Sarasvati River - Knowledge (XXG)

2062:"The present Ghaggar-Hakra valley and its tributary rivers are currently dry or have seasonal flows. Yet rivers were undoubtedly active in this region during the Urban Harappan Phase. We recovered sandy fluvial deposits approximately 5;400 y old at Fort Abbas in Pakistan (SI Text), and recent work (33) on the upper Ghaggar-Hakra interfluve in India also documented Holocene channel sands that are approximately 4;300 y old. On the upper interfluve, fine-grained floodplain deposition continued until the end of the Late Harappan Phase, as recent as 2,900 y ago (33) (Fig. 2B). This widespread fluvial redistribution of sediment suggests that reliable monsoon rains were able to sustain perennial rivers earlier during the Holocene and explains why Harappan settlements flourished along the entire Ghaggar-Hakra system without access to a glacier-fed river." 1728:

to Danino, this suggests that the Vedic people were present in northern India in the third millennium BCE, a conclusion which is controversial amongst professional archaeologists. Danino states that there is an absence of "any intrusive material culture in the Northwest during the second millennium BCE," a biological continuity in the skeletal remains, and a cultural continuity. Danino then states that if the "testimony of the Sarasvati is added to this, the simplest and most natural conclusion is that the Vedic culture was present in the region in the third millennium."

1495:, a specific "thing". However, Mukherjee believes that "Sarasvati" is initially used by the Rigvedic people as an adjective to the Indus as a large river and later evolved into a "noun". Mukherjee concludes that the Vedic poets had not seen the palaeo-Sarasvati, and that what they described in the Vedic verses refers to something else. He also suggests that in the post-Vedic and Puranic tradition the "disappearance" of Sarasvati, which to refers to " under ground in the sands", was created as a complementary myth to explain the visible non-existence of the river. 2396:, writing in the 1990s, have suggested that many religious and literary invocations to Sarasvati in the Rig Veda were to a real Himalayan river, whose waters, on account of seismic events, were diverted, leaving only a seasonal river, the Ghaggar-Hakra, in the original river bed. Archaeologists Gregory Possehl and Jane McIntosh refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra river as "Sarasvati" throughout their respective 2002 and 2008 books on the Indus Civilisation, supposing that the Sutlej and Yamuna diverged their courses during late Harappan times. 1414:, make clear that the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system was not a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, but a monsoonal-fed river. They concluded that the Indus Valley Civilisation prospered when the monsoons that fed the rivers diminished around 5,000 years ago. When the monsoons, which fed the rivers that supported the civilisation, further diminished and the rivers dried out as a result, the IVC declined some 4000 years ago. This in particular effected the Ghaggar-Hakra system, which became an 89: 2059:"Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system, at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati (e.g., 4, 5, 7, 19), was a large glacier fed Himalayan river. Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River, the Sutlej River, or both rivers. However, the lack of large-scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large, glacier-fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar-Hakra region during the Holocene 708:(10.15-19) the Sarasvati seems to be a perennial river up to the Vinasana, which is west of its confluence with the Drshadvati (Chautang). The Drshadvati is described as a seasonal stream (10.17), meaning it was not from Himalayas. Bhargava has identified Drashadwati river as present-day Sahibi river originating from Jaipur hills in Rajasthan. The Asvalayana Srautasutra and Sankhayana Srautasutra contain verses that are similar to the Latyayana Srautasutra. 1748:. The terms refer to the Sarasvati river mentioned in the Vedas, and equate the Vedic culture with the Indus Valley Civilisation. In this view, the Harappan civilisation flourished predominantly on the banks of the Ghaggar-Hakra, not the Indus. For example, Danino notes that his proposed dating of the Vedas to the third millennium BCE coincides with the mature phase of the Indus Valley civilisation, and that it is "tempting" to equate the Indus Valley and 1515: 1802:. Surveys and satellite photographs confirm that there was once a great river that rose in the Himalayas, entered the plains of Haryana, flowed through the Thar-Cholistan desert of Rajasthan and eastern Sindh (running roughly parallel to the Indus) and then reached the sea in the Rann of Kutchh in Gujarat. The strange marshy landscape of the Rann of Kutchh is partly due to the fact that it was once the estuary of a great river. 1531: 296:

people migrated into north-west India. Rigvedic references to a physical river also indicate that the Sarasvati "had already lost its main source of water supply and must have ended in a terminal lake (samudra) approximately 3000 years ago," "depicting the present-day situation, with the Sarasvatī having lost most of its water." Also, Rigvedic descriptions of the Sarasvati do not fit the actual course of the Gagghar-Hakra.

1933:, p. 81): "The autochthonous theory overlooks that RV 3.33206 already speaks of a necessarily smaller Sarasvatī: the Sudås hymn 3.33 refers to the confluence of the Beas and Sutlej (Vipåś, Śutudrī). This means that the Beas had already captured the Sutlej away from the Sarasvatī, dwarfing its water supply. While the Sutlej is fed by Himalayan glaciers, the Sarsuti is but a small local river depending on rain water. 910: 7359: 1133: 500: 580:.95 and RV 7.96. As a river goddess, she is described as a mighty flood, and is clearly not an earthly river. According to Michael Witzel, superimposed on the Vedic Sarasvati river is the heavenly river Milky Way, which is seen as "a road to immortality and heavenly after-life." The description of the Sarasvati as the river of heavens, is interpreted to suggest its mythical nature. 1287: 40: 2377:

rocks, while the lower terraces in these valleys do not contain such rocks. A major seismic activity in the Himalayan region caused the rising of the Bata-Markanda Divide. This resulted in the blockage of the westward flow of Ghaggar-Hakra forcing the water back. Since the Yamunā Tear opening was not far off, the blocked water exited from the opening into the Yamunā system.

1388: 6579: 1763:. Similarly the Rigveda lacks a conceptual familiarity with key aspects of organized urban life (e.g. non-kin labour, facets or items of an exchange system or complex weights and measures) and doesn't mention objects found in great numbers at Indus Valley civilization sites like terracotta figurines, sculptural representation of human bodies or seals. 553: 1478:." According to Valdiya, "it is plausible to conclude that once upon a time the Ghagghar was known as "Sarsutī"," which is "a corruption of "Sarasvati"," because "at Sirsā on the bank of the Ghagghar stands a fortress called "Sarsutī". Now in derelict condition, this fortress of antiquity celebrates and honours the river 2608:, pp. 74, 125, 133): "It can easily be understood, as the Sarasvatī, the river on earth and in the nighttime sky, emerges, just as in Germanic myth, from the roots of the world tree. In the Middle Vedic texts, this is acted out in the Yātsattra... along the Rivers Sarasvatī and Dṛṣadvatī (northwest of Delhi)..." 2178:, p. 310, note 574): "Witzel suggests that Sarasvatī is not an earthly river, but the Milky Way that is seen as a road to immortality and heavenly after-life. In `mythical logic,' as outlined above, the two interpretations are not however mutually exclusive. There are passages which clearly suggest a river." 1278:. At least 10,000 years ago, well before the rise of the Harappan civilization, the sutlej diverted its course, leaving the Ghaggar-Hakra as a monsoon-fed river. Early in the 2nd millennium BCE the monsoons diminished and the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system dried up, which affected the Harappan civilisation. 4707:

If in an ancient mound we find only one pot and two bead necklaces similar to those of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, with the bulk of pottery, tools and ornaments of a different type altogether, we cannot call that site Harappan. It is instead a site with Harappan contacts. ... Where the Sarasvati valley

2424:

Demkina et al. (2017): "In the second millennium BC, humidification of the climate led to the divergence of the soil cover with secondary formation of the complexes of chestnut soils and solonetzes. This paleoecological crisis had a significant effect on the economy of the tribes in the Late Catacomb

1766:

Hetalben Sindhav notes that claims of a large number of Ghaggar-Hakra sites are politically motivated and exaggerated. While the Indus remained an active river, the Ghaggar-Hakra dried-up, leaving many sites undisturbed. Sidhav further notes that the Ghaggar-Hakra was a tributary of the Indus, so the

1683:

which disappeared in the desert. The later Rigvedic Sarasvati is only in the post-Rigvedic Brahmanas said to disappear in the sands. According to Kocchar the Ganga and Yamuna were small streams in the vicinity of the Harut River. When the Vedic people moved east into Punjab, they named the new rivers

1611:

extols the Helmand in similar terms to those used in the Rigveda with respect to the Sarasvati: "The bountiful, glorious Haetumant swelling its white waves rolling down its copious flood". However unlike the Rigvedic Sarasvati, Helmand river never attained the status of a deity despite the praises in

295:

Rigvedic Sarasvati with the Ghaggar-Hakra system is therefore problematic, since the Gagghar-Hakra had dried up well before the time of the composition of the Rigveda. In the words of Wilke and Moebus, the Sarasvati had been reduced to a "small, sorry trickle in the desert" by the time that the Vedic

2405:

Chatterjee et al. (2019) identify the Sarasvati with the Ghaggar, arguing that during "9-4.5 ka the river was perennial and was receiving sediments from the Higher and Lesser Himalayas" by distributaries of the Sutlej, which "likely facilitated development of the early Harappan settlements along its

2376:

was the ancient upper-part of the Ghaggar-Hakra river, identified with the Sarasvati river by them. The Ghaggar-Haggar would then had been fed with Himalayan glaciers, which would make it the mighty river described in the Vedas. The terrain of this river contains pebbles of quartzite and metamorphic

1346:

Older publications have suggested that the Sutlej and the Yamuna drained into the Hakra well into Mature Harappan times, providing ample volume to the supply provided by the monsoon-fed Ghaggar. The Sutlej and Yamuna then changed course between 2500 BCE and 1900 BCE, due to either tectonic events or

1727:

places the composition of the Vedas therefore in the third millennium BCE, a millennium earlier than the conventional dates. Danino notes that accepting the Rigveda accounts as a mighty river as factual descriptions, and dating the drying up late in the third millennium, are incompatible. According

1501:

terms the identification controversial and dismisses it, noticing that the descriptions of Sarasvati flowing through the high mountains does not tally with Ghaggar's course and suggests that Sarasvati is Haraxvati of Afghanistan. Wilke and Moebus suggest that the identification is problematic since

1421:

The same widespread aridification in the third millennium BCE also led to water shortages and ecological changes in the Eurasian steppes, leading to a change of vegetation, triggering "higher mobility and transition to nomadic cattle breeding," These migrations eventually resulted in the Indo-Aryan

1374:

Khonde et al. (2017) confirm that the Great Rann of Kutch received sediments from a different source than the Indus, but this source stopped supplying sediments after ca. 10,000 years ago. Likewise, Dave et al. (2019) state that "ur results disprove the proposed link between ancient settlements and

1370:

Ajit Singh et al. (2017) show that the paleochannel of the Ghaggar-Hakra is a former course of the Sutlej, which diverted to its present course between 15,000 and 8,000 years ago, well before the development of the Harappan Civilisation. Ajit Singh et al. conclude that the urban populations settled

647:(34.11), Sarasvati is mentioned in a context apparently meaning the Sindhu: "Five rivers flowing on their way speed onward to Sarasvati, but then become Sarasvati a fivefold river in the land." According to the medieval commentator Uvata, the five tributaries of the Sarasvati were the Punjab rivers 1691:

Romila Thapar (2004) declares the identification of the Ghaggar with the Sarasvati controversial. Furthermore, the early references to the Sarasvati could be the Haraxvati plain in Afghanistan. The identification with the Ghaggar is problematic, as the Sarasvati is said to cut its way through high

917:

Diana Eck notes that the power and significance of the Sarasvati for present-day India is in the persistent symbolic presence at the confluence of rivers all over India. Although "materially missing", she is the third river, which emerges to join in the meeting of rivers, thereby making the waters

539:

In the oldest texts of the Rigveda she is described as a "great and holy river in north-western India," but Michael Witzel notes that the Rigveda indicates that the Sarswati "had already lost its main source of water supply and must have ended in a terminal lake (samudra) approximately 3000 years

2117:

of the Indo-Europeans at the Pontic steppes. From this area, which already included various subcultures, Indo-European languages spread west, south and east starting around 4,000 BCE. These languages may have been carried by small groups of males, with patron-client systems which allowed for the

587:

he is described as refreshed by Sarasvati. The invocations in 10.17 address Sarasvati as a goddess of the forefathers as well as of the present generation. In 1.13, 1.89, 10.85, 10.66 and 10.141, she is listed with other gods and goddesses, not with rivers. In 10.65, she is invoked together with

1767:

proposed Sarasvati nomenclatura is redundant. According to archaeologist Shereen Ratnagar, many Ghaggar-Hakra sites in India are actually those of local cultures; some sites display contact with Harappan civilization, but only a few are fully developed Harappan ones. Moreover, around 90% of the

1366:

in the western sites and the Sutlej and the Yamuna in the eastern ones. This suggests that the Yamuna itself, or a channel of the Yamuna, along with a channel of the Sutlej may have flowed west some time between 47,000 BCE and 10,000 BCE. The drainage from the Yamuna may have been lost from the

1935:

In sum, the middle and later RV (books 3, 7 and the late book, 10.75) already depict the present-day situation, with the Sarasvatī having lost most of its water to the Sutlej (and even earlier, much of it also to the Yamunå). It was no longer the large river it might have been before the early

1505:

Rajesh Kocchar further notes that, even if the Sutlej and the Yamuna had drained into the Ghaggar during Rigvedic, it still would not fit the Rigvedic descriptions because "the snow-fed Satluj and Yamuna would strengthen lower Ghaggar. Upper Ghaggar would still be as puny as it is today."

1119:

The identification with the Ghaggar-Hakra system took on new significance in the early 21st century, suggesting an earlier dating of the Rigveda, and renaming the Indus Valley Civilisation as the "Sarasvati culture", the "Sarasvati Civilization", the "Indus-Sarasvati Civilization" or the

2144:

The migration into northern India was not a large-scale immigration, but may have consisted of small groups, which were genetically diverse. Their culture and language spread by the same mechanisms of acculturalisation, and the absorption of other groups into their patron-client system.

2449:

Witzel: "If the RV is to be located in the Panjab, and supposedly to be dated well before the supposed 1900 BCE drying up of the Sarasvatī, at 4000-5000 BCE (Kak 1994, Misra 1992), the text should not contain evidence of the domesticated horse (not found in the subcontinent before

2056:"Contrary to earlier assumptions that a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, identified by some with the mythical Sarasvati, watered the Harappan heartland on the interfluve between the Indus and Ganges basins, we show that only monsoonal-fed rivers were active there during the Holocene." 1758:

points out that an alleged equation of the Indus Valley civilization and the carriers of Vedic culture stays in stark contrast to not only linguistic, but also archeological evidence. She notes that the essential characteristics of Indus valley urbanism, such as planned cities, complex

1458:

Recent archaeologists and geologists, such as Philip and Virdi (2006), K.S. Valdiya (2013) have identified the Sarasvati with Ghaggar. According to Gregory Possehl, "Linguistic, archaeological, and historical data show that the Sarasvati of the Vedas is the modern Ghaggar or Hakra."

