Here are some examples of Saramaccan sentences that are taken from the SIL dictionary:
2066:
479:. And by the Surinamese people who are living in the 12 English-speaking Caribbean nations of which all 12 have a foreign relationship with the Republic of Suriname:
2194:
2018:
2365:
2380:
1465:
is not in universal use. Linguist Vinije Haabo is developing a
Saramaccan dictionary based on an improved orthography, which he intends to publish online.
294:, but the branches diverged around 1690 and evolved separately. The Saramaccan lexicon is largely drawn from English, Portuguese, and, to a lesser extent,
2375:
2345:
1785:
2390:
2059:
539:
tribe has its own language, which is related to the
Saramaka language. The language is derived from Plantation Creole, which is nowadays known as
1991:
1968:
1949:
1529:
388:
1016:
2355:
2187:
2052:
1000:
345:, an English-based creole, and transformed it into a new creole via the Portuguese influx, combined with influence from the grammars of
1186:. It is one of the few known creoles to derive a large percentage of its lexicon from more than one source (most creoles have one main
839:
1817:
1842:
1701:
458:
91:
439:
2385:
520:
846:
411:
1902:
Bakker, Peter; Smith, Norval; Veenstra, Tonjes (1994). "Saramaccan". In Arends, Jacque; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (eds.).
946:
612:
171:
2350:
2180:
1191:
633:
392:
87:
1441:
has published tens of literacy books and collections of folktales written by
Saramaccans and a complete translation of the
418:
960:
953:
619:
974:
640:
591:
425:
377:
2075:
1858:
v=no2GXR014l4&pp=ygUTYWxpc29uIGhpbmRzIGZhbHVtYQ%3D%3D Alison Hinds, Faluma, Monday, June 1st, 1998, via YouTube
1410:
Saramaccan has a rich history of published works, including the following dictionaries: Christian
Schumann's 1778,
1007:
797:
783:
654:
2024:
1869:
396:
381:
299:
263:
967:
920:
911:
811:
407:
2360:
598:
181:
155:
161:
1932:
825:
804:
790:
2125:
1037:
1033:
1025:
891:
882:
873:
864:
855:
818:
732:
680:
676:
672:
543:. However, the branches diverged around 1700 and evolved separately. Matawai is spoken in the villages in
235:
and 8,000 in the
Netherlands. It has three main dialects. The speakers are mostly descendants of fugitive
228:
2203:
992:
753:
746:
512:
254:
Linguists consider
Saramaccan notable because its vocabulary is based on two European source languages,
2034:
1461:
based her up tempo soca song "Faluma" on the language. The
Saramaccan orthography created by the
2238:
2161:
1061:
832:
760:
472:
330:
236:
1486:
2130:
1183:
940:
903:
524:
480:
259:
2120:
1057:
709:
432:
326:
2309:
1883:
1553:
2370:
2299:
2253:
1987:
1964:
1945:
1838:
1813:
1707:
1697:
1525:
1462:
1202:
1195:
1045:
772:
714:
2304:
2248:
2243:
2217:
2140:
1979:
1912:
1498:
1210:
1179:
1041:
1029:
704:
699:
255:
1519:
1418:
a copied and edited version of
Schumann, Jan Voorhoeve and Antoon Donicie's 1963 wordlist,
2324:
2314:
2289:
2284:
2258:
2233:
2145:
2110:
2105:
2089:
719:
606:
548:
346:
212:
208:
79:
1926:
1694:
Early Suriname Creole Texts: A Collection of 18th Century Sranan and Saramaccan Documents
2319:
2294:
2115:
627:
552:
536:
315:
295:
279:
244:
216:
147:
2339:
1980:
1442:
1214:
350:
311:
307:
275:
271:
232:
50:
2268:
1454:
668:
540:
342:
303:
291:
267:
2039:
664:
585:
573:
516:
366:
240:
475:
dialect and the Lower Suriname River dialect are both spoken by members of the
1637:
1503:
1445:. Two books written by Richard Price have now been published in Saamakatongo:
740:
648:
578:
544:
220:
2044:
2029:
1711:
325:
has traits similar to languages of West Africa. It has developed the use of
322:
140:
124:
2040:
Variety of published resources in and about Saramaccan language and culture
290:
The language is derived from Plantation Creole, which is nowadays known as
1729:. Bureau voor Taalonderzoek in Suriname van de Universiteit van Amsterdam.
