318:
that uses proprietary MX3 multiplexing technology. The StarGuide II receiver handles data rates from 0.512 to 6.144 Mbit/s (in MX3 mode) and up to 8.192 Mbit/s in normal mode. The StarGuide III receiver can handle data rates up to 25 Mbit/s and is capable of a larger number of data and code rates than its predecessor. Both the StarGuide II and III receivers can use proprietary StarGuide
Service Module expansion cards, including the ability to interface with
275:
In digital radio systems, several variable bit-rate data streams are multiplexed together to a fixed bitrate transport stream by means of statistical multiplexing. This makes it possible to transfer several video and audio channels simultaneously over the same frequency channel, together with various
317:
StarGuide was the second-generation system of digital audio distribution via satellite. Many of the largest U.S. radio networks upgraded from or supplanted DATS/SEDAT audio feeds with StarGuide II and III audio receivers. The StarGuide platform is a proprietary MCPC digital audio distribution system
232:
DATS was later superseded by the
Spectrum Efficient Digital Audio Transmission (SEDAT) satellite audio distribution system. SEDAT allows more audio channels to be carried in the same frequency range as DATS. SEDAT, also developed by Scientific Atlanta, was primarily used by ABC Radio Networks. SEDAT
288:
mode (SCPC) is used. Digital SCPC differs from the older analog SCPC transmission method in that a digital SCPC signal carries more than just a single audio channel (two are used) but also coding and decoding information, ancillary and control data, and network identification data. Digital SCPC and
164:
Analog SCPC subcarrier audio is received using dedicated satellite receivers. SCPC audio receivers tune a frequency range of 50 to 90 MHz with both wide and narrow bandwidth options. Receivers in the hobbyist price range included the Heil SC-One and the
Universal Electronics SCPC-100 and
334:
The X-Digital
Systems format is (as of 2011) the newest generation of digital satellite subcarrier audio technology used by the large radio networks in the United States. In 2007, X-Digital Systems acquired specific assets and patent licensing of StarGuide Digital Networks technology from DG
228:
digital modulation. The 15 kHz channels had a dynamic range of 81 dB which was suitable for FM broadcasting. The system could also support up to twice as many 7.5 kHz channels suitable for AM broadcast.
38:. More technically, it is an already-modulated signal, which is then modulated into another signal of higher frequency and bandwidth. In a more general sense, satellite subcarrier audio is an early form of
101:
for both left and right audio channels. Fine tuning options included monaural and discrete stereo tuning with three bandwidth modes: narrow (130 kHz), normal (280 kHz) and wide (500 kHz).
196:
deployed a digital audio transmission system linking their broadcast center to their remote transmitters. This technology wasn't applied to satellite communications, however, until the early 1980s.
241:
As digital subcarrier audio encoding and modulation methods have matured, less-expensive "standard" systems of satellite audio distribution have developed. This trend started with the emergence of
224:(384 kbit/s each) between their originating radio studios and a C-band earth station where they were de-multiplexed, re-multiplexed, and uplinked with additional digital audio channels using
184:) to retailers. FM Squared audio receivers tune a frequency range of 100 kHz to 9 MHz. Receivers that fell within the hobbyist price range included the Universal Electronics SC-50.
65:(SCPC) mode, with multiple carriers (analog or digital) per transponder. This allows each station to transmit directly to the satellite, rather than paying for a whole transponder, or using
54:
85:
in 1973 as part of a data line between the United States and Spain. By the early 1980s, the use of analog subcarriers for radio network distribution had become well-established.
176:
FM Squared is a method of transmitting analog satellite audio where video would normally be transmitted on a satellite transponder. FM Squared was once used to distribute
722:
130:
192:
Although not widely used until the early 2000s, digital subcarrier audio has existed almost as long as its analog technology counterpart. In 1972, the
692:
391:
35:
204:
The first widespread digital satellite audio distribution system was
Digital Audio Transmission System (DATS). DATS was developed in 1982 by
173:
The FM Squared satellite audio format was developed in 1986 by
Wegener Communications and Subcarrier Systems (later SpaceCom Systems, Inc.).