760:

According to Hindu scriptures, a journey was made during the Mahabharata by Balrama along the banks of the Saraswati from Dwarka to Mathura. There were ancient kingdoms too (the era of the Mahajanapads) that lay in parts of north Rajasthan and that were named on the Sarasvati River.

1821:, a distance of 40 kilometres. Once confirmed that there is no obstructions in the flow of the water, the government proposes to flow in another 100 cusecs after a fortnight. At that time, there were also plans to build three dams on the river route to keep it flowing perennially. 2269:, pp. 149–50), there are several dried out river beds (paleochannels) between the Sutlej and the Yamuna, some of them two to ten kilometres wide. They are not always visible on the ground because of excessive silting and encroachment by sand of the dried out river channels. 2467:

is a clear indication of new cultural elements. Michaels points out that there are linguistic and archaeological data that shows a cultural change after 1750 BCE, and Flood notices that the linguistic and religious data clearly show links with Indo-European languages and

1716:

dating of the Vedic culture. Some see these descriptions as a mighty river as evidence for an earlier dating of the Rigveda, identifying the Vedic culture with the Harappan culture, which flourished at the time that the Gaggar-Hakra had not dried up, and rejecting the

342:

proponents suggesting an earlier dating of the Rigveda; renaming the Indus Valley Civilisation as the "Sarasvati culture", the "Sarasvati Civilization", the "Indus-Sarasvati Civilization" or the "Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization," suggesting that the Indus Valley and

3326:, p. 85): "The Sarasvatī river, which, according to Witzel,... personifies the Milky Way, falls down to this world at Plakṣa Prāsarvaṇa, "the world tree at the center of heaven and earth," and flows through the land of the Kurus, the center of this world." 619:, the goddess of speech, perhaps due to the centrality of speech in the Vedic cult and the development of the cult on the banks of the river. It is also possible to postulate two originally independent goddesses that were fused into one in later Vedic times. 288:) lay along this course. When the monsoons that fed the rivers further diminished, the Hakra dried-up some 4,000 years ago, becoming an intermittent river, and the urban Harappan civilisation declined, becoming localized in smaller agricultural communities. 4708:

sites are concerned, we find that many of them are sites of local culture (with distinctive pottery, clay bangles, terracotta beads, and grinding stones), some of them showing Harappan contact, and comparatively few are full-fledged Mature Harappan sites.

623:

has proposed, on the other hand, that "the symbolism of the Veda betrays itself to the greatest clearness in the figure of the goddess Sarasvati ... She is, plainly and clearly, the goddess of the World, the goddess of a divine inspiration ...".

1490:

Ashoke Mukherjee (2001), is critical of the attempts to identify the Rigvedic Sarasvati. Mukherjee notes that many historians and archaeologists, both Indian and foreign, concluded that the word "Sarasvati" (literally "being full of water") is not a

1430:

A number of archaeologists and geologists have identified the Sarasvati river with the present-day Ghaggar-Hakra River, or the dried up part of it, despite the fact that it had already dried-up and become a small seasonal river before Vedic times.

5312:

Hock, Hans (1999) Through a Glass Darkly: Modern "Racial" Interpretations vs. Textual and General Prehistoric Evidence on Arya and Dasa/Dasyu in Vedic Indo-Aryan Society." in Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia, ed. Bronkhorst & Deshpande, Ann

2450:

c. 1700 BCE, see Meadow 1997,1998, Anreiter 1998: 675 sqq.), of the horse-drawn chariot (developed only about 2000 BCE in S. Russia, Anthony and Vinogradov 1995, or Mesopotamia), of well developed copper/bronze technology, etc."

1824:

In 2021, the Chief Minister of the State of Haryana stated that over 70 organizations were involved with researching the Saraswati River's heritage, and that the river "is still flowing underground from Adi Badri and up to Kutch in Gujarat."

2406:

banks." In response, Sinha et al. (2020) state that "most workers have documented the cessation of large scale fluvial activity in NW India in early Holocene, thereby refuting the sustenance of the Harappan civilization by a large river."

1454:

notes that "the 1500 km-long bed of the Sarasvati" was "rediscovered" in the 19th century. According to Danino, "most Indologists" were convinced in the 19th century that "the bed of the Ghaggar-Hakra was the relic of the Sarasvati."

999:

Romila Thapar notes that "once the river had been mythologized through invoking the memory of the earlier river, its name - Sarasvati - could be applied to many rivers, which is what happened in various parts of the subcontinent."

1218:.61 indicate that the Sarasvati river originated in the hills or mountains (giri), where she "burst with her strong waves the ridges of the hills (giri)". It is a matter of interpretation whether this refers only to the Himalayan 5098:

Dave, Aditi Krishna; Courty, Marie-Agnes; Fitzsimmons, Kathryn E.; Singhvia, Ashok Kumar (2019), "Revisiting the contemporaneity of a mighty river and the Harappans: Archaeological, stratigraphic and chronometric constraints",

611:, she was rarely associated with the river. Instead, she emerged as an independent goddess of knowledge, learning, wisdom, music and the arts. The evolution of the river goddess into the goddess of knowledge started with later 2477:

Number of Indus script inscribed objects and seals obtained from various Harappan sites: Mohanjodaro (1540), Harappa (985), Chanhudaro (66), Lothal (165), Kalibangan (99), Banawali (7), Ur, Iraq (6), Surkotada (5), Chandigarh

949:, is believed to also converge with the unseen Sarasvati river, which is believed to flow underground. This is despite Allahabad being at a considerable distance from the possible historic routes of an actual Sarasvati river. 5760:

Schuldenrein, Joseph; Wright, Rita P.; Mughal, M. Rafique; Khan, M. Afzal (2004), "Landscapes, soils, and mound histories of the Upper Indus Valley, Pakistan: New insights on the Holocene environments near ancient Harappa",

1378:

According to Chaudhri et al. (2021) "the Saraswati River used to flow from the glaciated peaks of the Himalaya to the Arabian sea," and an "enormous amount of water was flowing through this channel network until BC 11,147."

1644:

Rajesh Kocchar, after a detailed analysis of the Vedic texts and geological environments of the rivers, concludes that there are two Sarasvati rivers mentioned in the Rigveda. The early Rigvedic Sarasvati, which he calls

2332:

the Sutlej river suddenly turns sharply away from the Ghaggar. The narrow Ghaggar river bed itself is becoming suddenly wider at the conjunction where the Sutlej should have met the Ghaggar river. There also is a major

2130:(2300–1700 BCE); out of this interaction developed the Indo-Iranians, which split around 1800 BCE into the Indo-Aryans and the Iranians. The Indo-Aryans migrated to the Levant, northern India, and possibly south Asia. 1667:(Heu Rúd or Sabzawar River). Rajesh Kocchar, however, believes that the name 'Harut' is traced to 'Harauvaiti' (the name for the region of Arachosia, not a river) and Harut is not actually a part of Arachosia but of 151:, the other referent for the term "Sarasvati" which developed into an independent identity in post-Vedic times. The river is also described as a powerful river and mighty flood. The Sarasvati is also considered by 1140:

The Rigveda contains several hymns which give an indication of the flow of the geography of the river, and an identification of the Sarasvati as described in the later books of the Rigveda with the Ghaggra-Hakra:

2328:, the course of the Sutlej suggests that "the Satluj periodically was the main tributary of the Ghaggar and that subsequently the tectonic movements may have forced the Satluj westward and the Ghaggar dried." At 690:(or Pancavimsa Br.) calls this the 'disappearance' (vinasana). The same text (25.10.11-16) records that the Sarasvati is 'so to say meandering' (kubjimati) as it could not sustain heaven which it had propped up. 1711:

The Vedic description of the goddess Sarasvati as a mighty river, and the Vedic and Puranic statements about the drying-up and diving-under of the Sarasvati, have been used by some as a reference point for a

960:

and denotes the "powerful legacy" the Vedic river left after her disappearance. The belief is interpreted as "symbolic". The three rivers Sarasvati, Yamuna, Ganga are considered consorts of the Hindu Trinity

956:, a mass bathing festival is held at Triveni Sangam, literally "confluence of the three rivers", every 12 years. The belief of Sarasvati joining at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna originates from the 1739:

The Indus Valley Civilisation is sometimes called the "Sarasvati culture", "Sarasvati Civilization", "Indus Ghaggar-Hakra civilisation," "Indus-Sarasvati Civilization," or "Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization" by

716:

Wilke and Moebus note that the "historical river" Sarasvati was a "topographically tangible mythogeme", which was already reduced to a "small, sorry trickle in the desert", by the time of composition of the

540:

ago." The middle books 3 and 7 and the late books 10 "depict the present-day situation, with the Sarasvatī having lost most of its water." The Sarasvati acquired an extalted status in the mythology of the

1307: 60: 1407:(Harrapan Civilisation) sites are found on the banks of and in the proximity of the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system, due to the "high monsoon rainfall" which fed the Ghaggar-Hakra in Mature Harappan Times. 925:

and rise to the surface at some places. For centuries, the Sarasvati river existed in a "subtle or mythic" form, since it corresponds with none of the major rivers of present-day South Asia. The

1418:

and was largely abandoned. Localized Late IVC-settlements are found eastwards, toward the more humid regions of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where the decentralised late Harappan phase took place.

1351:. More recent publications have shown that the Sutlej and the Yamuna shifted course well before Harappan times, leaving the monsoon-fed Ghaggar-Hakra which dried-up during late Harappan times. 5866:

Sinha, Rajiv; Singh, Ajit; Tandon, Sampat (25 July 2020), "Fluvial archives of north and northwestern India as recorders of climatic signatures in the late Quaternary: review and assessment",

3816: 1094:

Already since the 19th century, attempts have been made to identify the mythical Sarasvati of the Vedas with physical rivers. Many think that the Vedic Sarasvati river once flowed east of the

1266:

have confirmed that the major course of a river ran through the present-day Ghaggar River. The supposed paleochannel of the Hakra is actually a paleochannel of the Sutlej, flowing into the

6121:

Chakrabarti, D. K., & Saini, S. (2009). The problem of the Sarasvati River and notes on the archaeological geography of Haryana and Indian Panjab. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.

733:(3rd c. BCE - 3rd c. CE) the Sarasvati River dried up to a desert (at a place named Vinasana or Adarsana) and joins the sea "impetuously". MB.3.81.115 locates the state of Kurupradesh or 245:. Around 10,000-8,000 years ago, this channel was abandoned when the Sutlej diverted its course, leaving the Ghaggar-Hakra as a system of monsoon-fed rivers which did not reach the sea. 1211:

The Rigveda seems to contain descriptions of several Sarasvatis. The earliest Sararvati is said to be similar to the Helmand in Afghanistan which is called the Harakhwati in the Āvestā.

792:

on the Himalayas. It then turns west at Kedara and also flows underground. Five distributaries of the Sarasvati are mentioned. The text regards Sarasvati as a form of Brahma's consort

1338:

While there is general agreement that the river courses in the Indus Basin have frequently changed course, the exact sequence of these changes and their dating have been problematic.

7393: 1623:

According to Konrad Klaus (1989), the geographic situation of the Sarasvati and the Helmand rivers are similar. Both flow into terminal lakes: The Helmand flows into a swamp on the

1375:

large rivers from the Himalayas and indicate that the major palaeo-fluvial system traversing through this region ceased long before the establishment of the Harappan civilisation."

5721:

Radhakrishna, B.P. and Merh, S.S. (editors): Vedic Saraswati: Evolutionary History of a Lost River of Northwestern India (1999) Geological Society of India (Memoir 42), Bangalore.

5035:

Clift, Peter D.; Carter, Andrew; Giosan, Liviu; Durcan, Julie; et al. (2012), "U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River",

3109:, s.v. Saraswatī as a common noun in Classical Sanskrit means a region abounding in pools and lakes, the river of that name, or any river, especially a holy one. Like its cognates 1168:

can be translated as "Sarasvati the Seventh, Mother of Floods," but also as "whose mother is the Sindhu", which would indicate that the Sarasvati is here a tributary of the Indus.

3969:"Saraswati River in northern India (Haryana) and its role in populating the Harappan civilization sites—A study based on remote sensing, sedimentology, and strata chronology" 1675:, is described in the Rigvedic Nadistuti sukta (10.75), which was composed centuries later, after an eastward migration of the bearers of the Rigvedic culture to the western 2415:

Painted Grey Ware sites (ca. 1000 BCE) have been found in the bed and not on the banks of the Ghaggar-Hakra river, suggesting that the river had dried up before this period.

1787:

believe that proof of the physical existence of the Vedic river would bolster their concept of a golden age of Hindu India, before invasions by Muslims and Christians." The

335:

of the Rigveda may also refer to two distinct rivers, with the family books referring to the Helmand River, and the more recent 10th mandala referring to the Ghaggar-Hakra.

1641:, which according to him at that time meant 'confluence', 'lake', 'heavenly lake', 'ocean'; the current meaning of 'terrestrial ocean' was not even felt in the Pali Canon. 4757: 4299: 1731:

Danino acknowledges that this asks for "studying its tentacular ramifications into linguistics, archaeoastronomy, anthropology and genetics, besides a few other fields".

3967:

Chaudhri, Akshey Rajan; Chopra, Sundeep; Kumar, Pankaj; Ranga, Rajesh; Singh, Yoginder; Rajput, Subhash; Sharma, Vikram; Verma, Veerendra Kumar; Sharma, Rajveer (2021).

3784: 2280:, p. 149), have argued, based on archaeological, geomorphic and sedimentological research, that the Yamuna may have flowed into the Sarasvati during Harappan times. 5371:

Khonde, Nitesh; Kumar Singh, Sunil; Maur, D. M.; Rai, Vinai K.; Chamyal, L. S.; Giosan, Liviu (2017), "Tracing the Vedic Saraswati River in the Great Rann of Kachchh",

2299:

channel, since many Harappan sites have been discovered on these dried-out river beds. There are no Harappan sites on the present Yamuna river, but there are, however,

1462:

According to R.U.S. Prasad, "we find a considerable body of opinions among the scholars, archaeologists and geologists, who hold that the Sarasvati originated in the

3800: 2234: 1899: 4784: 1396: 1226:

The Rigveda was composed during the latter part of the late Harappan period, and according to Shaffer, the reason for the predominance of the Sarasvati in the

319: 2127: 583:

In 10.30.12, her origin as a river goddess may explain her invocation as a protective deity in a hymn to the celestial waters. In 10.135.5, as Indra drinks

233:. Recent geophysical research shows that the supposed downstream Ghaggar-Hakra paleochannel is actually a paleochannel of the Sutlej, which flowed into the 1502:

the Ghaggar-Hakra river was already dried up at the time of the composition of the Vedas, let alone the migration of the Vedic people into northern India.