131:
17:
1660:
1658:
1458:
1206:
1187:
551:. However, code-switching with Sranan Tongo, other Maroon languages, and
496:
488:
476:
248:
224:
189:
177:
60:
46:
2172:
1982:
Travels with Tooy: History, Memory, and the African American Imagination
1521:
Travels with Tooy: History, Memory, and the African American Imagination
1260:
Examples of words originally from Portuguese or a Portuguese creole are
508:
500:
484:
185:
2014:
2008:
504:
492:
338:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1786:"Bibliography of the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Suriname"
1961:
Surviving the Middle Passage: The West Africa-Surinam Sprachbund
2176:
2048:
1857:
1772:
Holansi-Saamaka wöutubuku (Nederlands-Saramaccaans woordenboek)
211:
spoken by about 58,000 people of West African descent near the
1914:
The Life of Language: Dynamics of Language Contact in Suriname
1218:
360:
318:. The African component accounts for about 50% of the total.
1742:
Woordregister Nederlands- Saramakaans met context en idioom
1424:
Woordregister Nederlands- Saramakaans met context en idioom
1579:
1577:
1064:
in European words is replaced by high tone in Saramaccan.
188:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1564:
1562:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1487:"The Maroon Population Explosion: Suriname and Guyane"
1416:
Wörterbuch zur Erlernung der Saramakka-Neger-Sprache,
341:. Saramaccan originators began with an early form of
1205:
origin, the largest percentage of any creole in the
2277:
2226:
2210:
2154:
2098:
2082:
1664:
1624:
1243:"We make up songs about things that happen to us."
154:
138:
122:
117:
105:
76:
66:
56:
42:
32:
1837:. La Roque d'Anthéron (France): Vents d'ailleurs.
1812:. La Roque d'Anthéron (France): Vents d'ailleurs.
555:is common. The language is considered endangered.
471:Saramaccan is divided into two main dialects. The
247:; they form a group called Saamacca, also spelled
1928:Putting Matawai on the Surinamese Linguistic Map
1397:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1201:About 50% of the vocabulary of Saramaccan is of
202:
1920:(Doctoral thesis). Radboud University Nijmegen.
2019:Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures
1906:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 165–178.
1240:U ta mindi kanda fu dee soni dee ta pasa ku u.
2188:
2060:
1959:Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval, eds. (2015).
1870:"Saramaccan - English Interactive Dictionary"
27:Creole language of Suriname and French Guiana
8:
1583:
1178:Saramaccan's vocabulary is 30% derived from
231:). The language also has 25,000 speakers in
1774:. Paramaribo: Evangelische Broedergemeente.
1480:
1478:
1209:. Source languages for these words include
395:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2195:
2181:
2173:
2067:
2053:
2045:
1257:"I paid two thousand guilders to buy it."
1190:language). Also, it is said to be both an
333:, which is typical of European languages.
329:, which are common in Africa, rather than
29:
1679:Die Sprache der Saramakkaneger in Surinam
1502:
663:Each oral vowel also has a corresponding
459:Learn how and when to remove this message
314:, and Central African languages, such as
1986:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1931:. John Benjamins Publishing – via
1725:Donicie, Antoon; Voorhoeve, Jan (1963).
1236:"They walked until they were worn out."
693:
567:
1940:McWhorter, John H.; Good, Jeff (2012).
1833:Price, Richard and Sally Pryce (2016).
