487:(기축옥사), the bloodiest purge in Joseon history by far. There is still a dispute about the nature and purpose of Jeong Yeo-rip's group of armed supporters and whether it was treason or frame up. His group was not a secret society as it helped the local government in the fight against the Japanese marauders. On the other hand, it appears that Jeong truly had revolutionary ideas that were close to republicanism. He believed that the world was something to be shared and therefore could not have one master. His group, called "Great Common Society"(대동계), could be joined by anyone regardless of his social status, and it spread throughout Honam province and to other regions as well.
497:, famous poet and head of the Western faction, was in charge of investigating the case and used his authority to start the widespread purge of Easterners during the Treason Case of 1589 who had slightest connection with Jeong Yeo-rip. According to Easterners' accounts, Jeong Cheol tortured even 80-year-old mother and 8-year-old son of Yi Bal, leader of Eastern faction. According to Westerners' accounts, Jeong Cheol tried heroically to save Yi Bal and Choe Yeong-gyeong from Seonjo's wrath. In any event, 1,000 Easterners were killed or exiled in the aftermath. It is also believed that Seonjo used this incident to weaken the Sarim's power.
579:) that threatened Joseon's national security. The Southern faction, led by Huh Jeok and Yoon Hyu, supported war against the Qing while the Western faction wanted to focus first on improving domestic conditions. Under Sukjong's reign the factional fight became more intense and deadly since Sukjong frequently replaced factions in power with another one to strengthen the royal authority. With each change of government, which was called hwanguk (환국 換局), literally turn of the state, the losing faction was completely driven out of politics with executions and exiles.
596:
Angry with
Southern faction's attempt to purge Westerners, Sukjong abruptly turned around to purge Southerners and brought the Western faction back in power. The Southern faction would never recover from this blow, also called Gapsul hwanguk (갑술환국). Sukjong demoted Queen Jang to Consort Jang and reinstated Queen Inhyeon. Consort Jang was eventually executed (with poison) for cursing Queen Inhyeon after the latter died. Soron faction supported the crown prince, Consort Jang's son, while Noron faction supported Consort Choi's son, Yeonying-gun (later to become
592:, and Soron (New Doctrine) faction, led by Yoon Jeung. After nine years in power, Noron collapsed when Sukjong deposed Queen Inhyeon, who was supported by Western faction, and named Consort Hee of Jang clan (or Consort Jang) as the new queen. Western faction angered Sukjong when it opposed the naming of Consort Jang's son as crown prince. Southern faction, who supported Consort Jang and her son, regained power and drove out Western faction, executing Song Siyeol in revenge. This is called Gisa hwangguk (기사환국).
645:'s time, became very conservative and fundamentalist over time. The power struggle between these factions were marked by bloody purges with each change of power and resulted in a vicious cycle of revenge. The minor issues that divided these factions distracted the officials from real problems that affected the populace. Nevertheless, factional conflicts had some positive side effects as well. Compared to the late
32:
221:(1567–1608) into the Western and Eastern factions; these factions would also experience their very own splits in the coming years. By the 19th century, Joseon court politics would see a shift in control from scholarly factions towards the 'in-law families'; for most of the 19th century, the Jangdong branch of the Andong Kim clan was in control of the government.
560:'s (1674–1720) reign, the Southern faction and Western faction clashed over the Royal Funeral Dispute, a seemingly minor issue regarding the mourning period for Queen Insun. The Southern faction claimed that the mourning period should last one year while the Western faction argued for a nine-month mourning period. A one-year mourning period meant that
537:, with the death of Grand Prince Yeongchang and the dethronement of his mother resulting in the victory of the extremist Greater Northerners. During Prince Gwanghae's reign, Greater Northern faction split further and persecuted other factions until Southerners and Westerners joined their forces in a coup d'état that deposed Prince Gwanghae and placed
612:, rule the country as regent. He died in 1720 supposedly after telling Yi Yi-myoung to name Yeonying-gun as Kyungjong's heir, but in the absence of a historiographer or recorder. This would lead to yet another purge which led to the execution of four Noron leaders in 1721, followed by another purge with executions of eight Noron followers in 1722.