661:
784:
118:
81:
Satellite subcarrier audio was initially transmitted in analog form. This method of audio transmission was first employed by
521:
754:
126:
209:
242:
422:
729:
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services. On communications satellites that carry broadcast television networks and radio networks, this is known as
262:
246:
62:
844:
814:
880:
154:
23:
284:. Where multiplexing is not practical (such as where there are different sources using a single transponder),
94:
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compression formats, respectively. BPSK modulation has been replaced with newer modulation schemes such as
213:
700:
399:
220:. The DATS system transmitted up to four 15 kHz analog audio channels at a data rate of 1.544
344:
31:
158:
815:"X-Digital Systems Inc. Acquires Certain Assets of Starguide Digital Networks from DG Fastchannel"
319:
306:
225:
205:
134:
58:
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93:
Initially, satellite subcarrier audio was tuned using commercial receivers or consumer-grade
792:
573:
668:. No. Winter 1997. Las Cruces, New Mexico: New Mexico State University. Archived from
323:
39:
208:. The DATS distribution system was first used by the largest U.S. radio networks such as
599:
181:
70:
874:
636:. Vol. 6, no. 16. Framingham, Massachusetts: IDG Communications. p. 36
27:
34:
signal carried on a main radio transmission (usually video) on a specific satellite
269:
266:
254:
146:
138:
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97:"big dish" satellite receivers. The audio ranged in frequency from 5.0 to 8.5
50:
43:
496:
470:
122:
392:"4. A Wave of International Standardization (1970–1979) : Chronology"
161:. In an SCPC system, satellite bandwidth is dedicated to a single source.
66:
289:
MCPC subcarrier transmissions use satellite broadcast standards such as
852:
822:
250:
82:
335:
FastChannel, Inc. The X-Digital
Systems platform has been deployed by
357:
ATX Networks website (parent company of the X-Digital
Systems format)
302:
298:
294:
221:
290:
177:
98:
554:. Vol. 7, no. 26. Framingham, Massachusetts. p. 39
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technology in 1986 and was further supplanted by leased space on
49:
Original analog video only has one channel per transponder, with
217:
193:
261:
methods for digital satellite audio transmission are digital
53:
for audio and automatic transmission identification service
180:
and similar "business" music (sometimes referred to as
42:
not intended for the consumer market but was initially
524:. New York, San Francisco: Business Wire. 5 April 2000
821:. Las Vegas, Nevada. 18 April 2007. Archived from
541:
539:
356:
465:
463:
380:. Fortuna Communications Corp. pp. 70, 72.
347:(who also owns the former ABC Radio Networks).
699:. New York: NewBay Media, LLC. Archived from
655:
653:
651:
598:Fine, Thomas (2008). Barry R. Ashpole (ed.).
452:Beckerdite, Susan (1992). "Satellite Audio".
376:Beckerdite, Susan (1992). "Satellite Audio".
8:
662:"Satellite Audio Networks...Bits of History"
574:"Universal Electronics SC-50 receiver page"
600:"The Dawn of Commercial Digital Recording"
456:. Fortuna Communications Corp. p. 72.
46:, thus receivable to satellite hobbyists.
106:Single channel per carrier (analog SCPC)
522:"SpaceCom Upgrades Founding Technology"
368:
691:Scherer, Chriss, ed. (1 August 2001).
73:for multiplexing with other stations.
761:. Lyngemark Satellite. Archived from
427:AWH: Chaparral Monterey Receivers FAQ
16:Audio signal transmitted by satellite
7:
343:(now an iHeartMedia subsidiary) and
149:, but instead independently share a
495:Bourgois, Gary (13 February 1996).
157:, or occasionally on non-satellite
421:Haukap, Anthony W. (15 May 2007).
14:
497:"Frequently Asked Questions list"
309:(quadrature phase-shift keying).
666:The Technology Interface Journal
548:"Networks that Make Sweet Music"
789:StarGuide Digital Networks, Inc
501:rec.video.satellite / HOMESAT-L
454:Satellite TV 1992 Buyer's Guide
378:Satellite TV 1992 Buyer's Guide
153:. It may also be used on other
22:is audio transmitted by way of
628:Herbst, Kris (24 April 1989).
129:. Most often, this is used on
1:
546:Herbst, Kris (25 June 1990).
423:"1.5 MONTEREY SPECIFICATIONS"
233:transmissions ended in 2001.
337:Clear Channel Communications
278:multiple channel per carrier
267:multiple channel per carrier
117:) refers to using a single
897:
396:A Quick History of Fujitsu
286:single channel per carrier
263:single channel per carrier
111:Single channel per carrier
63:single channel per carrier
20:Satellite subcarrier audio
630:"Networking the Networks"
471:"Universal SCPC-200 page"
155:communications satellites
89:Standard subcarrier audio
728:. Muzak. Archived from
660:Sepmeier, Bill (1996).