1474:
182:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1595:
1568:
1434:(Nederlands-Saramaccaans woordenboek)
278:and Central African languages such as
1607:
1549:
1412:Saramaccanisch Deutsches Worter-Buch,
713:
703:
698:
696:
104:
7:
2366:Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles
1757:Woordregister Saramakaans-Nederlands
1428:Woordregister Saramakaans-Nederlands
1100:Long vowels are doubled or tripled.
393:adding citations to reliable sources
2381:Portuguese language in the Americas
1681:. Johannes Muller. pp. 44–116.
1247:A suku di soni te wojo fëën ko bëë.
2011:(from the World Loanword Database)
1692:Arends, Jacques; Perl, M. (1995).
1638:"Saramaccan language and alphabet"
25:
2376:Languages of the African diaspora
2346:English-based pidgins and creoles
2025:SIL Saramaccan-English dictionary
1665:Bakker, Smith & Veenstra 1994
1625:Bakker, Smith & Veenstra 1994
1015:
1006:
999:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
919:
910:
890:
881:
872:
863:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
759:
752:
745:
653:
639:
632:
618:
611:
597:
590:
2391:English language in the Americas
521:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
365:
298:, among European languages, and
1696:. Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert.
1524:. University of Chicago Press.
1463:Summer Institute of Linguistics
1942:A Grammar of Saramaccan Creole
1250:"He searched for it in vain."
1233:De waka te de aan sinkii möön.
1:
1963:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
1944:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
1518:Price, Richard (2010-02-15).
1439:Instituut voor Taalwetenschap
1342:, "come again?") "as, like",
1056:The language has two surface
1727:De Saramakaanse Woordenschat
1420:De Saramakaanse Woordenschat
1036:, but the palatal fricative
1330:, cf. vernacular Brazilian
1254:Mi puu tu dusu kölu bai ën.
302:of West Africa, especially
266:of West Africa, especially
2407:
2356:Languages of French Guiana
2076:Languages of French Guiana
2030:Collected Saramaccan texts
2009:Saramaccan Vocabulary List
1770:Glock, Naomi, ed. (1996).
1884:"Saramaka (Volk) in blog"
1755:De Groot, Antoon (1981).
1740:De Groot, Antoon (1977).
1677:Schuchardt, Hugo (1914).
1504:10.1163/22134360-12340110
1432:Holansi-Saamaka wöutubuku
1014:
1012:
1005:
998:
996:
991:
939:
902:
771:
767:
765:
758:
751:
744:
739:
730:
725:
718:
652:
168:
37:
2035:Loan words in Saramaccan
1584:Muysken & Smith 2015
227:(formerly also known as
2386:Creoles of the Americas
1978:Price, Richard (2007).
1933:Hyper Articles en Ligne
1925:Migee, Bettina (2017).
1806:Price, Richard (2013).
1485:Price, Richard (2013).
1430:(1981), and Glock (ed)
1414:Johannes Riemer's 1779
1196:Portuguese-based creole
667:. There are also three
203:
1911:Borges, Roger (2014).
1398:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1266:
1028:are more specifically
170:This article contains
2351:Languages of Suriname
2204:Languages of Suriname
1491:New West Indian Guide
1422:, Antoon de Groot's,
513:Saint Kitts and Nevis
408:"Saramaccan language"
300:Niger–Congo languages
264:Niger–Congo languages
2278:Indigenous languages
2239:Caribbean Hindustani
2162:French Sign Language
1759:. Paramaribo: Artix.
1744:. Paramaribo: Artix.
1192:English-based creole
473:Upper Suriname River
389:improve this section
1904:Pidgins and Creoles
1835:Boo go a Kontukonde
1667:, pp. 168–169.