529:, were initially in power after Japanese Invasion in 1592, and maintained the policy of coexistence with Northerners and Westerners until its effort to reach peace agreement with Japan failed. The Northerners, now in power, split again over the proper successor to Seonjo, who had no legitimate son. Greater Northern faction supported
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Five years later in 1694, Southern faction was planning another purge of
Western faction, accusing them of conspiracy to reinstate deposed Queen Inhyeon, when Sukjong began to regret deposing Queen Inhyeon and favor Consort Suk of Choi clan (Consort Choi), an ally of Queen Inhyeon and Noron faction.
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In 1589, Easterner Jeong Yeo-rip was accused of treason because he had formed a society with his supporters that met each month to study and receive military training. The history of the Sarim after its split is very complicated because there is a wealth of conflicting historical accounts written by
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However, the Sarim faction, whose origin stems from denial of the legitimacy of Joseon dynasty, was vulnerable to Hungu's attacks because it questioned the legitimacy of King Sejo's usurpation and primarily engaged in the censorate role against the king and ministers. After four major purges that
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Sukjong at first sided with the
Southern faction, but in 1680, Huh Jeok was accused of treason by Western faction, which led to execution of Huh Jeok and Yoon Hyu and purge of Southern faction. This incident is called Kyungshin hwanguk (경신환국). Now in power, Western faction split into Noron (Old
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This incident put the
Westerners in power, but did not last long because of intrigue involving the appointment of the crown prince. In an Easterner plot to make it seem the Westerners were attempting to murder Prince Sinseong, Jeong Cheol was exiled in 1591. Being the head Westerner figure in
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and Jo Shik and followers of
Youngnam School. Easterners emphasized moral purification of the ruling class and rooting out corruption of earlier period while Westerners emphasized reforms that would strengthen the country and improve livelihood. (Easterners blamed Shim Eui-gyeom's ill-willed
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While the Hungu faction declined over the years without any ideological successor to replace it, the Sarim faction maintained its identity through the "martydom" of the earlier generation and came to dominate court politics during the reign of
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periods, corruption was limited since any faction engaged in excessive corruption would become an easy target for impeachment by its rival faction. Sukjong's reign, which saw some of the most intense factional struggles since
416:'s followers became the Noron faction. These divisions were often further driven by questions concerning royal succession or appropriate royal conduct. The factions were often named after the location of their leader's house.
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The division and subsequent conflicts of these factions generally revolved around minor issues and reflected dogmatic and the rigid nature of their philosophical interpretations. Sarim philosophy, which was progressive in
265:(1469–1495) became the ninth king of Joseon, he invited Kim Chong-jik and his disciples, who came to be called Sarim scholars, to his court and supported their political growth. They primarily served in so-called
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in the 18th century, the kings pursued a strict policy of equality, favoring no faction over another. However, in
Jeongjo's reign, strife re-emerged as the ruling Noron faction split further between the
506:
government, Jeong Cheol's exile put the
Easterners back in power. However the Easterners would soon split over the level of punishment of the now-exiled Jeong Cheol, into the hardline Northern faction (
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In the initial split of Sarim into the
Western and Eastern factions, there was a large element of generational conflict. The Westerners were largely older Sarim scholars who had entered politics during
479:. After Yi I's death, however, the conflict between two factions became more intense as the Easterners impeached Shim Eui-gyeom and Jeong Cheol, leading to their dismissal, and gained upper hand.