6044: 7386: 4957: 1798:, research and satellite imagery of the region has confirmed to have found the lost river when water was detected during digging of the dry river bed at 1759:

fortifications, elaborate drainage systems, the use of mud and fire bricks, monumental buildings, extensive craft activity, are completely absent in the

3428:

D.S. Chauhan in Radhakrishna, B.P. and Merh, S.S. (editors): Vedic Saraswati 1999. According to this reference, 44 asvins may be over 2,600 km

721:. These post-Vedic texts regularly talk about drying up of the river, and start associating the goddess Sarasvati with language, rather than the river. 686:, but dating to a later date than the Veda Samhitas. The Jaiminiya Brahmana (2.297) speaks of the 'diving under (upamajjana) of the Sarasvati', and the 520:. In the late book 10, only two references are unambiguously to the river: 10.64.9, calling for the aid of three "great rivers", Sindhu, Sarasvati and 487:

took the view that "The earliest Aryan homeland in India-Pakistan (Aryavarta or Brahmavarta) was in the Punjab and in the valleys of the Sarasvati and

1828:

The Saraswati revival project seeks to build channels and dams along the route of the lost river, and develop it as a tourist and pilgrimage circuit.

175:, superimposed on the Vedic Sarasvati river is the "heavenly river": the Milky Way, which is seen as "a road to immortality and heavenly after-life." 351:, which postulates an extended period of migrations of Indo-European speaking people into the Indian subcontinent between ca. 1900 BCE and 1400 BCE. 5191:"Creating Suitable Evidence of the Past? Archaeology, Politics, and Hindu Nationalism in India from the End of the Twentieth Century to the Present" 4808:"Saraswati Nadi in Haryana and its linkage with the Vedic Saraswati River — Integrated study based on satellite images and ground based information" 569:

Sarasvati is mentioned some fifty times in the hymns of the Rigveda. It is mentioned in thirteen hymns of the late books (1 and 10) of the Rigveda.

463:

The Saraswati river was revered and considered important for Hindus because it is said that it was on this river's banks, along with its tributary

6150: 2114: 5135:

Demkina, T.S. (2017), "Paleoecological crisis in the steppes of the Lower Volga region in the Middle of the Bronze Age (III–II centuries BC)",

3442:. Saraswati river – a perspective. organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana. Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University. pp. 114–117. 1188:, enumerates all important rivers from the Ganges in the east up to the Indus in the west in a clear geographical order. The sequence "Ganges, 1679:

plain some 600 km to the east. The Sarasvati by this time had become a mythical "disappeared" river, and the name was transferred to the

7770: 7379: 6882: 6531: 6001: 5964: 5918: 5798: 5664: 5525: 5503: 5426: 5180: 5089: 4967: 4700: 4675: 4487: 3726: 3631: 3350: 3202: 3058: 3028: 2994: 2944: 2875: 327:, the name of which may have been reused from the more ancient Sanskrit name of the Ghaggar-Hakra river, after the Vedic tribes moved to the 1997:

According to Bhargava (1964) "samudra" stands for a huge inland lake, of which there were four or seven in Rigvedic sources. He translates

5702: 1434:

In the 19th and early 20th century a number of scholars, archaeologists and geologists have identified the Vedic Sarasvati River with the

2366:

movements have frequently diverted streams in the past. The Ghaggar-Hakra may have migrated westward due to such uplift of the Aravallis.

5899: 5361: 4937: 3253:

J. Shaffer, in: J. Bronkhorst & M. Deshpande (eds.), Aryans and Non-Non-Aryans, Evidence, Interpretation and Ideology. Cambridge (

1259: 1098:(Sindhu) river. Scientists, geologists as well as scholars have identified the Sarasvati with many present-day or now-defunct rivers. 6187: 6083: 5691: 5455: 5336: 4366: 3750: 3141: 1391:

Outline of the Indus Civilization, with concentration of settlements along the Ghaggar-Hakra, which had dried-up by the time of the

1101:

Two theories are popular in the attempts to identify the Sarasvati. Several scholars have identified the river with the present-day

5732: 2015:. Talageri notes that "Pāṇini gives the meaning of mīra as samudra (Uṇādi-Sutra ii, 28)," and notes that, according to Mallory, IE 1105:

or dried up part of it, which is located in Northwestern India and Pakistan. A second popular theory associates the river with the

4723: 7800: 5318: 5308:. History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Vol. I. New Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations. 4250:

Tripathi, Jayant K.; Bock, Barbara; Rajamani, V.; Eisenhauer, A. (2004). "Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical constraints".

31: 5495:

Sarasvatī, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge: From the Manuscript-carrying Vīṇā-player to the Weapon-wielding Defender of the Dharma

632:

In post-Rigvedic literature, the disappearance of the Sarasvati is mentioned. Also the origin of the Sarasvati is identified as

414:'run, flow' but does agree that it could have been a river that connected many lakes due to its abundant volumes of water-flow. 6797: 4224: 1718: 1263: 348: 3550:

compare also with Yajurveda 34.11, D.S. Chauhan in Radhakrishna, B.P. and Merh, S.S. (editors): Vedic Saraswati, 1999, p.35-44

7825: 7780: 5820:

Singh, Ajit (2017), "Counter-intuitive influence of Himalayan river morphodynamics on Indus Civilisation urban settlements",

4862: 4356: 1362:

immediately below the presumed Ghaggar-Hakra channel show sediment affinity not with the Ghagger-Hakra, but instead with the

858:

to the east of the disappearance of the Sarasvati in the desert, to the west of Kalakavana, to the north of the mountains of

6102: 5588:

Oldham, R.D. 1893. The Sarsawati and the Lost River of the Indian Desert. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1893. 49-76.

1771:

discovered were found at sites in Pakistan along the Indus river, while other places accounting only for the remaining 10%.

178:

Rigvedic and later Vedic texts have been used to propose identification with present-day rivers, or ancient riverbeds. The

1061: 1208:

The Sarasvati River is perceived to be a great river with perennial water, which does not apply to the Hakra and Ghaggar.

996:

s in India where two physical rivers are joined by the "unseen" Sarasvati, which adds to the sanctity of the confluence.

7830: 7805: 7775: 7810: 2068:

dispute this, arguing that it was a large perennial river draining the high mountains as late as 3700–2500 years ago.

1784: 5789:

Shaffer, Jim G. (1995), "Cultural tradition and Palaeoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology", in George Erdosy (ed.),

248:

The Indus Valley Civilisation prospered when the monsoons that fed the rivers diminished around 5,000 years ago. and

3386:

Pancavimsa Brahmana, Jaiminiya Upanisad Brahmana, Katyayana Srauta Sutra, Latyayana Srauta; Macdonell and Keith 1912

2303:(1000 - 600 BC) sites along the Yamuna channel, showing that the river must then have flowed in the present channel. 139:

As a physical river in the oldest texts of the Rigveda, it is described as a "great and holy river in north-western

7835: 7820: 7545: 7326: 7100: 4929: 4884: 2273: 2250:

The suggestion of a change of river courses during Mature Harappan times due to tectonic activity has been used by

7785: 6524: 1404: 1355: 253: 129: 6158: 3973: 3021:

Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China

7790: 7765: 4333: 3188:, p. 97: "It is widely accepted that the Sarasvatī mentioned here is the river that gave the name Harakhvaiti". 1074: 697:. The distance between the source and the Vinasana (place of disappearance of the river) is said to be 44 338:

The identification with the Ghaggar-Hakra system took on new significance in the early 21st century, with some

4225:"Proceedings of the second international symposium on the management of large rivers for fisheries: Volume II" 2010: 7341: 7260: 6423: 4919: 3254: 1354:

Clift et al. (2012), using dating of zircon sand grains, have shown that subsurface river channels near the

202:, a word now usually translated as 'ocean', but which could also mean "lake." Later Vedic texts such as the 2313:, there are no Harappan sites on the Sutlej in its present lower course, only in its upper course near the 1809:

Heritage Development Board (SHDB) had conducted a trial run on 30 July 2016 filling the river bed with 100

143:," but in the middle and late Rigvedic books, it is described as a small river ending in "a terminal lake ( 7840: 7795: 7030: 2464: 1788: 1713: 1371:

not along a perennial river, but a monsoon-fed seasonal river that was not subject to devastating floods.

1347:"slightly altered gradients on the extremely flat plains," resulting in the drying-up of the Hakra in the 516:. Macdonell and Keith provided a comprehensive survey of Vedic references to the Sarasvati River in their 4912:

The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World

921:

After the Vedic Sarasvati dried, new myths about the rivers arose. Sarasvati is described to flow in the

6940: 6925: 6688: 6180: 4953: 3440:

Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati river is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati river

2425:

and Post-Catacomb time stipulating their higher mobility and transition to the nomadic cattle breeding."

1620:

river was first proposed by Thomas (1886), followed by Alfred Hillebrandt a couple of years thereafter.

1392: 851: 705: 607:

Though Sarasvati initially emerged as a river goddess in the Vedic scriptures, in later Hinduism of the

701:(between several hundred and 1,600 miles) (Tandya Br. 25.10.16; cf. Av. 6.131.3; Pancavimsa Br.). 4885:"Haryana to launch revival of Saraswati river, to construct dam, barrage & reservoir at Adi Badri" 888:

gives similar definitions, declaring that Aryavarta is the land that lies west of Kalakavana, east of

875: 7815: 7666: 7362: 7255: 7200: 6900: 6517: 5829: 5770: 5380: 5324: 5229: 5144: 5108: 5044: 4989: 4819: 4124: 4055: 3982: 5554:"Possible contribution of River Saraswati in groundwater aquifer system in western Rajasthan, India" 4157:

Gaur, R. C. (1983). Excavations at Atranjikhera, Early Civilization of the Upper Ganga Basin. Delhi.

7530: 6678: 4719: 2636:

Samudra, XXIII Deutscher Orientalistentag Würzburg, ZDMG Suppl. Volume VII, Stuttgart 1989, 367–371

2251: 1878: 1745: 1475: 1435: 1333: 1204:

Yet, the Rigveda also contains clues for an identification with the Helmand river in Afghanistan:

1102: 218: 140: 7845: 6895: 6693: 6673: 5978: 5885: 5744: 5641: 5633: 5516:, in Giosan, Liviu; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Nicoll, Kathleen; Flad, Rowan K.; Clift, Peter D. (eds.), 5281: 5160: 5124: 5060: 4843: 4259: 4140: 4079: 3998: 1467: 1415: 793: 640: 483:, Brahmavarta is portrayed as the "pure" centre of Vedic culture. Bridget and Raymond Allchin in 207: 4785:"Hunt for mythical Saraswati river a test of history and science - india news - Hindustan Times" 1649:, is described in suktas 2.41, 7.36, etc. of the family books of the Rigveda, and drains into a 217:

Since the late 19th century, numerous scholars have proposed to identify the Sarasvati with the

88: 5714: 2238: 1903: 847:: "the land between the Sarasvati and Drishadvati is created by God; this land is Brahmavarta." 773:

describe the Sarasvati River, and also record that the river separated into a number of lakes (

6965: 6438: 6385: 6337: 5997: 5991: 5970: 5960: 5914: 5855: 5794: 5687: 5660: 5521: 5499: 5451: 5422: 5406: 5357: 5332: 5257: 5176: 5085: 5023: 5005: 4976:

Chatterjee, Anirban; Ray, Jyotiranjan S.; Shukla, Anil D.; Pande, Kanchan (20 November 2019).

4963: 4933: 4835: 4741: 4696: 4671: 4483: 4475: 4362: 4071: 3746: 3722: 3493: 3346: 3233: 3198: 3054: 3024: 2990: 2940: 2932: 2871: 2345: 2300: 2123: 2119: 1955:"This stream Sarasvati with fostering current comes forth, our sure defence, our fort of iron. 1868: 1701: 1668: 444: 403: 6011: 5807:

Sindhav, Hetalben Dhanabhai (2016), "The Indus Valley Civilisation (Harappan Civilisation)",

5493: 5350:"Early city-states in south Asia: Comparing the Harappan phase and the Early Historic period" 2867: 2860: 693:

The Plaksa Prasravana (place of appearance/source of the river) may refer to a spring in the

7575: 6717: 6668: 6267: 6173: 5952: 5875: 5845: 5837: 5778: 5679: 5654: 5625: 5514:"Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period" 5396: 5388: 5247: 5237: 5198: 5152: 5116: 5052: 5013: 4997: 4827: 4132: 4063: 3990: 1447: 1439: 1051: 836: 379: 5896: 5570: 3541:

D.S. Chauhan in Radhakrishna, B.P. and Merh, S.S. (editors): Vedic Saraswati, 1999, p.35-44

3126:) 'swamp'; the root is otherwise often connected with rivers (also in river names, such as 1813:

of water which was pumped into a dug-up channel from tubewells at Uncha Chandna village in

1514: 471:, that Vedic Sanskrit had its genesis, and important Vedic scriptures like initial part of 7605: 7595: 7479: 7035: 6860: 6408: 6395: 6275: 6087: 5928: 5903: 5613: 3197:

Manu (2004). Olivelle, Patrick, ed. The Law Code of Manu. Oxford University Press. p. 24.

2389: 2359: 1848: 1632: 1624: 1576: 1566: 1538: 1185: 1149: 1065: 687: 678:

The first reference to the disappearance of the lower course of the Sarasvati is from the

557: 525: 203: 121: 6079: 6024: 5725: 5722: 4925:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

3156: 3019:

Charles Keith Maisels (16 December 2003). "The Indus/'Harappan'/Sarasvati Civilization".

1969:

Pure in her course from mountains to the ocean, alone of streams Sarasvati hath listened.

5833: 5774: 5752: 5676:

River and Goddess Worship in India: Changing Perceptions and Manifestations of Sarasvati

5592:

Pal, Yash (1984). "Remote Sensing of the "Lost" Sarasvati River.". In Lal, B. B. (ed.).

5384: 5328: 5233: 5148: 5112: 5048: 4993: 4823: 4128: 4059: 3986: 1571:

An alternative suggestion for the identity of the early Rigvedic Sarasvati River is the

1530: 7739: 7703: 7641: 7600: 7550: 7432: 6975: 6960: 6749: 6653: 5850: 5401: 5268:

Giosan, Liviu; Clift, Peter D.; Macklin, Mark G.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (10 October 2013),

5252: 5018: 4977: 4277: 3968: 3110: 2962: 2435: 1873: 1588: 1463: 1039: 942: 913:

Triveni Sangam, Allahabad – the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and the "unseen" Sarasvati.