1451:Boo go a Kontukonde
525:Trinidad and Tobago
481:Antigua and Barbuda
239:who were native to
2227:Regional languages
111:Matawai (Matawari)
72:90,000 (2013)
2333:
2332:
2211:Official language
2170:
2169:
2083:Official language
1993:978-0-226-68059-0
1970:978-3-11-039499-3
1951:978-3-11-027826-2
1793:SIL International
1531:978-0-226-68057-6
1023:
1022:
858:
779:
735:
728:
661:
660:
469:
468:
461:
443:
196:
195:
178:rendering support
174:phonetic symbols.
92:Portuguese Creole
16:(Redirected from
2398:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2046:
1997:
1985:
1974:
1955:
1936:
1921:
1919:
1907:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1557:
1547:
1536:
1535:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1497:(3/4): 323–327.
1482:
1401:
1391:
1381:
1371:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1060:: high and low.
1039:
1027:
1019:
1010:
1003:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
923:
914:
894:
885:
876:
867:
854:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
777:
763:
756:
749:
731:
726:
694:
682:
678:
674:
657:
643:
636:
622:
615:
601:
594:
568:
477:Saramaccan tribe
464:
457:
453:
450:
444:
442:
401:
369:
361:
219:, as well as in
206:
164:
150:
134:
127:
82:
30:
21:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2361:Tonal languages
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2273:
2222:
2206:
2201:
2171:
2166:
2150:
2126:Guianese Creole
2099:Local languages
2094:
2078:
2073:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1977:
1971:
1958:
1952:
1939:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1704:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1560:
1548:
1539:
1532:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1426:(1977) and his
1408:
1392:) "above", and
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1176:
1106:
1075:
1070:
1054:
708:
691:
689:
566:
561:
549:Boven Saramacca
533:
465:
454:
448:
445:
402:
400:
386:
370:
359:
288:
209:creole language
176:Without proper
160:
146:
130:
123:
101:
83:
80:Language family
78:
69:
68:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2155:Sign languages
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2015:Survey article
2012:
2004:
2003:External links
2001:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1975:
1969:
1956:
1950:
1937:
1922:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1875:
1861:
1850:
1843:
1825:
1819:978-2364130388
1818:
1798:
1777:
1762:
1747:
1732:
1717:
1702:
1684:
1669:
1654:
1629:
1627:, p. 170.
1612:
1600:
1598:, p. 124.
1588:
1573:
1571:, p. 188.
1558:
1537:
1530:
1510:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1407:
1404:
1226:
1223:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1053:
1050:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1004:
997:
995:
989:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
937:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
917:
915:
908:
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
888:
886:
879:
877:
870:
868:
861:
859:
851:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
757:
750:
743:
737:
736:
729:
723:
722:
717:
712:
702:
697:
688:
685:
659:
658:
651:
645:
644:
637:
630:
624:
623:
616:
609:
603:
602:
595:
588:
582:
581:
576:
571:
565:
562:
560:
557:
532:
529:
467:
466:
373:
371:
364:
358:
355:
337:Suriname from
287:
284:
245:Central Africa
217:Suriname River
215:and the upper
194:
193:
180:, you may see
166:
165:
158:
152:
151:
144:
136:
135:
128:
120:
119:
118:Language codes
115:
114:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
100:
99:
86:
84:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2403:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1844:9782364131842
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1703:3-89354-549-2
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:New Testament
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1290:) "to give",
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:Gbe languages
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1018:
1009:
1002:
994:
990:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
976:
972:
969:
965:
962:
958:
955:
951:
948:
944:
942:
938:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
922:
918:
916:
913:
909:
907:
905:
901:
898:
896:
893:
889:
887:
884:
880:
878:
875:
871:
869:
866:
862:
860:
857:
853:
852:
848:
844:
841:
837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
820:
816:
813:
809:
806:
802:
799:
795:
792:
788:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
762:
755:
748:
742:
738:
734:
724:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
695:
692:
686:
684:
670:
669:vowel lengths
666:
656:
650:
647:
646:
642:
638:
635:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
617:
614:
610:
608:
605:
604:
600:
596:
593:
589:
587:
584:
583:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
569:
563:
558:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
463:
460:
452:
441:
438:
434:
431:
427:
424:
420:
417:
413:
410: –
409:
405:
404:Find sources:
398:
394:
390:
384:
383:
379:
374:This section
372:
368:
363:
362:
356:
354:
352:
351:Gbe languages
348:
344:
340:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
308:Gbe languages
305:
301:
297:
293:
285:
283:
281:
277:
274:, as well as
273:
272:Gbe languages
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:French Guiana
230:
226:
223:, capital of
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
200:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
173:
167:
163:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
143:
142:
137:
133:
129:
126:
121:
116:
110:
109:
108:
98:
95:
94:
93:
89:
85:
81:
75:
71:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
51:French Guiana
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2269:Sranan Tongo
2263:
2135:
1981:
1960:
1941:
1927:
1913:
1903:
1878:
1864:
1853:
1834:
1828:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1792:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1756:
1750:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1720:
1693:
1687:
1678:
1672:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:
1632:
1610:, p. 7.