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attempted to prevent the factional split by appointing Shim Eui-gyeom and Kim Hyo-won to provincial posts far away from the court and arranging truce between
Easterner Yi Bal and Westerner
665:
In the 19th century, Joseon politics shifted as in-law families rather than scholarly factions came to dominate the throne. For most of the 19th century, the
Jangdong branch of the Andong
544:
With the Westerners back in power, Joseon politics entered more stable stage in which they competed with Southerners in relatively peaceful coexistence for about 100 years. But under
458:(심의겸), Myeongjong's brother-in-law whose house was on the west of the palace. Although Sarim scholars were usually hostile to royal in-laws as a corrupting influence, Shim was
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saw Jo Gwang-jo and many others executed, the Sarim scholars again retreated to rural villages where they continued to spread their philosophy through local schools called
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class. In other words, the Western faction viewed the royal family as the first of the yangban class rather than a separate class for which different rules applied.
1006:
632:, two groups which cut across the earlier factions and differed in their attitudes concerning Yeongjo's murder of his son, who was also Jeongjo's father.
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was considered the eldest son while a 9-month period would suggest that Hyojong was considered not the eldest son, following the rules that governed the
471:
opposition to Kim Hyo-won's appointment at a key position in Ministry of Personnel for split while Westerners blamed Easterner's self-righteous attack.)
462:'s disciple and protected Sarim scholars by impeaching his uncle who was planning another literati purge. In addition, many Westerners were disciples of
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These factional splits grew out of allegiance to different philosophical schools and regional differences. For instance, the Eastern faction was largely
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committed suicide after his arrest was ordered, which was considered the admission of guilt, and letters of Easterners were discovered in his house.
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and suffered more from Jeong Yeo-rip's "rebellion" while the Southerners were largely Yi Hwang's disciples and less affected.
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254:'s request. Kil Chae concentrated on cultivating a new generation of neo-Confucian scholars including Kim Suk-ja and his son
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in the latter half of the 16th century. By then, Sarim philosophy coalesced around the teachings of the philosophers
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201:(sometimes known as Saarim), or "forest of scholars", was a powerful faction of literati who emerged in the Early
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447:'s reign and saw themselves uncorrupted by excesses of Myeongjong's era, which was marred by his maternal uncle
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as the predominant political force in the late 16th century, a nationwide split occurred between the
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clan was in control of the government, which led to rampant corruption throughout the country.
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and Seong Hon and followers of Giho school while many Easterners were disciples of
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each faction. This is especially true with what became known as Gichuk
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600:). Late Queen Inhyeon and newly installed Queen Inwon were childless.
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The two factions were also in conflict over the issue on fighting the
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The philosophical lineage of the Sarim scholars originated from the
443:(김효원) were mainly a younger generation who had become officials in
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548:'s reign, the Western faction was becoming more powerful.
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while Northerners coalesced around the school of Jo Shik.
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Western: Shim Eui-gyeum (his house was on western side),
514:). The Northerners were largely disciples of Jo Shik and
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while Lesser Northern faction supported the newly born
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and maintained their power base through the system of
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Eastern: Kim Hyo-won (his house was on eastern side)
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
608:In 1718, Sukjong let the crown prince, soon to be
439:'s (1545–1567) reign while the Easterners, led by
408:-based Western faction were largely followers of
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1007:Political factions during the Joseon dynasty
874:Greater Northern: Yi San-hae, Hong Yeo-sun,
273:when he usurped the throne from his nephew.