683: 172: 168: 5880: 4017: 909: 7759: 7459: 7406: 7265: 7060: 6980: 6764: 6683: 6631: 6626: 6589: 5982: 5889: 5645: 5553: 5164: 5128: 5064: 4847: 4737: 4663: 4002: 2987:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

2393: 2159: 2110: 1755: 1724: 1660: 1572: 1562: 1519: 1498: 1451: 1443: 1231: 1106: 1082: 1055: 797: 781: 742: 694: 300: 6139: 4743:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

4228: 7708: 7682: 7651: 7646: 7625: 7610: 7570: 7565: 7540: 7489: 7474: 7464: 7305: 6955: 6817: 6790: 6663: 6648: 6621: 6616: 6563: 6403: 6380: 5601: 4115:

Stein, Aurel (1942). "A Survey of Ancient Sites along the "Lost" Sarasvati River".

3512: 3135: 2334: 1853: 1768: 1749: 1676: 1295: 1271: 1121: 809: 734: 656: 584: 541: 344: 238: 156: 48: 6134: 3817:

New study challenges existence of Saraswati river, says it was Sutlej's old course

3395:

Asvalayana Srauta Sutra, Sankhayana Srauta Sutra; Macdonell and Keith 1912, II: 55

1132: 817:

One who bathes and drinks there where the Gangā, Yamunā and Sarasvati join enjoys

499: 5513: 5349: 5120: 4923: 3740: 7729: 7656: 7620: 7560: 7535: 7525: 7504: 7494: 7469: 7454: 7402: 7250: 7150: 7040: 6920: 6915: 6802: 6643: 6638: 6606: 6568: 6541: 6498: 6466: 6418: 5419:

Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition

5301: 4016:

Jayant K. Tripathi; Barbara Bock; V. Rajamani; A. Eisenhauer (25 October 2004).

2296: 1863: 1843: 1838: 1818: 1814: 1799: 1664: 1584: 1546: 1348: 1275: 1222:, where the present-day Sarasvati (Sarsuti) river flows, or to higher mountains. 1158:.52.6 describes the Sarasvati as swollen (pinvamānā) by the rivers (sindhubhih). 1032: 1016: 1003:

Several present-day rivers are also named Sarasvati, after the Vedic Sarasvati:

844: 840: 832: 754: 738: 730: 648: 488: 468: 464: 448: 399: 324: 314: 242: 230: 211: 70: 7371: 6159:"પ્રદેશ નદીનો તટપ્રદેશ (બેઝીન) સરસ્વતી (Regional River Basin: Saraswati Basin)" 5841: 5392: 5220:

Giosan; et al. (2012), "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization",

5080:

Darian, Steven G. (2001), "5.Ganga and Sarasvati: The Transformation of Myth",

5001: 4807: 2622:

Klaus, K. Die altindische Kosmologie, nach den Brāhmaṇas dargestellt. Bonn 1986

2337:

between the turning point of the Sutlej and where the Ghaggar river bed widens.

2254:

to argue for the identification of the Ghaggar-Hakra with the Vedic Sarasvati.

1007:

Sarsuti is the present-day name of a river originating in a submontane region (

17: 7687: 7661: 7615: 7520: 7331: 7290: 7285: 7230: 7215: 7110: 7070: 7065: 7010: 6935: 6870: 6865: 6855: 6785: 6698: 6658: 6611: 6486: 6461: 6456: 6302: 6257: 5956: 5782: 5512:

Maemoku, Hideaki; Shitaoka, Yorinao; Nagatomo, Tsuneto; Yagi, Hiroshi (2013),

5190: 5156: 4831: 3237: 2373: 2349: 2217: 2197: 2154:

According to Shaffer, the reason for the predominance of the Sarasvati in the

1550: 1542: 1363: 1286: 1267: 1181: 953: 926: 882: 801: 718: 672: 664: 480: 476: 269: 257: 234: 117: 39: 5974: 5009: 4839: 4075: 3497: 2585: 1178:, a word now usually translated as "ocean," but which could also mean "lake." 839:, escaping from a flood, founded the Vedic culture between the Sarasvati and 7724: 7499: 7484: 7336: 7225: 7195: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7020: 7015: 6970: 6890: 6759: 6601: 6491: 6433: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 5242: 3486:

Research Journal of Akhil Bhartiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana, ABISY (New Delhi)

2348:

theory, the disappearance of the river may additionally have been caused by

2213: 2205: 1948: 1858: 1806: 1580: 1387: 1359: 1324:

7 = dried-up Harappan Hakkra course, and pre-Harappan Sutlej paleochannels (

1291: 1219: 1215: 1171: 1161: 1155: 1145: 1069: 1043: 1028: 946: 893: 871: 859: 855: 746: 644: 620: 612: 577: 573: 564: 440: 308: 304: 277: 261: 195: 179: 148: 80:

7 = dried-up Harappan Hakkra course, and pre-Harappan Sutlej paleochannels (

44: 5993:

Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism

5859: 5410: 5261: 5027: 2118:

inclusion of other groups into their cultural system. Eastward emerged the

6151:

Saraswati: The River That Never Was, Flowing Always in the People's Hearts

6144: 5683: 5520:, American Geophysical Union Monograph Series 198, John Wiley & Sons, 5469: 5463: 5441: 5435: 2695: 2693: 2691: 604:), consistent with her role as a goddess of both knowledge and fertility. 598: 590: 418: 408: 392: 384: 368: 360: 106: 7555: 7240: 7235: 7205: 7180: 7025: 6985: 6930: 6905: 6807: 6744: 6727: 6722: 6471: 5703:"Glaciological and Geological Source of Vedic Saraswati in the Himalayas" 4300:"Government-constituted expert committee finds Saraswati river did exist" 2897: 2363: 2314: 2292: 2187:

See Witzel (1984) for discussion; for maps (1984) of the area, p. 42 sqq.

1791:

Government had therefore ordered archaeologists to search for the river.

1741: 1635:). This matches the Rigvedic description of the Sarasvati flowing to the 1470:, situated in the foothills of the Shivaliks, to the plains and finally 1251: 1193: 1113: 962: 897: 889: 867: 679: 339: 265: 226: 6578: 5748: 5637: 5285: 5269: 4263: 636:

Prasravana (Peepal tree or Ashwattha tree as known in India and Nepal).

92:

Cemetery H, Late Harappan, OCP, Copper Hoard and Painted Grey ware sites

7310: 7275: 7210: 7190: 7185: 7175: 7130: 7120: 7095: 7085: 7080: 7050: 7045: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6950: 6837: 6827: 6822: 6481: 6428: 6347: 6317: 6312: 6290: 6204: 6196: 5629: 5203: 4762: 4144: 4083: 4043: 3131: 2163: 2155: 2090: 2001:

as "ocean". In this view the "lowlands" of Kashmir and Kuruksetra were

1964:, the flood flows on, surpassing in majesty and might all other waters. 1961: 1795: 1780: 1760: 1680: 1651: 1637: 1628: 1600: 1534: 1471: 1298:, and (pre-)Harappan Hakra/Sutlej-Yamuna paleochannels, as proposed by 1255: 1235: 1227: 1175: 1047: 1024: 989: 974: 957: 863: 750: 668: 472: 425: 375: 285: 273: 199: 183: 144: 133: 51:, and (pre-)Harappan Hakkra/Sutlej-Yamuna paleochannels as proposed by 6025:"Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" 1684:

they encountered after the old rivers they knew from Helmand, and the

1120:"Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization," suggesting that the Indus Valley and 552: 7438: 7427: 7300: 7280: 7270: 7220: 7135: 7055: 6910: 6832: 6365: 6342: 6327: 6322: 6307: 6049:

TheE Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history

5056: 3994: 2288: 1975: 1608: 1197: 1189: 1078: 1020: 1008: 970: 966: 938: 934: 922: 818: 789: 785: 770: 698: 660: 652: 633: 608: 533: 529: 432: 328: 281: 191: 187: 164: 160: 152: 5947:

Valdiya, K.S. (2017). "Prehistoric River Saraswati, Western India".

4136: 4067: 1974:

Thinking of wealth and the great world of creatures, she poured for

6124:

An archaeological tour along the Ghaggar-Hakra River by Aurel Stein

4358:

In Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India

4355:

Feuerstein, Georg; Kak, Subhash; Frawley, David (11 January 1999).

3481: 512:

The Sarasvati River is mentioned in all but the fourth book of the

382:), derived from 'sáras' + 'vat', meaning 'having sáras-'. Sanskrit 7295: 7245: 7170: 7145: 7125: 7115: 7090: 7075: 6990: 6945: 6739: 6558: 6448: 6370: 6357: 6332: 6295: 6285: 6140:

Saraswati – the ancient river lost in the desert by A. V. Sankaran

5606:

The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization

3537: 3535: 3127: 3105: 2329: 2224:

still with its generic meaning) would be less common in RV speech.

1810: 1529: 1513: 1386: 1285: 1247: 1131: 1109:

or an ancient river in the present Helmand Valley in Afghanistan.

1095: 1012: 978: 908: 551: 521: 513: 498: 222: 125: 87: 38: 5616:(December 1997). "The transformation of the Indus Civilization". 5317:

Jain, Sharad K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K.; Singh, Vijay P. (2007),

4978:"On the existence of a perennial river in the Harappan heartland" 4095: 4093: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 7744: 7140: 6734: 6476: 6375: 6280: 6161:. Narmada, Water Resources, Water Supply and Kalpsar Department. 3635: 3511:

org, Richard MAHONEY - r dot mahoney at indica-et-buddhica dot.

1979: 1554: 1492: 1367:

Ghaggar-Hakra well before the beginnings of Indus civilisation.

249: 113: 101: 7375: 6513: 6169: 6082:, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, 20 March 2013. 5462:

Kochhar, Rajesh (2012), "On the identity and chronology of the

4693:

Understanding Harappa: Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley

4476:"On the identity and chronology of the Ṛgvedic river Sarasvatī" 3529:

Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean culture, Volume 2, page 398

2933:"On the identity and chronology of the Ṛgvedic river Sarasvatī" 2036:

suggest that the river remained perennial till 4,500 years ago.

6509: 3689: 3687: 2832: 2830: 2546: 2544: 6135:

Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? by Tripathi, Bock, Rajamani, Eir

5344:

Keith and Macdonell. 1912. Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.

3938: 3936: 3117: 984:

In lesser known configuration, Sarasvati is said to form the

892:(where the Sarasvati disappears in the desert), south of the 843:

rivers. The Sarasvati River was thus the western boundary of

159:

form, in which it formed a confluence with the sacred rivers

6577: 5476:

Archaeology and Language III; Artefacts, languages and texts

5448:

Archaeology and Language III; Artefacts, languages and texts

4806:

Bhadra, B. K.; Gupta, A. K.; Sharma, J. R. (February 2009).

4044:"A Survey of Ancient Sites along the "Lost" Sarasvati River" 3764: 3762: 3452:

Mhb. 3.82.111; 3.130.3; 6.7.47; 6.37.1-4., 9.34.81; 9.37.1-2

3228:

Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912).

3134:); the suggestion has been revived in the connection of an " 2937:

Archaeology and Language III; Artefacts, languages and texts

2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2508: 2506: 5356:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 52–70. 4758:"Special Report: Battling for India's soul, state by state" 3176:, Göttingen-Leipzig: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht/JC Hinrichs 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2358:, referring to three other publications, state that active 479:

were supposed to have been composed by Vedic seers. In the

6165: 4646: 4644: 4642: 3302:

1.3, 13, 89, 164; 10.17, 30, 64, 65, 66, 75, 110, 131, 141

2459:

Michael Witzel points out that this is to expected from a

572:

The most important hymns related to Sarasvati goddess are

528:. In this hymn, the Sarasvati River is placed between the 366:

is the feminine nominative singular form of the adjective

5354:

The Archaeology of City States: Cross-cultural approaches

4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4380: 4378: 3513:"INDOLOGY - Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization (c. 3000 B.C.)" 3482:"Interpreting the Sarasvati Tirthayatra of Shri Balarāma" 3345:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 311–2. 3049:

Denise Cush; Catherine A. Robinson; Michael York (2008).

2561: 2559: 2352:

which may have led to the redirection of its tributaries.

2306:

Other Indigenist Aryanism-cloroued publications include:

128:

and post-Vedic texts. It played an important role in the

5485:

The Saraswati Flows on: the Continuity of Indian Culture

5434:

Kochhar, Rajesh, 'On the identity and chronology of the

3915: 3899: 3897: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 2069: 2033: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4167: 4165: 4163: 2817: 2815: 2317:, and along the dried up channel of the ancient Sutlej. 1526:, is identified by some as the ancient Sarasvati river. 1290:

Vedic and present-day Gagghar-Hakra river-course, with

1246:

The present Ghaggar-Hakra River is a seasonal river in

43:

Vedic and present-day Gagghar-Hakra river-course, with

4756:

Rupam Jain Nair, Frank Jack Daniel (12 October 2015).

4482:. Archaeology and Language. Vol. III. Routledge. 4018:"Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical constraints" 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 1692:

mountains, which is not the landscape of the Ghaggar.

1200:, which is consistent with the Ghaggar identification. 3603: 3601: 3412: 3410: 3341:

Pushpendra K. Agarwal; Vijay P. Singh (16 May 2007).

2291:

may have flowed into the Sarasvati river through the

2072:

have responded to, and rejected, Valdiya's arguments.