1603:
1591:
1520:
1513:
1494:
1490:
1455:Alison Hinds
1450:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1343:
1321:
1311:
1310:) "to end",
1301:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1200:
1177:
1099:
1055:
1034:postalveolar
1024:
856:prenasalized
690:
662:
541:Sranan Tongo
534:
470:
455:
446:
436:
429:
422:
415:
403:
387:Please help
375:
343:Sranan Tongo
335:
320:
292:Sranan Tongo
289:
253:
229:Dutch Guiana
198:
197:
169:
156:Linguasphere
139:
96:
1596:Borges 2014
1569:Borges 2014
1552:, pp.
1402:) "river".
1352:) "knife",
1270:) "woman",
1182:, 20% from
1068:Orthography
993:Approximant
665:nasal vowel
517:Saint Lucia
321:Saramaccan
184:instead of
2340:Categories
2264:Saramaccan
2136:Saramaccan
2017:(from the
1608:Migee 2017
1550:Price 2007
1469:References
1406:Literature
1362:) "here",
1320:) "with",
1300:) "good",
1184:Portuguese
1104:Consonants
687:Consonants
545:Kwakoegron
419:newspapers
349:and other
306:and other
270:and other
260:Portuguese
258:(30%) and
221:Paramaribo
199:Saramaccan
97:Saramaccan
33:Saramaccan
18:Saramaccan
2121:Emerillon
1382:) "hot",
1372:) "but",
1280:) "man",
941:Fricative
904:Implosive
683:"bread."
679:"belly,"
607:Close-mid
559:Phonology
376:does not
323:phonology
213:Saramacca
162:52-ABB-ax
141:Glottolog
125:ISO 639-3
57:Ethnicity
2371:Saramaka
2300:Mawayana
2254:Javanese
1712:33335142
1642:Omniglot
1459:Barbados
1225:Examples
1207:Americas
1188:lexifier
1163:tj - , ?
710:Alveolar
628:Open-mid
497:Dominica
489:Barbados
449:May 2024
357:Dialects
249:Saramaka
225:Suriname
190:Help:IPA
148:sara1340
106:Dialects
61:Saramaka
47:Suriname
2305:Sikiana
2249:English
2244:Chinese
2141:Wayampi
2131:Palikúr
1895:Sources
1809:Fesiten
1795:. 2001.
1647:30 June
1447:Fesiten
1339:como é?