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880:Lesser Northern: Nam Yi-gong, Kim Seon-guk
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1105:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1076:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
913:Yi Haang-bok, Choe Myeong-gil -->
510:) and the moderate Southern faction (
426:Westerners (Korean political faction)
371:) and the moderate Southern faction (
347:After the Sarim faction replaced the
7:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
830:(Jo Shik, Seo Gyeong-deok) -->
740:Jo Shik --> Choe Young-gyeong,
238:school of Kil Chae (1353–1419), a
14:
16:Joseon literati political faction
30:
3362:Tolerating Christianity Faction
922:Soron: Han Tae-dong, Yoon Jeung
41:needs additional citations for
3377:Attacking Christianity Faction
159:
143:
1:
291:, the Sarim faction suffered
501:Northerners vs. Southerners
454:The Westerners were led by
277:Struggle with Hungu faction
188:
174:
3772:
713:(Giho Sarim, Gimyo Sarim)
588:Doctrine) faction, led by
583:Westerners vs. Southerners
423:
383:) and the Young Doctrine (
280:
242:scholar who studied under
18:
3731:
3622:
3620:
3556:
3554:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
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3408:
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3390:
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3328:
3326:
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3312:
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3308:
3298:
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3292:
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3259:
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3117:
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2209:
2207:
2205:
2191:
2189:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2148:
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2110:
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2090:
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2080:
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2060:
2014:
2012:
2004:
2002:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1917:
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1897:
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1806:
1798:
1796:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1734:
1713:Dirty Smaller Northerners
1706:Clean Smaller Northerners
1702:
1700:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1676:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1642:
1638:
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1187:
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1148:
1146:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1035:
1033:
1013:
892:Heo Mok, Yoon Hyu -->
814:(Yeongnam School) -->
694:--> Kim Suk-ja -->
293:a series of bloody purges
130:
698:(Yeongnam Sarim) -->
420:Easterners vs Westerners
1182:East and West Splitting
937:Joseon Dynasty politics
535:Grand Prince Yeongchang
791:Seong Soo-chim -->
556:In the early years of
283:Korean Literati Purges
213:. After outliving the
21:Sarim (disambiguation)
846:(Giho School) -->
678:Philosophical lineage
551:
295:during the reigns of
3194:Grand Equality Party
615:Under the reigns of
485:Treason Case of 1589
169:Revised Romanization
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3493:Opportunist Faction
3288:Persecution of 1791
2549:Controversy of 1674
2223:Official Westerners
2155:Coup d'état of 1623
1577:Smaller Northerners
969:Lee (1984), p. 223.
960:Lee (1984), p. 221.
3107:Convulsion of 1727
2776:Younger Westerners
2669:Convulsion of 1680
1975:Middle Northerners
1570:Bigger Northerners
343:Factional struggle
3751:Korean philosophy
3738:
3737:
3725:
3724:
3478:Hidebound Faction
2633:Clean Southerners
2618:Dirty Southerners
1961:Flesh Northerners
863:Political leaders
856:Soron (Seong Hon)
195:
194:
183:McCune–Reischauer
126:
125:
118:
100:
3763:
3289:
3179:Pure Clean Party
3108:
2915:
2761:Elder Westerners
2670:
2238:Clean Westerners
2156:
1968:Bone Northerners
1824:
1329:
1065:
1017:
1016:
1000:
993:
986:
977:
970:
967:
961:
958:
942:History of Korea
833:Greater Northern
716:Yeongnam School
708:
230:Early beginnings
191:
177:
162:
161:
146:
145:
128:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3727:
3726:
3287:
3106:
3001:Strict Youngers
2914:Jailing of 1721
2913:
2668:
2398:Han River Party
2154:
1823:Jailing of 1613
1822:
1328:Jailing of 1589
1327:
1180:
1102:The Bureaucrats
1063:
1009:
1004:
974:
973:
968:
964:
959:
955:
950:
933:
865:
836:Lesser Northern
805:
756:Seo Gyeong-deok
702:
680:
675:
638:
606:
604:Soron vs. Noron
585:
554:
552:Sukjong's reign
541:on the throne.
531:Prince Gwanghae
516:Seo Gyeong-deok
503:
451:'s corruption.