1148:.23.4 mentions the Sarasvati River together with the 753:

reflects the same geographical view described in the

229:, between the Yamuna and the Sutlej, and ends in the 27:

River mentioned in the Vedas and ancient Indian epics

5895:

S. G. Talageri, The RigVeda - A Historical Analysis

5304:(1999). Pande, G. C.; Chattophadhyaya, D.P. (eds.). 2898:"The rivers Sarasvati: Reconciling the sacred texts" 2362:

are present in the region, and lateral and vertical

2216:, giving the second translation. A translation as a 1659:

in the Rigveda matches the physical features of the

1038:

Sarasvati is the name of a river originating in the

221:

system, which flows through modern-day northwestern-

7717: 7696: 7675: 7634: 7588: 7513: 7447: 7420: 7413: 7319: 6881: 6848: 6775: 6707: 6588: 6549: 6447: 6394: 6356: 6266: 6203: 5547:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 3828: 3780: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3044: 3042: 3040: 1587:, separated from the watershed of the Indus by the 1522:, Afghanistan, known in ancient Iranian Avestan as 1174:.95.1-2, describes the Sarasvati as flowing to the 1011:district) and joining the Ghaggar near Shatrana in 214:, mention that the Sarasvati dried up in a desert. 198:.95.1-2, describes the Sarasvati as flowing to the 5733:"Saraswati – The ancient river lost in the desert" 5656:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective 3745:. Indian Space Research Organization. p. 23. 2859: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2126:(1800–1400 BCE). This culture interacted with the 2023:, originally referred to "lake," and not to "sea." 1817:. The water is expected to fill the channel until 1258:season, but satellite images in possession of the 1196:" places the Sarasvati between the Yamuna and the 1019:) the Naiwala channel, a dried out channel of the 1735:Identification with the Indus Valley Civilisation 1663:in Afghanistan, more precisely its tributary the 878:defines Aryavarta like the Vasistha Dharma Sutra. 800:32.1-4, the Sarasvati rose from the Plaksa tree ( 784:, the Sarasvati originates from the water pot of 5929:"The River Saraswati was a Himalayan-born river" 3927: 3852: 2081:The Helmand river historically, besides Avestan 6097: 6095: 4863:"'Lost' Saraswati river brought 'back to life'" 3713: 3711: 1794:According to the government of Indian state of 1671:. The later Rigvedic Sarasvati, which he calls 1412:Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilisation 1342:Pre-Holocene diversion of the Sutlej and Yamuna 1112:Others consider Sarasvati a mythical river, an 815: 737:to the south of the Sarasvati and north of the 406:considers unlikely a connection with the root * 6047:, in Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.), 5073:The Lost River - On the trail of the Sarasvati 4725:The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables 3216:The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2162:(1900-1300 BCE) population shift eastwards to 1234:(1900-1300 BCE) population shift eastwards to 503:Map of northern India in the late Vedic period 485:The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan 299:"Sarasvati" has also been identified with the 132:, appearing in all but the fourth book of the 7387: 6525: 6181: 5552:Mitra, D. S.; Bhadu, Balram (10 March 2012). 5294:The lost Saraswati and the Indus Civilization 5195:South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal 4478:. In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.). 4099: 3942: 3249: 3247: 2909:The Vedic People: Their history and geography 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2787: 2682: 2601: 2599: 2262:, makes ample reference to such suggestions: 2260:The lost Saraswati and the Indus Civilization 2050: 1688:may correspond with the Ghaggar-Hakra river. 1450:(1862-1943), C.F. Oldham and Jane Macintosh. 1303: 988:confluence with rivers Hiranya and Kapila at 56: 8: 3796: 3719:Vedic River Sarasvati and Hindu Civilization 3232:. Vol. 2. London: Murray. p. 434. 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2751: 2726: 2012:The Proto-Indo-European Word for "Sea/Ocean" 1721:, which postulates a migration at 1500 BCE. 1325: 1299: 524:; and 10.75.5, the geographical list of the 81: 52: 5951:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 5352:. In Nichols, D.L.; Charlton, T.H. (eds.). 4278:"Press Information Bureau English Releases" 4227:. Fao.org. 14 February 2003. Archived from 3954: 2989:. Pearson Education India. pp. 137–8. 2935:, in Roger Blench; Matthew Spriggs (eds.), 2806: 2775: 2512: 2175: 2005:, but the sea in which the Ganga fell is a 1591:. The Helmand historically besides Avestan 1031:the Ghaggar is then joined by the dried up 186:(10.75) mentions the Sarasvati between the 7417: 7394: 7380: 7372: 6532: 6518: 6510: 6188: 6174: 6166: 5578:Breakthrough, Breakthrough Science Society 5536:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives 4959:The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture 4812:Journal of the Geological Society of India 3647: 3645: 3218:, Cambridge University Press, 1982, P.358. 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2866:. University of California Press. p. 2355: 2122:(2100–1800 BCE), from which developed the 1993: 1991: 1744:revisionists subscribing to the theory of 5913:, Universities Press (India), Hyderabad, 5879: 5849: 5400: 5323:, Springer Science & Business Media, 5251: 5241: 5202: 5017: 4695:. New Delhi: Tulika Books. pp. 7–8. 3693: 3558: 3556: 3172:by Lommel (1927); Lommel, Herman (1927), 2836: 2369: 2046: 2044: 2042: 1944: 1942: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1553:in southern Afghanistan at the border of 4609: 4526: 4502: 3888: 3840: 3815:Malavika Vyawahare (29 November 2017), " 3768: 3438:Bhargava, Sudhir (20–22 November 2009). 2862:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 2763: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2140: 2138: 2136: 1769:Indus script seals and inscribed objects 6072: 5990:Wilke, Annette; Moebus, Oliver (2011), 5518:Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations 4650: 4514: 4449: 4420: 4202: 4183: 4171: 3903: 3876: 3864: 3185: 2550: 2497: 2490: 2065: 1891: 1696:Contemporary politico-religious meaning 390:means 'lake, pond' (cf. the derivative 30:For other rivers of the same name, see 6145:Sarasvati research and Education Trust 6058:The Origins of the World's Mythologies 5809:International Journal of Social Impact 5571:"RIGVEDIC SARASVATI: MYTH AND REALITY" 5487:, New Delhi: Aryan Books International 5320:Hydrology and Water Resources of India 4597: 4585: 4573: 4561: 4538: 4461: 4437: 4408: 4396: 4384: 4110: 4108: 3669: 3619: 3416: 3377:K.R. Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, pp. 12-13 3365: 3343:Hydrology and Water Resources of India 3323: 3311: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3082: 2821: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2605: 2565: 2535: 2325: 2276:(1972, 1973, 1975, 1977), as cited in 2032:In contrast with the mainstream view, 1930: 1612:the Avesta. The identification of the 1085:, has dried up since the 17th century. 5911:Saraswati: The River That Disappeared 5175:, Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony, 4633: 4621: 3811: 3809: 3742:Saraswati: The River that Disappeared 2957: 2955: 2310: 2284: 2277: 2266: 2255: 2105: 2103: 7: 5701:Puri, V. M. K.; Verma, B.C. (1998). 2196:While the first translation takes a 1474:herself into the Arabian sea at the 491:rivers in the time of the Rigveda." 122:river first mentioned in the Rigveda 6032:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 5731:Sankaran, A. V. (25 October 1999), 5594:Frontiers of the Indus Civilization 3607: 3592: 3571: 2341: 2321: 1383:IVC and diminishing of the monsoons 905:Contemporary religious significance 5949:Society of Earth Scientists Series 4861:Zee Media Bureau (6 August 2016). 3214:Bridget Allchin, Raymond Allchin, 2093:form having cognate with Sanskrit 639:In a supplementary chapter of the 544:, where the Rigveda was compiled. 347:can be equated; and rejecting the 25: 5791:Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia 5763:Journal of Archaeological Science 3739:Valdiya, K. S. (1 January 2002). 3230:Vedic Index of names and subjects 3053:. Psychology Press. p. 766. 1707:Drying-up and dating of the Vedas 1486:Textual and historical objections 1426:Identification with the Sarasvati 1081:, formerly a distributary of the 556:Painting of Goddess Saraswati by 424:is considered to be a cognate of 378:as the name of the keeper of the 7358: 7357: 5296:, Jodhpur: Kusumanjali Prakashan 2344:, p. 24), who supports the 2283:According to Misra, as cited in 2265:According to Misra, as cited in 2109:According to David Anthony, the 1282:Paleochannels and ancient course 32:Saraswati River (disambiguation) 6798:48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra 5306:The dawn of Indian civilization 4480:Artefacts, Languages, and Texts 2653:The Geography of Rigvedic India 1166:"sárasvatī saptáthī síndhumātā" 5082:The Ganges in Myth and History 4670:. Penguin Books. p. 110. 3928:Sinha, Singh & Tandon 2020 3853:Jain, Agarwal & Singh 2007 2586:"Sarasvati | Hindu deity" 2324:, p. 494), also cited in 2208:. Hans Hock (1999) translates 1783:reported that "members of the 1410:Giosan et al., in their study 447:to be rich in rivers, and its 1: 5421:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 5084:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 3500:– via www.academia.edu. 2434:See also Eurogenes Blogspot, 821:. Of this there is no doubt." 682:, texts that are composed in 7771:Locations in Hindu mythology 5653:Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). 5215:, Cambridge University Press 5121:10.1016/j.quageo.2018.05.002 4914:, Princeton University Press 1719:Indo-Aryan migrations theory 1422:migrations into South Asia. 349:Indo-Aryan migrations theory 309: 5881:10.18520/cs/v119/i2/232-243 5618:Journal of World Prehistory 5470: 5464: 5442: 5436: 5213:An Introduction to Hinduism 4962:, Oxford University Press, 3155:. p. 9. Archived from 2372:argue that the present-day 1805:The government constituted 1785:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 1537:river basin with tributary 1254:that flows only during the 599: 591: 419: 409: 393: 385: 369: 361: 323:), in present day southern 291:Identification of a mighty 107: 7862: 5842:10.1038/s41467-017-01643-9 5608:. Oxford University Press. 5569:Mukherjee, Ashoke (2001), 5545:Hinduism. Past and present 5492:Ludvík, Catherine (2007), 5393:10.1038/s41598-017-05745-8 5189:Etter, Anne-Julie (2020), 5002:10.1038/s41598-019-53489-4 4930:Princeton University Press 4910:Anthony, David W. (2007), 4691:Ratnagar, Shereen (2006). 3974:Archaeological Prospection 3118: 3023:. Routledge. p. 184. 2220:("mother of rivers", with 1699: 1560: 1331: 992:. There are several other 615:, which identified her as 562: 318: 29: 7355: 6575: 6060:, Oxford University Press 5957:10.1007/978-3-319-44224-2 5783:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.015 5713:(2): 7–36. Archived from 5292:Gupta, S.P., ed. (1995), 5173:India: A Sacred Geography 5157:10.1134/S1064229317070018 4832:10.1007/s12594-009-0084-y 4371:– via Google Books. 3116:'river meadow' and Greek 2961:Encyclopædia Britannica, 2204:, the word is actually a 1655:. The description of the 1603:form cognate to Sanskrit 1405:Indus Valley civilisation 1356:Indus Valley civilisation 1274:c.q. paleochannel of the 1184:.75.5, the late Rigvedic 1054:before submerging in the 741:. The dried-up, seasonal 254:Indus Valley civilization 6080:Mythical Saraswati River 6056:Witzel, Michael (2012), 6043:Witzel, Michael (2005), 6023:Witzel, Michael (2001), 6010:Witzel, Michael (1984), 5211:Flood, Gavin D. (1996), 5101:Quaternary Geochronology 4920:Beckwith, Christopher I. 4474:Kochhar, Rajesh (1999). 4334:Sacred Books of the East 4324:Indische Alterthumskunde 4117:The Geographical Journal 4048:The Geographical Journal 3829:Schuldenrein et al. 2004 3781:Schuldenrein et al. 2004 3140:N. Kazanas (June 2006). 3051:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 2931:Kochhar, Rajesh (1999), 2356:Mitra & Bhadu (2012) 2176:Wilke & Moebus (2011 2034:Chatterjee et al. (2019) 1399:for a more detailed map. 866:and to the south of the 854:I.8-9 and 12-13 locates 467:, in the Vedic state of 252:has observed that major 7801:Sea and river goddesses 7342:Epic-Puranic chronology 6149:C.P. Rajendran (2019), 6101:Rajesh Kochhar (2017), 5909:Valdiya, K. S. (2002), 5902:15 January 2018 at the 5674:Prasad, R.U.S. (2017). 5543:Michaels, Axel (2004), 5534:McIntosh, Jane (2008), 5417:Kinsley, David (1998), 5348:Kenoyer, J. M. (1997). 5243:10.1073/pnas.1112743109 5071:Danino, Michel (2010), 4361:. Motilal Banarsidass. 3717:S. Kalyanaraman (ed.), 3255:Harvard Oriental Series 2807:Wilke & Moebus 2011 2776:Wilke & Moebus 2011 2651:Bhargava, M.L. (1964). 2590:Encyclopedia Britannica 2513:Wilke & Moebus 2011 2370:Puri & Verma (1998) 2239:Honde te al. (2017) map 2235:Clift et al. (2012) map 1904:Honde te al. (2017) map 1900:Clift et al. (2012) map 1316:3 = today's Thar desert 1090:Identification theories 6582: 6103:"The Aryan chromosome" 6086:9 October 2016 at the 5927:Valdiya, K.S. (2013), 5171:Eck, Diana L. (2012), 3916:Chatterjee et al. 2019 3480:Haigh, Martin (2011). 