1277:o homem
1211:Kikongo
1203:African
1180:English
1174:Lexicon
1046:palatal
1026:/cɟɲɲɟ/
773:Plosive
715:Palatal
681:/bɛɛ́ɛ/
675:"red",
537:Matawai
531:Matawai
509:Jamaica
501:Grenada
485:Bahamas
433:scholar
397:removed
382:sources
316:KiKongo
286:Origins
280:Kikongo
256:English
207:) is a
204:Saamáka
186:Unicode
88:English
38:Saamáka
2325:Wayana
2315:Waiwai
2290:Arawak
2285:Akurio
2259:Kwinti
2146:Wayana
2106:Arawak
2090:French
1990:
1967:
1948:
1841:
1816:
1710:
1700:
1528:
1379:quente
1307:acabar
1267:mulher
1217:, and
1194:and a
1073:Vowels
1062:Stress
733:Labial
705:Dental
700:Labial
677:/bɛ́ɛ/
564:Vowels
505:Guyana
493:Belize
435:
428:
421:
414:
406:
347:Fongbe
339:Brazil
331:stress
237:slaves
2320:Warao
2295:Carib
2234:Aukan
2218:Dutch
2116:Carib
2111:Aukan
1918:(PDF)
1789:(PDF)
1556:–389.
1374:kendi
1333:cuma?
1262:mujee
1151:nj -
1148:nd -
1142:mb -
1133:kp -
1121:gb -
1115:dj -
1058:tones
1042:dorso
1030:dorso
778:plain
741:Nasal
727:plain
720:Velar
586:Close
574:Front
553:Dutch
440:JSTOR
426:books
327:tones
296:Dutch
2310:Trió
1988:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1708:OCLC
1698:ISBN
1649:2021
1526:ISBN
1449:and
1437:The
1389:riba
1384:liba
1359:aqui
1349:faca
1344:faka
1336:for
1327:como
1322:kuma
1302:kaba
1292:bunu
1272:womi
1169:w -
1166:v -
1160:t -
1157:s -
1154:p -
1145:n -
1139:m -
1136:l -
1130:k -
1127:j -
1124:h -
1118:g -
1112:d -
1109:b -
1096:u -
1093:ö -
1090:o -
1087:i -
1084:ë -
1081:e -
1078:a -
1052:Tone
673:/bɛ/
649:Open
579:Back
547:and
535:The
523:and
412:news
380:any
378:cite
312:Akan
276:Akan
243:and
241:West
1554:309
1499:doi
1457:of
1453:.
1399:rio
1394:lio
1369:mas
1354:aki
1317:com
1297:bom
1287:dar
1219:Twi
1040:is
1038:/ç/
847:ɡ͡b
840:k͡p
507:,
391:by
304:Fon
268:Fon
172:IPA
132:srm
2342::
1791:.
1706:.
1657:^
1640:.
1615:^
1576:^
1561:^
1540:^
1495:87
1493:.
1489:.
1477:^
1364:ma
1312:ku
1282:da
1221:.
1213:,
1198:.
1048:.
892:ᵑɡ
883:ᶮɟ
874:ⁿd
865:ᵐb
671::
527:.
519:,
515:,
511:,
503:,
499:,
495:,
491:,
487:,
483:,
353:.
310:,
282:.
251:.
49:,
2196:e
2189:t
2182:v
2068:e
2061:t
2054:v
2021:)
1996:.
1973:.
1954:.
1935:.
1886:.
1872:.
1847:.
1822:.
1714:.
1651:.
1586:.
1534:.
1507:.
1501::
1396:(
1386:(
1376:(
1366:(
1356:(
1346:(
1324:(
1314:(
1304:(
1294:(
1284:(
1274:(
1264:(
1044:-
1032:-
1017:w
1008:j
1001:l
975:ç
968:z
961:s
954:v
947:f
921:ɗ
912:ɓ
833:ɡ
826:k
819:ɟ
812:c
805:d
798:t
791:b
784:p
761:ɲ
754:n
747:m
707:/
655:a
641:ɔ
634:ɛ
620:o
613:e
599:u
592:i
462:)
456:(
451:)
447:(
437:·
430:·
423:·
416:·
399:.
385:.
201:(
192:.
90:–
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.