449:Yoon Won-hyeong
432:
424:Main articles:
422:
361:Western faction
353:Eastern faction
345:
285:
279:
232:
227:
163:
147:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3405:
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3333:
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3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
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3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3284:
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3276:
3274:
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3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
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3208:
3206:
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3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:Loose Youngers
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
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2782:
2780:
2778:
2773:
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2416:
2414:
2412:
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2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2391:Mountain Party
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
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2360:
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2202:
2199:
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2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1986:
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1981:
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1972:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1956:
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733:Yu Seong-ryong
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777:Kim Jang-seng
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742:Jeong In-hong
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688:Chŏng Mong-ju
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489:Jeong Yeo-rip
486:
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349:Hungu faction
342:
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298:
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289:Hungu faction
284:
276:
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268:
267:Three Offices
264:
259:
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256:Kim Chong-jik
253:
249:
248:Chŏng Mong-ju
245:
241:
237:
236:neo-Confucian
229:
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216:
215:Hungu faction
212:
208:
205:period under
204:
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106:December 2009
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1117:The Scholars
965:
956:
806:
752:Giho School
664:
639:
614:
607:
594:
586:
577:Ming Dynasty
573:Qing Dynasty
570:
555:
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520:
511:
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481:
453:
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391:
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286:
260:
252:King Taejong
233:
198:
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112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2384:Nak's Party
2377:One's Party
1399:Northerners
1384:Southerners
1064:Four Purges
918:Song Siyeol
908:Jeong Cheol
785:Song Siyeol
768:Hwang Jin-i
720:Yi Eon-jeok
711:Jo Gwang-jo
703: [
660:Gwanghaegun
643:Jo Gwang-jo
590:Song Siyeol
523:Southerners
495:Jeong Cheol
477:Jeong Cheol
441:Kim Hyo-won
414:Song Siyeol
406:Chungcheong
329:King Seonjo
309:Jo Gwang-jo
219:King Seonjo
3745:Categories
1242:Easterners
1227:Westerners
948:References
610:Gyeongjong
437:Myeongjong
430:Easterners
305:Myeongjong
297:Yeonsangun
76:newspapers
793:Seong Hon
746:Gwak Jaeu
651:Myeonjong
525:, led by
321:Hyang'yak
271:King Sejo
931:See also
876:Heo Gyun
828:Northern
822:Yi Hwang
818:Southern
803:Division
764:Heo Gyun
729:Yi Hwang
724:Yi Hwang
692:Kil Chae
673:Factions
647:Jungjong
468:Yi Hwang
460:Yi Hwang
404:and the
402:Gyeonggi
398:Yi Hwang
394:Yeongnam
333:Yi Hwang
301:Jungjong
207:Kil Chae
916:Noron:
910:-->
889:-->
849:Noron (
844:Western
812:Eastern
783:-->
781:Kim Jip
779:-->
758:-->
731:-->
722:-->
709:-->
690:-->
686:-->
684:Yi Saek
636:Decline
626:Byeokpa
621:Jeongjo
617:Yeongjo
598:Yeongjo
566:yangban
562:Hyojong
558:Sukjong
546:Hyojong
357:Dong-in
244:Yi Saek
225:History
90:scholar
65:"Sarim"
3756:Joseon
775:->
656:Seonjo
512:Nam-in
508:Buk-in
445:Seonjo
374:Nam-in
369:Buk-in
365:Seo-in
359:) and
317:seowon
303:, and
240:Goryeo
203:Joseon
137:Hangul
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3733:----
707:]
386:Soron
380:Noron
261:When
211:Korea
199:Sarim
189:Sarim
175:Sarim
153:Hanja
131:Sarim
97:JSTOR
83:books
1179:1575
851:Yi I
773:Yi I
760:Yi I
658:and
649:and
630:Sipa
628:and
619:and
539:Injo
521:The
473:Yi I
464:Yi I
428:and
410:Yi I
337:Yi I
335:and
246:and
197:The
69:news
667:Kim
389:).
52:by
3747::
766:,
762:,
744:,
705:ko
323:.
299:,
258:.
160:士林
144:사림
999:e
992:t
985:v
853:)
824:)
820:(
363:(
355:(
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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