3257:, Opera Minora 3) 1999 2985:Upinder Singh (2008). 2858:Romila Thapar (2004). 2465:Gandhara grave culture 2463:society, but that the 1789:Bharatiya Janata Party 1558: 1527: 1466:and descended through 1400: 1329: 1137: 914: 823: 560: 504: 459:Importance in Hinduism 93: 85: 7826:Rivers of Uttarakhand 7781:Ancient Indian rivers 7709:Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur 6581: 6013:Sur le chemin du ciel 5996:, Walter de Gruyter, 5822:Nature Communications 5793:, Walter de Gruyter, 5717:on 14 September 2006. 5684:10.4324/9781315209401 5137:Eurasian Soil Science 5075:, Penguin Books India 4042:Stein, Aurel (1942). 2655:. Lucknow. p. 5. 2009:. See also Talageri, 1533: 1517: 1393:Indo-Aryan migrations 1390: 1289: 1135: 912: 852:Vasistha Dharma Sutra 706:Latyayana Srautasutra 596:) and "munificence" ( 555: 502: 374:(which occurs in the 91: 42: 7667:Lower Sharda Barrage 5755:on 19 September 2004 5450:, Routledge (1999), 4345:Oldham 1893 pp.51–52 4231:on 13 September 2016 3174:Die Yašts des Awesta 3162:on 29 February 2008. 3094:e.g. 7.96.4, 10.66.5 2790:, p. 1688-1689. 2553:, p. 10, 55-57. 2287:, p. 153), the 2070:Giosan et al. (2013) 2051:Giosan et al. (2012) 1397:Sameer et al. (2018) 1304:Khonde et al. (2017) 1152:and the Āpayā River. 933:) or joining of the 190:in the east and the 57:Khonde et al. (2017) 7831:Rivers of Rajasthan 7806:Indigenous Aryanism 7776:Mythological rivers 7433:Ghaghara or Karnali 5834:2017NatCo...8.1617S 5775:2004JArSc..31..777S 5659:. Rowman Altamira. 5614:Possehl, Gregory L. 5385:2017NatSR...7.5476K 5329:2007hwri.book.....J 5234:2012PNAS..109E1688G 5228:(26): E1688–E1694, 5149:2017EurSS..50..791D 5113:2019QuGeo..49..230D 5049:2012Geo....40..211C 4994:2019NatSR...917221C 4890:. 15 February 2021. 4824:2009JGSI...73..273B 4720:Iravatham Mahadevan 4576:, p. 256, 258. 4186:, p. 300, 336. 4129:1942GeogJ..99..173S 4060:1942GeogJ..99..173S 3987:2021ArchP..28..565C 3819:", Hindustan Times. 3632:At the Three Rivers 2809:, pp. 310–311. 2700:Maemoku et al. 2013 1879:Sarasvati Pushkaram 1859:Saraswati (goddess) 1746:Indigenous Aryanism 1631:and lake system of 1436:Ghaggar-Hakra River 1334:Ghaggar-Hakra River 1326:Clift et al. (2012) 1300:Clift et al. (2012) 1242:Ghaggar-Hakra River 1103:Ghaggar-Hakra River 796:. According to the 219:Ghaggar-Hakra River 194:in the west, while 82:Clift et al. (2012) 53:Clift et al. (2012) 7811:Rivers in Buddhism 6583: 6550:Traditional author 6107:The Indian Express 5723:Review (on page 3) 5630:10.1007/bf02220556 5483:Lal, B.B. (2002), 5373:Scientific Reports 5204:10.4000/samaj.6926 4982:Scientific Reports 4541:, p. 342-343. 4100:Giosan et al. 2012 3943:Khonde et al. 2017 3639:, 23 February 1948 3583:Manusmriti 2.17-18 2788:Giosan et al. 2012 2683:Giosan et al. 2012 2272:Raikes (1968) and 2200:interpretation of 1686:Vinasana Sarasvati 1673:Vinasana Sarasvati 1657:Naditama Sarasvati 1647:Naditama Sarasvati 1575:and its tributary 1559: 1545:mountain in north 1528: 1416:intermittent river 1401: 1330: 1138: 1068:, originates near 1046:, passing through 1042:mountain range in 1015:. Near Sadulgarh ( 958:Puranic scriptures 915: 641:Vajasaneyi-Samhita 561: 505: 208:Jaiminiya Brahmana 94: 86: 7836:Rivers of Gujarat 7821:Rivers of Haryana 7753: 7752: 7635:Dams and barrages 7584: 7583: 7369: 7368: 6507: 6506: 6003:978-3-11-018159-3 5966:978-3-319-44223-5 5920:978-81-7371-403-0 5800:978-3-11-014447-5 5666:978-0-7591-0172-2 5527:978-1-118-70443-1 5505:978-90-04-15814-6 5428:978-81-208-0394-7 5182:978-0-385-53191-7 5091:978-81-208-1757-9 4969:978-0-19-513777-4 4922:(16 March 2009), 4787:. 26 January 2018 4702:978-81-89487-02-7 4677:978-0-1430-2989-2 4489:978-0-415-10054-0 3797:Clift et al. 2012 3727:978-81-7305-365-8 3696:, p. 2, 6-9. 3352:978-1-4020-5180-7 3203:978-0-19280-271-2 3060:978-0-7007-1267-0 3030:978-1-134-83731-1 2996:978-81-317-1677-9 2946:978-0-415-10054-0 2902:RajeshKochhar.com 2896:Kocchar, Rajesh. 2877:978-0-520-24225-8 2839:, p. 2, 8-9. 2752:Singh et al. 2017 2727:Clift et al. 2012 2500:, p. 11, 13. 2346:Indigenous Aryans 2301:Painted Gray Ware 2124:Andronovo culture 2120:Sintashta culture 1869:Saraswat Brahmins 1844:Drishadwati River 1702:Indigenous Aryans 1320:5 = today's shore 1318:4 = ancient shore 1314:2 = today's river 1312:1 = ancient river 1270:bed, presently a 1064:, a tributary of 896:and north of the 729:According to the 655:), Chandrabhaga ( 628:Other Vedic texts 588:"holy thoughts" ( 431:. In the younger 210:, as well as the 149:goddess Sarasvati 76:5 = today's shore 74:4 = ancient shore 67:2 = today's river 65:1 = ancient river 16:(Redirected from 7853: 7786:Rigvedic deities 7418: 7396: 7389: 7382: 7373: 7361: 7360: 6569:Ugrashrava Sauti 6534: 6527: 6520: 6511: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6167: 6162: 6109: 6099: 6090: 6077: 6061: 6052: 6039: 6029: 6019: 6018: 6006: 5986: 5943: 5933: 5923: 5892: 5883: 5862: 5853: 5816: 5803: 5785: 5756: 5751:, archived from 5743:(8): 1054–1060, 5718: 5697: 5670: 5649: 5609: 5597: 5585: 5575: 5565: 5548: 5539: 5530: 5508: 5488: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5445: 5439: 5431: 5413: 5404: 5367: 5341: 5309: 5297: 5288: 5264: 5255: 5245: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5185: 5167: 5131: 5094: 5076: 5067: 5057:10.1130/g32840.1 5031: 5021: 4972: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4915: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4753: 4747: 4735: 4729: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4373: 4372: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4258:(8): 1141–1145. 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4158: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4112: 4103: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4022: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3995:10.1002/arp.1829 3964: 3958: 3955:Dave et al. 2019 3952: 3946: 3940: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3843:, p. 20-21. 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3813: 3804: 3794: 3788: 3778: 3772: 3771:, p. 19-21. 3766: 3757: 3756: 3736: 3730: 3715: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3640: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3338: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3269:, p. 84-85. 3264: 3258: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3225: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3150: 3146:is pre-Harappan" 3121: 3120: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3065: 3064: 3046: 3035: 3034: 3016: 3001: 3000: 2982: 2967: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2928: 2913: 2912: 2905: 2893: 2882: 2881: 2865: 2855: 2840: 2834: 2825: 2819: 2810: 2804: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2730: 2724: 2703: 2697: 2686: 2680: 2657: 2656: 2648: 2637: 2634: 2623: 2620: 2609: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2582: 2569: 2568:, p. 11-13. 2563: 2554: 2548: 2539: 2533: 2516: 2510: 2501: 2495: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2457: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2432: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2392:(1942–2011) and 2388:Anthropologists 2386: 2380: 2248: 2242: 2231: 2225: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2131: 2107: 2098: 2085:, bore the name 2079: 2073: 2048: 2037: 2030: 2024: 1995: 1986: 1946: 1937: 1936:Rgvedic period." 1928: 1907: 1896: 1549:and falls in to 1448:Marc Aurel Stein 1440:Christian Lassen 1322:6 = today's town 1310:satellite image. 1124:can be equated. 712:Post-Vedic texts 602: 594: 422: 412: 396: 388: 380:celestial waters 372: 364: 322: 312: 110: 78:6 = today's town 63:satellite image. 21: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7791:Rigvedic rivers 7766:Sarasvati River 7756: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7735:Sarasvati River 7713: 7692: 7671: 7630: 7606:Chittaura Jheel 7596:Barua Sagar Tal 7580: 7509: 7443: 7409: 7400: 7370: 7365: 7351: 7347:Sarasvati River 7315: 6877: 6861:Kurukshetra War 6844: 6771: 6756:List of tribes 6703: 6689:Mahaprasthanika 6584: 6573: 6551: 6545: 6538: 6508: 6503: 6443: 6390: 6352: 6262: 6199: 6194: 6157: 6131: 6118: 6116:Further reading 6113: 6112: 6100: 6093: 6088:Wayback Machine 6078: 6074: 6064: 6055: 6042: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6009: 6004: 5989: 5967: 5946: 5936:Current Science 5931: 5926: 5921: 5908: 5904:Wayback Machine 5868:Current Science 5865: 5819: 5806: 5801: 5788: 5759: 5737:Current Science 5730: 5700: 5694: 5673: 5667: 5652: 5612: 5600: 5591: 5573: 5568: 5558:Current Science 5551: 5542: 5533: 5528: 5511: 5506: 5491: 5482: 5461: 5429: 5416: 5370: 5364: 5347: 5339: 5316: 5300: 5291: 5274:Current Science 5267: 5219: 5210: 5188: 5183: 5170: 5134: 5097: 5092: 5079: 5070: 5034: 4975: 4970: 4952: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4918: 4909: 4903:Printed sources 4900: 4895: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4736: 4732: 4718: 4714: 4703: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4252:Current Science 4249: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4137:10.2307/1788862 4114: 4113: 4106: 4102:, p. 1693. 4098: 4091: 4068:10.2307/1788862 4041: 4040: 4036: 4025:Current Science 4020: 4015: 4014: 4010: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3807: 3795: 3791: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3716: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3643: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3408: 3404:Griffith, p.492 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3340: 3339: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3245: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3209: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3148: 3139: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3068: 3061: 3048: 3047: 3038: 3031: 3018: 3017: 3004: 2997: 2984: 2983: 2970: 2960: 2953: 2947: 2930: 2929: 2916: 2907: 2895: 2894: 2885: 2878: 2857: 2856: 2843: 2835: 2828: 2820: 2813: 2805: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2733: 2725: 2706: 2698: 2689: 2681: 2660: 2650: 2649: 2640: 2635: 2626: 2621: 2612: 2604: 2597: 2584: 2583: 2572: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2542: 2534: 2519: 2511: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2444: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2390:Gregory Possehl 2387: 2383: 2249: 2245: 2232: 2228: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2134: 2108: 2101: 2089:, which is the 2080: 2076: 2049: 2040: 2031: 2027: 1996: 1989: 1947: 1940: 1934: 1929: 1910: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1849:Rigvedic rivers 1834: 1777: 1737: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1633:Hamun-i-Helmand 1625:Iranian plateau 1616:river with the 1599:, which is the 1569: 1567:Arghandab River 1561:Main articles: 1539:Arghandab River 1512: 1488: 1428: 1385: 1344: 1336: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1284: 1244: 1186:Nadistuti sukta 1150:Drsadvati River 1130: 1128:Rigvedic course 1116:not a "thing". 1092: 1075:Saraswati River 1066:Alaknanda River 1062:Saraswati River 907: 850:Similarly, the 828: 788:and flows from 767: 727: 714: 688:Tandya Brahmana 630: 567: 558:Raja Ravi Varma 550: 526:Nadistuti Sukta 510: 497: 461: 357: 204:Tandya Brahmana 171:. According to 108:Sárasvatī-nadī́ 98:Sarasvati River 79: 77: 75: 73: 68: 66: 64: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Saraswati river 15: 12: 11: 5: 7859: 7857: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7758: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7740:Triveni Sangam 7737: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7719: 7718:Related topics 7715: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7704:Malviya Bridge 7700: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7642:Ganges Barrage 7638: 7636: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7422: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7376: 7367: 7366: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6976:Dhrishtadyumna 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6887: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6858: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6586: 6585: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6514: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6453: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6272: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6154: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6130: 6129:External links 6127: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6091: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6062: 6053: 6045:"Indocentrism" 6040: 6020: 6007: 6002: 5987: 5965: 5944: 5924: 5919: 5906: 5893: 5863: 5817: 5804: 5799: 5786: 5769:(6): 777–797, 5757: 5728: 5719: 5698: 5692: 5671: 5665: 5650: 5624:(4): 425–472. 5610: 5598: 5589: 5586: 5566: 5549: 5540: 5531: 5526: 5509: 5504: 5489: 5480: 5459: 5432: 5427: 5414: 5368: 5363:978-1560987222 5362: 5345: 5342: 5337: 5314: 5310: 5298: 5289: 5280:(7): 888–890, 5270:"Sarasvati II" 5265: 5217: 5208: 5186: 5181: 5168: 5143:(7): 791–804, 5132: 5095: 5090: 5077: 5068: 5043:(3): 211–214, 5032: 4973: 4968: 4950: 4939:978-1400829941 4938: 4916: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4876: 4853: 4818:(2): 273–288. 