845:"News – Archives page"
791:. 2003. Archived from
330:X-Digital (XDS) format
849:X-Digital Systems Inc
819:X-Digital Systems Inc
237:Digital SCPC and MCPC
26:that uses a separate
785:"StarGuide Products"
345:Citadel Broadcasting
145:onto a single video
131:broadcast satellites
723:"Echostar Programs"
672:on 7 September 2006
578:Universal Radio Inc
433:on 2 September 2012
320:local area networks
188:Digital subcarriers
61:can also travel in
795:on 4 February 2010
703:on 15 October 2011
293:and its successor
214:ABC Radio Networks
206:Scientific Atlanta
77:Analog subcarriers
57:. Non-multiplexed
693:"Sunset on SEDAT"
475:R.C. Distributing
341:Premiere Networks
133:to indicate that
69:to send it to an
888:
865:
864:
862:
860:
855:on 24 March 2012
851:. Archived from
841:
835:
834:
832:
830:
825:on 24 March 2012
811:
805:
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802:
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775:
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735:on 24 March 2012
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609:. Ted P. Sheldon
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429:. Archived from
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398:. Archived from
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249:systems such as
169:FM Squared (FM²)
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881:Satellite radio
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759:Lyngsat Address
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469:
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402:on 1 April 2010
390:
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324:10/100 Ethernet
315:
239:
202:
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108:
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79:
40:satellite radio
17:
12:
11:
5:
894:
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765:on 10 May 2012
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351:External links
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200:DATS and SEDAT
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189:
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182:elevator music
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135:radio stations
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104:
90:
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59:radio stations
15:
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634:Network World
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552:Network World
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159:transmissions
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71:earth station
68:
64:
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56:
52:
47:
45:
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37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
857:. Retrieved
853:the original
848:
839:
827:. Retrieved
823:the original
818:
809:
797:. Retrieved
793:the original
788:
779:
767:. Retrieved
763:the original
758:
755:"Muzak page"
749:
737:. Retrieved
730:the original
717:
705:. Retrieved
701:the original
696:
686:
674:. Retrieved
670:the original
665:
638:. Retrieved
633:
623:
611:. Retrieved
607:ARSC Journal
606:
593:
581:. Retrieved
577:
568:
556:. Retrieved
551:
526:. Retrieved
516:
504:. Retrieved
500:
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478:. Retrieved
474:
453:
447:
435:. Retrieved
431:the original
426:
416:
404:. Retrieved
400:the original
395:
386:
377:
371:
333:
322:(LAN) using
316:
285:
281:
277:
274:
270:multiplexing
258:
255:Dish Network
240:
231:
210:Westwood One
203:
191:
175:
172:
163:
114:
110:
109:
92:
80:
48:
19:
18:
297:along with
151:transponder
143:subcarriers
139:multiplexed
121:at a given
51:subcarriers
44:unencrypted
36:transponder
363:References
257:. The two
165:SCPC-200.
313:StarGuide
127:bandwidth
123:frequency
67:landlines
24:satellite
875:Category
259:de facto
137:are not
251:DirecTV
147:carrier
83:Fujitsu
32:digital
859:23 May
829:23 May
799:23 May
769:23 May
739:23 May
707:23 May
676:23 May
640:23 May
613:23 May
583:23 May
558:23 May
528:23 May
506:23 May
480:23 May
437:23 May
406:23 May
303:MPEG-4
299:MPEG-2
295:DVB-S2
222:Mbit/s
119:signal
28:analog
733:(PDF)
726:(PDF)
697:Radio
603:(PDF)
291:DVB-S
178:Muzak
861:2011
831:2011
801:2011
771:2011
741:2011
709:2011
678:2011
642:2011
615:2011
585:2011
560:2011
530:2011
508:2011
482:2011
439:2011
408:2011
307:QPSK
301:and
282:MCPC
265:and
253:and
243:VSAT
226:BPSK
216:and
125:and
115:SCPC
95:TVRO
55:ATIS
280:or
247:DBS
218:NBC
194:BBC
141:as
99:MHz
30:or
877::
847:.
817:.
787:.
757:.
695:.
664:.
650:^
632:.
605:.
576:.
550:.
538:^
499:.
473:.
462:^
425:.
394:.
339:,
272:.
212:,
863:.
833:.
803:.
773:.
743:.
711:.
680:.
644:.
617:.
587:.
562:.
532:.
510:.
484:.
441:.
410:.
113:(
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