4798: 4776: 4748: 4730: 4712: 4701: 4683: 4676: 4655: 4653:, p. 103. 4638: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4564:, p. 256. 4543: 4531: 4519: 4517:, p. 408. 4507: 4495: 4488: 4466: 4454: 4452:, p. 263. 4442: 4440:, p. 260. 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4387:, p. 252. 4374: 4367: 4347: 4338: 4326: 4317: 4304:Indian Express 4290: 4269: 4242: 4216: 4207: 4188: 4176: 4159: 4150: 4123:(4): 173–182. 4104: 4089: 4054:(4): 173–182. 4034: 4008: 3981:(4): 565–582. 3959: 3947: 3932: 3930:, p. 240. 3920: 3908: 3893: 3881: 3869: 3857: 3855:, p. 312. 3845: 3833: 3821: 3805: 3789: 3773: 3758: 3751: 3731: 3707: 3698: 3694:Mukherjee 2001 3683: 3674: 3662: 3653: 3641: 3624: 3612: 3610:, p. 148. 3597: 3595:, p. 145. 3585: 3576: 3574:, p. 147. 3564: 3552: 3543: 3531: 3522: 3503: 3492:(2): 179–193. 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3430: 3421: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3358: 3351: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3295: 3283: 3281:, p. 4-5. 3271: 3259: 3243: 3220: 3207: 3190: 3178: 3165: 3153:Omilos Meleton 3096: 3087: 3085:, p. 258. 3066: 3059: 3036: 3029: 3002: 2995: 2968: 2951: 2945: 2914: 2883: 2876: 2841: 2837:Mukherjee 2001 2826: 2811: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2731: 2704: 2687: 2658: 2638: 2624: 2610: 2595: 2570: 2555: 2540: 2517: 2515:, p. 310. 2502: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2470: 2452: 2442: 2427: 2417: 2408: 2398: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2367: 2353: 2338: 2318: 2305: 2304: 2281: 2270: 2243: 2226: 2189: 2180: 2168: 2147: 2132: 2099: 2074: 2066:Valdiya (2013) 2064: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2038: 2025: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1971: 1966: 1957: 1938: 1908: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1874:Triveni Sangam 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1776: 1773: 1750:Vedic cultures 1736: 1733: 1708: 1705: 1700:Main article: 1697: 1694: 1627:(the extended 1595:bore the name 1589:Sanglakh Range 1541:originates in 1511: 1508: 1487: 1484: 1464:Shivalik hills 1427: 1424: 1384: 1381: 1343: 1340: 1332:Main article: 1283: 1280: 1243: 1240: 1224: 1223: 1212: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1179: 1169: 1159: 1153: 1129: 1126: 1122:Vedic cultures 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1072: 1059: 1036: 981:respectively. 943:Triveni Sangam 906: 903: 902: 901: 879: 848: 827: 824: 766: 763: 726: 723: 713: 710: 684:Vedic Sanskrit 629: 626: 563:Main article: 549: 546: 509: 506: 496: 493: 460: 457: 356: 353: 345:Vedic cultures 320:𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁 173:Michael Witzel 169:Triveni Sangam 155:to exist in a 130:Vedic religion 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7858: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7841:Former rivers 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7796:Sacred rivers 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514:South flowing 7512: 7506: 7505:Tamsa or Tons 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448:North flowing 7446: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7407:Uttar Pradesh 7404: 7397: 7392: 7390: 7385: 7383: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7364: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7266:Vichitravirya 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6981:Dhritarashtra 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6828:Swarnaprastha 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6766: 6765:Mahajanapadas 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679:Ashramavasika 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6632:Bhagavad Gita 6630: 6629: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6587: 6580: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552:and narrators 6548: 6544: 6543: 6535: 6530: 6528: 6523: 6521: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6191: 6186: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6160: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6073: 6066: 6065: 6059: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6008: 6005: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5925: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5802: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5707:Itihas Darpan 5704: 5699: 5695: 5693:9781315209401 5689: 5685: 5681: 5678:. Routledge. 5677: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5602:Parpola, Asko 5599: 5595: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5456:0-415-10054-2 5453: 5449: 5444: 5438: 5433: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5338:9781402051807 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4954:Bryant, Edwin 4951: 4941: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4864: 4857: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4799: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4738:Upinder Singh 4734: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4664:Romila Thapar 4659: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4627: 4624:, p. 33. 4623: 4618: 4615: 4612:, p. 33. 4611: 4610:Michaels 2004 4606: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4591: 4588:, p. 31. 4587: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4527:Beckwith 2009 4523: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4508: 4505:, p. 29. 4504: 4503:Beckwith 2009 4499: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4467: 4464:, p. 42. 4463: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4414: 4411:, p. 14. 4410: 4405: 4402: 4399:, p. 13. 4398: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4368:9788120816268 4364: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4291: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4243: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4012: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889:McIntosh 2008 3885: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3841:McIntosh 2008 3837: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3769:McIntosh 2008 3765: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3752:9788173714030 3748: 3744: 3743: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3672:, p. 58. 3671: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3517:indology.info 3514: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3461:Mbh. 3.80.118 3458: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3317: 3314:, p. 11. 3313: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2939:, Routledge, 2938: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2863: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2824:, p. 81. 2823: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2764:Sankaran 1999 2760: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592:. 2 May 2023. 2591: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2538:, p. 93. 2537: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2428: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2394:J. M. Kenoyer 2391: 2385: 2382: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340:According to 2339: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2326:Bryant (2001) 2323: 2320:According to 2319: 2316: 2312: 2309:According to 2308: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2160:late Harappan 2157: 2151: 2148: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2111:Yamna culture 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1982:and fatness." 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1756:Romila Thapar 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1725:Michel Danino 1722: 1720: 1715: 1706: 1703: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1661:Helmand River 1658: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573:Helmand River 1568: 1564: 1563:Helmand River 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1521: 1520:Helmand River 1516: 1510:Helmand river 1509: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1499:Romila Thapar 1496: 1494: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1476:Rann of Kutch 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1446:(1823-1900), 1445: 1442:(1800-1876), 1441: 1437: 1432: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1327: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1272:delta channel 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1232:late Harappan 1229: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1199: 1195: 1192:, Sarasvati, 1191: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1107:Helmand river 1104: 1099: 1097: 1089: 1084: 1083:Hooghly River 1080: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1056:Rann of Kutch 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1001: 997: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 918:thrice holy. 911: 904: 899: 895: 891: 887: 884: 880: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 829: 825: 822: 820: 814: 812: 811: 805: 803: 799: 798:Vamana Purana 795: 791: 787: 783: 782:Skanda Purana 778: 776: 772: 764: 762: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:Ghaggar River 740: 736: 732: 724: 722: 720: 711: 709: 707: 702: 700: 696: 695:Sivalik hills 691: 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 627: 625: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 603: 601: 595: 593: 586: 581: 579: 575: 570: 566: 559: 554: 547: 545: 543: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 507: 501: 494: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 458: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 427: 423: 421: 415: 413: 411: 405: 401: 398:'lake bird = 397: 395: 389: 387: 381: 377: 373: 371: 365: 363: 354: 352: 350: 346: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 302: 297: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 246: 244: 240: 239:delta channel 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 137: 135: 131: 127: 124:and later in 123: 119: 115: 111: 109: 103: 99: 90: 83: 72: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7734: 7683:Ganges Canal 7652:Parichha Dam 7647:Matatila Dam 7626:Phulhar Lake 7346: 7306:Yudhishthira 7102: 7101:Role in the 6956:Bhurishravas 6838:Vyagaprastha 6823:Pranaprastha 6818:Indraprastha 6814:Panchagrama 6791:Indraprastha 6714:Main tribes 6694:Svargarohana 6674:Ashvamedhika 6591: 6564:Vaisampayana 6540: 6413: 6404:Sapta Sindhu 6106: 6075: 6057: 6048: 6035: 6031: 6012: 5992: 5948: 5939: 5935: 5910: 5871: 5867: 5825: 5821: 5812: 5808: 5790: 5766: 5762: 5753:the original 5740: 5736: 5715:the original 5710: 5706: 5675: 5655: 5621: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5577: 5561: 5557: 5544: 5535: 5517: 5494: 5484: 5475: 5447: 5418: 5376: 5372: 5353: 5319: 5305: 5302:Gupta, S. P. 5293: 5277: 5273: 5225: 5221: 5212: 5194: 5172: 5140: 5136: 5104: 5100: 5081: 5072: 5040: 5036: 4988:(1): 17221. 4985: 4981: 4958: 4943:, retrieved 4924: 4911: 4888: 4879: 4867:. Retrieved 4856: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4789:. Retrieved 4779: 4767:. Retrieved 4761: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4692: 4686: 4667: 4658: 4651:Sindhav 2016 4629: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4534: 4522: 4515:Anthony 2007 4510: 4498: 4479: 4469: 4457: 4450:Kochhar 2012 4445: 4423:, p. 6. 4421:Valdiya 2017 4416: 4404: 4392: 4357: 4350: 4341: 4329: 4320: 4308:. Retrieved 4303: 4293: 4281:. Retrieved 4272: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4233:. Retrieved 4229:the original 4219: 4214:Darian p. 58 4210: 4203:Anthony 2007 4184:Anthony 2007 4179: 4172:Demkina 2017 4153: 4120: 4116: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4028: 4024: 4011: 3978: 3972: 3962: 3950: 3923: 3911: 3906:, p. 8. 3904:Possehl 2002 3884: 3877:Kenoyer 1997 3872: 3865:Possehl 1997 3860: 3848: 3836: 3824: 3792: 3776: 3741: 3734: 3718: 3701: 3681:Darian p. 59 3677: 3665: 3656: 3634: 3627: 3622:, p. 1. 3615: 3588: 3579: 3567: 3546: 3525: 3516: 3506: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3433: 3424: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3368:, Chapter-3. 3361: 3342: 3324:Ludvík (2007 3319: 3307: 3298: 3293:, Chapter-2. 3286: 3274: 3262: 3229: 3223: 3215: 3210: 3193: 3186:Parpola 2015 3181: 3173: 3168: 3157:the original 3152: 3143: 3138:" argument, 3136:out of India 3123: 3113: 3104: 3099: 3090: 3050: 3020: 2986: 2963: 2936: 2908: 2904:(blog post); 2901: 2861: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2652: 2606:Witzel (2012 2589: 2551:Kinsley 1998 2498:Kinsley 1998 2493: 2473: 2460: 2455: 2445: 2436: 2430: 2420: 2411: 2401: 2384: 2335:paleochannel 2311:Gupta (1999) 2259: 2256:Gupta (1995) 2246: 2229: 2221: 2209: 2201: 2192: 2183: 2171: 2150: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1973: 1968: 1959: 1954: 1931:Witzel (2001 1894: 1854:Sapta Sindhu 1827: 1823: 1804: 1793: 1778: 1765: 1754: 1738: 1730: 1723: 1710: 1690: 1685: 1672: 1656: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1636: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1570: 1523: 1504: 1497: 1489: 1479: 1461: 1457: 1433: 1429: 1420: 1411: 1409: 1402: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1353: 1345: 1337: 1296:Kuru Kingdom 1245: 1225: 1203: 1165: 1139: 1136:Vedic rivers 1118: 1111: 1100: 1093: 1023:, joins the 1002: 998: 993: 985: 983: 951: 930: 920: 916: 885: 816: 810:Padma Purana 808: 806: 779: 774: 768: 759: 735:Kuru Kingdom 728: 715: 703: 692: 677: 638: 631: 616: 606: 597: 589: 582: 571: 568: 548:As a goddess 542:Kuru Kingdom 538: 517: 511: 484: 475:and several 462: 452: 436: 428: 417: 416: 407: 391: 383: 367: 359: 358: 337: 332: 298: 292: 290: 247: 225:and eastern- 216: 182:hymn in the 177: 157:metaphysical 138: 114:mythologized 105: 97: 95: 69:3 = today's 49:Kuru Kingdom 36: 7816:Indus basin 7730:Charmanwati 7657:Rajghat Dam 7621:Raja Ka Tal 7421:Main rivers 7403:Hydrography 7251:Upapandavas 7151:Parashurama 7103:Mahabharata 7041:Ghatotkacha 6966:Chitrāngadā 6961:Chitrāngada 6921:Babruvahana 6916:Ashwatthama 6871:Chakravyūha 6833:Tilaprastha 6803:Kurukshetra 6542:Mahabharata 6499:Dirghatamas 6467:Vishvamitra 6439:Drishadvati 6067:Web-sources 6051:, Routledge 5828:(1): 1617, 5478:, Routledge 5379:(1): 5476, 5107:: 230–235, 4945:30 December 4865:. Zee Media 4668:Early India 4598:Witzel 2005 4586:Witzel 2001 4574:Danino 2010 4562:Danino 2010 4539:Witzel 2005 4462:Prasad 2017 4438:Danino 2010 4409:Prasad 2017 4397:Prasad 2017 4385:Danino 2010 3670:Darian 2001 3620:Ludvík 2007 3470:Mbh. 3.88.2 3417:Witzel 1984 3366:Prasad 2017 3312:Ludvík 2007 3291:Prasad 2017 3279:Ludvík 2007 3267:Ludvík 2007 3114:hêl, heledd 3103:Mayrhofer, 3083:Danino 2010 2822:Witzel 2001 2566:Ludvík 2007 2536:Witzel 2001 2350:earthquakes 2297:Drishadvati 2285:Gupta (1995 2278:Gupta (1995 2267:Gupta (1995 2252:Indigenists 1864:Indus River 1839:Brahmavarta 1819:Kurukshetra 1815:Yamunanagar 1800:Yamunanagar 1665:Harut River 1585:Afghanistan 1547:Afghanistan 1349:Thar Desert 1306:. See also 1276:Indus River 1033:Drishadvati 1017:Hanumangarh 886:Dharmasutra 845:Brahmavarta 841:Drishadvati 835:, the sage 833:Manu Smriti 813:proclaims: 755:Mahabharata 739:Drishadvati 731:Mahabharata 725:Mahabharata 719:Hindu epics 651:, Satudri ( 649:Drishadvati 518:Vedic Index 489:Drishadvati 469:Brahmavarta 465:Drishadwati 449:Old Persian 443:, a region 400:Sarus crane 325:Afghanistan 315:Old Persian 303:in ancient 243:Indus River 231:Thar desert 212:Mahabharata 147:)." As the 71:Thar desert 59:. See also 7760:Categories 7688:Agra Canal 7662:Rihand Dam 7616:Moti Jheel 7576:West Rapti 7291:Vrishasena 7286:Vrishaketu 7231:Shishupala 7216:Shakuntala 7111:Kritavarma 7071:Jayadratha 7066:Jarasandha 7061:Janamejaya 7011:Duryodhana 6936:Bhagadatta 6883:Characters 6866:Vishvarupa 6856:Svayamvara 6786:Hastinapur 6699:Harivamsha 6669:Anushasana 6487:Bharadvaja 6462:Gritsamada 6457:Saptarishi 6303:Visvedevas 6153:, The Wire 5874:(2): 232, 5538:, ABC-CLIO 4634:Etter 2020 4622:Flood 1996 4310:19 October 4283:18 October 3799:, p. 3783:, p. 3660:Eck p. 220 3651:Eck p. 145 3562:Eck p. 149 3238:1014995385 2486:References 2437:The crisis 2374:Tons River 2274:Suraj Bhan 2218:tatpurusha 2210:síndhumātā 2202:síndhumātā 2198:tatpurusha 2115:"Urheimat" 2087:Haraxvaiti 1597:Haraxvaiti 1583:region in 1551:Hamun Lake 1543:Hindu Kush 1524:Harahvaiti 1444:Max Müller 1438:, such as 1364:Beas River 1268:Nara river 1214:Verses in 954:Kumbh Mela 941:rivers at 927:confluence 923:underworld 883:Baudhayana 876:Mahābhāṣya 819:liberation 802:Pipal tree 667:) and the 508:As a river 481:Manusmriti 477:Upanishads 310:Harauvatiš 270:Rakhigarhi 258:Kalibangan 235:Nara river 7846:Saraswati 7725:Aciravati 7601:Belasagar 7480:Karmanasa 7337:Vedic era 7226:Shikhandi 7196:Satyavati 7166:Pururavas 7161:Purochana 7156:Parikshit 7021:Dushyanta 7016:Dushasana 6971:Damayanti 6891:Abhimanyu 6782:Capitals 6760:Janapadas 6492:Vasishtha 6434:Yavyavati 6414:Sarasvati 6409:Nadistuti 6038:(3): 1–93 5983:132865905 5975:2194-9204 5897:chapter 4 5890:239534661 5646:161129625 5498:, BRILL, 5471:Sarasvatī 5468:ic river 5443:Sarasvatī 5440:ic river 5197:(24/25), 5165:133638705 5129:134501741 5065:130765891 5010:2045-2322 4869:19 August 4848:140635500 4840:0016-7622 4728:, pp. 6-7 4076:0016-7398 4003:236238153 3498:0974-3065 2964:Sarasvati 2906:based on 2468:religion. 2342:Lal (2002 2322:Pal (1984 2214:bahuvrihi 2206:bahuvrihi 2095:Sarasvati 2083:Haetumant 1951:.95.1-2: 1807:Saraswati 1779:In 2015, 1614:Sarasvati 1605:Sarasvati 1593:Haetumant 1581:Arachosia 1577:Arghandab 1472:debouched 1468:Adi Badri 1360:Cholistan 1358:sites in 1292:Aryavarta 1220:foothills 1070:Badrinath 1044:Rajasthan 1029:Suratgarh 947:Allahabad 894:Himalayas 872:Patanjali 860:Pariyatra 856:Aryavarta 747:Rajasthan 680:Brahmanas 645:Yajurveda 621:Aurobindo 613:Brahmanas 565:Saraswati 453:Harauvati 445:described 441:Arachosia 420:Sarasvatī 404:Mayrhofer 362:Sárasvatī 355:Etymology 333:Sarasvati 305:Arachosia 278:Dholavira 262:Rajasthan 256:sites at 180:Nadistuti 167:, at the 45:Aryavarta 7556:Ramganga 7435:(Sarayu) 7363:Category 7332:Kingdoms 7241:Sudeshna 7236:Subhadra 7206:Shantanu 7181:Sahadeva 7031:Gandhari 7026:Ekalavya 6986:Draupadi 6931:Balarama 6906:Ambalika 6808:Jyotisar 6745:Gandhara 6728:Pandavas 6723:Kauravas 6654:Sauptika 6472:Vamadeva 6205:Mandalas 6084:Archived 5900:Archived 5860:29184098 5749:24103577 5638:25801118 5604:(2015). 5411:28710495 5286:24098502 5262:22645375 5028:31748611 4956:(2001), 4746:, p. 169 4740:, 2008, 4722:, 1977, 4666:(2002). 4336:, 32, 60 4264:24108988 3705:Griffith 3608:Eck 2012 3593:Eck 2012 3572:Eck 2012 2364:tectonic 2315:Siwaliks 2293:Chautang 2113:was the 1960:As on a 1832:See also 1742:Hindutva 1677:Gangetic 1669:Dragiana 1252:Pakistan 1194:Shutudri 1114:allegory 1040:Aravalli 963:Trimurti 898:Vindhyas 890:Adarsana 868:Himalaya 769:Several 600:puraṃdhi 532:and the 451:cognate 437:Haraxatī 429:Haraxatī 370:sárasvat 340:Hindutva 293:physical 266:Banawali 227:Pakistan 206:and the 120:ancient 7697:Bridges 7611:Keetham 7551:Kukrail 7460:Chambal 7327:Avatars 7320:Related 7311:Yuyutsu 7276:Vikarna 7211:Shakuni 7201:Savitri 7191:Satyaki 7186:Sanjaya 7176:Rukmini 7131:Nahusha 7121:Lomasha 7096:Krishna 7086:Kindama 7081:Kichaka 7051:Hidimbi 7046:Hidimba 7006:Durvasa 7001:Duhsala 6996:Drupada 6951:Bhishma 6941:Bharata 6926:Bahlika 6718:Bharata 6684:Mausala 6627:Bhishma 6590:Books ( 6482:Angiras 6386:Danavas 6348:Aryaman 6318:Tvashtr 6313:Ashvins 6268:Deities 6197:Rigveda 5942:(1): 42 5851:5705636 5830:Bibcode 5771:Bibcode 5402:5511136 5381:Bibcode 5325:Bibcode 5253:3387054 5230:Bibcode 5145:Bibcode 5109:Bibcode 5045:Bibcode 5037:Geology 5019:6868222 4990:Bibcode 4898:Sources 4820:Bibcode 4791:11 July 4763:Reuters 4235:12 July 4145:1788862 4125:Bibcode 4084:1788862 4056:Bibcode 3983:Bibcode 3785:fig. 23 3132:Susartu 2295:or the 2164:Haryana 2158:is the 2156:Rigveda 2091:Avestan 2003:samudra 1962:chariot 1796:Haryana 1781:Reuters 1775:Revival 1761:Rigveda 1714:revised 1681:Ghaggar 1652:samudra 1638:samudra 1629:wetland 1618:Helmand 1601:Avestan 1579:in the 1535:Helmund 1480:Sarsutī 1256:monsoon 1236:Haryana 1230:is the 1228:Rigveda 1176:samudra 1164:.36.6, 1048:Sidhpur 1027:. Near 1025:Ghaggar 994:Triveni 990:Somnath 986:Triveni 975:Krishna 952:At the 864:Vindhya 831:In the 826:Smritis 780:In the 771:Puranas 765:Puranas 751:Haryana 704:In the 669:Iravati 643:of the 617:Vāgdevī 609:Puranas 495:Rigveda 473:Rigveda 426:Avestan 394:sārasa- 376:Rigveda 301:Helmand 286:Gujarat 274:Haryana 241:of the 200:samudra 184:Rigveda 145:samudra 134:Rigveda 118:deified 112:) is a 7676:Canals 7571:Varuna 7566:Sharda 7541:Hindon 7490:Rihand 7475:Kanhar 7465:Dhasan 7439:Yamuna 7428:Ganges 7414:Rivers 7301:Yayati 7281:Virata 7271:Vidura 7261:Uttarā 7256:Uttara 7221:Shalya 7136:Nakula 7056:Iravan 6911:Arjuna 6901:Ambika 6849:Events 6776:Places 6750:Matsya 6708:Tribes 6664:Shanti 6649:Shalya 6622:Udyoga 6617:Virata 6449:Rishis 6424:Sarayu 6419:Sindhu 6396:Rivers 6366:Vritra 6358:Asuras 6343:Varuna 6328:Pushan 6323:Ribhus 6308:Maruts 6000: 5981: 5973: 5963: 5917: 5888: 5858: 5848: 5797: 5747: 5726:Review 5690: 5663: 5644: 5636: 5524: 5502: 5454: 5425: 5409: 5399: 5360: 5335: 5313:Arbor. 5284: 5260: 5250: 5179: 5163: 5127: 5088: 5063: 5026: 5016: 5008: 4966: 4936: 4846: 4838: 4769:29 May 4699: 4674: 4486: 4365: 4262: 4143: 4082: 4074: 4001: 3801:fig. 1 3749: 3725: 3496: 3349: 3236: 3201: 3128:Sarayu 3057: 3027: 2993: 2943: 2874: 2461:mobile 2360:faults 2289:Yamuna 2222:sindhu 2007:sagara 1999:sagara 1976:Nahusa 1811:cusecs 1609:Avesta 1607:. The 1452:Danino 1395:. See 1198:Sutlej 1190:Yamuna 1079:Bengal 1035:river. 1021:Sutlej 1009:Ambala 977:) and 971:Vishnu 967:Brahma 939:Yamuna 935:Ganges 931:sangam 794:Brahmi 790:Plaksa 786:Brahma 699:Ashwin 661:Vipasa 657:Chenab 653:Sutlej 634:Plaksa 534:Sutlej 530:Yamuna 522:Sarayu 433:Avesta 386:sáras- 331:. The 329:Punjab 282:Lothal 192:Sutlej 188:Yamuna 165:Yamuna 161:Ganges 153:Hindus 7589:Lakes 7561:Rohni 7536:Gomti 7531:Gaula 7526:Babai 7495:Sindh 7470:Jamni 7455:Betwa 7296:Vyasa 7246:Ulupi 7171:Rukmi 7146:Pandu 7126:Madri 7116:Kunti 7091:Kripa 7076:Karna 7036:Ganga 6991:Drona 6946:Bhima 6740:Kunti 6644:Karna 6639:Drona 6607:Sabha 6592:parva 6559:Vyasa 6376:Dasas 6371:Susna 6338:Mitra 6333:Rudra 6296:Ushas 6286:Indra 6276:Devas 6028:(PDF) 6017:(PDF) 5979:S2CID 5932:(PDF) 5886:S2CID 5745:JSTOR 5642:S2CID 5634:JSTOR 5574:(PDF) 5465:Ṛgved 5446:' in 5437:Ṛgved 5282:JSTOR 5161:S2CID 5125:S2CID 5061:S2CID 4844:S2CID 4306:. PTI 4298:PTI. 4260:JSTOR 4141:JSTOR 4080:JSTOR 4021:(PDF) 3999:S2CID 3729:PP.96 3160:(PDF) 3149:(PDF) 3124:hélos 3111:Welsh 3106:EWAia 2330:Ropar 2212:as a 1886:Notes 1403:Many 1248:India 1182:RV 10 1096:Indus 1052:Patan 1013:PEPSU 979:Shiva 775:saras 576:.61, 514:Vedas 307:, or 223:India 141:India 126:Vedic 7745:Doab 7546:Kali 7521:Assi 7141:Nala 6896:Amba 6735:Yadu 6659:Stri 6612:Vana 6477:Atri 6429:Rasā 6381:Danu 6291:Soma 6281:Agni 6156:Map 5998:ISBN 5971:ISSN 5961:ISBN 5915:ISBN 5856:PMID 5795:ISBN 5688:ISBN 5661:ISBN 5564:(5). 5522:ISBN 5500:ISBN 5452:ISBN 5423:ISBN 5407:PMID 5358:ISBN 5333:ISBN 5258:PMID 5222:PNAS 5177:ISBN 5086:ISBN 5024:PMID 5006:ISSN 4964:ISBN 4947:2014 4934:ISBN 4871:2016 4836:ISSN 4793:2020 4771:2018 4697:ISBN 4672:ISBN 4484:ISBN 4363:ISBN 4312:2016 4285:2016 4237:2012 4072:ISSN 4031:(8). 3747:ISBN 3723:ISBN 3636:TIME 3494:ISSN 3347:ISBN 3234:OCLC 3199:ISBN 3119:ἕλος 3055:ISBN 3025:ISBN 2991:ISBN 2941:ISBN 2872:ISBN 2237:and 2233:See 2128:BMAC 2021:mīra 2017:meer 1980:milk 1978:her 1949:RV 7 1902:and 1898:See 1565:and 1555:Iran 1518:The 1493:noun 1308:this 1302:and 1264:ONGC 1262:and 1260:ISRO 1250:and 1216:RV 6 1172:RV 7 1162:RV 7 1156:RV 6 1146:RV 3 1050:and 973:(as 937:and 881:The 862:and 837:Manu 807:The 749:and 673:Ravi 665:Beas 585:Soma 578:RV 7 574:RV 6 410:sar- 402:'). 280:and 268:and 250:ISRO 237:, a 196:RV 7 163:and 116:and 102:IAST 96:The 61:this 55:and 7500:Son 7485:Ken 7405:of 6602:Adi 5953:doi 5940:104 5876:doi 5872:119 5846:PMC 5838:doi 5815:(2) 5779:doi 5680:doi 5626:doi 5584:(1) 5562:102 5474:", 5397:PMC 5389:doi 5278:105 5248:PMC 5238:doi 5226:109 5199:doi 5153:doi 5117:doi 5053:doi 5014:PMC 4998:doi 4828:doi 4133:doi 4064:doi 3991:doi 3130:or 2478:(4) 1482:." 1077:in 874:'s 804:). 777:). 745:in 675:). 659:), 592:dhī 439:is 276:), 264:), 7762:: 6594:s) 6258:10 6105:, 6094:^ 6034:, 6030:, 5977:. 5969:. 5959:. 5938:, 5934:, 5884:, 5870:, 5854:, 5844:, 5836:, 5824:, 5811:, 5777:, 5767:31 5765:, 5741:77 5739:, 5735:, 5711:IV 5709:. 5705:. 5686:. 5640:. 5632:. 5622:11 5620:. 5580:, 5576:, 5560:. 5556:. 5405:, 5395:, 5387:, 5375:, 5331:, 5276:, 5272:, 5256:, 5246:, 5236:, 5224:, 5193:, 5159:, 5151:, 5141:50 5139:, 5123:, 5115:, 5105:49 5103:, 5059:, 5051:, 5041:40 5039:, 5022:. 5012:. 5004:. 4996:. 4984:. 4980:. 4932:, 4928:, 4887:. 4842:. 4834:. 4826:. 4816:73 4814:. 4810:. 4760:. 4705:. 4641:^ 4546:^ 4428:^ 4377:^ 4302:. 4256:87 4254:. 4191:^ 4162:^ 4139:. 4131:. 4121:99 4119:. 4107:^ 4092:^ 4078:. 4070:. 4062:. 4052:99 4050:. 4046:. 4029:87 4027:. 4023:. 3997:. 3989:. 3979:28 3977:. 3971:. 3935:^ 3896:^ 3808:^ 3761:^ 3721:, 3710:^ 3686:^ 3644:^ 3600:^ 3555:^ 3534:^ 3515:. 3490:16 3488:. 3484:. 3409:^ 3331:^ 3246:^ 3151:. 3144:RV 3069:^ 3039:^ 3005:^ 2971:^ 2954:^ 2917:^ 2900:. 2886:^ 2870:. 2868:42 2844:^ 2829:^ 2814:^ 2795:^ 2734:^ 2707:^ 2690:^ 2661:^ 2641:^ 2627:^ 2613:^ 2598:^ 2588:. 2573:^ 2558:^ 2543:^ 2520:^ 2505:^ 2258:, 2135:^ 2102:^ 2053:: 2041:^ 2019:, 1990:^ 1941:^ 1911:^ 1752:. 1238:. 969:, 965:) 945:, 870:. 757:. 536:. 455:. 435:, 317:: 136:. 104:: 84:). 7395:e 7388:t 7381:v 6533:e 6526:t 6519:v 6253:9 6248:8 6243:7 6238:6 6233:5 6228:4 6223:3 6218:2 6213:1 6189:e 6182:t 6175:v 6036:7 5985:. 5955:: 5878:: 5840:: 5832:: 5826:8 5813:1 5781:: 5773:: 5696:. 5682:: 5669:. 5648:. 5628:: 5596:. 5582:9 5458:. 5391:: 5383:: 5377:7 5366:. 5327:: 5240:: 5232:: 5201:: 5155:: 5147:: 5119:: 5111:: 5055:: 5047:: 5030:. 5000:: 4992:: 4986:9 4873:. 4850:. 4830:: 4822:: 4795:. 4773:. 4680:. 4636:. 4600:. 4529:. 4492:. 4314:. 4287:. 4266:. 4239:. 4205:. 4174:. 4147:. 4135:: 4127:: 4086:. 4066:: 4058:: 4005:. 3993:: 3985:: 3957:. 3945:. 3918:. 3891:. 3879:. 3867:. 3831:. 3803:. 3787:. 3755:. 3519:. 3419:. 3355:. 3240:. 3205:. 3142:" 3122:( 3063:. 3033:. 2999:. 2911:. 2880:. 2778:. 2766:. 2754:. 2729:. 2702:. 2685:. 2440:. 2241:. 2166:. 2097:. 1906:. 1557:. 1328:) 1294:/ 1058:. 961:( 929:( 900:. 671:( 663:( 313:( 284:( 272:( 260:( 100:( 47:/ 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.